Affinage

SHOX2

Short stature homeobox protein 2 · UniProt O60902

Length
331 aa
Mass
35.0 kDa
Annotated
2026-06-10
100 papers in source corpus 30 papers cited in narrative 30 extracted findings
Cross-family judge vs UniProt: Affinage preferred faithfulness: 9/9 claims corpus-supported (100%)

Mechanistic narrative

Synthesis pass · prose summary of the discoveries below

SHOX2 is a paired-related homeodomain transcription factor that governs tissue-specific cell fate decisions across cardiac pacemaker, skeletal, palatal, sensory, and metabolic lineages by acting as a context-dependent transcriptional repressor and activator (PMID:9482898, PMID:17481601). In the developing heart, SHOX2 is required for sinoatrial node (SAN) recruitment and differentiation, where it directly represses the Nkx2.5 promoter and sits within a Tbx5–Shox2–Bmp4 cascade: it binds and activates the Bmp4 promoter, and BMP4–Smad signaling (with pSmad1/5/8 occupying the Hcn4 regulatory region) drives the pacemaker gene program including Hcn4, Tbx3, and Cx45 while suppressing working-myocardial genes (PMID:17372176, PMID:19166829, PMID:20858598, PMID:25488669, PMID:23767866). SHOX2 physically co-occupies the genome with Nkx2-5 and Tbx5 and antagonizes Nkx2-5 transcriptional output to specify pacemaker identity (PMID:26138475). Its repressor activity on Nkx2.5 requires ERK1/2-mediated phosphorylation at Ser92 and Ser110, which enables promoter binding, and SHOX2 interacts with the PP2A B56δ subunit (PMID:24847033). In the proximal limb (stylopod), SHOX2 controls chondrocyte proliferation and maturation and osteogenesis by restraining BMP activity and regulating Runx2/Ihh, acting at cis-regulatory enhancers co-occupied with Pbx/Meis Hox-TALE factors (PMID:17481601, PMID:23038774, PMID:27287812). SHOX2 is additionally required for anterior palate and palatine-process osteogenesis through lineage-specific enhancer control, for temporomandibular joint development, and for specification of discriminative-touch low-threshold mechanoreceptors via TrkB expression downstream of Runx3 suppression (PMID:16141225, PMID:31649032, PMID:18514492, PMID:22103411). In adipocytes it directly binds C/EBPα to repress Adrb3 and limit lipolysis (PMID:23798383). In cancer, SHOX2 drives EMT and metastasis by upregulating TGF-β receptor I and by forming a SHOX2–STAT3 complex that activates WASF3 transcription (PMID:24746361, PMID:34465361). Human SHOX2 mutations cause familial atrial fibrillation and sinus node dysfunction through loss of transactivation activity, and human SHOX can functionally replace mouse Shox2 in SAN formation (PMID:30443179, PMID:31354791, PMID:21454626).

Mechanistic history

Synthesis pass · year-by-year structured walk · 12 steps
  1. 1998 Medium

    Establishing the gene's molecular identity: SHOX2 was first defined as a paired-related homeodomain transcription factor with two isoforms and a craniofacial expression program, framing all later functional work.

    Evidence cDNA cloning, isoform characterization, and embryonic in situ hybridization in mouse

    PMID:9482898

    Open questions at the time
    • No functional manipulation performed
    • No DNA-binding targets identified at this stage
  2. 2007 High

    Answered whether SHOX2 has a non-redundant role in cardiac conduction: knockout showed it is required for sinus venosus/SAN myocardium and for restricting working-myocardial markers, establishing it as a SAN regulator.

    Evidence Targeted mouse knockout with in situ hybridization and zebrafish pacemaking assay; parallel limb knockout defining stylopod chondrogenesis requirement

    PMID:17372176 PMID:17481601

    Open questions at the time
    • Direct transcriptional targets not yet defined
    • Mechanism of dual activator/repressor behavior unresolved
  3. 2009 High

    Defined the core repressive mechanism in the heart: SHOX2 directly represses the Nkx2.5 promoter, explaining ectopic Nkx2.5/Nppa/Cx40 in null SAN.

    Evidence Null mouse, luciferase reporter of Nkx2.5 promoter, Xenopus gain-of-function

    PMID:19166829

    Open questions at the time
    • Did not identify co-factors enabling repression
    • Activator targets still unknown
  4. 2010 High

    Built the upstream and downstream transcriptional cascade: SHOX2 directly activates Bmp4 and lies downstream of Tbx5, defining a Tbx5–Shox2–Bmp4 axis in the pacemaker region.

    Evidence ChIP of Bmp4 promoter, luciferase assays, siRNA, Xenopus, Tbx5/Shox2 mutant mice

    PMID:20858598

    Open questions at the time
    • How BMP4 connects to downstream pacemaker channels not yet shown
  5. 2011 High

    Tested functional conservation and clarified sensory-lineage role: human SHOX rescues mouse Shox2 SAN function, and Shox2 specifies discriminative-touch mechanoreceptors via TrkB downstream of Runx3.

    Evidence SHOX/Shox2 knock-in rescue with physiology; conditional deletion with Runx3 epistasis and behavioral touch assays

    PMID:21454626 PMID:22103411

    Open questions at the time
    • Direct DNA targets in sensory neurons not defined
    • Functional equivalence shown only for SAN
  6. 2013 High

    Extended the pacemaker mechanism to a BMP4-dependent program and revealed a non-cardiac metabolic role: SHOX2 acts through BMP4 to set the pacemaker gene network and directly binds C/EBPα to repress Adrb3 in adipocytes.

    Evidence Knockout embryoid bodies with BMP4 rescue/Noggin inhibition; fat-specific knockout with co-IP and promoter assays

    PMID:23767866 PMID:23798383

    Open questions at the time
    • C/EBPα interaction surface not mapped
    • Whether BMP4 fully accounts for the pacemaker program unresolved
  7. 2014 High

    Resolved how SHOX2 activity is controlled and how it integrates with partner factors: ERK1/2 phosphorylation of Ser92/Ser110 licenses Nkx2.5-promoter binding, and genome-wide SHOX2/Nkx2-5/Tbx5 co-occupancy plus SOX-trio and BMP–Smad links define a combinatorial network across heart and cartilage.

    Evidence Kinase assays, phosphosite mutagenesis with transgenic rescue, yeast two-hybrid/co-IP (PP2A B56δ, SOX5/6), ChIP-seq co-occupancy, pSmad1/5/8 ChIP on Hcn4

    PMID:24347445 PMID:24421874 PMID:24847033 PMID:25488669 PMID:26138475

    Open questions at the time
    • Upstream signals activating ERK1/2 toward SHOX2 in vivo unclear
    • Stoichiometry of SHOX2–Nkx2-5–Tbx5 complexes undefined
  8. 2014 Medium

    Placed SHOX2 in cancer signaling: it is a miR-375 target that upregulates TGF-β receptor I to drive EMT, establishing a SHOX2–TGF-β axis.

    Evidence miR-375 rescue, SHOX2 gain/loss in breast cancer cells, TβR-I inhibition, invasion and dissemination assays

    PMID:24746361

    Open questions at the time
    • Direct binding of SHOX2 to the TβR-I promoter not demonstrated
    • Single lab
  9. 2016 High

    Defined cis-regulatory logic in skeletogenesis and linked SHOX2 variants to human arrhythmia: SHOX2 acts as a repressor at Hox-TALE-bound limb enhancers, and pacemaker-impairing missense and 3'UTR variants reduce SHOX2 function and prolong PR interval.

    Evidence Lineage-specific KO with Shox2/Pbx ChIP-seq and enhancer assays; transactivation assays, zebrafish rescue, miR-92b-5p reporter validation, patient tissue analysis

    PMID:27138930 PMID:27287812

    Open questions at the time
    • Mechanistic basis of activator-vs-repressor switch between tissues not fully resolved
    • Variant effects characterized largely in reporter/zebrafish surrogates
  10. 2019 Medium

    Strengthened the human disease link and palatal mechanism: loss-of-function and dominant-negative SHOX2 variants cause familial AF/sinus node dysfunction, and SHOX2 controls anterior-palate osteogenesis through accessible distal enhancers.

    Evidence Family sequencing with dual-luciferase assays; zebrafish dominant-negative analysis with Bmp4 readout; palatal overexpression with ATAC-seq, H3K27ac ChIP-seq, RNA-seq, transgenic enhancers

    PMID:30443179 PMID:31354791 PMID:31649032

    Open questions at the time
    • Penetrance and population frequency of variants not addressed here
    • Enhancer cofactors in palate not fully identified
  11. 2021 High

    Defined a metastasis-specific transcriptional mechanism in cancer: SHOX2 recruits activated STAT3 to the WASF3 promoter to drive metastasis independent of tumorigenesis.

    Evidence ChIP/re-ChIP, co-IP, knockdown, orthotopic tumor model

    PMID:34465361

    Open questions at the time
    • Signal triggering SHOX2–STAT3 complex formation unknown
    • Generality beyond breast cancer untested
  12. 2024 Medium

    Revealed post-transcriptional regulation of SHOX2: IGF2BP2-dependent m6A modification stabilizes Shox2 mRNA in hippocampal neurons to protect against microgravity-induced senescence and cognitive decline.

    Evidence MeRIP-seq, RNA-seq, simulated microgravity model, IGF2BP2/Shox2 overexpression

    PMID:38812544

    Open questions at the time
    • Direct transcriptional targets of SHOX2 in neurons not defined
    • Single lab

Open questions

Synthesis pass · forward-looking unresolved questions
  • It remains unresolved what molecular switch determines whether SHOX2 acts as an activator or repressor at a given enhancer across its many tissues, and how its phosphorylation-, partner-, and chromatin-context inputs are integrated.
  • No unified structural/biochemical model of context-dependent activity
  • Tissue-specific cofactor repertoire incompletely mapped

Mechanism profile

Synthesis pass · controlled-vocabulary classification · explore literature graph →
Molecular activity
GO:0140110 transcription regulator activity 6 GO:0003677 DNA binding 4
Localization
GO:0005634 nucleus 1
Pathway
R-HSA-1266738 Developmental Biology 5 R-HSA-74160 Gene expression (Transcription) 4 R-HSA-162582 Signal Transduction 3 R-HSA-1643685 Disease 3
Partners
C/EBPALPHANKX2-5PBXPPP2R5DSOX5SOX6STAT3TBX5

Evidence

Reading pass · 30 per-paper findings extracted from the source corpus
Year Finding Method Journal Conf PMIDs
2007 Shox2 is required for the development of sinus venosus myocardium including the sinoatrial nodal region; Shox2-/- mice show severe hypoplasia of the SAN and aberrant expression of connexin 40, connexin 43, and Nkx2.5 specifically within the sinoatrial nodal region, establishing Shox2 as a critical regulator of SAN recruitment. Targeted gene knockout in mice, in situ hybridization, zebrafish pacemaking function assay Circulation High 17372176
2009 Shox2 is essential for sinoatrial node differentiation by directly repressing Nkx2.5 promoter activity; Shox2-null mice show loss of Tbx3 and Hcn4 expression and ectopic activation of Nkx2.5, Nppa, and Cx40 in the SAN region. Shox2 overexpression in Xenopus embryos extensively represses Nkx2.5 in the developing heart. Shox2 null mouse knockout, reporter gene (luciferase) assays of Nkx2.5 promoter, Xenopus overexpression Developmental biology High 19166829
2010 Shox2 directly activates the Bmp4 gene by binding the Bmp4 promoter (shown by ChIP assay) and activating transcription in luciferase reporter assays; Tbx5 acts upstream of Shox2 in the inflow tract, and Tbx5 cooperates with Nkx2.5 to regulate Shox2 and Bmp4 expression. This establishes a Tbx5–Shox2–Bmp4 transcriptional cascade in the pacemaker region. Chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP), luciferase reporter assays, Xenopus ectopic expression, siRNA knockdown in cardiomyocytes, Tbx5 and Shox2 mutant mouse analysis Human molecular genetics High 20858598
1998 SHOX2 (originally named SHOT/OG12X) encodes a paired-related homeodomain transcription factor with two isoforms (SHOTa and SHOTb) sharing identical homeodomains and a C-terminal 14-amino-acid motif characteristic of craniofacially expressed homeodomain proteins; its mouse ortholog OG-12 is expressed in sinus venosus, diencephalon, nasal capsule, palate, eyelid, and limbs during embryogenesis. cDNA cloning, isoform characterization, chromosomal mapping, in situ hybridization of mouse embryo sections Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America Medium 9482898
2005 Shox2 is required intrinsically in the anterior secondary palate mesenchyme for palatogenesis; Shox2-/- mice develop an anterior-restricted incomplete cleft palate due to altered cell proliferation and apoptosis, ectopic Fgf10 and Fgfr2c expression, and failure of midline contact and fusion. Tissue recombination experiments showed that signals from the anterior palatal epithelium drive mesenchymal Shox2 expression, and BMP activity is necessary but not sufficient for its induction. Shox2 null mouse knockout, tissue recombination, bead implantation experiments, in situ hybridization Development (Cambridge, England) High 16141225
2007 Shox2 is required for chondrocyte proliferation and maturation in the proximal limb (stylopod); Shox2 deficiency causes virtual elimination of the stylopod due to failed chondrogenesis and endochondral ossification, with downregulation of Runx2, Runx3, and Ihh. Ectopic Bmp4 expression in the proximal limb of Shox2 mutants underlies the downregulation of Runx2. Shox2 can act as both a transcriptional activator and repressor in different cell types. Shox2 null mouse knockout, in situ hybridization, exogenous BMP4 bead implantation, expression analysis Developmental biology High 17481601
2008 Conditional inactivation of Shox2 in cranial neural crest-derived cells causes TMJ dysplasia including condyle and glenoid fossa abnormalities and ankylosis (disc fusion), associated with reduced cell proliferation and altered osteogenic gene expression. Conditional (Cre-lox) knockout in cranial neural crest cells, histology, in situ hybridization, proliferation analysis Mechanisms of development High 18514492
2010 Shox2 is required for normal skeletal, neural and muscular development in the proximal forelimb; Shox2 mutants show an innervation deficiency of the dorsal forelimb including complete absence of the radial and axillary nerves, and triceps muscle abnormalities, demonstrating that Shox2 coordinates multiple tissue types in the proximal limb. Affymetrix microarray profiling of Shox2-mutant forelimbs, in situ hybridization validation, axonal tracing Developmental biology Medium 21156168
2011 Human SHOX and mouse Shox2 are functionally redundant for SAN formation and pacemaking: both possess similar transcriptional repressive activity on the Nkx2.5 promoter in cell cultures. Knock-in of human SHOX in place of mouse Shox2 rescues SAN development and pacemaking function, demonstrating direct functional interchangeability. SHOX/Shox2 knock-in mouse line, cell culture transcriptional repression assays, physiological and histological analyses The Journal of biological chemistry High 21454626
2012 Shox2 regulates progression through chondrogenesis at two distinct stages: (1) onset of early differentiation and (2) transition to maturation and hypertrophy. Shox2 deletion in chondrocytes causes precocious maturation/hypertrophy driven by elevated BMP activity (Bmp2 and Bmp4), and shRNA-mediated Shox2 knockdown in mesenchymal stem cells results in spontaneous early chondrogenesis without BMP supplementation. Col2a1-Cre and Prrx1-Cre conditional knockouts, micromass culture with BMP manipulation, shRNA knockdown in C3H10T1/2 cells and bone marrow MSCs Journal of cell science High 23038774
2013 Shox2 is a molecular determinant of depot-specific adipocyte function; fat-specific Shox2 disruption causes loss of subcutaneous fat and a twofold increase in β3-adrenergic receptor (Adrb3) expression and lipolytic rate. Shox2 directly interacts with C/EBPα and attenuates its transcriptional activity on the Adrb3 promoter, thereby repressing Adrb3 and reducing lipolysis. Fat-specific Cre-lox knockout mice, Shox2 knockdown and overexpression in C3H10T1/2 cells, co-immunoprecipitation of Shox2 with C/EBPα, promoter activity assays Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America High 23798383
2013 Shox2 ablation in embryoid bodies (EBs) substantially slows spontaneous contraction rates and alters the pacemaker gene program: downregulation of HCN4, Cx45, Tbx2, Tbx3, and BMP4, and upregulation of Cx40, Cx43, Nkx2.5, and Tbx5. This phenotype is rescued by exogenous BMP4, confirming Shox2 operates through BMP4 to regulate the pacemaker program. Shox2 knockout embryoid bodies, electrophysiological analysis, gene expression profiling, BMP4 rescue experiment, Noggin inhibition Stem cells and development High 23767866
2014 Shox2 regulates dorsal mesenchymal protrusion (DMP) development via the BMP–Smad signaling pathway: Shox2(-/-) mice have hypoplastic DMP with reduced Bmp4 and Hcn4 expression. Conditional Bmp4 deletion or BMP inhibition (Noggin overexpression) via Shox2-Cre recapitulates DMP hypoplasia. pSmad1/5/8 directly binds the Hcn4 regulatory region, confirming that Shox2 drives Hcn4 expression through BMP–Smad signaling. Shox2 KO and conditional Bmp4 KO/Noggin overexpression mice, pSmad1/5/8 ChIP on Hcn4 regulatory region, transgenic Bmp4 rescue in Shox2(-/-) background, electrophysiology The Journal of biological chemistry High 25488669
2014 Phosphorylation of Shox2a at Ser92 and Ser110 by ERK1/2 is required for its function as a transcriptional repressor of Nkx2.5; the B56δ regulatory subunit of PP2A interacts with Shox2a (yeast two-hybrid and co-IP). Non-phosphorylatable Shox2a-S92AS110A mutant shows compromised repression of the Nkx2.5 promoter and fails to rescue SAN defects in Shox2 mutant mice, though it retains nuclear localization and dimerization. Phosphorylation is required for Shox2a to bind consensus sequences in the Nkx2.5 promoter. Yeast two-hybrid screen, co-immunoprecipitation, site-directed mutagenesis, in vitro kinase assays, luciferase reporter assays, transgenic mouse rescue experiments Journal of the American Heart Association High 24847033
2014 SHOX2 directly activates NPPB transcription and activates ACAN via cooperation with SOX5/SOX6 and SOX9 (the SOX trio). SHOX2 dimerizes with itself and physically interacts with SOX5/SOX6, demonstrated by yeast two-hybrid and co-immunoprecipitation assays. Luciferase reporter assays, yeast two-hybrid, co-immunoprecipitation, immunohistochemistry of human fetal growth plates PloS one Medium 24421874
2014 Shox2 interacts with Nkx2-5 directly (shown by co-occupancy studies) and genome-wide ChIP-seq reveals substantial co-occupancy of Shox2, Nkx2-5, and Tbx5. Shox2 antagonizes the transcriptional output of Nkx2-5 in pulmonary vein (PV) myocardium and in a functional Nkx2-5+ domain within the SAN, determining pacemaker cell fate. Conditional Shox2 deletion in Nkx2-5+ domain, electrophysiology of explanted Shox2+ cells, genome-wide co-occupancy (ChIP-seq), Nkx2-5 hypomorphism epistasis rescue Development (Cambridge, England) High 26138475
2014 Tbx4 binds to T-box binding sites within the Shox2/SHOX2 promoter (demonstrated by EMSA) and activates Shox2 expression in fore- and hindlimbs. Shox2 in turn inhibits Tbx4 expression specifically in forelimbs, suggesting a feedback regulatory loop between Tbx4 and Shox2 in limb development. EMSA (electrophoretic mobility shift assay), expression profiling of Shox2-/- limbs, in situ hybridization Developmental dynamics Medium 24347445
2014 SHOX2 is a direct target of miR-375 in breast cancer cells; miR-375-mediated suppression of EMT is reversed by forced SHOX2 expression. SHOX2 acts as a transcription factor to upregulate TGF-β receptor I (TβR-I) expression, and TβR-I inhibition abolishes EMT elicited by ectopic SHOX2, establishing the SHOX2–TGF-β signaling axis as essential for SHOX2-induced EMT. miR-375 ectopic expression and rescue experiments, SHOX2 knockdown and overexpression in breast cancer cells, invasion assays, in vivo dissemination assays Neoplasia (New York, N.Y.) Medium 24746361
2014 Mice lacking Shox2 in the brain (Nestin-Cre) show impaired cerebellar development: loss of Shox2 in Purkinje cells reduces Shh expression, causing precocious differentiation and migration of granule cell precursors (GCPs) from the EGL. This correlates with premature Bmp4 expression in dorsal cerebellar granule cells, suggesting Shox2 maintains the Shh/Bmp balance in the dorsal cerebellum. Brain-specific conditional (Nestin-Cre) Shox2 knockout, cerebellar morphology, granule cell analysis, Shh and Bmp4 expression analysis, behavioral motor coordination tests Developmental biology Medium 25528224
2015 Shox2 is required in the brain for the development of the facial motor nucleus; Shox2 elimination (Nestin-Cre) causes elevated cell death in the facial motor nucleus, impaired axonal projection of visceral motor neurons, and loss of dorsomedial and ventromedial subnuclei. Changes in Isl1, Phox2b, Shh, and Ptch1 expression indicate Shox2 regulates vMN fate factors and Hedgehog signaling in this context. Nestin-Cre conditional Shox2 knockout, histological analysis, expression analysis of Isl1, Phox2b, Shh, Ptch1 BMC neuroscience Medium 26156498
2011 Shox2 is required for the specification of category I low-threshold mechanoreceptive (discriminative touch) neurons in glabrous skin, including Merkel cell and Meissner corpuscle innervation. Shox2 is expressed early in all sensory neurons and later becomes restricted to Ret/TrkB-expressing touch-sensitive neurons. Conditional Shox2 deletion abrogates TrkB expression; Runx3 suppresses Shox2, and Shox2 is necessary for TrkB expression, establishing these interactions as required for diversification of TrkB+ and TrkC+ mechanoreceptive neurons. Conditional Shox2 deletion, Runx3-/-;Bax-/- epistasis analysis, behavioral light touch responses, expression analysis The European journal of neuroscience High 22103411
2016 SHOX2 missense mutation p.H283Q severely affects SHOX2 pacemaker function in transactivation studies and zebrafish phenotypic rescue experiments. A 3'UTR variant (c.*28T>C) creates a functional binding site for hsa-miR-92b-5p, leading to reduced SHOX2 expression, and patients carrying this variant have significantly longer PR intervals. SHOX2 expression is significantly reduced in right atrial appendages of AF patients compared to sinus rhythm patients. Transactivation assays using SHOX2 targets, zebrafish phenotypic rescue experiments, luciferase reporter assay for miR-92b-5p binding site validation, plasma miR-92b-5p quantification Basic research in cardiology Medium 27138930
2016 ChIP-seq reveals that Shox2 functions as a repressor in the osteogenic lineage via interaction with cis-regulatory enhancers clustering around skeletogenic genes also bound by Hox-TALE factors. Pbx ChIP-seq identifies genome-wide co-occupancy of Pbx, Meis, and Shox2 at proximal limb enhancers; osteogenic lineage-specific Shox2 inactivation recapitulates the stylopod loss phenotype. Osteogenic-lineage-specific conditional Shox2 knockout, ChIP-seq for Shox2 and Pbx, RNA-seq, transgenic enhancer assays Development (Cambridge, England) High 27287812
2018 SHOX2 loss-of-function mutation p.R194X (nonsense) results in a mutant protein with no transcriptional activity compared to wild-type, demonstrated by dual-luciferase reporter assay, and co-segregates with familial AF with complete penetrance. SHOX2 gene sequencing, dual-luciferase reporter assay with SHOX2 targets International journal of medical sciences Medium 30443179
2019 SHOX2 rare variants p.P33R and p.G77D associated with sinus node dysfunction and AF show significantly impaired transactivation activity in reporter assays. p.G77D and p.H283Q exhibit dominant-negative effects with reduced heart rates in zebrafish and cause pericardial edema. p.P33R mutant reduces Bmp4 target gene expression in zebrafish hearts, linking SHOX2 missense variants to reduced BMP4 downstream signaling. Zebrafish overexpression (dominant-negative analysis), in vitro reporter assays, in vivo Bmp4 expression analysis in zebrafish Frontiers in genetics Medium 31354791
2019 Shox2 controls osteogenesis of the palatine process of the maxilla by binding distal cis-regulatory elements in an anterior palate-specific manner; H3K27ac ChIP-seq and transposase-accessible chromatin (ATAC-seq) analyses show Shox2 controls skeletogenic and pattern specification genes associated with accessible chromatin in the anterior palate. The palatine process of the maxilla and the palatine arise from distinct cell lineages. Shox2 overexpression in palatal mesenchyme, RNA-seq, ATAC-seq, H3K27ac ChIP-seq, transient transgenic enhancer assays The Journal of biological chemistry High 31649032
2020 TNF-α suppresses SHOX2 expression in nucleus pulposus cells through the NF-κB signaling pathway (not through MAPK), as demonstrated by viral transfection and Western blot analysis, and this suppression is associated with intervertebral disc degeneration progression in rats. Rat disc puncture model, intradiscal TNF-α injection, viral transfection of NF-κB and MAPK pathway components, Western blot, RT-PCR Journal of orthopaedic research Medium 32816304
2021 SHOX2 directly activates WASF3 transcription and recruits activated STAT3 to the WASF3 promoter, where SHOX2 and STAT3 form a functional immunocomplex to promote WASF3 transcriptional activity in breast cancer cells, driving metastasis. WASF3 knockdown abrogates SHOX2-induced metastasis but not SHOX2-dependent tumorigenesis. ChIP-qPCR, ChIP/re-ChIP, co-immunoprecipitation, shRNA and siRNA knockdown, orthotopic breast tumor mouse model Journal of experimental & clinical cancer research High 34465361
2023 SHOX2 promotes prostate cancer proliferation and metastasis through activation of NPHP4 transcription, which interferes with the Hippo-YAP signaling pathway; SHOX2 absence inhibits PCa growth and invasion, and SHOX2 overexpression promotes these effects, with NPHP4 identified as a downstream transcriptional target of SHOX2. SHOX2 gain/loss of function in PCa cells, phenotypic proliferation and invasion assays, transcriptional target identification iScience Low 37664594
2024 IGF2BP2 is required for m6A modification of Shox2 mRNA in hippocampal neurons; overexpression of IGF2BP2 in the hippocampus increases Shox2 expression and protects against microgravity-induced neuronal senescence and learning/memory decline. Increased Shox2 expression reduces senescence-associated secretory phenotype factors and improves synapse-related gene expression. MeRIP-seq (m6A mapping), RNA-seq, simulated microgravity mouse model, IGF2BP2 and Shox2 overexpression in hippocampus iScience Medium 38812544

Source papers

Stage 0 corpus · 100 papers · ranked by NIH iCite citations
Year Title Journal Citations PMID
2020 Single-shot Ad26 vaccine protects against SARS-CoV-2 in rhesus macaques. Nature 698 32731257
2011 SHOX2 DNA methylation is a biomarker for the diagnosis of lung cancer in plasma. Journal of thoracic oncology : official publication of the International Association for the Study of Lung Cancer 203 21694641
2007 Targeted mutation reveals essential functions of the homeodomain transcription factor Shox2 in sinoatrial and pacemaking development. Circulation 200 17372176
2009 Shox2 is essential for the differentiation of cardiac pacemaker cells by repressing Nkx2-5. Developmental biology 182 19166829
2010 SHOX2 DNA methylation is a biomarker for the diagnosis of lung cancer based on bronchial aspirates. BMC cancer 156 21047392
2016 Validation of the SHOX2/PTGER4 DNA Methylation Marker Panel for Plasma-Based Discrimination between Patients with Malignant and Nonmalignant Lung Disease. Journal of thoracic oncology : official publication of the International Association for the Study of Lung Cancer 140 27544059
2005 Shox2-deficient mice exhibit a rare type of incomplete clefting of the secondary palate. Development (Cambridge, England) 128 16141225
2017 Autophagy Is Pro-Senescence When Seen in Close-Up, but Anti-Senescence in Long-Shot. Molecules and cells 112 28927262
2025 One-shot design of functional protein binders with BindCraft. Nature 106 40866699
1998 SHOT, a SHOX-related homeobox gene, is implicated in craniofacial, brain, heart, and limb development. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 100 9482898
2010 Shox2 mediates Tbx5 activity by regulating Bmp4 in the pacemaker region of the developing heart. Human molecular genetics 91 20858598
2022 Single-Shot 10K Proteome Approach: Over 10,000 Protein Identifications by Data-Independent Acquisition-Based Single-Shot Proteomics with Ion Mobility Spectrometry. Journal of proteome research 90 35522919
2017 DNA Methylation Analysis of the SHOX2 and RASSF1A Panel in Bronchoalveolar Lavage Fluid for Lung Cancer Diagnosis. Journal of Cancer 85 29151944
2012 DNA methylation of the homeobox genes PITX2 and SHOX2 predicts outcome in non-small-cell lung cancer patients. Diagnostic molecular pathology : the American journal of surgical pathology, part B 84 22555092
2015 A common Shox2-Nkx2-5 antagonistic mechanism primes the pacemaker cell fate in the pulmonary vein myocardium and sinoatrial node. Development (Cambridge, England) 83 26138475
2019 A Third Shot at EGFR: New Opportunities in Cancer Therapy. Trends in pharmacological sciences 80 31706618
2007 Shox2 is required for chondrocyte proliferation and maturation in proximal limb skeleton. Developmental biology 76 17481601
2014 SHOX2 is a direct miR-375 target and a novel epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition inducer in breast cancer cells. Neoplasia (New York, N.Y.) 74 24746361
2023 Single-shot isotropic differential interference contrast microscopy. Nature communications 71 37045869
2018 Potential of quantitative SEPT9 and SHOX2 methylation in plasmatic circulating cell-free DNA as auxiliary staging parameter in colorectal cancer: a prospective observational cohort study. British journal of cancer 70 29610456
2016 Shot and Patronin polarise microtubules to direct membrane traffic and biogenesis of microvilli in epithelia. Journal of cell science 63 27231092
2008 Shox2-deficiency leads to dysplasia and ankylosis of the temporomandibular joint in mice. Mechanisms of development 59 18514492
2011 Correlation of SHOX2 gene amplification and DNA methylation in lung cancer tumors. BMC cancer 56 21426551
2022 Neural representational geometry underlies few-shot concept learning. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 55 36251997
2016 SEPT9 and SHOX2 DNA methylation status and its utility in the diagnosis of colonic adenomas and colorectal adenocarcinomas. Clinical epigenetics 53 27660666
2022 DeepGOZero: improving protein function prediction from sequence and zero-shot learning based on ontology axioms. Bioinformatics (Oxford, England) 50 35758802
2016 Simple and Reproducible Sample Preparation for Single-Shot Phosphoproteomics with High Sensitivity. Methods in molecular biology (Clifton, N.J.) 46 26584931
2012 Shox2 regulates progression through chondrogenesis in the mouse proximal limb. Journal of cell science 45 23038774
2025 BindCraft: one-shot design of functional protein binders. bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology 44 39677777
2025 Zero-shot evaluation reveals limitations of single-cell foundation models. Genome biology 44 40251685
2016 Coding and non-coding variants in the SHOX2 gene in patients with early-onset atrial fibrillation. Basic research in cardiology 44 27138930
2011 Functional redundancy between human SHOX and mouse Shox2 genes in the regulation of sinoatrial node formation and pacemaking function. The Journal of biological chemistry 43 21454626
2016 SHOX2 is a Potent Independent Biomarker to Predict Survival of WHO Grade II-III Diffuse Gliomas. EBioMedicine 42 27840009
2012 Hoxa11 and Hoxd11 regulate chondrocyte differentiation upstream of Runx2 and Shox2 in mice. PloS one 41 22916278
2020 Signaling pathways and clinical application of RASSF1A and SHOX2 in lung cancer. Journal of cancer research and clinical oncology 39 32266538
2023 ZeroBind: a protein-specific zero-shot predictor with subgraph matching for drug-target interactions. Nature communications 38 38030641
2014 Analysis of SHOX2 methylation as an aid to cytology in lung cancer diagnosis. Cancer genomics & proteomics 38 25331797
2013 Shox2 is a molecular determinant of depot-specific adipocyte function. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 38 23798383
2010 Shox2 function couples neural, muscular and skeletal development in the proximal forelimb. Developmental biology 38 21156168
2004 Protein kinase C inhibition and diabetic retinopathy: a shot in the dark at translational research. The British journal of ophthalmology 38 14693793
2024 Zero-shot prediction of mutation effects with multimodal deep representation learning guides protein engineering. Cell research 36 38969803
2017 Kinobead and Single-Shot LC-MS Profiling Identifies Selective PKD Inhibitors. Journal of proteome research 35 28102076
2016 Promoter hypermethylation of SHOX2 and SEPT9 is a potential biomarker for minimally invasive diagnosis in adenocarcinomas of the biliary tract. Clinical epigenetics 35 27999621
2021 Multi-Omic Single-Shot Technology for Integrated Proteome and Lipidome Analysis. Analytical chemistry 31 33617230
2017 MiR-375 suppresses invasion and metastasis by direct targeting of SHOX2 in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma. Acta biochimica et biophysica Sinica 31 28069583
2012 The role of Shox2 in SAN development and function. Pediatric cardiology 31 22307400
2011 Dependence on the transcription factor Shox2 for specification of sensory neurons conveying discriminative touch. The European journal of neuroscience 31 22103411
2022 The Diagnostic Potential of SHOX2 and RASSF1A DNA Methylation in Early Lung Adenocarcinoma. Frontiers in oncology 30 35837113
2018 A SHOX2 loss-of-function mutation underlying familial atrial fibrillation. International journal of medical sciences 30 30443179
2002 The ultimate chip shot: can microarray technology deliver for neuroscience? Genes, brain, and behavior 29 12886947
2023 DNA Nanoclusters Combined with One-Shot Radiotherapy Augment Cancer Immunotherapy Efficiency. Advanced materials (Deerfield Beach, Fla.) 28 36745572
2020 Performance Evaluation of SHOX2 and RASSF1A Methylation for the Aid in Diagnosis of Lung Cancer Based on the Analysis of FFPE Specimen. Frontiers in oncology 27 33425721
2014 The short stature homeobox 2 (Shox2)-bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) pathway regulates dorsal mesenchymal protrusion development and its temporary function as a pacemaker during cardiogenesis. The Journal of biological chemistry 27 25488669
2023 Zero-shot mutation effect prediction on protein stability and function using RoseTTAFold. Protein science : a publication of the Protein Society 26 37695922
2020 Treatment Response Monitoring in Patients with Advanced Malignancies Using Cell-Free SHOX2 and SEPT9 DNA Methylation in Blood: An Observational Prospective Study. The Journal of molecular diagnostics : JMD 26 32361006
2019 Cell-Free SHOX2 DNA Methylation in Blood as a Molecular Staging Parameter for Risk Stratification in Renal Cell Carcinoma Patients: A Prospective Observational Cohort Study. Clinical chemistry 26 30626634
2019 Functional Characterization of Rare Variants in the SHOX2 Gene Identified in Sinus Node Dysfunction and Atrial Fibrillation. Frontiers in genetics 26 31354791
2013 Elevated SHOX2 expression is associated with tumor recurrence of hepatocellular carcinoma. Annals of surgical oncology 26 23851611
2013 3'UTRs take a long shot in the brain. BioEssays : news and reviews in molecular, cellular and developmental biology 26 24115048
2021 SHOX2 cooperates with STAT3 to promote breast cancer metastasis through the transcriptional activation of WASF3. Journal of experimental & clinical cancer research : CR 25 34465361
2000 Single-shot plasmid DNA intrasplenic immunization for the production of monoclonal antibodies. Persistent expression of DNA. Journal of immunological methods 25 11033013
2019 Shox2 regulates osteogenic differentiation and pattern formation during hard palate development in mice. The Journal of biological chemistry 24 31649032
2015 Diagnostic value of SHOX2 DNA methylation in lung cancer: a meta-analysis. OncoTargets and therapy 24 26640383
2008 Analysis of the expression protein profiles of lung squamous carcinoma cell using shot-gun proteomics strategy. Medical oncology (Northwood, London, England) 24 18988000
2024 Zero shot health trajectory prediction using transformer. NPJ digital medicine 23 39300208
2022 Single-shot AAV-vectored vaccine against SARS-CoV-2 with fast and long-lasting immunity. Acta pharmaceutica Sinica. B 23 35846427
2022 A fast blind zero-shot denoiser. Nature machine intelligence 23 36415333
2015 Diagnosis of Lung Cancer by SHOX2 Gene Methylation Assay. Molecular diagnosis & therapy 23 26014676
2014 Genetic interactions between Shox2 and Hox genes during the regional growth and development of the mouse limb. Genetics 23 25217052
2024 Evaluating the comprehensive diagnosis efficiency of lung cancer, including measurement of SHOX2 and RASSF1A gene methylation. BMC cancer 21 38429660
2024 Metasurface array for single-shot spectroscopic ellipsometry. Light, science & applications 21 38600108
2024 One-shot entorhinal maps enable flexible navigation in novel environments. Nature 19 39385034
2023 FLInt: single shot safe harbor transgene integration via Fluorescent Landmark Interference. G3 (Bethesda, Md.) 19 36805659
2019 MiR-223-3p inhibits proliferation and metastasis of oral squamous cell carcinoma by targeting SHOX2. European review for medical and pharmacological sciences 19 31486492
2014 NPPB and ACAN, two novel SHOX2 transcription targets implicated in skeletal development. PloS one 19 24421874
2020 Shot-gun proteomics: why thousands of unidentified signals matter. FEMS yeast research 18 31860055
2019 One-shot optimization of multiple enzyme parameters: Tailoring glucose oxidase for pH and electron mediators. Biotechnology and bioengineering 18 31520472
2014 Mice lacking the transcription factor SHOX2 display impaired cerebellar development and deficits in motor coordination. Developmental biology 18 25528224
2013 Shox2 regulates the pacemaker gene program in embryoid bodies. Stem cells and development 18 23767866
2023 A review of the rationale for gene therapy for hemophilia A with inhibitors: one-shot tolerance and treatment? Journal of thrombosis and haemostasis : JTH 17 37225021
2023 Single-Shot Solid-Phase Synthesis of Full-Length H2 Relaxin Disulfide Surrogates. Angewandte Chemie (International ed. in English) 16 36515186
2020 TNF-α suppresses SHOX2 expression via NF-κB signaling pathway and promotes intervertebral disc degeneration and related pain in a rat model. Journal of orthopaedic research : official publication of the Orthopaedic Research Society 16 32816304
2016 A unique stylopod patterning mechanism by Shox2-controlled osteogenesis. Development (Cambridge, England) 16 27287812
2014 Tbx4 interacts with the short stature homeobox gene Shox2 in limb development. Developmental dynamics : an official publication of the American Association of Anatomists 16 24347445
2021 Mitochondrial cytochrome c shot towards histone chaperone condensates in the nucleus. FEBS open bio 15 33938164
2023 SHOX2 promotes prostate cancer proliferation and metastasis through disruption of the Hippo-YAP pathway. iScience 14 37664594
2018 Shox2: The Role in Differentiation and Development of Cardiac Conduction System. The Tohoku journal of experimental medicine 14 29503396
2014 Phosphorylation of Shox2 is required for its function to control sinoatrial node formation. Journal of the American Heart Association 14 24847033
2021 One-shot analysis of translated mammalian lncRNAs with AHARIBO. eLife 13 33594971
2023 CREaTor: zero-shot cis-regulatory pattern modeling with attention mechanisms. Genome biology 12 37996959
2015 Shox2 is required for the proper development of the facial motor nucleus and the establishment of the facial nerves. BMC neuroscience 12 26156498
2024 One-Shot Single-Cell Proteome and Metabolome Analysis Strategy for the Same Single Cell. Analytical chemistry 11 38547315
2022 SHOX2 methylation in Vietnamese patients with lung cancer. Molecular biology reports 11 35088378
2021 One-shot dual gene editing for drug-resistant pancreatic cancer therapy. Biomaterials 11 34781244
2024 The Combination of SHOX2 and RASSF1A DNA Methylation Had a Diagnostic Value in Pulmonary Nodules and Early Lung Cancer. Oncology 10 38262380
2024 IGF2BP2-Shox2 axis regulates hippocampal-neuronal senescence to alleviate microgravity-induced recognition disturbance. iScience 10 38812544
2023 DNA Methylation Analysis of the SHOX2 and RASSF1A Panel Using Cell-Free DNA in the Diagnosis of Malignant Pleural Effusion. Journal of oncology 10 36691467
2023 Diagnostic performance of RASSF1A and SHOX2 methylation combined with EGFR mutations for differentiation between small pulmonary nodules. Journal of cancer research and clinical oncology 10 37097393
2022 Early Dynamics of Quantitative SEPT9 and SHOX2 Methylation in Circulating Cell-Free Plasma DNA during Prostate Biopsy for Prostate Cancer Diagnosis. Cancers 10 36139516
2014 Overexpression of Shox2 leads to congenital dysplasia of the temporomandibular joint in mice. International journal of molecular sciences 10 25062348

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