Affinage

Showing STMN2 — SCG10 is a alias.

STMN2

Stathmin-2 · UniProt Q93045

Length
179 aa
Mass
20.8 kDa
Annotated
2026-06-10
98 papers in source corpus 36 papers cited in narrative 36 extracted findings
Cross-family judge vs UniProt: Affinage preferred faithfulness: 6/6 claims corpus-supported (100%)

Mechanistic narrative

Synthesis pass · prose summary of the discoveries below

STMN2 (SCG10) is a neuron-enriched, microtubule-destabilizing protein that traffics from the trans-Golgi network to growth cones, where it controls the microtubule dynamics underlying axonal outgrowth, guidance, and regeneration (PMID:3272176, PMID:9012855, PMID:10947801). It functions asymmetrically on microtubule ends, stabilizing plus ends while destabilizing minus ends, and binds along the microtubule lattice (PMID:17311410); loss- and gain-of-function in neurons confirm it tunes growth-cone microtubule morphology toward a dynamic state to permit neurite extension (PMID:16838365). Membrane association is conferred by an N-terminal domain whose palmitoylation at Cys22/Cys24 is required for Golgi sorting and growth-cone targeting (PMID:9030585, PMID:10947801), while the tubulin-binding stathmin-like domain stabilizes a soluble pool; STMN2 interconverts between a soluble tubulin-bound form and a membrane-bound tubulin-free form and is otherwise turned over by the ubiquitin-proteasome system (PMID:41171096). Its destabilizing activity is held in check by phosphorylation at Ser50/Ser97 (PKA) and Ser62/Ser73 (MAPK/JNK), with phosphomimetic mutants losing activity (PMID:9525956); JNK1-mediated phosphorylation specifically governs cortical neuron migration and axodendritic length in vivo (PMID:16618812, PMID:21297631), and JNK-dependent phosphorylation drives STMN2 degradation in axons, coupling its loss to injury-induced axon fragmentation (PMID:23188802). STMN2 is required for motor-system maintenance: knockout mice show neuromuscular junction denervation, muscle atrophy, and motor deficits rescued by human STMN2 (PMID:35294901). In ALS/FTD, nuclear TDP-43 binds a GU-rich region of STMN2 pre-mRNA to sterically block a cryptic 3' splice site; TDP-43 nuclear loss or stress-induced condensation triggers cryptic splicing and STMN2 depletion, impairing axon regeneration—a defect reversible by ASO or dCasRx targeting of the cryptic site (PMID:30643292, PMID:36927019, PMID:38941189).

Mechanistic history

Synthesis pass · year-by-year structured walk · 12 steps
  1. 1988 Medium

    Established where STMN2 protein resides in neurons, the first clue that it acts at the growth cone rather than as a soluble cytoplasmic factor.

    Evidence Cell fractionation and immunocytochemistry in cultured neurons

    PMID:3272176

    Open questions at the time
    • Molecular activity unknown at this stage
    • Mode of membrane association undefined
  2. 1992 High

    Explained how STMN2 achieves neuron-specific expression, identifying an NRSE/silencer derepression mechanism active in nonneuronal cells.

    Evidence Promoter deletion mapping, EMSA, point mutagenesis, and reporter assays

    PMID:1321646 PMID:2322462

    Open questions at the time
    • Identity of the silencing factor not molecularly defined here
    • Does not address protein function
  3. 1997 High

    Defined STMN2's core molecular activity as a microtubule destabilizer and linked it functionally to neurite outgrowth, while mapping the N-terminal palmitoylated domain that targets it to membranes/Golgi.

    Evidence In vitro microtubule assembly assays, neurite outgrowth in transfected cells, [3H]palmitate labeling, and fusion constructs

    PMID:9012855 PMID:9030585

    Open questions at the time
    • End-specific effects on microtubules not yet resolved
    • In vivo neuronal requirement untested
  4. 1998 High

    Demonstrated that phosphorylation negatively regulates STMN2's destabilizing activity, mapping PKA (Ser50/Ser97) and MAPK/CDK (Ser62/Ser73) sites and validating with phospho-mutants.

    Evidence 2D gels, mass spectrometry, in vitro kinase assays, mutagenesis, and cell microtubule disruption assays

    PMID:9525956

    Open questions at the time
    • Physiological kinase governing each site in vivo not yet assigned
    • Connection to specific neuronal processes pending
  5. 2002 High

    Identified direct binding partners (RGSZ1, RGS6) that modulate STMN2's microtubule activity, beginning to place it within signaling networks at the Golgi and during NGF-induced differentiation.

    Evidence Yeast two-hybrid, GST pull-down, co-IP, in vitro microtubule assays, and PC12 differentiation

    PMID:11882662 PMID:12140291

    Open questions at the time
    • Endogenous relevance of these interactions in neurons unclear
    • Opposite effects (inhibition vs potentiation) not mechanistically reconciled
  6. 2007 High

    Resolved STMN2's distinctive biochemistry, showing it stabilizes plus ends while destabilizing minus ends and binds along the lattice, distinguishing it from stathmin.

    Evidence In vitro dynamic instability assays at single-microtubule resolution and co-sedimentation

    PMID:17311410

    Open questions at the time
    • Structural basis of end-specific activity unresolved
    • Relevance to growth-cone microtubule arrays not directly tested here
  7. 2011 High

    Established JNK1-STMN2 phosphorylation as an in vivo regulator of cortical neuron migration and axodendritic length, moving the phospho-regulation from biochemistry to developmental physiology.

    Evidence Jnk1-/- mice, in utero electroporation of phospho-mutants, FRAP, and live cortical imaging

    PMID:16618812 PMID:21297631

    Open questions at the time
    • Other kinases' developmental roles not dissected
    • Downstream microtubule events in migrating neurons inferred
  8. 2013 High

    Showed that JNK-dependent phosphorylation targets axonal STMN2 for degradation, coupling its loss to axon fragmentation and identifying it as a regulator of injury-induced degeneration.

    Evidence DRG axotomy, JNK inhibition, knockdown/overexpression, and live mitochondrial imaging

    PMID:23188802

    Open questions at the time
    • E3 ligase mediating degradation not identified
    • Link between STMN2 maintenance and mitochondrial transport mechanistically incomplete
  9. 2019 High

    Connected STMN2 to ALS/FTD by showing TDP-43 depletion causes cryptic splicing and STMN2 loss, and that STMN2 is required for axon regeneration with stabilization rescuing the deficit.

    Evidence TDP-43 knockdown in iPSC-derived motor neurons, RNA-seq, RT-PCR, and regeneration rescue

    PMID:30643292

    Open questions at the time
    • Steric mechanism of TDP-43 splice control not yet shown
    • Therapeutic targeting not yet demonstrated
  10. 2022 High

    Provided in vivo genetic proof that STMN2 is required for motor-system maintenance, with NMJ denervation and motor deficits rescued by human STMN2.

    Evidence Stmn2 knockout mice, BAC transgenic rescue, NMJ histology, behavioral testing

    PMID:35294901

    Open questions at the time
    • Cell-autonomous vs non-autonomous requirement not fully resolved
    • Relationship to human disease dosage unaddressed
  11. 2023 High

    Defined the molecular mechanism of TDP-43 splice regulation as steric blockade of a cryptic 3' splice site and demonstrated ASO/dCasRx correction in cells and humanized mice, establishing a therapeutic strategy.

    Evidence TDP-43 binding assays, dCasRx and ASO targeting, iPSC motor neuron and humanized mouse models with CSF ASO injection

    PMID:36927019

    Open questions at the time
    • Long-term efficacy and safety not addressed
    • Whether STMN2 restoration alone suffices in patients unknown
  12. 2025 High

    Resolved STMN2's turnover logic, showing UPS degradation, an N-terminal domain promoting fast turnover, and a tubulin-bound soluble form versus a membrane-bound form, defining how its pools are partitioned.

    Evidence Proteasome inhibition, proximity labeling, pull-downs, and domain-deletion imaging in U2OS and iPSC neurons

    PMID:41171096

    Open questions at the time
    • Specific E3 ligase still unidentified
    • Regulation of soluble/membrane interconversion in living axons unresolved

Open questions

Synthesis pass · forward-looking unresolved questions
  • How STMN2's end-specific microtubule activity, membrane/soluble interconversion, and phospho-degradation circuitry are integrated to enable axon regeneration in disease contexts remains to be fully assembled.
  • No identified E3 ligase for STMN2
  • No structural model explaining plus-end stabilization vs minus-end destabilization
  • Causal contribution of STMN2 loss versus other TDP-43 targets to ALS pathology unquantified

Mechanism profile

Synthesis pass · controlled-vocabulary classification · explore literature graph →
Molecular activity
GO:0008092 cytoskeletal protein binding 3 GO:0098772 molecular function regulator activity 3
Localization
GO:0005794 Golgi apparatus 2 GO:0005856 cytoskeleton 2 GO:0005886 plasma membrane 2 GO:0031410 cytoplasmic vesicle 2
Pathway
R-HSA-1266738 Developmental Biology 3 R-HSA-392499 Metabolism of proteins 3 R-HSA-8953854 Metabolism of RNA 3
Partners
BRI3CIB1KIF1BPRGS6RGSZ1SRSF7TARDBPTUBB

Evidence

Reading pass · 36 per-paper findings extracted from the source corpus
Year Finding Method Journal Conf PMIDs
1988 STMN2 (SCG10) protein is tightly associated with membranes (but is not an integral membrane protein) and accumulates in perinuclear cytoplasm, axons, and growth cones of cultured neurons, as shown by cell fractionation and immunocytochemical localization with an affinity-purified antibody. Cell fractionation, immunocytochemistry Neuron Medium 3272176
1990 The SCG10 gene contains a constitutive enhancer-like element in the promoter-proximal region and an upstream silencer that preferentially suppresses enhancer activity in nonneuronal cells in an orientation-independent manner, establishing a derepression mechanism for neuron-specific expression. Deletion analysis, transfection reporter assays Neuron High 2322462
1992 A 21 bp neural-restrictive silencer element (NRSE) in the SCG10 gene binds a sequence-specific factor (NRSBF) present in nonneuronal but not neuronal nuclear extracts; a point mutation abolishing in vitro binding also eliminates in vivo silencing activity. Deletion analysis, electrophoretic mobility shift assay (EMSA), point mutagenesis, transfection reporter assay Neuron High 1321646
1997 SCG10 binds to microtubules, inhibits their assembly, and can induce microtubule disassembly in vitro; overexpression enhances neurite outgrowth in a stably transfected neuronal cell line, identifying it as a regulator of microtubule instability. In vitro microtubule assembly assay, stable cell transfection, neurite outgrowth quantification Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America High 9012855
1997 The N-terminal 34-amino-acid domain of SCG10 is necessary and sufficient for membrane targeting and Golgi localization; two cysteine residues (Cys22 and Cys24) within this domain are sites of palmitoylation, as shown by biosynthetic [3H]palmitic acid labeling. Deletion/fusion constructs in PC12 and COS-7 cells, biosynthetic radiolabeling with [3H]palmitic acid, immunofluorescence The Journal of biological chemistry High 9030585
1997 SCG10 is phosphorylated in vitro by MAP kinase, cAMP-dependent protein kinase, cGMP-dependent protein kinase, p34cdc2 kinase, DNA-dependent protein kinase, Ca2+/calmodulin kinase II, casein kinase II, and Src tyrosine kinase, but not by casein kinase I or protein kinase C. In vitro phosphorylation assay with recombinant protein Protein expression and purification Medium 9126608
1998 SCG10 is phosphorylated in vivo at Ser50 and Ser97 by protein kinase A, and at Ser62 and Ser73 by MAP kinase; Ser73 is also a CDK substrate. Non-phosphorylatable mutants show increased microtubule-destabilizing activity while phosphomimetic (Ser→Asp) mutants show decreased activity, demonstrating that phosphorylation negatively regulates SCG10's microtubule-destabilizing function. 2D gel electrophoresis, mass spectrometry, in vitro kinase assay, site-directed mutagenesis, COS-7 cell transfection microtubule disruption assay The Journal of biological chemistry High 9525956
2000 SCG10 localizes by immunoelectron microscopy to the trans-face Golgi complex and growth cone vesicles in developing cortex; palmitoylation of Cys22/Cys24 in the N-terminal domain is required for Golgi sorting and growth cone targeting, as shown by deletion/mutation of the N-terminal domain in transfected PC12 cells and primary neurons. Immunoelectron microscopy, subcellular fractionation, transfection of mutant/fusion constructs, immunofluorescence The European journal of neuroscience High 10947801
2001 JNK3/SAPKβ directly binds and phosphorylates SCG10 at Ser62 and Ser73, reducing its microtubule-destabilizing activity; endogenous SCG10 shows increased phosphorylation in sympathetic neurons deprived of NGF, a condition that activates JNK. In vitro binding assay, in vitro kinase assay, mass spectrometry, phosphorylation in NGF-deprived sympathetic neurons FEBS letters Medium 11718727
2002 RGSZ1 directly interacts with SCG10 (confirmed by yeast two-hybrid and direct binding assays) and, upon binding, blocks SCG10's ability to induce microtubule disassembly in vitro. NGF treatment causes both proteins to co-localize at the Golgi in PC12 cells. Yeast two-hybrid, direct binding assay, in vitro microtubule polymerization/turbidimetry assay, GFP-tagging and immunofluorescence The Journal of biological chemistry High 11882662
2002 RGS6 interacts with SCG10 via its GGL domain binding to SCG10's stathmin domain (yeast two-hybrid and GST pull-down); RGS6 potentiates SCG10-induced microtubule disruption and synergistically enhances NGF-induced PC12 differentiation with SCG10. Yeast two-hybrid, GST pull-down, co-immunoprecipitation, immunofluorescence co-localization, PC12 differentiation assay The Journal of biological chemistry High 12140291
2004 EphB stimulation in retinal growth cones causes reduced levels of SCG10, and antibody blockade of SCG10 function mimics EphB-induced changes in microtubule distribution and growth cone pause responses, placing SCG10 downstream of EphB guidance signaling. Pharmacological growth cone stimulation, immunofluorescence, antibody blockade functional assay The Journal of neuroscience Medium 14985440
2006 JNK1 phosphorylates SCG10 in vivo at Ser62 and Ser73 in developing forebrain (Ser73 phosphorylation is reduced in JNK1-/- cortex); JNK phosphorylation of SCG10 determines axodendritic length, and expression of SCG10-S62A/S73A (non-phosphorylatable) inhibits fluorescent tubulin recovery after photobleaching, linking JNK1-SCG10 phosphorylation to microtubule dynamics. Affinity purification of JNK-interacting proteins from brain, in vivo phosphorylation in JNK1-/- mice, FRAP, cerebrocortical neuron cultures with mutant constructs The Journal of cell biology High 16618812
2006 SCG10 siRNA knockdown suppresses neurite outgrowth and alters growth cone microtubule morphology toward a more stable state in rat hippocampal neurons; protein transduction of SCG10 stimulates outgrowth and produces more dynamic microtubule morphology. Excess SCG10 causes neurite retraction. siRNA knockdown, immunodepletion, protein transduction, immunofluorescence of growth cone microtubules Journal of neurobiology Medium 16838365
2007 In contrast to stathmin, SCG10 stabilizes microtubule plus ends (increasing growth rate) while destabilizing minus ends (increasing shortening rate and catastrophe frequency) at steady state in vitro; SCG10 binds along the length of purified microtubules. In vitro dynamic instability assay (video microscopy of individual microtubules), microtubule co-sedimentation/pull-down Biochemistry High 17311410
2008 SCG10 interacts with chromogranin A (CHGA) and co-localizes with it at the Golgi; siRNA knockdown of SCG10 virtually abolishes regulated secretion of a CHGA reporter, and a palmitoylation-deficient dominant negative SCG10 (C22A/C24A) blocks CHGA-EAP secretion. SCG10 knockdown decreases buoyant density of chromaffin granules. Phage display, co-immunoprecipitation, siRNA knockdown, dominant-negative mutant, secretion assay, density gradient fractionation Biochemistry Medium 18549247
2010 KBP (Kinesin Binding Protein) physically interacts with SCG10 (yeast two-hybrid, validated biochemically); in zebrafish, epistasis experiments demonstrate a genetic interaction between KBP and SCG10 in vivo, linking this interaction to the neuronal differentiation and microtubule-related defects of Goldberg-Shprintzen syndrome. Yeast two-hybrid, biochemical validation, zebrafish epistasis experiments Human molecular genetics Medium 20621975
2011 JNK1 phosphorylation of SCG10 governs multipolar-stage exit and radial neuronal migration rate during cortical development; expressing a phosphomimetic SCG10 mutant rescued normal migration in JNK1-/- mouse embryos, placing JNK1-SCG10 phosphorylation as a key negative regulator of cortical neuron migration. Jnk1-/- mouse embryos, in utero electroporation of SCG10 phospho-mutants, live imaging of cortical migration Nature neuroscience High 21297631
2011 Calmyrin1 (CaMy1) directly and Ca2+-dependently binds SCG10 via its C-terminal domain (residues 99–192) interacting with SCG10's N-terminal domain (residues 1–35); CaMy1 interferes with SCG10's microtubule-polymerization inhibitory activity and inhibits SCG10-mediated neurite outgrowth in NGF-stimulated PC12 cells. Yeast two-hybrid, GST pull-down, co-immunoprecipitation, proximity ligation assay, in vitro microtubule polymerization assay, PC12 neurite outgrowth assay Biochimica et biophysica acta High 21215777
2012 SCG10 is an axonal JNK substrate that is rapidly lost from axons distal to injury via JNK-dependent phosphorylation targeting it for degradation; in healthy axons SCG10 undergoes JNK-dependent degradation and is replenished by fast axonal transport. Knockdown of SCG10 accelerates axon fragmentation, while maintaining SCG10 after injury promotes mitochondrial movement and delays degeneration. Mouse dorsal root ganglion axotomy model, pharmacological JNK inhibition, shRNA knockdown, lentiviral SCG10 overexpression, live mitochondrial imaging Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America High 23188802
2013 CB1 cannabinoid receptor activation recruits c-Jun N-terminal kinases to phosphorylate SCG10, promoting its rapid degradation in motile axons and microtubule stabilization; this leads to ectopic filopodia formation and altered axon morphology. THC exposure in fetal brain, proteomic analysis, pharmacological CB1 receptor manipulation, JNK inhibition, immunofluorescence The EMBO journal Medium 24469251
2013 SCG10 directly interacts with the KFFEQ motif of the APP intracellular domain (co-IP, co-localization); SCG10 knockdown reduces α-cleavage products (sAPPα, CTFα) and increases Aβ1-40/1-42, while SCG10 elevation promotes APP accumulation in post-Golgi vesicles and on the cell surface, reducing amyloid plaques in APPswe/PS1dE9 mice. This effect requires palmitoylation-mediated membrane anchoring of SCG10. Co-immunoprecipitation, immunofluorescence, siRNA knockdown, overexpression, ELISA (Aβ measurement), in vivo mouse model Human molecular genetics Medium 23863461
2013 PAK4 phosphorylates SCG10 at Ser50; phosphorylated SCG10 regulates microtubule dynamics to promote gastric cancer cell migration and invasion in vitro and metastasis in xenograft models. In vitro kinase assay, siRNA knockdown, PAK4 inhibitor, invasion/migration assays, xenograft mouse model Oncogene Medium 23893240
2015 Spy1 (a Speedy/RINGO family protein) binds SCG10 and mediates its phosphorylation and proteasomal degradation in a partly JNK-dependent manner after sciatic nerve injury; inhibition of Spy1 attenuates SCG10 phosphorylation and delays injury-induced axonal degeneration. Co-immunoprecipitation, sciatic nerve injury model, Spy1 inhibition, Western blot for SCG10 levels The Journal of biological chemistry Medium 25869138
2019 TDP-43 depletion in human motor neurons causes loss of STMN2 expression due to altered splicing (inclusion of a cryptic exon/premature polyadenylation). STMN2 is necessary for normal axonal outgrowth and regeneration; post-translational stabilization of STMN2 rescues neurite outgrowth and axon regeneration deficits caused by TDP-43 depletion. TDP-43 knockdown in iPSC-derived human motor neurons, RNA-seq, RT-PCR, axon regeneration assay, post-translational stabilization rescue Nature neuroscience High 30643292
2021 STMN2 modulates microtubule disassembly to disrupt the MT-Smad2/3 complex, facilitating Smad2/3 release, phosphorylation, and nuclear translocation even independent of TGFβ stimulation, thereby enhancing TGFβ signaling and promoting epithelial-mesenchymal transition in hepatocellular carcinoma. STMN2 overexpression/knockdown, immunofluorescence, co-immunoprecipitation, in vitro invasion assay, in vivo xenograft Cancer letters Medium 33705863
2022 Homozygous loss-of-function Stmn2 mice exhibit neuromuscular junction denervation and fragmentation, muscle atrophy, impaired motor behavior, and neuronal microtubule dynamics imbalance in spinal cord; these phenotypes are rescued by BAC transgenesis of human STMN2, demonstrating that STMN2 is required for motor system maintenance. Gene-edited Stmn2 knockout mice, BAC transgenic rescue, NMJ histology, behavioral motor testing, immunofluorescence of microtubules Neuron High 35294901
2023 TDP-43 binding to a GU-rich region in STMN2 pre-mRNA sterically blocks recognition of a cryptic 3′ splice site. Targeting dCasRx or antisense oligonucleotides (ASOs) to this region suppressed cryptic splicing, restoring axonal regeneration and stathmin-2-dependent lysosome trafficking in TDP-43-deficient human motor neurons. In mice gene-edited to carry human STMN2 cryptic sequences, intrathecal ASO injection corrected pre-mRNA misprocessing and restored stathmin-2 levels. Biochemical TDP-43 binding assays, dCasRx targeting, ASO treatment, iPSC-derived motor neuron axonal regeneration assay, lysosome trafficking assay, humanized mouse model with CSF ASO injection Science High 36927019
2024 Stress-induced nuclear TDP-43 condensation (requiring TDP-43 oligomerization and ATP, inhibited by RNA) transiently inactivates TDP-43, causing loss of interaction with protein binding partners and splicing loss-of-function; STMN2 splicing changes are especially prominent and persistent, leading to rapid STMN2 protein depletion early during stress. Confocal nanoscanning assay, co-immunoprecipitation, RNA splicing analysis, Western blot for STMN2 protein, ALS-linked TDP-43 mutants Cell reports Medium 38941189
2025 STMN2 is primarily degraded by the ubiquitin-proteasome system; its membrane-targeting N-terminal domain promotes fast turnover while its tubulin-binding stathmin-like domain promotes stabilization. Tubulin binds preferentially to soluble (non-membrane-bound) STMN2, reducing its targeting to trans-Golgi network membranes, suggesting STMN2 interconverts between a soluble tubulin-bound form and a membrane-bound tubulin-free form. Ubiquitin-proteasome inhibitor treatment, proximity labeling, pull-down assays, imaging in U2OS cells and iPSC-derived neurons, N-terminal domain deletion mutants The Journal of cell biology High 41171096
2025 Depletion of SRSF7 (serine/arginine-rich splicing factor 7) in human iPSC-derived neurons decreases STMN2 abundance (but not TDP-43) and impairs axonal regeneration; this phenotype is rescued by exogenous STMN2, placing SRSF7 upstream of STMN2 in a pathway linking C9ORF72 poly-PR toxicity to axonal repair defects. SRSF7 siRNA knockdown in iPSC-derived neurons, STMN2 rescue experiment, axonal regeneration assay, global phospho-proteomics Acta neuropathologica communications Medium 40140908
2024 STMN2 overexpression restores axonal growth defects in SMA patient iPSC-derived motor neurons; intracerebroventricular AAV9-Stmn2 delivery in SMA mice improves survival, motor function, and neuromuscular junction pathology. iPSC-derived motor neuron overexpression assay, AAV9 in vivo delivery in SMA mice, behavioral and histological assessment Cellular and molecular life sciences Medium 39725771
2025 In zebrafish double stmn2a/stmn2b knockout larvae, loss of STMN2 impairs motor function, increases orphaned NMJs, reduces miniature endplate current amplitude, and impairs ventral root axon regrowth after transection, demonstrating STMN2 is required for NMJ assembly and axon regeneration but not motor axon development. CRISPR/Cas9 double knockout zebrafish, behavioral motor assay, NMJ immunohistochemistry, electrophysiology (mEPCs), axon transection/regeneration assay bioRxivpreprint Medium bio_10.1101_2025.10.24.684380
2006 STMN2 is a direct transcriptional target of β-catenin/TCF signaling; chromatin immunoprecipitation and promoter mapping identified a critical TCF binding site at -1713 of the STMN2 promoter, and siRNA knockdown of STMN2 abolished anchorage-independent growth in β-catenin/TCF-activated hepatoma cells. Promoter deletion, ChIP assay, transient transfection, siRNA knockdown, soft agar colony assay Biochemical and biophysical research communications Medium 16712787
2004 Protocadherin-γ-b1 (and other Pcdhγ-b subfamily isoforms) interact with SCG10 as a cytoplasmic binding partner, and SCG10 and Pcdhγ-b1 are found together in neuronal growth cones. Yeast two-hybrid, co-localization in growth cones FEBS letters Low 15581637
2008 BRI3 binds SCG10 (GST pull-down, co-IP) and blocks SCG10's ability to induce microtubule disassembly in vitro; co-expression of BRI3 attenuates SCG10-mediated neurite outgrowth in NGF-stimulated PC12 cells. Yeast two-hybrid, GST pull-down, co-immunoprecipitation, turbidimetric microtubule assay, PC12 neurite outgrowth assay BMB reports Medium 18452648

Source papers

Stage 0 corpus · 98 papers · ranked by NIH iCite citations
Year Title Journal Citations PMID
2019 ALS-implicated protein TDP-43 sustains levels of STMN2, a mediator of motor neuron growth and repair. Nature neuroscience 494 30643292
1992 A common silencer element in the SCG10 and type II Na+ channel genes binds a factor present in nonneuronal cells but not in neuronal cells. Neuron 363 1321646
1988 The NGF-inducible SCG10 mRNA encodes a novel membrane-bound protein present in growth cones and abundant in developing neurons. Neuron 224 3272176
1990 A cell type-preferred silencer element that controls the neural-specific expression of the SCG10 gene. Neuron 187 2322462
2014 Miswiring the brain: Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol disrupts cortical development by inducing an SCG10/stathmin-2 degradation pathway. The EMBO journal 184 24469251
1997 Regulation of microtubule dynamics by the neuronal growth-associated protein SCG10. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 178 9012855
2023 Mechanism of STMN2 cryptic splice-polyadenylation and its correction for TDP-43 proteinopathies. Science (New York, N.Y.) 167 36927019
2013 Dynamic regulation of SCG10 in regenerating axons after injury. Experimental neurology 158 24246279
2012 SCG10 is a JNK target in the axonal degeneration pathway. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 154 23188802
2006 JNK1 phosphorylation of SCG10 determines microtubule dynamics and axodendritic length. The Journal of cell biology 154 16618812
2004 Role of the microtubule destabilizing proteins SCG10 and stathmin in neuronal growth. Journal of neurobiology 141 14598370
1988 The induction of a neural-specific gene, SCG10, by nerve growth factor in PC12 cells is transcriptional, protein synthesis dependent, and glucocorticoid inhibitable. Developmental biology 135 2837417
2002 Transcriptional upregulation of SCG10 and CAP-23 is correlated with regeneration of the axons of peripheral and central neurons in vivo. Molecular and cellular neurosciences 98 12213442
2002 SCG10-related neuronal growth-associated proteins in neural development, plasticity, degeneration, and aging. Journal of neuroscience research 98 12391585
2011 Phosphorylation of SCG10/stathmin-2 determines multipolar stage exit and neuronal migration rate. Nature neuroscience 97 21297631
1997 Targeting of SCG10 to the area of the Golgi complex is mediated by its NH2-terminal region. The Journal of biological chemistry 91 9030585
1989 Homology between the cDNAs encoding phosphoprotein p19 and SCG10 reveals a novel mammalian gene family preferentially expressed in developing brain. DNA (Mary Ann Liebert, Inc.) 87 2776625
1998 Identification of in vitro phosphorylation sites in the growth cone protein SCG10. Effect Of phosphorylation site mutants on microtubule-destabilizing activity. The Journal of biological chemistry 85 9525956
2006 SCG10, a microtubule destabilizing factor, stimulates the neurite outgrowth by modulating microtubule dynamics in rat hippocampal primary cultured neurons. Journal of neurobiology 81 16838365
1998 SCLIP: a novel SCG10-like protein of the stathmin family expressed in the nervous system. Journal of neurochemistry 77 9603203
2000 Localization and targeting of SCG10 to the trans-Golgi apparatus and growth cone vesicles. The European journal of neuroscience 73 10947801
1994 Differential localization of SCG10 and p19/stathmin messenger RNAs in adult rat brain indicates distinct roles for these growth-associated proteins. Neuroscience 71 7936211
2022 Loss of mouse Stmn2 function causes motor neuropathy. Neuron 63 35294901
1997 Differential distribution of stathmin and SCG10 in developing neurons in culture. Journal of neuroscience research 59 9452014
1995 SCG10 expresses growth-associated manner in developing rat brain, but shows a different pattern to p19/stathmin or GAP-43. Brain research. Developmental brain research 57 8719331
2002 RGS6 interacts with SCG10 and promotes neuronal differentiation. Role of the G gamma subunit-like (GGL) domain of RGS6. The Journal of biological chemistry 56 12140291
2013 PAK4 kinase-mediated SCG10 phosphorylation involved in gastric cancer metastasis. Oncogene 55 23893240
2004 L1/Laminin modulation of growth cone response to EphB triggers growth pauses and regulates the microtubule destabilizing protein SCG10. The Journal of neuroscience : the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience 55 14985440
1993 Molecular diversity of the SCG10/stathmin gene family in the mouse. Genomics 55 8288240
2005 Clusterin interacts with SCLIP (SCG10-like protein) and promotes neurite outgrowth of PC12 cells. Experimental cell research 53 16038898
2006 The "SCG10-LIke Protein" SCLIP is a novel regulator of axonal branching in hippocampal neurons, unlike SCG10. Molecular and cellular neurosciences 50 17145186
1990 Effect of nerve growth factor and fibroblast growth factor on SCG10 and c-fos expression and neurite outgrowth in protein kinase C-depleted PC12 cells. The Journal of biological chemistry 50 2105318
2001 Expression of SCG10 and stathmin proteins in the rat olfactory system during development and axonal regeneration. The Journal of comparative neurology 48 11283962
2007 Stathmin family protein SCG10 differentially regulates the plus and minus end dynamics of microtubules at steady state in vitro: implications for its role in neurite outgrowth. Biochemistry 39 17311410
1999 Differential regulation of the growth-associated proteins, GAP-43 and SCG-10, in response to unilateral cortical ablation in adult rats. Neuroscience 39 10338302
2024 RNA aptamer reveals nuclear TDP-43 pathology is an early aggregation event that coincides with STMN-2 cryptic splicing and precedes clinical manifestation in ALS. Acta neuropathologica 38 38443601
2010 KBP interacts with SCG10, linking Goldberg-Shprintzen syndrome to microtubule dynamics and neuronal differentiation. Human molecular genetics 37 20621975
1995 SCG10, a neuron-specific growth-associated protein in Alzheimer's disease. Neurobiology of aging 36 8622778
2000 The SCG10-related gene family in the developing rat retina: persistent expression of SCLIP and stathmin in mature ganglion cell layer. Brain research 33 10760501
2021 Novel Variant Linked to Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis Risk and Clinical Phenotype. Frontiers in aging neuroscience 32 33841129
2002 The interaction of RGSZ1 with SCG10 attenuates the ability of SCG10 to promote microtubule disassembly. The Journal of biological chemistry 32 11882662
1999 Quantitative non-radioactive in situ hybridization study of GAP-43 and SCG10 mRNAs in the cerebral cortex of adult and infant macaque monkeys. Cerebral cortex (New York, N.Y. : 1991) 32 10426411
2000 Expression of GAP-43 and SCG10 mRNAs in lateral geniculate nucleus of normal and monocularly deprived macaque monkeys. The Journal of neuroscience : the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience 31 10934252
1997 Purification, characterization, and in vitro phosphorylation of the neuron-specific membrane-associated protein SCG10. Protein expression and purification 31 9126608
2001 c-Jun N-terminal kinase-3 (JNK3)/stress-activated protein kinase-beta (SAPKbeta) binds and phosphorylates the neuronal microtubule regulator SCG10. FEBS letters 29 11718727
2024 Stress-induced TDP-43 nuclear condensation causes splicing loss of function and STMN2 depletion. Cell reports 27 38941189
2006 The control of microtubule stability in vitro and in transfected cells by MAP1B and SCG10. Cell motility and the cytoskeleton 27 17009328
2005 Improved sciatic nerve regeneration by local thyroid hormone treatment in adult rat is accompanied by increased expression of SCG10. Experimental neurology 24 16289052
2013 SCG10 promotes non-amyloidogenic processing of amyloid precursor protein by facilitating its trafficking to the cell surface. Human molecular genetics 23 23863461
2006 STMN2 is a novel target of beta-catenin/TCF-mediated transcription in human hepatoma cells. Biochemical and biophysical research communications 23 16712787
2001 Expression of stathmin and SCG10 proteins in the olfactory neurogenesis during development and after lesion in the adulthood. Brain research bulletin 23 11226711
1996 Differential induction and intracellular localization of SCG10 messenger RNA is associated with neuronal differentiation. Neuroscience 23 8735217
1994 SCG10 mRNA localization in the hippocampus: comparison with other mRNAs encoding neuronal growth-associated proteins (nGAPs). Brain research 21 7812771
1992 Differential mRNA expression of the phosphoprotein p19/SCG10 gene family in mouse preimplantation embryos, uterus, and placenta. Reproduction, fertility, and development 21 1438949
2008 The trans-Golgi proteins SCLIP and SCG10 interact with chromogranin A to regulate neuroendocrine secretion. Biochemistry 20 18549247
2021 STMN2 mediates nuclear translocation of Smad2/3 and enhances TGFβ signaling by destabilizing microtubules to promote epithelial-mesenchymal transition in hepatocellular carcinoma. Cancer letters 17 33705863
2005 Site-specific phosphorylation of SCG10 in neuronal plasticity: role of Ser73 phosphorylation by N-methyl D-aspartic acid receptor activation in rat hippocampus. Neuroscience letters 15 16368189
2010 SCG10 expression on activation of hepatic stellate cells promotes cell motility through interference with microtubules. The American journal of pathology 14 20802173
2001 Perforant path lesion induces up-regulation of stathmin messenger RNA, but not SCG10 messenger RNA, in the adult rat hippocampus. Neuroscience 14 11226690
1997 Expression, purification, and characterization of a highly soluble N-terminal-truncated form of the neuron-specific membrane-associated phosphoprotein SCG10. Protein expression and purification 14 9056495
2022 STMN2 overexpression promotes cell proliferation and EMT in pancreatic cancer mediated by WNT/β-catenin signaling. Cancer gene therapy 13 36460804
2004 Modulation of the stathmin-like microtubule destabilizing activity of RB3, a neuron-specific member of the SCG10 family, by its N-terminal domain. The Journal of biological chemistry 13 15039434
2004 The b1 isoform of protocadherin-gamma (Pcdhgamma) interacts with the microtubule-destabilizing protein SCG10. FEBS letters 13 15581637
2003 Identification of upregulated SCG10 mRNA expression associated with late-phase long-term potentiation in the rat hippocampal Schaffer-CA1 pathway in vivo. The Journal of neuroscience : the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience 12 12878703
1998 A novel SCG10-related gene uniquely expressed in the nervous system. Gene 12 9714847
2005 Role of Ser50 phosphorylation in SCG10 regulation of microtubule depolymerization. Journal of neuroscience research 11 15825189
2015 Proximity of SCG10 and prion protein in membrane rafts. Journal of neurochemistry 10 26663033
2009 Characterization of spatial and temporal expression pattern of SCG10 during zebrafish development. Gene expression patterns : GEP 10 19272335
2009 SCG10-like protein (SCLIP) is a STAT3-interacting protein involved in maintaining epithelial morphology in MCF-7 breast cancer cells. The Biochemical journal 10 19824884
2006 A newly modified SCG10 promoter and Cre/loxP-mediated gene amplification system achieve highly specific neuronal expression in animal brains. Gene therapy 10 16625241
2004 Olf/EBF proteins are expressed in neuroblastoma cells: potential regulators of the Chromogranin A and SCG10 promoters. International journal of cancer 10 15054865
2015 Spy1 Protein Mediates Phosphorylation and Degradation of SCG10 Protein in Axonal Degeneration. The Journal of biological chemistry 8 25869138
2008 BRI3 associates with SCG10 and attenuates NGF-induced neurite outgrowth in PC12 cells. BMB reports 8 18452648
2004 Analysis of the regulation of microtubule dynamics by interaction of RGSZ1 (RGS20) with the neuronal stathmin, SCG10. Methods in enzymology 8 15488170
2024 Targeting STMN2 for neuroprotection and neuromuscular recovery in Spinal Muscular Atrophy: evidence from in vitro and in vivo SMA models. Cellular and molecular life sciences : CMLS 7 39725771
2006 Taxol and tau overexpression induced calpain-dependent degradation of the microtubule-destabilizing protein SCG10. Experimental neurology 7 16822511
2004 Time-course study of SCG10 mRNA levels associated with LTP induction and maintenance in the rat Schaffer-CA1 pathway in vivo. Brain research. Molecular brain research 7 14741408
2021 Investigation into the role of Stmn2 in vascular smooth muscle phenotype transformation during vascular injury via RNA sequencing and experimental validation. Environmental science and pollution research international 6 34389950
2011 Calmyrin1 binds to SCG10 protein (stathmin2) to modulate neurite outgrowth. Biochimica et biophysica acta 6 21215777
2000 Preliminary crystallographic study of a complex formed between the alpha/beta-tubulin heterodimer and the neuronal growth-associated protein SCG10. Journal of structural biology 6 11042086
2025 C9ORF72 poly-PR disrupts expression of ALS/FTD-implicated STMN2 through SRSF7. Acta neuropathologica communications 5 40140908
2010 Mutations in SCG10 are not involved in Hirschsprung disease. PloS one 5 21187955
2002 Expression of super cervical ganglion-10 (SCG-10) mRNA in the monkey cerebral cortex during postnatal development. Neuroscience letters 5 11959419
2022 Questioning the Association of the STMN2 Dinucleotide Repeat With Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis. Neurology. Genetics 4 35923349
2024 HOXC10 promotes hypertrophic scar fibroblast fibrosis through the regulation of STMN2 and the TGF-β/Smad signaling pathway. Histochemistry and cell biology 3 39152325
2014 RARB and STMN2 polymorphisms are not associated with sporadic Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD) in the Korean population. Molecular biology reports 3 24414001
2011 Position-dependent effect of a neural-restrictive silencer-like element present in the promoter downstream of the SCG10-like protein gene. Journal of biochemistry 3 21705344
2025 Machine learning-based proteomics profiling of ALS identifies downregulation of RPS29 that maintains protein homeostasis and STMN2 level. Communications biology 2 40775435
2025 Tubulin Regulates the Stability and Localization of STMN2 by Binding Preferentially to Its Soluble Form. bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology 1 40060442
2025 Tubulin regulates stability and localization of STMN2 by binding preferentially to its soluble form. The Journal of cell biology 1 41171096
2024 The Interaction between ADK and SCG10 Regulate the Repair of Nerve Damage. Neuroscience 1 38423163
2021 Genome Sequence of Linnemannia hyalina Strain SCG-10, a Cold-Adapted and Nitrate-Reducing Fungus Isolated from Cornfield Soil in Minnesota, USA. Microbiology resource announcements 1 34528820
2026 Regulation of neuronal invasion of small cell lung cancer by STMN2/β-alanine-controlled metabolic reprogramming. Cell reports 0 41904954
2026 Statins and genetic inhibition of the mevalonate pathway activate an ATF3-STMN2 regenerative program. bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology 0 42051315
2025 Vitreous STMN2 levels reflect TDP-43-associated neurodegeneration in postmortem eyes and brains. Journal of Alzheimer's disease reports 0 41180957
2025 U7 small nuclear RNA splice-switching therapeutics for STMN2 and UNC13A in Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis. bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology 0 41394711
2025 Dual-targeting snRNA gene therapy rescues STMN2 and UNC13A splicing in TDP-43 proteinopathies. bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology 0 41573891
2022 Analysis of STMN2 CA repeats in italian ALS patients shows no association. Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis & frontotemporal degeneration 0 35876065

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