Affinage

RHOB

Rho-related GTP-binding protein RhoB · UniProt P62745

Length
196 aa
Mass
22.1 kDa
Annotated
2026-06-10
100 papers in source corpus 49 papers cited in narrative 49 extracted findings
Cross-family judge vs UniProt: Affinage preferred faithfulness: 6/6 claims corpus-supported (100%)

Mechanistic narrative

Synthesis pass · prose summary of the discoveries below

RHOB is a rapidly turned-over, endosome-associated small GTPase that governs the intracellular trafficking and spatial activation of receptor tyrosine kinases and signaling proteins, coupling these functions to growth suppression, stress responses, and cytoskeletal control (PMID:10508588, PMID:15572128). Distinct from RhoA, RHOB localizes to the cytosolic face of endocytic vesicles and the perinuclear recycling compartment, where it controls the sorting of cargo such as EGFR, PDGFR-β, and CXCR2 between lysosomal degradation and recycling routes, and is required for the catalytic activation and membrane delivery of c-Src and the trafficking of Cdc42 and Rac1 (PMID:10508588, PMID:17951322, PMID:17405813, PMID:15572128, PMID:21344485). RHOB exists as farnesylated and geranylgeranylated species whose prenylation state dictates membrane targeting and function: geranylgeranylated RHOB suppresses Ras-mediated transformation, induces p21WAF1 and apoptosis, and mediates the antineoplastic effects of farnesyltransferase inhibitors, with genetic ablation rendering Ras-transformed cells defective in FTI-induced apoptosis (PMID:10022870, PMID:10554025, PMID:10913192, PMID:15748883). RHOB acts as a tumor suppressor downstream of oncogenic signaling, being transcriptionally repressed by Ras/PI3K/Akt and HDAC1, and induced by DNA damage, UV, TGFβ, and hypoxia (PMID:15169915, PMID:13679859, PMID:19890017, PMID:24912678); its abundance is set by isoprenylation-dependent endo-lysosomal degradation directed by an eight-residue C-terminal sequence routed through the ESCRT/MVB pathway, by Smurf1- and Cullin-3–Rbx1–KCTD10-mediated ubiquitination, and by RhoGDIα-dependent stabilization (PMID:19956591, PMID:25249323, PMID:29358211, PMID:18524772). Mechanistically, RHOB drives actin remodeling through the ROCK/LIMK/cofilin and mDia axes, activates NF-κB via ROCK I in its farnesylated form, promotes homologous-recombination DSB repair through a Chk2-HuR-RhoB-PP2A pathway, and triggers autophagy by ATR/Chk1-dependent phosphorylation and PIAS1-mediated sumoylation that recruits the TSC complex to lysosomes to inhibit mTORC1 (PMID:22539766, PMID:17728102, PMID:24912678, PMID:30297842). RHOB binds PRK isoforms with high affinity through both HR1a and HR1b domains and only its GTP-bound pool mediates genomic instability and invasion (PMID:24128008, PMID:31522999).

Mechanistic history

Synthesis pass · year-by-year structured walk · 24 steps
  1. 1997 Medium

    Established how rhoB transcription is controlled, defining a minimal stress-responsive promoter and a negative autoregulatory loop, framing RhoB as an inducible immediate stress gene.

    Evidence rhoB promoter deletion/reporter assays with MAPK and PI3K inhibitors and Rac/Rho-GDI overexpression

    PMID:9388198

    Open questions at the time
    • Did not identify the transcription factors binding the minimal element
    • Mechanism of RhoB-mediated negative feedback unresolved
  2. 1998 Low

    First linked prenylated RhoB to nuclear transcription factor sequestration, raising the possibility that RhoB regulates transcription directly.

    Evidence Prenylation-sensitive co-IP with transcription factor DB1, nuclear fractionation, reporter assays

    PMID:9865462

    Open questions at the time
    • Single co-IP and single reporter assay without reciprocal validation
    • Identity and significance of DB1 target genes not established
  3. 1999 Medium

    Defined RhoB's distinguishing endosomal localization and showed it controls EGFR trafficking kinetics via PRK1, separating it functionally from plasma-membrane RhoA.

    Evidence Subcellular imaging, PRK1 binding assays, dominant-active/negative mutants, EGFR trafficking assays

    PMID:10508588

    Open questions at the time
    • GTPase cycle regulators on endosomes not identified
    • Connection between PRK1 binding and trafficking kinetics mechanistically incomplete
  4. 1999 High

    Demonstrated that the geranylgeranylated RhoB species gained upon FTI treatment is sufficient to revert Ras transformation and induce p21WAF1, mechanistically linking RhoB to FTI action.

    Evidence Ectopic RhoB-GG expression in Ras-transformed and human carcinoma cells, colony/cell-cycle/apoptosis assays, p21WAF1 blots

    PMID:10022870 PMID:10554025

    Open questions at the time
    • Why RhoB-GG selectively affects transformed but not normal cells unresolved
    • Direct effectors downstream of RhoB-GG growth suppression not defined
  5. 2000 High

    Provided genetic proof via rhoB-null cells that RhoB is a crucial mediator of FTI-induced apoptosis and antitumor responses, and showed both prenyl forms suppress growth and Akt/Erk signaling.

    Evidence rhoB gene knockout with E1A+H-Ras transformation, FTI treatment, apoptosis and xenograft assays, Akt/Erk blots

    PMID:10770919 PMID:10913192

    Open questions at the time
    • Molecular target by which RhoB triggers apoptosis not identified
    • How RhoB inhibits Akt/Erk activation mechanistically unresolved
  6. 2002 Medium

    Resolved the basis of RhoB's short half-life by showing isoprenylation is required for its rapid proteasomal degradation, explaining statin-mediated RhoB upregulation.

    Evidence Isoprenylation-deficient mutants, statin treatment with metabolite rescue, protein half-life measurements

    PMID:12384510

    Open questions at the time
    • The degradation machinery recognizing prenylated RhoB not yet identified
    • Reconciliation with later endo-lysosomal degradation route incomplete
  7. 2003 High

    Connected RhoB endosomes to spatial control of signaling kinases and survival, showing RhoB is required for c-Src activation, Akt nuclear trafficking, and endothelial survival.

    Evidence RhoB knockout cells, live c-Src/Akt imaging, kinase activity assays, proteasome inhibitor rescue, RhoB-null mice

    PMID:14597666 PMID:15572128

    Open questions at the time
    • How RhoB couples endosome movement to kinase activation mechanistically open
    • Direct RhoB effectors mediating Akt nuclear import not identified
  8. 2003 Medium

    Identified HDAC1 as a transcriptional repressor of RhoB acting through an inverted CCAAT box, and showed RhoB drives a ROCK1/LIMK1/cofilin pathway in junction dynamics.

    Evidence HDAC1 antisense, HDAC inhibitor and promoter reporter assays; immunoprecipitation, phospho-LIMK1 assays, ROCK inhibition in Sertoli-germ cell models

    PMID:12606349 PMID:13679859

    Open questions at the time
    • Factors recruiting HDAC1 to the RhoB promoter not defined
    • Direct GEF activating RhoB at junctions unidentified
  9. 2004 Medium

    Established that Ras represses RhoB via PI3K/Akt and that prenylation form determines opposing functions, with RhoB-GG suppressing and RhoB-F enhancing transformation.

    Evidence PI3K/Akt/MEK inhibitors, prenylation-specific mutants, promoter reporter assays, transformation/apoptosis readouts, EGFR/ErbB2/Ras oncogene panel

    PMID:14647415 PMID:15169915 PMID:15226397 PMID:15748883

    Open questions at the time
    • Molecular determinant of opposite RhoB-F vs RhoB-GG outputs unresolved
    • Link between prenyl-defined endosomal localization and transcriptional suppression incomplete
  10. 2005 High

    Defined the C-terminal lipid modifications (palmitoylation of Cys192 and prenylation) as determinants of RhoB localization and tumor-suppressive/proapoptotic activity, and dissected prenyl-form-specific radiation and UVB responses.

    Evidence Site-directed mutagenesis, RhoA/RhoB chimera, promoter and apoptosis assays; GTP-RhoB pulldown, EGFR inhibitor, clonogenic and centrosome assays

    PMID:15713677 PMID:15776002 PMID:16278215

    Open questions at the time
    • Palmitoyltransferase responsible for Cys192 modification not identified
    • How localization translates to transcriptional suppression mechanistically open
  11. 2006 Medium

    Showed FTI/GGTI upregulate RhoB transcriptionally via chromatin remodeling (HDAC1 dissociation, HAT recruitment, histone acetylation) and that LPS-TRIF signaling activates RhoB through GEF-H1 to drive MHCII surface expression.

    Evidence ChIP for HDAC1/HAT on RhoB promoter, RT-PCR; dominant-negative/RNAi RhoB, GEF-H1 co-IP, GTPase pulldown, MHCII and T cell assays

    PMID:16909123 PMID:16917499

    Open questions at the time
    • Signal connecting prenylation inhibition to promoter chromatin state unresolved
    • How RhoB directs MHCII+ lysosome trafficking mechanistically incomplete
  12. 2007 High

    Expanded RhoB's trafficking role across PDGFR-β, CXCR2, and SFK cargoes, established ROCK I as the NF-κB-activating effector of farnesylated RhoB, and defined integrin-dependent migration phenotypes.

    Evidence RhoB-null cells with rescue, receptor sorting/recycling assays, SFK colocalization and kinase assays, NF-κB reporters with ROCK I inhibition, integrin flow cytometry and migration assays

    PMID:17405813 PMID:17623777 PMID:17692842 PMID:17728102 PMID:17951322

    Open questions at the time
    • How RhoB GTPase oscillation directs sorting decisions mechanistically unresolved
    • Mechanism by which RhoB-F selects ROCK I over PRK I for NF-κB not defined
  13. 2008 Medium

    Identified RhoGDIα, made available by RhoA-GDP, as a stabilizer of RhoB protein, and PKC iota as a PI3K-driven repressor of RhoB, defining mutually antagonistic regulation.

    Evidence RhoA/RhoGDIα siRNA, rescue and binding-deficient mutants, cycloheximide chase; PKC iota RNAi/inhibition, microarray, invasion assays

    PMID:18212741 PMID:18524772

    Open questions at the time
    • Structural basis of RhoGDIα-RhoB stabilization not defined
    • Direct transcriptional effectors of PKC iota repression unidentified
  14. 2009 High

    Defined the C-terminal eight-residue ESCRT/MVB degradation signal, showed RhoB loss enables Akt1/Rac1-driven invasion, and revealed RhoB's role in synaptic plasticity via cofilin signaling.

    Evidence Chimeric C-terminal constructs, ultrastructure, ESCRT perturbation; RhoB RNAi with isoform-specific Akt1/Rac1 assays; RhoB-null mice LTP and dendritic morphology

    PMID:19602596 PMID:19956591 PMID:20203211

    Open questions at the time
    • Adaptors linking the C-terminal signal to ESCRT recognition not identified
    • How loss of RhoB selectively activates Akt1 isoform unresolved
  15. 2009 High

    Showed TGFβ induces RhoB transcription via MEK/ERK-dependent Smad3 recruitment to a non-classical element, integrating RhoB into TGFβ-driven migration.

    Evidence Promoter mutagenesis, Smad3 ChIP/DNA-protein assays, MEK inhibitors, dominant-negative RhoB, migration assays

    PMID:19890017

    Open questions at the time
    • p53 requirement mechanism at the promoter not fully defined
    • Downstream RhoB effectors for TGFβ migration unresolved
  16. 2011 Medium

    Established that RhoB coordinates endosomal trafficking of Cdc42 to the periphery, recruiting Vav2/Rac to drive ruffle formation and VSMC migration, integrating its cargo-sorting role with motility.

    Evidence RhoB-null VSMCs, Cdc42/Rac GTPase activation assays, Vav2 recruitment and ruffle analysis, confocal colocalization

    PMID:21344485

    Open questions at the time
    • How RhoB selects Cdc42 as endosomal cargo unresolved
    • Direct RhoB effector mediating Cdc42 transport not identified
  17. 2012 High

    Connected RhoB to hypoxia responses, showing it is required for HIF-1α stabilization and cooperates with mDia and RhoA/ROCK for actomyosin contractility, with in vivo consequences for pulmonary hypertension; refined integrin-dependent directional migration.

    Evidence Constitutively active/dominant-negative RhoB, FTI, RhoB-null mice, stress fiber and MLC phosphorylation assays, pulmonary hypertension model; RhoB/GEF-H1 RNAi with integrin and migration readouts

    PMID:22539766 PMID:22724071

    Open questions at the time
    • Mechanism by which RhoB stabilizes HIF-1α not defined
    • How RhoB maintains β1 integrin surface levels mechanistically open
  18. 2013 High

    Identified nuclear RhoB-GTP as a regulator of VEZF1-dependent transcription programs distinguishing blood from lymphatic endothelium, and mapped PRK domain selectivity, showing RhoB uniquely engages both HR1a and HR1b.

    Evidence RhoB-null mice, VEZF1 transcription assays, nuclear RhoB-GTP localization; in vitro PRK binding affinity and HR1a/HR1b domain mutagenesis

    PMID:24128008 PMID:24280686

    Open questions at the time
    • How nuclear RhoB-GTP is generated and regulated unresolved
    • Functional consequence of dual HR1a/HR1b PRK engagement in cells not established
  19. 2014 High

    Defined a DNA damage axis in which Chk2-HuR stabilizes RhoB mRNA to promote PP2A-dependent γH2AX dephosphorylation and homologous-recombination repair, while ATR/Chk1-driven Smurf1 self-degradation allows RhoB accumulation and apoptosis.

    Evidence RhoB-null cells, Chk2 inhibition, HuR knockdown and RNA-binding assays, PP2A activity and HR assays; Smurf1 overexpression/knockdown, Chk1 and phosphorylation assays, apoptosis readout

    PMID:24912678 PMID:25249323

    Open questions at the time
    • How RhoB activates PP2A toward γH2AX mechanistically incomplete
    • Substrate specificity of Smurf1 toward RhoB not structurally defined
  20. 2015 Medium

    Established RhoB as a direct positive regulator of PP2A via the B55 subunit controlling Akt1 dephosphorylation and Rac1 antagonism, and identified c-Jun-driven RHOB induction promoting AKT-dependent melanoma survival under BRAF inhibition.

    Evidence RhoB-PP2A-B55 co-IP, B55/Trio siRNA, Akt1/Rac1 activity and 3D invasion assays; BRAF/MEK inhibitors, c-Jun and RHOB siRNA, AKT blots, xenografts

    PMID:26098773 PMID:26148238

    Open questions at the time
    • Structural basis of RhoB-PP2A-B55 recruitment not defined
    • Context-dependence of RhoB promoting vs opposing AKT unresolved
  21. 2016 High

    Revealed RhoB-dependent endosomal sequestration of Rac1 in endothelial barrier recovery and a phosphoantigen-sensing role at BTN3A1 for Vγ9Vδ2 TCR activation, broadening RhoB's spatial-regulatory repertoire.

    Evidence RhoB siRNA, Rac1 activity assays, endosomal colocalization and trafficking inhibitors, TEER; genome-wide screen, RhoB-BTN3A1 co-IP/colocalization, TCR activation and conformation assays

    PMID:27138256 PMID:27210746

    Open questions at the time
    • How RhoB GTPase cycling times BTN3A1 stabilization and release unresolved
    • Mechanism of RhoB-mediated Rac1 retention in endosomes not defined
  22. 2017 Medium

    Identified RHOB as a determinant of EGFR-TKI sensitivity through AKT regulation, and uncovered pseudogene DUXAP8-mediated epigenetic silencing of RhoB via LSD1/EZH2 recruitment.

    Evidence RHOB siRNA/overexpression, AKT blots, erlotinib in cells and EGFRL858R mice, AKT-inhibitor combination; DUXAP8 perturbation, LSD1/EZH2 co-IP and ChIP at RhoB promoter, functional assays

    PMID:28003335 PMID:28131418

    Open questions at the time
    • How RHOB level dictates AKT response to TKI mechanistically incomplete
    • Whether DUXAP8 silencing operates broadly across cancers unresolved
  23. 2018 High

    Defined post-translational control of RhoB localization and function: Cullin-3–Rbx1–KCTD10 K63-ubiquitination targets RhoB to lysosomes, KIF13A-mediated endosomal trafficking sets plasma-membrane RhoB driving blebbing/amoeboid migration, and ATR/Chk1 phosphorylation plus PIAS1 sumoylation route a RhoB-TSC complex to lysosomes to inhibit mTORC1 and activate autophagy.

    Evidence Cullin-3/Rbx1/KCTD10 co-IP and K162R/K181R mutagenesis with TEER; KIF13A siRNA, live trafficking imaging, ROCK/Myosin II inhibitors, 3D migration; RhoB phospho/sumoylation assays, TSC2/PIAS1 co-IP, lysosomal fractionation, mTORC1/autophagy readouts

    PMID:29358211 PMID:30049714 PMID:30297842

    Open questions at the time
    • How distinct ubiquitin/sumoylation marks are selected for different fates unresolved
    • Coordination between trafficking, mTORC1 inhibition, and degradation pathways incomplete
  24. 2019 Medium

    Demonstrated with a GTP-state-selective intrabody degrader that only the GTP-bound RHOB pool mediates genomic instability and invasion, distinguishing active-form function from total protein.

    Evidence Cell-based F-box/intrabody targeted degradation screen, CDR3/GTP-pocket interaction mapping, invasion and genomic instability assays

    PMID:31522999

    Open questions at the time
    • GEFs/GAPs setting the GTP-bound RHOB pool in these contexts not identified
    • Whether GTP-selective targeting is therapeutically tractable unestablished

Open questions

Synthesis pass · forward-looking unresolved questions
  • How RhoB integrates its many prenyl-form-, ubiquitin-, sumoyl-, and phosphorylation-dependent states with specific GEF/GAP regulators to select among trafficking, transcriptional, repair, autophagy, and contractility outputs in a given cell remains unresolved.
  • No unified model linking PTM-defined RhoB states to specific effector choices
  • Endosomal GEFs/GAPs controlling the RhoB GTPase cycle largely unidentified
  • Structural basis for prenyl-form-specific effector selection (ROCK I vs PRK) lacking

Mechanism profile

Synthesis pass · controlled-vocabulary classification · explore literature graph →
Molecular activity
GO:0003924 GTPase activity 6 GO:0140096 catalytic activity, acting on a protein 4 GO:0140313 molecular sequestering activity 2
Localization
GO:0005768 endosome 7 GO:0005764 lysosome 4 GO:0005634 nucleus 3 GO:0005886 plasma membrane 3
Pathway
R-HSA-74160 Gene expression (Transcription) 6 R-HSA-9609507 Protein localization 6 R-HSA-162582 Signal Transduction 5 R-HSA-1643685 Disease 5 R-HSA-5357801 Programmed Cell Death 4 R-HSA-5653656 Vesicle-mediated transport 4 R-HSA-73894 DNA Repair 1 R-HSA-9612973 Autophagy 1
Partners
GEF-H1KCTD10PIAS1PP2APRK1RHOGDIΑSMURF1TSC2
Complex memberships
Cullin-3–Rbx1–KCTD10 E3 ligase complexRhoB-PP2A (B55) complexRhoB-TSC complex

Evidence

Reading pass · 49 per-paper findings extracted from the source corpus
Year Finding Method Journal Conf PMIDs
1999 RhoB localizes exclusively to the cytosolic face of endocytic vesicles (not the plasma membrane like RhoA) and acts through the RhoA effector PRK1, which RhoB binds and targets to the endosomal compartment, to regulate the kinetics of EGF receptor intracellular trafficking. Subcellular localization studies, co-immunoprecipitation/binding assays, dominant-active/dominant-negative mutant expression, receptor trafficking assays Current biology : CB Medium 10508588
1999 FTI treatment causes loss of farnesylated RhoB and gain of geranylgeranylated RhoB (RhoB-GG); ectopic RhoB-GG in Ras-transformed cells induces phenotypic reversion, growth inhibition, and p21WAF1 activation, demonstrating that gain of RhoB-GG is sufficient to mediate FTI-induced cell growth inhibition in transformed but not normal cells. Ectopic expression of RhoB-GG mutant in Ras-transformed cells, colony assay, cell growth assay, Western blot for p21WAF1 Molecular and cellular biology High 10022870
1999 Geranylgeranylated RhoB (RhoB-GG) suppresses human tumor cell proliferation by inducing p21WAF1 in a p53-dependent manner, and promotes apoptosis and G2-M accumulation in a p53-independent manner in human carcinoma cells. Ectopic expression of RhoB-GG in FTI-sensitive vs. resistant human carcinoma cells, cell cycle analysis, apoptosis assay, p21WAF1 Western blot in p53-null cells Cancer research Medium 10554025
2000 RhoB-null fibroblasts (rhoB-/-) transformed by E1A+H-Ras are defective in FTI-induced apoptosis in vitro and in vivo, and show impaired antitumor responses in xenograft assays, providing genetic proof that RhoB-GG is a crucial mediator of FTI antineoplastic effects. Homozygous rhoB gene deletion, E1A+H-Ras cotransformation, FTI treatment, apoptosis assay in vitro, xenograft tumor assay in vivo Molecular and cellular biology High 10913192
2000 Both farnesylated (RhoB-F) and geranylgeranylated (RhoB-GG) forms of RhoB inhibit anchorage-dependent and -independent growth, induce apoptosis, inhibit constitutive Erk and IGF-1-stimulated Akt activation, and suppress tumor growth in nude mice in several human cancer cell lines. Ectopic expression of RhoB-F and RhoB-GG in human cancer cell lines, focus formation assay, soft agar assay, nude mouse xenograft, Western blot for Erk and Akt phosphorylation The Journal of biological chemistry Medium 10770919
2002 Isoprenylation of RhoB is necessary for its rapid proteasomal degradation; non-isoprenylated RhoB accumulates in the cytosol with increased stability, and simvastatin upregulates RhoB protein by depleting isoprenoid intermediates (geranylgeranyl-pyrophosphate) required for RhoB prenylation and subsequent degradation. Isoprenylation-deficient RhoB mutant expression, statin treatment with metabolite rescue, protein stability/half-life measurements, Western blot The Journal of biological chemistry Medium 12384510
2003 RhoB localizes to endosomes in the perinuclear recycling compartment and is required for catalytic activation of c-Src and its translocation to peripheral membrane structures; RhoB-containing endosomes harbor actin polymerization proteins (e.g. Scar1), and Src controls actin-dependent RhoB endosome movement toward the plasma membrane. c-Src-GFP live cell imaging, RhoB knockout cells, dominant-negative Rab11 mutant, kinase activity assays, co-localization by confocal microscopy Developmental cell High 15572128
2003 RhoB null endothelial cells undergo apoptosis and fail tube formation; RhoB localizes to the nuclear margin and inside the nucleus where it colocalizes with active phosphorylated Akt; RhoB depletion excludes Akt from the nucleus and decreases total Akt protein in a proteasome-dependent manner, demonstrating RhoB controls Akt nuclear trafficking and endothelial cell survival. RhoB antisense/dominant-negative, confocal microscopy colocalization, proteasome inhibitor rescue, RhoB null mice retinal vascular development Genes & development High 14597666
2003 In Sertoli-germ cell cocultures and in vivo, disruption of adherens junctions induces RhoB, which activates a ROCK1/LIMK1/cofilin signaling pathway (via integrin activation) to regulate Sertoli-germ cell adherens junction dynamics; ROCK inhibitor Y-27632 delays germ cell loss from the seminiferous epithelium. Immunoprecipitation, immunoblot, phosphorylation assays (phospho-Ser LIMK1), in vivo AF-2364 rat model, ROCK inhibitor treatment, Sertoli-germ cell coculture Biology of reproduction Medium 12606349
2003 HDAC1 represses RhoB transcription; HDAC inhibitor trapoxin A upregulates RhoB expression via an inverted CCAAT box in the RhoB promoter. HDAC1 antisense oligonucleotides, HDAC inhibitor (TPX) treatment, promoter reporter assay, RT-PCR Oncogene Medium 13679859
2004 Ras downregulates RhoB expression via a PI3K- and Akt-dependent (but not MEK-dependent) mechanism; pharmacological or genetic blockade of PI3K/Akt upregulates RhoB; ectopic RhoB (but not RhoA) inhibits Ras/PI3K/Akt-induced transformation, migration, and invasion, and induces apoptosis and anoikis. PI3K/MEK/Akt inhibitors, dominant-negative and constitutively active mutants, RhoB ectopic expression, transformation assay, migration/invasion assay, apoptosis assay Molecular and cellular biology Medium 15169915
2004 FTI treatment converts RhoB-F (plasma membrane) to RhoB-GG (multivesicular late endosomes), and this prenylation-dependent localization determines function: RhoB-GG reduces EGF receptor sorting to lysosomes and increases receptor recycling to the plasma membrane, without affecting receptor sorting into late endosomes. FTI treatment, prenylation-specific mutants, subcellular fractionation, ultrastructural analysis (EM), EGFR trafficking assays Journal of cell science High 15226397
2004 H-Ras, N-Ras, K-Ras, EGFR, and ErbB2 (but not v-Src) suppress RhoB promoter transcriptional activity in NIH3T3 and human cancer cells; EGFR/ErbB2 suppression is mediated through Ras; ectopic RhoB (but not RhoA) reverses oncogene-induced transformation and apoptosis resistance. Promoter reporter assays, ectopic oncogene expression, RhoB overexpression, colony/focus formation, apoptosis assay Oncogene Medium 14647415
2004 RhoB loss induces a 4–5 carbon isoprene-dependent functional difference: RhoB-GG suppresses Ras-mediated transformation and Akt/NF-κB activation, and induces apoptosis in Ras-transformed NIH-3T3 cells, whereas RhoB-F enhances transformation without inducing apoptosis. Prenylation-specific RhoB mutants (exclusively farnesylated or geranylgeranylated), anchorage-dependent and -independent growth assays, nude mouse xenograft, Akt/NF-κB activity assays, apoptosis assay Experimental cell research Medium 15748883
2005 Palmitoylation of RhoB cysteine 192 (but not cysteine 189) is required for RhoB tumor-suppressive and proapoptotic activities; mutations of C192 or C193 (prenylation site) mislocalize RhoB and block its ability to inhibit tumor growth, induce apoptosis, and suppress gene transcription (TGFβ-RII, p21WAF1, AP-1 promoters); a RhoA(1-180)/RhoB(181-196) chimera retains full RhoB activity. Site-directed mutagenesis of palmitoylation/prenylation sites, subcellular localization, tumor growth assay (anchorage-dependent/-independent), apoptosis assay, promoter reporter assays, chimeric protein The Journal of biological chemistry High 15713677
2005 UVB rapidly activates GTP-bound RhoB within 5 min (EGFR-independent early step), followed by EGFR-dependent induction of RhoB protein expression; RhoB promotes keratinocyte survival after UVB by sustaining AKT and GSK-3β phosphorylation through maintenance of EGFR expression. siRNA knockdown of RhoB, RhoB overexpression, GTP-RhoB pulldown assay, EGFR inhibitor, Western blot for Akt/GSK-3β phosphorylation, apoptosis assay The Journal of biological chemistry Medium 16278215
2005 Farnesylated RhoB (RhoB-F), but not RhoB-GG, reduces radiation-induced mitotic cell death and inhibits centrosome overduplication following irradiation via Rho-kinase, increasing G2 arrest after irradiation. Prenylation-specific RhoB mutants (RhoB-F, RhoB-GG, CAAX-deleted), clonogenic survival assay, centrosome duplication analysis, ROCK inhibitor Cell death and differentiation Medium 15776002
2006 FTI and GGTI treatment upregulates RhoB expression at the transcriptional level by causing HDAC1 dissociation, HAT (histone acetyltransferase) association, and histone acetylation of the RhoB promoter. Chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) for HDAC1 and HAT on RhoB promoter, RT-PCR for RhoB mRNA, actinomycin D block Oncogene Medium 16909123
2006 TRIF-dependent (not MyD88-dependent) LPS signaling in dendritic cells activates RhoB (not RhoA, Cdc42, or Rac1/2) through the GEF GEFH1; activated RhoB colocalizes with MHCII+ lysosomes and is required for LPS-induced MHCII surface expression and CD4+ T cell stimulatory activity. Dominant-negative RhoB, RhoB RNAi, GEFH1 association with RhoB (co-IP), dominant-negative GEFH1, GTPase activation assays (pulldown), MHCII surface staining, T cell stimulation assay The EMBO journal High 16917499
2007 RhoB activates NF-κB via ROCK I (not PRK I); the farnesylated form RhoB-F is a potent NF-κB activator whereas RhoB-GG, RhoA, and RhoC show weaker activation; RhoB activation of NF-κB modifies RelA/p65 transactivation domain rather than promoting nuclear translocation; RhoB is required for NF-κB activation by Bcr and TSG101 but not by TNFα or oncogenic Ras. NF-κB reporter assays, dominant-inhibitory RhoB mutants, siRNA knockdown, ROCK I genetic and pharmacological inhibition, RelA/p65 nuclear translocation assays Cellular signalling Medium 17728102
2007 RhoB is required for PDGFR-β trafficking to perinuclear late endosomes; in RhoB-null smooth muscle cells, PDGF fails to stimulate proliferation, Akt/ERK phosphorylation, or nuclear translocation of Src/Akt/ERK; restoring RhoB expression in null cells rescues PDGFR-β trafficking and PDGF-induced proliferation. RhoB knockout mouse-derived cells, PDGF stimulation, subcellular fractionation/confocal microscopy, Western blot for phospho-Akt and phospho-ERK1/2, nuclear fractionation, rescue by RhoB re-expression Arteriosclerosis, thrombosis, and vascular biology High 17951322
2007 RhoB-null macrophages have reduced surface β2 and β3 (but not β1) integrin expression, are more rounded, show reduced adhesion to ICAM-1, and migrate faster on fibronectin but slower on glass; RhoB is not required for podosome assembly. RhoB-null macrophages, flow cytometry for integrin surface expression, adhesion assay, migration assay, C3 transferase treatment Experimental cell research Medium 17692842
2007 RhoB-containing endosomes are specifically required for Src (but not Fyn) spatial activation and membrane delivery; Fyn requires RhoD-positive endosomes instead, and this specificity is determined by palmitoylation acceptor sites (acylation) in SFK sequences. siRNA knockdown of RhoB and RhoD, SFK-GFP colocalization by confocal microscopy, kinase activity assays, palmitoylation site mutagenesis in Src/Fyn Journal of cell science Medium 17623777
2007 RhoB plays an essential role in CXCR2 sorting decisions: RhoB GTPase activity oscillation controls whether CXCR2 is sorted to lysosomes for degradation or recycled via Rab11a or Rab4 pathways following CXCL8 stimulation; both dominant-negative and constitutively active RhoB impair CXCR2-mediated chemotaxis. Dominant-negative (T19N) and activated (Q63L) RhoB mutants, RhoB siRNA, receptor degradation/recycling assays, colocalization with Rab4/Rab11a markers, chemotaxis assay Journal of cell science Medium 17405813
2008 RhoB protein stability is regulated by RhoA-GDP form (not active RhoA) via RhoGDIα: RhoA silencing increases RhoB half-life by making RhoGDIα available to stabilize RhoB; a RhoA mutant (R68E) unable to bind RhoGDIα fails to reverse RhoB upregulation, and forced RhoGDIα expression stabilizes RhoB. RhoA siRNA, RhoA rescue expression, RhoGDIα knockdown and overexpression, RhoA-R68E mutant (RhoGDIα binding-deficient), protein half-life measurement (cycloheximide chase), Western blot The Journal of biological chemistry Medium 18524772
2008 PKC iota (activated downstream of PI3K) represses RhoB mRNA expression; PKC iota depletion increases RhoB protein and induces actin stress fibers and reduced invasion; constitutive RhoB expression recapitulates PKC iota depletion phenotype, and RhoB and PKC iota are mutually antagonistic (RhoB overexpression represses PKC iota phosphorylation at Thr555). RNAi depletion of PKC iota, pharmacological PKC iota inhibition, gene expression microarray, RhoB ectopic expression, PKC iota phosphorylation Western blot, invasion assay Oncogene Medium 18212741
2009 An eight amino acid C-terminal sequence of RhoB directs its rapid degradation through an endo-lysosomal/multivesicular body (MVB) pathway dependent on protein isoprenylation and palmitoylation, mediated by the ESCRT machinery; RhoB sorting is regulated by late endosome-specific lipid dynamics. Chimeric protein constructs bearing RhoB C-terminal sequence, confocal microscopy in live primary cells, ultrastructural analysis, ESCRT machinery genetic perturbation, lipid traffic disease cell models PloS one High 19956591
2009 RhoB loss promotes migration and invasiveness of bronchial cells via specific activation of Akt1 isoform and Rac1; RhoB depletion is critical for motility downstream of K-RasV12 transformation but not for cell proliferation. RNAi knockdown of RhoB, isoform-specific Akt1 activation measurement, Rac1 activation assay, migration/invasion assay, K-RasV12 transformation model Cancer research Medium 19602596
2009 TGFβ induces RhoB transcription by an MEK/ERK-dependent pathway that recruits Smad3 to a novel non-classical Smad binding element (overlapping with CCAAT box) in the proximal RhoB promoter, in a p53-dependent manner; mutagenesis of this site abolishes Smad-mediated RhoB transactivation; RhoB is required for TGFβ-induced cell migration. siRNA knockdown, adenoviral gene transfer, MEK/MAPK inhibitors, promoter transactivation assays, Smad3 ChIP/DNA-protein interaction assays, site-directed mutagenesis, dominant-negative RhoB FASEB journal High 19890017
2010 RhoB is required for early-phase LTP in hippocampus; RhoB-null mice show reduced LTP, impaired cofilin phosphorylation in potentiated hippocampus, decreased LIMK phosphorylation, increased dendritic branching, decreased spine number, altered spine morphology (more stubby, longer, wider spines). RhoB-/- mice, electrophysiology (LTP recording), Western blot for phospho-cofilin and phospho-LIMK, dendritic morphology analysis The Journal of neuroscience Medium 20203211
2011 RhoB links PDGF signaling to cell migration by coordinating RhoB-dependent endosomal trafficking of Cdc42 from perinuclear region to cell periphery, where RhoGEF Vav2 and Rac are recruited to drive formation of circular dorsal and peripheral ruffles necessary for VSMC migration. RhoB-null vascular smooth muscle cells, GTPase activation assays for Cdc42/Rac, confocal colocalization, Vav2 recruitment assay, circular ruffle formation analysis Journal of cellular biochemistry Medium 21344485
2012 RhoB-depleted cells are rounded with defects in Rac-mediated spreading and lamellipodia, migrate faster but less persistently, have reduced surface β1 integrin levels and reduced β1 integrin activity in protrusions, and show diffuse substratum contact; RhoB contributes to directional migration by maintaining β1 integrin surface levels to stabilize lamellipodia. RNAi depletion of RhoB and GEF-H1, chemotaxis assay, surface integrin flow cytometry, integrin activity reporter, confocal microscopy, focal adhesion analysis Open biology Medium 22724071
2012 RhoB is required for hypoxia-induced actin stress fiber formation via mDia (actin polymerization) and cooperates with RhoA/Rho kinase (MLC Ser19 phosphorylation) to maximize actomyosin contractility; RhoB is specifically required for HIF-1α stabilization, PDGF- and hypoxia-induced cell proliferation/migration; RhoB deficiency in mice attenuates chronic hypoxia-induced pulmonary hypertension. Adenoviral constitutively active RhoB, dominant-negative RhoB, farnesyltransferase inhibitor (manumycin), RhoB-/- mice, actin stress fiber imaging, MLC phosphorylation Western blot, HIF-1α stabilization assay, pulmonary hypertension model Circulation research High 22539766
2013 Nuclear RhoB-GTP controls distinct gene expression programs in blood versus lymphatic endothelial cells by regulating VEZF1-mediated transcription, underlying opposing roles of RhoB in angiogenesis versus lymphangiogenesis. RhoB null mice, chromatin/VEZF1 transcription assays, RhoB-GTP nuclear localization, primary blood and lymphatic endothelial cell culture, sprouting/proliferation assays, small-molecule VEZF1 inhibitor Nature communications Medium 24280686
2013 PRK isoforms show highest affinity for RhoB compared to RhoA and RhoC; RhoB uniquely engages both the HR1a and HR1b domains of PRK1 and PRK3 (unlike RhoA and RhoC which interact only via HR1a), and PRK3 displays specific affinity for RhoB dependent on both RhoB C-terminus and PRK3 HR1b domain. In vitro binding affinity measurements (biochemical), domain deletion and mutagenesis of HR1a/HR1b, thermal stability assays for HR1 domains Biochemistry High 24128008
2014 DNA damage activates a Chk2-HuR-RhoB pathway: DSBs induce RhoB expression via Chk2-dependent stabilization of RhoB mRNA by HuR; RhoB-deficient cells show decreased PP2A activity, fail to dephosphorylate γH2AX after camptothecin removal, and have reduced DSB repair by homologous recombination. RhoB-/- cells, Chk2 inhibition, HuR knockdown, RNA-binding assay (HuR-RhoB mRNA), PP2A activity assay, γH2AX imaging and Western blot, homologous recombination assay Molecular and cellular biology High 24912678
2014 The E3 ubiquitin ligase Smurf1 promotes RhoB degradation to control its basal abundance; DNA damage activates ATR/Chk1, which phosphorylates Smurf1 to enhance Smurf1 self-degradation, thereby allowing RhoB accumulation and apoptosis; overexpressing Smurf1 or blocking Chk1-dependent Smurf1 self-degradation inhibits apoptosis. Smurf1 overexpression and knockdown, Chk1 activation assays, Smurf1 phosphorylation Western blot, RhoB protein level measurements, apoptosis assay Nature communications Medium 25249323
2015 RhoB directly interacts with and positively regulates the phosphatase PP2A through recruitment of its regulatory subunit B55; this RhoB-PP2A interaction controls Akt1 dephosphorylation and opposes Rac1 activation (via Trio GEF), thereby inhibiting EMT and invasive amoeboid migration in bronchial cells. Co-immunoprecipitation of RhoB with PP2A-B55 subunit, B55 siRNA knockdown, Akt1 dephosphorylation assay, Rac1 activation assay, 3D matrix invasion assay, siRNA knockdown of Trio Oncogene Medium 26148238
2015 BRAF inhibition induces RHOB expression via the transcription factor c-Jun; RHOB then activates AKT to promote melanoma cell survival; RHOB deficiency causes hypersensitivity to BRAF/MEK inhibitors; AKT inhibition synergizes with vemurafenib in vivo to block RHOB-positive tumor growth. BRAF/MEK inhibitor treatment, c-Jun knockdown (siRNA), RHOB siRNA, Akt activation Western blot, apoptosis assay, xenograft mouse model Oncotarget Medium 26098773
2016 RhoB specifically inhibits endothelial barrier restoration after acute contraction by preventing plasma membrane extension; RhoB colocalizes with Rac1 in endosomes and inhibits Rac1 activity and trafficking to the cell border during barrier recovery; inhibition of endosomal trafficking impairs barrier reformation while Rac1 translocation to plasma membrane accelerates it. RhoB siRNA knockdown, Rac1 activation assay (pulldown), confocal colocalization of RhoB and Rac1 in endosomes, endosomal trafficking inhibitors, TEER measurement, plasma membrane protrusion analysis The Journal of cell biology Medium 27138256
2016 RhoB GTPase activity and its redistribution to BTN3A1 (butyrophilin A1) mediates Vγ9Vδ2 TCR activation in response to phosphoantigens in tumor cells; phosphoantigen accumulation promotes RhoB-induced cytoskeletal changes that stabilize BTN3A1 in the membrane, followed by RhoB dissociation from BTN3A1 and a BTN3A1 conformational change recognizable by Vγ9Vδ2 TCR. Genome-wide screen, RhoB GTPase activity assays, RhoB-BTN3A1 colocalization and co-immunoprecipitation, cytoskeletal analysis, TCR activation assays, BTN3A1 conformational change assay Cell reports High 27210746
2017 RhoB loss confers resistance to EGFR-TKI (erlotinib) in lung cancer via AKT activation; high RHOB expression prevents erlotinib-induced AKT inhibition in vitro and in vivo; combination of AKT inhibitor with erlotinib induces tumor cell death and regression in RHOB-positive cells. RHOB siRNA, RHOB overexpression, AKT phosphorylation Western blot, erlotinib treatment in cell lines and EGFRL858R transgenic mouse model, in vivo xenograft with AKT inhibitor combination EMBO molecular medicine Medium 28003335
2017 The pseudogene DUXAP8 represses RhoB (and EGR1) transcription by recruiting histone demethylase LSD1 and histone methyltransferase EZH2 to the RhoB promoter, thereby promoting NSCLC cell proliferation, migration, and invasion. DUXAP8 knockdown/overexpression, LSD1/EZH2 co-IP with DUXAP8, ChIP for LSD1 and EZH2 at RhoB promoter, Western blot and qPCR for RhoB, cell functional assays Molecular therapy Medium 28131418
2018 The Cullin-3-Rbx1-KCTD10 E3 ubiquitin ligase complex promotes K63-linked polyubiquitination of RhoB at lysines 162 and 181, targeting RhoB to lysosomes; this ubiquitination controls RhoB subcellular localization, activity, and endothelial barrier integrity by regulating RhoB-mediated endothelial cell contraction. Co-immunoprecipitation of Cullin-3/Rbx1/KCTD10 with RhoB, ubiquitination site mutagenesis (K162R/K181R), lysosome trafficking assay, endothelial permeability/TEER assay The Journal of cell biology High 29358211
2018 DNA damage (UV, MMS) leads to ATR/Chk1-mediated phosphorylation of RhoB, which enhances RhoB interaction with TSC2 and promotes RhoB sumoylation by PIAS1; sumoylated RhoB/TSC complex translocates to lysosomes, inhibiting mTORC1 and activating autophagy; sumoylation-resistant RhoB cannot restore autophagy in RhoB-/- cells. RhoB phosphorylation and sumoylation assays, co-IP of RhoB with TSC2 and PIAS1, lysosomal fractionation, mTORC1 activity assay, autophagy assay (LC3-II), RhoB-/- cells, sumoylation-resistant RhoB mutant rescue Nature communications High 30297842
2018 KIF13A-mediated endosomal trafficking regulates RhoB plasma membrane localization: RhoB is internalized via Rab5 vesicles and trafficked to either late endosomes/lysosomes or Rab11-positive recycling endosomes; KIF13A depletion inhibits RhoB plasma membrane localization, membrane blebbing, and 3D amoeboid migration; RhoB drives membrane blebbing and amoeboid migration via downstream ROCK and Myosin II. KIF13A siRNA, live imaging of RhoB trafficking with Rab5/Rab11 markers, plasma membrane localization quantification, membrane blebbing assay, 3D-collagen migration assay, ROCK/Myosin II inhibitors The EMBO journal High 30049714
2019 An intrabody (single-domain antibody) that selectively targets the GTP-bound form of RHOB (via CDR3 interaction with the GTP-binding pocket) was identified by cell-based F-box degradation screening; selective degradation of RHOB-GTP (but not total RHOB) impairs genomic instability and cell invasion, demonstrating that only the GTP-bound pool mediates these RHOB functions. Cell-based F-box/intrabody targeted protein degradation screen, intrabody-RHOB interaction mapping (CDR3/GTP-binding pocket), cell invasion assay, genomic instability assay Cell chemical biology Medium 31522999
1998 Prenylated RhoB interacts with the transcription factor DB1 (but not RhoA or H-Ras); prenylated RhoB species are present in the nuclear membrane and intranuclear laminar region; RhoB inhibits DB1-mediated transcriptional activation, suggesting a mechanism by which RhoB regulates transcription via transcription factor sequestration. Co-immunoprecipitation/binding assay (prenylation-sensitive), subcellular fractionation to nuclear membrane/intranuclear compartment, transcriptional reporter assay Cell adhesion and communication Low 9865462
1997 UV-induced rhoB promoter activation requires a 0.17 kb minimal promoter fragment containing TATA and CAAT boxes; overexpression of wild-type Rac or Rho-GDI activates rhoB transcription; wild-type RhoB itself inhibits both basal and UV-stimulated rhoB promoter activity, indicating a negative regulatory feedback; JNK, ERK, and p38 MAP kinase are not required for UV induction of rhoB. rhoB promoter deletion constructs/reporter assays, MEK inhibitor PD98059, p38 inhibitor SB203580, PI3K inhibitor wortmannin, Rac and Rho-GDI overexpression, run-on transcription analysis The Journal of biological chemistry Medium 9388198

Source papers

Stage 0 corpus · 100 papers · ranked by NIH iCite citations
Year Title Journal Citations PMID
2004 Why three Rho proteins? RhoA, RhoB, RhoC, and cell motility. Experimental cell research 389 15501444
1999 Cell growth inhibition by farnesyltransferase inhibitors is mediated by gain of geranylgeranylated RhoB. Molecular and cellular biology 228 10022870
2004 RhoB and actin polymerization coordinate Src activation with endosome-mediated delivery to the membrane. Developmental cell 208 15572128
2001 Actin' up: RhoB in cancer and apoptosis. Nature reviews. Cancer 195 11905808
2011 Genome-wide scan identifies TNIP1, PSORS1C1, and RHOB as novel risk loci for systemic sclerosis. PLoS genetics 187 21750679
1999 Regulation of epidermal growth factor receptor traffic by the small GTPase rhoB. Current biology : CB 174 10508588
2000 Both farnesylated and geranylgeranylated RhoB inhibit malignant transformation and suppress human tumor growth in nude mice. The Journal of biological chemistry 172 10770919
2004 Loss of RhoB expression in human lung cancer progression. Clinical cancer research : an official journal of the American Association for Cancer Research 154 15102679
2000 RhoB alteration is necessary for apoptotic and antineoplastic responses to farnesyltransferase inhibitors. Molecular and cellular biology 153 10913192
2004 Akt mediates Ras downregulation of RhoB, a suppressor of transformation, invasion, and metastasis. Molecular and cellular biology 150 15169915
2003 RhoB controls Akt trafficking and stage-specific survival of endothelial cells during vascular development. Genes & development 146 14597666
2013 RhoA, RhoB and RhoC have different roles in cancer cell migration. Journal of microscopy 139 23488932
1995 The ras-related small GTP-binding protein RhoB is immediate-early inducible by DNA damaging treatments. The Journal of biological chemistry 137 7559652
1999 Geranylgeranylated RhoB mediates suppression of human tumor cell growth by farnesyltransferase inhibitors. Cancer research 134 10554025
2006 RhoB in cancer suppression. Histology and histopathology 124 16329046
2007 Oxygen activates the Rho/Rho-kinase pathway and induces RhoB and ROCK-1 expression in human and rabbit ductus arteriosus by increasing mitochondria-derived reactive oxygen species: a newly recognized mechanism for sustaining ductal constriction. Circulation 119 17353442
2008 Alphavbeta3 and alphavbeta5 integrins control glioma cell response to ionising radiation through ILK and RhoB. International journal of cancer 114 18464290
2017 The Pseudogene DUXAP8 Promotes Non-small-cell Lung Cancer Cell Proliferation and Invasion by Epigenetically Silencing EGR1 and RHOB. Molecular therapy : the journal of the American Society of Gene Therapy 110 28131418
2016 RhoB Mediates Phosphoantigen Recognition by Vγ9Vδ2 T Cell Receptor. Cell reports 103 27210746
2004 Farnesyltransferase inhibitors disrupt EGF receptor traffic through modulation of the RhoB GTPase. Journal of cell science 102 15226397
2011 miR-21 targets the tumor suppressor RhoB and regulates proliferation, invasion and apoptosis in colorectal cancer cells. FEBS letters 100 21872591
2004 LSox5 regulates RhoB expression in the neural tube and promotes generation of the neural crest. Development (Cambridge, England) 91 15306568
2022 Hsa-miR-3178/RhoB/PI3K/Akt, a novel signaling pathway regulates ABC transporters to reverse gemcitabine resistance in pancreatic cancer. Molecular cancer 90 35538494
2007 The membrane targeting and spatial activation of Src, Yes and Fyn is influenced by palmitoylation and distinct RhoB/RhoD endosome requirements. Journal of cell science 90 17623777
2011 Aloe emodin inhibits colon cancer cell migration/angiogenesis by downregulating MMP-2/9, RhoB and VEGF via reduced DNA binding activity of NF-κB. European journal of pharmaceutical sciences : official journal of the European Federation for Pharmaceutical Sciences 88 22227305
2003 Sertoli-germ cell adherens junction dynamics in the testis are regulated by RhoB GTPase via the ROCK/LIMK signaling pathway. Biology of reproduction 85 12606349
2012 Role of RhoB in the regulation of pulmonary endothelial and smooth muscle cell responses to hypoxia. Circulation research 77 22539766
2005 RhoA, RhoB, RhoC, Rac1, Cdc42, and Tc10 mRNA levels in spinal cord, sensory ganglia, and corticospinal tract neurons and long-lasting specific changes following spinal cord injury. The Journal of comparative neurology 75 15736231
2016 The RhoB small GTPase in physiology and disease. Small GTPases 74 27875099
1997 rhoB encoding a UV-inducible Ras-related small GTP-binding protein is regulated by GTPases of the Rho family and independent of JNK, ERK, and p38 MAP kinase. The Journal of biological chemistry 74 9388198
2005 RhoB protects human keratinocytes from UVB-induced apoptosis through epidermal growth factor receptor signaling. The Journal of biological chemistry 71 16278215
2008 RhoA-GDP regulates RhoB protein stability. Potential involvement of RhoGDIalpha. The Journal of biological chemistry 67 18524772
2004 Cdc42 and RhoB activation are required for mannose receptor-mediated phagocytosis by human alveolar macrophages. Molecular biology of the cell 66 15574879
2009 Loss of RhoB expression promotes migration and invasion of human bronchial cells via activation of AKT1. Cancer research 65 19602596
2007 RhoB affects macrophage adhesion, integrin expression and migration. Experimental cell research 65 17692842
2003 Histone deacetylase 1 represses the small GTPase RhoB expression in human nonsmall lung carcinoma cell line. Oncogene 64 13679859
2004 EGFR, ErbB2 and Ras but not Src suppress RhoB expression while ectopic expression of RhoB antagonizes oncogene-mediated transformation. Oncogene 60 14647415
2023 Hepatocellular Carcinoma Cell-Derived Exosomal miR-21-5p Induces Macrophage M2 Polarization by Targeting RhoB. International journal of molecular sciences 59 36902024
2015 RhoB loss induces Rac1-dependent mesenchymal cell invasion in lung cells through PP2A inhibition. Oncogene 59 26148238
2010 A role for RhoB in synaptic plasticity and the regulation of neuronal morphology. The Journal of neuroscience : the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience 59 20203211
2004 Clostridium difficile toxin A induces expression of the stress-induced early gene product RhoB. The Journal of biological chemistry 59 15531589
2016 RhoB controls endothelial barrier recovery by inhibiting Rac1 trafficking to the cell border. The Journal of cell biology 58 27138256
2007 RhoB regulates PDGFR-beta trafficking and signaling in vascular smooth muscle cells. Arteriosclerosis, thrombosis, and vascular biology 57 17951322
2002 Isoprenylation of RhoB is necessary for its degradation. A novel determinant in the complex regulation of RhoB expression by the mevalonate pathway. The Journal of biological chemistry 57 12384510
2022 RhoB affects colitis through modulating cell signaling and intestinal microbiome. Microbiome 56 36114582
2022 A current overview of RhoA, RhoB, and RhoC functions in vascular biology and pathology. Biochemical pharmacology 55 36306821
2011 A distinct role of RhoB in gastric cancer suppression. International journal of cancer 55 20473933
2009 The C-terminal sequence of RhoB directs protein degradation through an endo-lysosomal pathway. PloS one 55 19956591
2018 ATR/Chk1 signaling induces autophagy through sumoylated RhoB-mediated lysosomal translocation of TSC2 after DNA damage. Nature communications 54 30297842
2013 RhoB controls coordination of adult angiogenesis and lymphangiogenesis following injury by regulating VEZF1-mediated transcription. Nature communications 54 24280686
2006 Farnesyltransferase and geranylgeranyltransferase I inhibitors upregulate RhoB expression by HDAC1 dissociation, HAT association and histone acetylation of the RhoB promoter. Oncogene 53 16909123
2006 TRIF-GEFH1-RhoB pathway is involved in MHCII expression on dendritic cells that is critical for CD4 T-cell activation. The EMBO journal 53 16917499
2005 Prolonged lesional expression of RhoA and RhoB following spinal cord injury. The Journal of comparative neurology 53 15880494
2004 Lesional expression of RhoA and RhoB following traumatic brain injury in humans. Journal of neurotrauma 52 15253798
2004 Geranylgeranylated, but not farnesylated, RhoB suppresses Ras transformation of NIH-3T3 cells. Experimental cell research 52 15748883
2012 RhoB regulates cell migration through altered focal adhesion dynamics. Open biology 50 22724071
2007 ROCK I-mediated activation of NF-kappaB by RhoB. Cellular signalling 50 17728102
2018 The Cullin-3-Rbx1-KCTD10 complex controls endothelial barrier function via K63 ubiquitination of RhoB. The Journal of cell biology 49 29358211
2008 Regulation of glioblastoma cell invasion by PKC iota and RhoB. Oncogene 48 18212741
2008 In vivo restoration of RhoB expression leads to ovarian tumor regression. Cancer gene therapy 48 18340357
2017 Downregulated expression of miR-223 promotes Toll-like receptor-activated inflammatory responses in macrophages by targeting RhoB. Molecular immunology 47 28881218
2014 Mouse macrophages completely lacking Rho subfamily GTPases (RhoA, RhoB, and RhoC) have severe lamellipodial retraction defects, but robust chemotactic navigation and altered motility. The Journal of biological chemistry 47 25213860
2015 Sp1-driven up-regulation of miR-19a decreases RHOB and promotes pancreatic cancer. Oncotarget 44 26041879
2009 Transcriptional regulation of the small GTPase RhoB gene by TGF{beta}-induced signaling pathways. FASEB journal : official publication of the Federation of American Societies for Experimental Biology 44 19890017
2005 Palmitoylated cysteine 192 is required for RhoB tumor-suppressive and apoptotic activities. The Journal of biological chemistry 44 15713677
2017 RhoA, RhoB and RhoC differentially regulate endothelial barrier function. Small GTPases 43 28949796
2014 ATR/Chk1/Smurf1 pathway determines cell fate after DNA damage by controlling RhoB abundance. Nature communications 41 25249323
2005 RhoB mRNA is stabilized by HuR after UV light. Oncogene 41 15543229
2012 RhoB differentially controls Akt function in tumor cells and stromal endothelial cells during breast tumorigenesis. Cancer research 40 23135917
1999 Differential expression of the small GTP-binding proteins RhoA, RhoB, Cdc42u and Cdc42b in developing rat neocortex. Brain research. Molecular brain research 39 10381538
2019 A Targeted Protein Degradation Cell-Based Screening for Nanobodies Selective toward the Cellular RHOB GTP-Bound Conformation. Cell chemical biology 38 31522999
2011 RhoB links PDGF signaling to cell migration by coordinating activation and localization of Cdc42 and Rac. Journal of cellular biochemistry 36 21344485
2016 The Role of RhoA, RhoB and RhoC GTPases in Cell Morphology, Proliferation and Migration in Human Cytomegalovirus (HCMV) Infected Glioblastoma Cells. Cellular physiology and biochemistry : international journal of experimental cellular physiology, biochemistry, and pharmacology 35 26741994
2003 Role for RhoB and PRK in the suppression of epithelial cell transformation by farnesyltransferase inhibitors. Oncogene 35 12606940
2001 Farnesyltransferase inhibitors define a role for RhoB in controlling neoplastic pathophysiology. Histology and histopathology 35 11193202
2014 Critical functions of RhoB in support of glioblastoma tumorigenesis. Neuro-oncology 34 25216671
2007 RhoB plays an essential role in CXCR2 sorting decisions. Journal of cell science 34 17405813
2003 Effect of focal cerebral infarctions on lesional RhoA and RhoB expression. Archives of neurology 34 12975290
2017 Loss of RhoA promotes skin tumor formation and invasion by upregulation of RhoB. Oncogene 33 29059167
2007 Epigenetic regulation of RhoB loss of expression in lung cancer. BMC cancer 33 18047684
2006 Up-regulation of RhoB by glucocorticoids and its effects on the cell proliferation and NF-kappaB transcriptional activity. The Journal of steroid biochemistry and molecular biology 33 17046241
2005 Farnesylated RhoB inhibits radiation-induced mitotic cell death and controls radiation-induced centrosome overduplication. Cell death and differentiation 33 15776002
2017 The p53 isoform delta133p53ß regulates cancer cell apoptosis in a RhoB-dependent manner. PloS one 32 28212429
2013 Differential binding of RhoA, RhoB, and RhoC to protein kinase C-related kinase (PRK) isoforms PRK1, PRK2, and PRK3: PRKs have the highest affinity for RhoB. Biochemistry 32 24128008
2013 RHOB influences lung adenocarcinoma metastasis and resistance in a host-sensitive manner. Molecular oncology 32 24321314
2022 LncRNA DUXAP8 induces breast cancer radioresistance by modulating the PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway and the EZH2-E-cadherin/RHOB pathway. Cancer biology & therapy 31 36329030
2015 The c-Jun/RHOB/AKT pathway confers resistance of BRAF-mutant melanoma cells to MAPK inhibitors. Oncotarget 31 26098773
2014 RhoB promotes γH2AX dephosphorylation and DNA double-strand break repair. Molecular and cellular biology 31 24912678
2016 RETRACTED: RhoB Acts as a Tumor Suppressor That Inhibits Malignancy of Clear Cell Renal Cell Carcinoma. PloS one 30 27384222
2015 The Rho GTPase RhoB regulates cadherin expression and epithelial cell-cell interaction. Cell communication and signaling : CCS 30 25630770
2015 RhoB regulates the function of macrophages in the hypoxia-induced inflammatory response. Cellular & molecular immunology 30 26388235
2018 RETRACTED: MicroRNA-19a and microRNA-19b promote the malignancy of clear cell renal cell carcinoma through targeting the tumor suppressor RhoB. PloS one 29 29474434
2018 KIF13A-regulated RhoB plasma membrane localization governs membrane blebbing and blebby amoeboid cell migration. The EMBO journal 29 30049714
2017 The RAS-related GTPase RHOB confers resistance to EGFR-tyrosine kinase inhibitors in non-small-cell lung cancer via an AKT-dependent mechanism. EMBO molecular medicine 29 28003335
2007 RhoB-dependent modulation of postendocytic traffic in polarized Madin-Darby canine kidney cells. Traffic (Copenhagen, Denmark) 29 17547697
1998 Functional interaction between RhoB and the transcription factor DB1. Cell adhesion and communication 29 9865462
2018 miR-19a-mediated downregulation of RhoB inhibits the dephosphorylation of AKT1 and induces osteosarcoma cell metastasis. Cancer letters 28 29702193
2018 Transcriptional and post-transcriptional regulation of the genes encoding the small GTPases RhoA, RhoB, and RhoC: implications for the pathogenesis of human diseases. Cellular and molecular life sciences : CMLS 27 29500478
2013 RhoB modifies estrogen responses in breast cancer cells by influencing expression of the estrogen receptor. Breast cancer research : BCR 27 23339407
2000 RhoB is expressed in migrating neural crest and endocardial cushions of the developing mouse embryo. Mechanisms of development 27 10906464

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