Affinage

RAB37

Ras-related protein Rab-37 · UniProt Q96AX2

Length
223 aa
Mass
24.8 kDa
Annotated
2026-04-28
31 papers in source corpus 26 papers cited in narrative 26 extracted findings

Mechanistic narrative

Synthesis pass · prose summary of the discoveries below

RAB37 is a small GTPase that functions as a master regulator of vesicle-mediated exocytosis and autophagosome biogenesis, controlling the secretion of diverse cargo proteins and modulating immune cell function, cancer metastasis, and tissue homeostasis. In its GTP-bound state, RAB37 traffics cargo-laden vesicles—including TIMP1, TIMP2, TSP1, SFRP1, sST2, IL-6, CHI3L1, OPN, Hsp90α, and PD-1—to the plasma membrane for secretion or surface presentation, utilizing the v-SNARE VAMP8 for membrane fusion and the SNARE Sec22b for secretory autophagy (PMID:25183545, PMID:30165196, PMID:36457117, PMID:38321486, PMID:41535255). GTP-bound RAB37 also directly binds ATG5 to promote ATG5–ATG12–ATG16L1 complex assembly on isolation membranes, driving LC3B lipidation and autophagosome formation, a function activated by its GEF RPGR and negatively regulated by PKCα-mediated phosphorylation at T172 (PMID:29229996, PMID:38536817, PMID:29312551). In its GDP-bound state, RAB37 sequesters STAT1 in the cytosol by binding its nuclear localization sequence, suppressing type I interferon signaling and promoting M2-like macrophage polarization (PMID:39984679).

Mechanistic history

Synthesis pass · year-by-year structured walk · 12 steps
  1. 2000 Medium

    Identifying RAB37 as a mast-cell-specific Rab GTPase on secretory granules established the first link between this uncharacterized GTPase and regulated exocytosis.

    Evidence GFP-tagging and fluorescence microscopy in bone marrow-derived mast cells

    PMID:10722846

    Open questions at the time
    • No functional assay for secretion performed
    • Expression survey limited to mast cells
  2. 2011 Medium

    Demonstrating that RAB37 controls TNF-α secretion through interaction with Munc13-1 in macrophages revealed its first defined exocytic function and effector partner beyond mast cells.

    Evidence siRNA knockdown, overexpression, LC-MS/MS interactome, and immunocytochemistry co-localization in macrophages

    PMID:21805469

    Open questions at the time
    • Direct binding vs. indirect complex membership not resolved
    • Specificity relative to other secretory Rabs not established
  3. 2013 Medium

    Showing that RAB37 localizes to insulin-containing dense-core granules and is required for glucose-stimulated insulin secretion—without engaging Rab3a or Rab27a effectors—established RAB37 as a functionally distinct exocytic regulator in β-cells.

    Evidence Confocal microscopy, RNAi, granule apposition counting, and pull-down assays in pancreatic β-cells

    PMID:23826383

    Open questions at the time
    • RAB37-specific effector in β-cells not identified
    • In vivo glucose homeostasis not tested
  4. 2014 High

    Identification of TIMP1 as a direct GTP-dependent cargo of RAB37 vesicles, with in vivo metastasis suppression, provided the first mechanistic link between RAB37-mediated exocytosis and cancer biology.

    Evidence Secretomics, nucleotide-binding mutants, co-localization imaging, and mouse metastasis models

    PMID:25183545

    Open questions at the time
    • Vesicle fusion machinery not identified at this stage
    • Structural basis for cargo recognition unknown
  5. 2016 High

    Discovery that RAB37 negatively regulates mast cell degranulation by forming a Rab27–Munc13-4–Rab37 complex, and that it mediates TSP1 exocytosis to suppress angiogenesis, revealed context-dependent positive and negative roles in vesicle trafficking.

    Evidence Reciprocal co-IP, double-knockdown epistasis in RBL-2H3 mast cells; TSP1 secretion assays and in vivo angiogenesis models in cancer cells

    PMID:26931073 PMID:28151721

    Open questions at the time
    • Structural basis for GTP-independent Munc13-4 interaction unclear
    • How RAB37 switches between positive and negative exocytic roles unknown
  6. 2017 High

    Identifying PKCα phosphorylation of RAB37 at T172 as a switch that reduces GTP loading and impairs TIMP1 vesicle co-localization defined the first post-translational regulatory mechanism for RAB37 activity.

    Evidence In vitro kinase assay, phospho-mimetic/phospho-dead mutagenesis, co-localization imaging, and in vivo mouse metastasis model

    PMID:29312551

    Open questions at the time
    • Phosphatase that reverses T172 phosphorylation not identified
    • Whether phosphorylation affects all RAB37 cargos or is TIMP1-specific unknown
  7. 2017 High

    Demonstrating that GTP-bound RAB37 directly binds ATG5 and promotes ATG5–ATG12–ATG16L1 complex assembly on isolation membranes expanded RAB37 function from conventional exocytosis to autophagosome biogenesis.

    Evidence Co-immunoprecipitation with nucleotide mutants, LC3B lipidation assay, autophagosome formation assay, knockdown/overexpression

    PMID:29229996

    Open questions at the time
    • How RAB37 is recruited to isolation membranes unknown
    • Relative contribution of RAB37 versus other autophagy-regulating Rabs not compared
  8. 2018 High

    Identification of VAMP8 as the v-SNARE required for RAB37-mediated TIMP1 exocytosis, plus discovery of additional cargos (SFRP1, sST2, TIMP2), established the vesicle fusion machinery and broadened the RAB37 cargo repertoire to include Wnt antagonism and immune modulation.

    Evidence Reciprocal co-IP, TIRF/confocal microscopy, in vivo lung-to-lung metastasis models; reconstitution with recombinant SFRP1; sST2 secretion and macrophage polarization assays; TIMP2 secretion and MMP2 activity assays

    PMID:29717487 PMID:30131385 PMID:30158579 PMID:30165196

    Open questions at the time
    • Cargo sorting signal on vesicle cargos not defined
    • Whether VAMP8 is required for all RAB37 cargos not tested
  9. 2022 High

    Discovery that RAB37 mediates secretory autophagy of TIMP1 via Sec22b-containing autophagosomes, and that it traffics CHI3L1 in immune cells, unified RAB37's exocytic and autophagic functions into a secretory autophagy pathway.

    Evidence Autophagosome purification, ATG5/ATG7/Sec22b knockdown, TIMP1 secretion assay, in vivo metastasis model; RAB37 KO mice with vesicle isolation and TIRF/confocal microscopy for CHI3L1

    PMID:34987649 PMID:36457117

    Open questions at the time
    • How RAB37 vesicles are redirected to secretory versus degradative autophagy pathways unknown
    • Whether Sec22b interaction is direct or scaffold-mediated not resolved
  10. 2024 High

    Identification of RPGR as a bona fide GEF for RAB37—catalyzing GDP-to-GTP exchange via its RCC1-like domain—and showing that loss of RPGR causes autophagy-dependent photoreceptor degeneration defined the upstream activation mechanism.

    Evidence In vitro GEF activity assay (GDP-to-GTP exchange kinetics), co-IP, Rpgr KO mice, AAV-mediated rescue

    PMID:38536817

    Open questions at the time
    • Whether RPGR is the sole GEF or other GEFs exist for RAB37 in non-retinal tissues unknown
    • GAP for RAB37 not identified
  11. 2024 High

    Demonstrating GTP-dependent trafficking of PD-1 to the T-cell surface, modulated by glycosylation status, and that RAB37 KO enhances anti-tumor T-cell responses, established RAB37 as a regulator of immune checkpoint presentation.

    Evidence GTPase and glycosylation mutants, co-localization imaging, RAB37 KO mice with T-cell functional assays

    PMID:38321486

    Open questions at the time
    • Whether RAB37 regulates other immune checkpoint receptors unknown
    • Therapeutic benefit of RAB37 inhibition on checkpoint blockade not tested
  12. 2025 Medium

    Revealing that GDP-bound RAB37 sequesters STAT1 in the cytosol by binding its NLS, suppressing type I IFN signaling, established a non-vesicular, nucleotide-state-dependent signaling function for RAB37.

    Evidence KO transcriptomics, co-IP mapping to STAT1 NLS, nuclear translocation assay in BMDMs, in vivo tumor models

    PMID:39984679

    Open questions at the time
    • Whether STAT1 sequestration competes with vesicle trafficking functions of GDP-RAB37 unknown
    • Structural basis of RAB37-GDP/STAT1-NLS interaction not determined

Open questions

Synthesis pass · forward-looking unresolved questions
  • Key unresolved questions include the identity of the RAB37 GAP, the structural basis for cargo recognition and sorting between conventional and secretory autophagy pathways, and whether the GDP-bound STAT1-sequestering function operates independently of vesicle trafficking.
  • No GAP identified for RAB37
  • No structural model of RAB37–cargo or RAB37–ATG5 interface
  • Mechanism distinguishing secretory vs. degradative autophagy cargo selection unknown

Mechanism profile

Synthesis pass · controlled-vocabulary classification · explore literature graph →
Molecular activity
GO:0003924 GTPase activity 5 GO:0098772 molecular function regulator activity 2
Localization
GO:0031410 cytoplasmic vesicle 6 GO:0005886 plasma membrane 2 GO:0005829 cytosol 1
Pathway
R-HSA-5653656 Vesicle-mediated transport 8 R-HSA-168256 Immune System 5 R-HSA-9612973 Autophagy 5 R-HSA-162582 Signal Transduction 2
Complex memberships
Rab27-Munc13-4-Rab37 complex

Evidence

Reading pass · 26 per-paper findings extracted from the source corpus
Year Finding Method Journal Conf PMIDs
2000 Rab37 is a novel Rab GTPase specifically expressed in mast cells and localizes to secretory granules, as shown by GFP-tagged Rab37 expression in bone marrow mast cells. GFP-tagging and fluorescence microscopy in bone marrow mast cells FEBS letters Medium 10722846
2011 Rab37 controls TNF-α secretion from activated macrophages by interacting with Munc13-1; TNF-α-containing vesicles co-localize with both Rab37 and Munc13-1, and knockdown of either Rab37 or Munc13-1 reduces TNF-α secretion. siRNA knockdown, overexpression, LC-MS/MS interactome, immunocytochemistry co-localization European journal of immunology Medium 21805469
2011 Rab37 is a substrate of methionine aminopeptidase-2 (MetAP-2); aberrant accumulation of Rab37 due to MetAP-2 inhibition (TNP-470) disrupts Wnt planar cell polarity (PCP) signaling, demonstrated using a NME-resistant Rab37 point mutant that phenocopies MetAP-2 inhibition. Point mutant expression, MetAP-2 inhibitor TNP-470, Wnt PCP signaling assays Chemistry & biology Medium 22035799
2013 Rab37 localizes to insulin-containing large dense core granules in pancreatic β-cells and is required for glucose-induced insulin secretion and granule docking at the plasma membrane; Rab37 does not interact with known Rab3a or Rab27a effectors, indicating a distinct mechanism. Confocal microscopy, RNA interference, granule apposition counting, pull-down assays PloS one Medium 23826383
2014 Rab37 mediates exocytosis of TIMP1 in a nucleotide (GTP)-dependent manner; TIMP1 is a direct cargo of Rab37 vesicles, and its secretion suppresses MMP9 activity and cancer cell migration/metastasis in vitro and in vivo. Secretomics, co-localization imaging, nucleotide-binding mutants, in vitro migration assays, mouse metastasis models Nature communications High 25183545
2016 Rab37 negatively regulates mast cell degranulation by interacting with Munc13-4 in a GTP-independent manner, forming a Rab27-Munc13-4-Rab37 complex that counteracts the vesicle-priming activity of the Rab27-Munc13-4 system. siRNA knockdown, dominant-active mutant overexpression, co-immunoprecipitation, co-localization in RBL-2H3 cells Scientific reports High 26931073
2016 Rab37 mediates exocytosis of thrombospondin-1 (TSP1) from cancer cells; secreted TSP1 inhibits p-FAK/p-paxillin/p-ERK migration signaling in both cancer epithelial cells and endothelial cells to suppress angiogenesis and metastasis. Cell migration/invasion assays, in vivo angiogenesis and metastasis models, TSP1 secretion assays Clinical cancer research Medium 28151721
2017 PKCα phosphorylates Rab37 at threonine 172 (T172), which reduces Rab37 GTP-bound state, impairs co-localization of Rab37 with TIMP1 vesicles, and inhibits TIMP1 exocytosis, thereby enhancing lung cancer metastasis. Phospho-mimetic T172D mutant promotes metastasis in vivo. In vitro kinase assay, phospho-mimetic and phospho-dead mutagenesis, co-localization imaging, in vivo mouse metastasis model Oncotarget High 29312551
2017 GTP-bound RAB37 directly binds ATG5 and promotes assembly of the ATG5-ATG12-ATG16L1 complex on isolation membranes, thereby facilitating LC3B lipidation and autophagosome formation. GDP-stabilized RAB37 mutant impairs this interaction. Co-immunoprecipitation, GTPase mutant analysis, LC3B lipidation assay, autophagosome formation assay, RAB37 knockdown/overexpression Cell death and differentiation High 29229996
2018 Rab37 mediates exocytosis of SFRP1 (an extracellular Wnt antagonist), and SFRP1 secretion is required for Rab37-mediated suppression of Wnt signaling and cancer stemness in vitro and in vivo. Reconstitution experiments, xenograft tumor initiation assay, recombinant SFRP1 rescue, Wnt signaling reporters Cell death & disease Medium 30158579
2018 Rab37 mediates exocytosis of soluble ST2 (sST2) from lung cancer cells; secreted sST2 skews macrophage polarization toward anti-tumoral M1-like phenotype and suppresses tumor growth in xenografts. sST2 secretion assay, macrophage polarization assay, xenograft mouse model International journal of cancer Medium 29717487
2018 VAMP8 (a v-SNARE) interacts with RAB37 and is required for RAB37-mediated vesicle trafficking and exocytosis of TIMP1; VAMP8 co-localizes with RAB37 and TIMP1 vesicles and is essential for metastasis suppression in vivo. Co-immunoprecipitation, confocal and TIRF microscopy, in vivo reconstitution (tail-vein and lung-to-lung metastasis models) Cancer letters High 30165196
2018 RAB37 co-localizes with TIMP2, regulates TIMP2 secretion, and inhibits downstream MMP2 activity to suppress nasopharyngeal carcinoma metastasis; RAB37 promoter hypermethylation silences this pathway. Co-localization assay, TIMP2 secretion assay, MMP2 activity assay, RAB37 overexpression/knockdown Clinical cancer research Medium 30131385
2020 PKCα phosphorylates RAB37 to inactivate it; methionine promotes RAB37 methylation and phosphorylation via suppression of the miR-200b/PKCα axis, thereby repressing RAB37-mediated autophagy in gastric cancer stem cells. Lentiviral methionine-γ-lyase overexpression, miR-200b measurement, PKCα knockdown, autophagy assays, in vivo tumor model Cell cycle Medium 32926650
2021 Rab37 regulates IL-6 secretion in a GTPase-dependent manner in macrophages; macrophage-derived IL-6 promotes STAT3-dependent PD-1 mRNA expression in CD8+ T cells, linking Rab37 vesicle trafficking to immunosuppression. This was validated in Rab37 knockout mice and with vesicle isolation. Rab37 KO mice, vesicle isolation, GTPase mutants, ChIP assay for STAT3 at PD-1 promoter, imaging Theranostics High 34093869
2021 RAB37 directly interacts with TIMP1 and promotes adipogenic differentiation of hADSCs via the TIMP1/CD63/integrin β1 signaling pathway, as shown by proximity ligation assay and FAK phosphorylation. Proximity ligation assay, TIMP1 ELISA, CD63/integrin β1 knockdown, FAK phosphorylation assay, Oil Red O staining Stem cells international Medium 34858503
2022 Rab37 mediates CHI3L1 (chitinase-3-like-1) intracellular vesicle trafficking and exocytosis in a GTP-dependent manner in T cells and macrophages; this was abolished in Rab37 KO mice splenocytes/BMDMs and in cells expressing inactive Rab37. Rab37 KO mice, vesicle isolation, TIRF and confocal microscopy, GTPase mutants Theranostics High 34987649
2022 Secretory autophagy promotes Rab37-mediated TIMP1 exocytosis; Rab37 and Sec22b co-localize in purified autophagosomes, and silencing of ATG5, ATG7, or Sec22b reduces TIMP1 secretion under starvation-induced autophagy conditions. Autophagosome purification, co-localization imaging, ATG5/ATG7/Sec22b knockdown, TIMP1 secretion assay, in vivo lung-to-lung metastasis mouse model Journal of biomedical science High 36457117
2023 Active (GTP-bound) RAB37 simultaneously regulates autophagy activation and TIMP1 secretion via secretory autophagy; Sec22b (SNARE) is required for this pathway, and starvation-activated RAB37 enhances TIMP1 exocytosis in a Sec22b-dependent manner. GTPase mutants, Sec22b knockdown, TIMP1 secretion assay, in vivo mouse model, autophagy markers Autophagy Medium 37151129
2023 Rab37 directly binds Hsp90α and TIMP1 (shown by proximity ligation assay) and promotes their secretion from ADSCs; this regulates endothelial differentiation and diabetic wound healing. LC-MS/MS, ELISA, proximity ligation assay, Hsp90α/TIMP1 knockdown, in vivo diabetic wound model Stem cell reviews and reports Medium 36627432
2024 RPGR (retinitis pigmentosa GTPase regulator) is a guanine nucleotide exchange factor (GEF) for RAB37; RPGR directly interacts with RAB37 via its RCC1-like domain and accelerates GDP-to-GTP exchange to promote autophagy. Rpgr KO mice show photoreceptor degeneration due to autophagy impairment, rescued by AAV-mediated RPGR re-expression. GEF activity assay (GDP-to-GTP exchange kinetics), co-immunoprecipitation, Rpgr KO mice, AAV rescue, autophagy markers Cell reports High 38536817
2024 Rab37 mediates trafficking and plasma membrane presentation of PD-1 in T cells in a GTP-dependent manner; glycosylation-deficient PD-1 mutant delays recruitment to Rab37 vesicles, stalling membrane presentation. Rab37 KO mice show increased T cell activity in tumors. GTPase mutants, co-localization imaging, glycosylation mutant, Rab37 KO mice, T cell functional assays Journal of biomedical science High 38321486
2024 RAB37-mediated autophagy is required for ovarian homeostasis and follicular development; conditional knockout of Rab37 in oocytes impairs autophagy, disrupts follicular homeostasis, and causes ovarian dysfunction in mice. E2F1 and EGR2 transcription factors synergistically activate Rab37 transcription. Conditional KO mice (oocyte-specific), autophagy markers, transcription factor ChIP/reporter assays, flunarizine rescue Autophagy Medium 39113565
2024 RAB37 promotes autophagic degradation of β-catenin by strengthening the interaction between p62 and β-catenin; this suppresses EMT, migration and invasion of gastric cancer cells in a GTPase activity-dependent manner, reversed by autophagy inhibitor chloroquine. Co-immunoprecipitation, autophagy inhibitor rescue (chloroquine), GTPase activity mutants, wound healing/transwell assays, in vivo pulmonary metastasis model Cellular oncology Medium 39699800
2025 GDP-bound (inactive) Rab37 interacts with the nuclear localization sequence of STAT1 in the cytosol, sequestering it from nuclear translocation and transcription, thereby downregulating type I IFN pathway genes and promoting M2-like TAM polarization. cDNA microarray (Rab37 KO vs WT BMDMs), co-immunoprecipitation with NLS of STAT1, STAT1 nuclear translocation assay, in vitro/in vivo assays British journal of cancer Medium 39984679
2026 Rab37 promotes OPN (osteopontin) secretion in macrophages, which activates STAT3 signaling in an autocrine loop to sustain Spp1+ TAM polarization and paracrine promotion of lung cancer cell proliferation/invasion. Single-cell RNA sequencing, Rab37 KO mice, OPN secretion assay, STAT3 signaling assay, in vivo tumor models Oncogenesis Medium 41535255

Source papers

Stage 0 corpus · 31 papers · ranked by NIH iCite citations
Year Title Journal Citations PMID
2017 RAB37 interacts directly with ATG5 and promotes autophagosome formation via regulating ATG5-12-16 complex assembly. Cell death and differentiation 80 29229996
2021 Converged Rab37/IL-6 trafficking and STAT3/PD-1 transcription axes elicit an immunosuppressive lung tumor microenvironment. Theranostics 65 34093869
2000 Rab37 is a novel mast cell specific GTPase localized to secretory granules. FEBS letters 64 10722846
2014 Small GTPase Rab37 targets tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase 1 for exocytosis and thus suppresses tumour metastasis. Nature communications 52 25183545
2016 Dysregulation of Rab37-Mediated Cross-talk between Cancer Cells and Endothelial Cells via Thrombospondin-1 Promotes Tumor Neovasculature and Metastasis. Clinical cancer research : an official journal of the American Association for Cancer Research 48 28151721
2011 Release of TNF-α from macrophages is mediated by small GTPase Rab37. European journal of immunology 46 21805469
2022 Targeting protumor factor chitinase-3-like-1 secreted by Rab37 vesicles for cancer immunotherapy. Theranostics 42 34987649
2013 The GTPase Rab37 Participates in the Control of Insulin Exocytosis. PloS one 32 23826383
2018 Rab37 mediates exocytosis of secreted frizzled-related protein 1 to inhibit Wnt signaling and thus suppress lung cancer stemness. Cell death & disease 31 30158579
2018 Rab37 in lung cancer mediates exocytosis of soluble ST2 and thus skews macrophages toward tumor-suppressing phenotype. International journal of cancer 30 29717487
2018 RAB37 Hypermethylation Regulates Metastasis and Resistance to Docetaxel-Based Induction Chemotherapy in Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma. Clinical cancer research : an official journal of the American Association for Cancer Research 28 30131385
2016 Mast cell degranulation is negatively regulated by the Munc13-4-binding small-guanosine triphosphatase Rab37. Scientific reports 24 26931073
2011 Disruption of Wnt planar cell polarity signaling by aberrant accumulation of the MetAP-2 substrate Rab37. Chemistry & biology 24 22035799
2018 The small GTPase RAB37 functions as an organizer for autophagosome biogenesis. Autophagy 23 29388490
2018 VAMP8, a vesicle-SNARE required for RAB37-mediated exocytosis, possesses a tumor metastasis suppressor function. Cancer letters 22 30165196
2022 Secretory autophagy promotes Rab37-mediated exocytosis of tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase 1. Journal of biomedical science 18 36457117
2024 IL-33/NF-κB/ST2L/Rab37 positive-feedback loop promotes M2 macrophage to limit chemotherapeutic efficacy in lung cancer. Cell death & disease 17 38778059
2020 Methionine represses the autophagy of gastric cancer stem cells via promoting the methylation and phosphorylation of RAB37. Cell cycle (Georgetown, Tex.) 17 32926650
2017 Phosphorylation of Rab37 by protein kinase C alpha inhibits the exocytosis function and metastasis suppression activity of Rab37. Oncotarget 13 29312551
2024 Rab37 mediates trafficking and membrane presentation of PD-1 to sustain T cell exhaustion in lung cancer. Journal of biomedical science 10 38321486
2024 RPGR is a guanine nucleotide exchange factor for the small GTPase RAB37 required for retinal function via autophagy regulation. Cell reports 9 38536817
2023 Secretory autophagy-promoted cargo exocytosis requires active RAB37. Autophagy 9 37151129
2024 RAB37-mediated autophagy guards ovarian homeostasis and function. Autophagy 8 39113565
2022 Knockout of GGPPS1 restrains rab37-mediated autophagy in response to ventilator-induced lung injury. Human cell 8 35334098
2013 An association study on genetic polymorphisms of Rab37 gene with the risk of esophageal squamous cell carcinoma in a Chinese Han population. International journal of medical sciences 6 23372429
2023 Rab37 Promotes Endothelial Differentiation and Accelerates ADSC-Mediated Diabetic Wound Healing through Regulating Secretion of Hsp90α and TIMP1. Stem cell reviews and reports 5 36627432
2021 RAB37 Promotes Adipogenic Differentiation of hADSCs via the TIMP1/CD63/Integrin Signaling Pathway. Stem cells international 5 34858503
2020 RAB37 multiple alleles, transcription activation and evolution in mammals. International journal of biological sciences 5 33061809
2025 GDP-bound Rab37 modulates M2-like tumor-associated macrophage polarization by attenuating STAT1 translocation to downregulate the type I IFN pathway. British journal of cancer 1 39984679
2026 Rab37-mediated OPN secretion enriches SPP1+ macrophages through autocrine-paracrine signaling to drive lung tumor progression. Oncogenesis 0 41535255
2024 RAB37 suppresses the EMT, migration and invasion of gastric cancer cells by mediating autophagic degradation of β-catenin. Cellular oncology (Dordrecht, Netherlands) 0 39699800