| 2004 |
PREX2 (P-Rex2) is a guanine-nucleotide exchange factor (GEF) that activates the small GTPase Rac and is regulated by phosphatidylinositol (3,4,5)-trisphosphate (PIP3) and Gβγ subunits of heterotrimeric G proteins in vitro and in vivo. |
In vitro GEF assay, in vivo functional assays; cloning from human skeletal muscle and brain libraries |
FEBS letters |
High |
15304342 15304343
|
| 2013 |
P-REX2 inhibits PTEN through two interfaces: the PH domain of P-REX2 inhibits PTEN by interacting with its catalytic region, while the inositol polyphosphate 4-phosphatase (IP4P) domain of P-REX2 provides high-affinity binding to the PDZ-binding domain of PTEN. P-REX2 inhibition of PTEN requires C-terminal phosphorylation of PTEN to release the P-REX2 PH domain from its neighboring DH domain. |
Domain-mapping biochemical assays, deletion constructs, phosphorylation site analysis; Prex2 knockout mice showing increased Pten activity and decreased insulin signaling |
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America |
High |
24367090
|
| 2015 |
PTEN inhibits PREX2 GEF activity toward RAC1, thereby suppressing cell migration and invasion. This inhibition requires the tail domain of PTEN but not its lipid phosphatase activity. Cancer-derived somatic PREX2 mutants are resistant to PTEN-mediated inhibition of invasion and either escape PTEN binding or are not blocked in their GEF activity by PTEN. |
Fluorescent nucleotide exchange assays (in vitro GEF assay), mouse embryonic fibroblasts, breast cancer cell line invasion assays, domain deletion/mutant analysis |
Science signaling |
High |
25829446
|
| 2015 |
PAK kinases phosphorylate PREX2 following Rac1 activation, creating a negative feedback loop. PAK-mediated phosphorylation of PREX2 reduces its GEF activity toward Rac1 by inhibiting PREX2 binding to PIP3 and Gβγ, and also prevents PREX2 from localizing to the cellular membrane. |
In vitro GEF assays, mass spectrometry phosphorylation mapping, cell fractionation, insulin stimulation experiments |
The Journal of biological chemistry |
High |
26438819
|
| 2008 |
P-Rex2 is specifically expressed in Purkinje neurons of the cerebellum and is required for Purkinje cell dendrite morphology and motor coordination. P-Rex2 knockout mice show thinned main dendrites in Purkinje cells, progressive motor coordination defects, and double P-Rex1/P-Rex2 knockout mice are ataxic. |
P-Rex2 knockout mouse generation and analysis, Purkinje cell morphology imaging, behavioral motor coordination tests |
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America |
High |
18334636
|
| 2021 |
The PTEN:P-Rex2 complex is assembled via PDZ-interacting motif in the PTEN C-terminal tail binding to the second PDZ domain of P-Rex2, bridging PTEN across the P-Rex2 surface to block PI(3,4,5)P3 hydrolysis. Conversely, PTEN allosterically promotes an autoinhibited conformation of P-Rex2 and blocks its binding to Gβγ. Cancer-associated PTEN-deactivating mutations combined with P-Rex2 truncations drive Rac1 activation to a greater extent than either single variant alone. |
Cross-linking mass spectrometry, functional GEF assays, domain mutant analysis |
Science signaling |
High |
33947796
|
| 2017 |
GNMT interacts with PREX2 and promotes its degradation through an E3 ligase HectH9-mediated proteasomal ubiquitination pathway. Depletion of GNMT or HectH9 results in AKT activation in a PREX2-dependent manner. |
Co-immunoprecipitation, ubiquitination assay, proteasome inhibitor experiments, siRNA knockdown, GNMT knockout mice |
International journal of cancer |
Medium |
28205209
|
| 2018 |
The crystal structure of the P-Rex2 PH domain at 1.9 Å resolution reveals conformational differences in loop regions compared to P-Rex1. Biochemical studies show the P-Rex2 PH domain binds PIP3 similarly to P-Rex1; binding is critical for P-Rex2 activity but not for membrane localization. |
X-ray crystallography (1.9 Å), biochemical PIP3 binding assays |
Journal of structural biology: X |
High |
34958187
|
| 2026 |
Cryo-EM structure of full-length P-Rex2 reveals that, while overall similar to P-Rex1, there is a substantial repositioning of the N-terminal module relative to the C-terminal core, potentially precluding intramolecular autoinhibitory interactions seen in P-Rex1. HDX-MS shows P-Rex2 dynamics are unaffected by IP4 (PIP3 headgroup), unlike P-Rex1, suggesting a different autoinhibition mechanism. |
Cryo-EM (moderate resolution), hydrogen-deuterium exchange mass spectrometry (HDX-MS), SEC-SAXS, biochemical GEF assays |
The Journal of biological chemistry |
High |
42248461
|
| 2012 |
Ectopic expression of mutant PREX2 accelerates tumor formation of immortalized human melanocytes in vivo, establishing PREX2 as a functionally relevant mutated gene in melanoma. PREX2 was identified as a PTEN-interacting protein and negative regulator of PTEN. |
Whole-genome sequencing of 25 melanomas; in vivo xenograft tumor formation assay with mutant PREX2-expressing melanocytes |
Nature |
Medium |
22622578
|
| 2016 |
Truncating PREX2 mutations activate its RAC1 guanine nucleotide exchanger activity, leading to increased PI3K/AKT signaling and enhanced cell proliferation. |
GEF activity assays with truncation mutants, AKT phosphorylation readout, cell proliferation assays |
Molecular & cellular oncology |
Medium |
27314100
|
| 2019 |
The PREX2 somatic mutation S1113R (identified in HCC) impairs HectH9-mediated ubiquitination of PREX2, resulting in extended protein half-life and enhanced protein stability, and promotes cell migration and AKT pathway activation. |
Protein stability/half-life assays (cycloheximide chase), ubiquitination assay, cell migration assay, AKT phosphorylation analysis |
Scientific reports |
Medium |
30796242
|
| 2020 |
CELF2 interacts with PREX2 and reduces the association of PREX2 with PTEN, thereby upregulating PTEN phosphatase activity and suppressing AKT phosphorylation and cell proliferation. |
Co-immunoprecipitation (CELF2-PREX2 interaction), PTEN phosphatase activity assay, AKT phosphorylation analysis, CELF2 overexpression/knockdown, PDX tumor model |
Carcinogenesis |
Medium |
31241130
|
| 2022 |
P-Rex2 regulates GluR1-containing AMPA receptor trafficking and dendritic spine morphology via Rac1/pGluR1 pathway in dorsal horn neurons, contributing to bone cancer pain. P-Rex2 knockdown reduced spinal p-Rac1, p-GluR1, spine number, and reversed AMPAR-induced current in dorsal horn neurons. |
Intrathecal RNAi lentivirus injection, Western blot for p-Rac1/p-GluR1, spine density imaging, whole-cell patch clamp recording of AMPAR currents |
Molecular pain |
Medium |
35083941
|
| 2025 |
AHCYL1 is a novel PREX2-interacting protein that enhances PREX2 GEF activity by alleviating the mutual inhibition between PREX2 and PTEN, thereby intensifying PREX2-driven Rac1 activation and tumor-promoting effects in NSCLC. |
Pull-down assay with LC-MS/MS (identification of AHCYL1), in vitro GEF assay, active Rac1 pull-down assay, Western blotting, CDX mouse model |
Theranostics |
Medium |
40365293
|
| 2025 |
P-Rex2 suppresses glucose uptake into liver and skeletal muscle independently of its catalytic (GEF) activity, as shown using catalytically-inactive Prex2GD knock-in mice. In hepatocytes, P-Rex2 suppresses Glut2 cell-surface levels, mitochondrial membrane potential, and ATP production. P-Rex2 also suppresses insulin secretion by pancreatic islets. The orphan GPCR Gpr21 was identified as a P-Rex2 target, with P-Rex2 proposed to limit hepatic glucose clearance by controlling Gpr21 trafficking. |
Prex2 knockout and catalytically-inactive Prex2GD knock-in mice, glucose uptake assays, Glut2 surface localization assay, mitochondrial function assay, insulin secretion assay, GPCR trafficking studies |
Scientific reports |
High |
40764335
|
| 2024 |
PREX2 promotes radiation resistance in colorectal cancer by facilitating DNA repair through upregulation of DNA-PKcs and suppressing radiation-induced immunogenic cell death and CD8+ T cell infiltration via inhibition of the cGAS/STING/IFN signaling pathway. |
RNA-seq, Western blotting, colony formation assay, apoptosis assay, comet assay, xenograft tumor models, small-molecule PREX2 inhibitor (PREX-in1) |
BMC medicine |
Medium |
38609982
|
| 2025 |
Genetic loss of PREX2 in BRAF-mutant melanoma confers sensitivity to MAPK pathway inhibitors, and pharmacologic targeting of PI3Kβ (downstream of PREX2/RAC1) phenocopies PREX2 deficiency, establishing a druggable PREX2/RAC1/PI3Kβ signaling axis. |
Genetically engineered mouse models (PREX2 deletion), patient-derived BRAFV600E melanoma cell lines, pharmacologic PI3Kβ inhibition, MAPK inhibitor sensitivity assays |
Cancer research |
Medium |
39636745
|
| 2026 |
Cryo-EM structure of full-length P-Rex2 (preprint version) shows substantial repositioning of the N-terminal module relative to C-terminal core compared to P-Rex1; HDX-MS shows P-Rex2 is unaffected by IP4 unlike P-Rex1; biochemical assays indicate P-Rex2 may be more tightly regulated by autoinhibition via a mechanism divergent from P-Rex1. |
Cryo-EM, HDX-MS, SEC-SAXS, in vitro GEF assays |
bioRxivpreprint |
Medium |
41542420
|