Affinage

PARP2

Poly [ADP-ribose] polymerase 2 · UniProt Q9UGN5

Length
583 aa
Mass
66.2 kDa
Annotated
2026-04-29
100 papers in source corpus 48 papers cited in narrative 48 extracted findings

Mechanistic narrative

Synthesis pass · prose summary of the discoveries below

PARP2 is a DNA damage-dependent poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase that functions in single-strand break repair, base excision repair, replication fork stabilization, and DSB repair pathway choice, while also serving as a transcriptional regulator of metabolic and cell-cycle genes. PARP2 is preferentially activated by 5'-phosphorylated DNA nicks and breaks through its WGR domain, which bridges DNA ends and induces conformational changes that relieve autoinhibition and license HPF1 binding, redirecting ADP-ribosylation specificity from glutamate/aspartate to serine residues on histones (PMID:32939087, PMID:34108479, PMID:24928857). PARP2 stabilizes replication forks via Fbh1-dependent Rad51 regulation, suppresses IgH/c-myc translocations, directs DSBs toward resection-dependent repair by limiting 53BP1, and its catalytic trapping at 5'-phosphorylated nicks between Okazaki fragments impedes Lig1/Lig3-mediated ligation, causing erythroblast-specific replication fork collapse that explains PARP-inhibitor-induced anemia (PMID:29467415, PMID:29036662, PMID:39383878). Independent of its enzymatic activity, PARP2 represses the SIRT1 and SREBP1 promoters to regulate energy metabolism and lipid homeostasis, interacts with FOXA1 to facilitate androgen receptor recruitment to enhancers, and recruits chromatin-modifying enzymes including HDAC5/7 and G9a to silence cell-cycle genes (PMID:21459329, PMID:31266892, PMID:23291187).

Mechanistic history

Synthesis pass · year-by-year structured walk · 16 steps
  1. 1999 High

    Identification of PARP2 as the source of residual PAR synthesis in PARP1-null cells established that a second DNA damage-dependent poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase exists with nuclear localization and automodification activity.

    Evidence In vitro enzymatic assays with purified recombinant PARP-2 and in vivo localization in PARP-1-deficient cells

    PMID:10364231

    Open questions at the time
    • Substrate specificity relative to PARP1 undefined
    • Structural basis of DNA-dependent activation unknown
    • Physiological non-redundant functions not yet identified
  2. 2002 High

    Demonstrating that PARP2 physically interacts with BER core machinery (XRCC1, Polβ, DNA ligase III) and that PARP2-deficient cells show delayed SSB repair after alkylation established PARP2 as a bona fide BER component, not merely a backup PAR source.

    Evidence Co-immunoprecipitation, pull-down mapping, BER assays in PARP-2 KO mouse cells treated with MNU

    PMID:11948190

    Open questions at the time
    • Whether PARP2 has unique BER substrates versus PARP1 unclear
    • In vivo redundancy with PARP1 not genetically tested
  3. 2003 High

    PARP1/PARP2 double-knockout embryonic lethality at gastrulation proved the two enzymes are functionally redundant for viability, while PARP2-specific roles in genome stability during replication and chromosome segregation were revealed.

    Evidence Gene-targeted double-KO mice, metaphase cytogenetics and cell cycle analysis of MEFs

    PMID:12727891

    Open questions at the time
    • Molecular mechanism of PARP2-specific replication protection unknown
    • Whether female-specific lethality reflects X-chromosome replication stress not resolved
  4. 2004 High

    Discovery that PARP2 binds and ADP-ribosylates the shelterin component TRF2, negatively regulating its DNA binding, revealed PARP2's role in telomere integrity beyond canonical DNA repair.

    Evidence Co-IP, domain mapping, in vitro TRF2 PARylation, telomere analysis in PARP-2 KO cells

    PMID:14749375

    Open questions at the time
    • Whether telomere defects are direct or secondary to replication stress unclear
    • Relative contributions of PARP1 vs PARP2 at telomeres not separated
  5. 2008 High

    Mapping PARP2 interactions with TIF1β/KAP1 and HP1α, and showing PARP2 enzymatic activity is required for heterochromatin reorganization during differentiation, expanded PARP2's role to chromatin regulation beyond DNA repair.

    Evidence Co-IP, in vitro PARylation of HP1α, shRNA KD with immunofluorescence during endodermal differentiation

    PMID:18676401

    Open questions at the time
    • Whether PARP2 acts at heterochromatin constitutively or only during differentiation unclear
    • Genome-wide chromatin targets not mapped
  6. 2011 High

    Identification of PARP2 as a direct transcriptional repressor of the SIRT1 promoter, independent of NAD+ levels, established a non-enzymatic gene-regulatory role linking PARP2 to metabolic control.

    Evidence PARP-2 KO mouse metabolic phenotyping, SIRT1 promoter reporter assays, NAD+ measurements

    PMID:21459329

    Open questions at the time
    • Mechanism of promoter binding (direct DNA contact vs. cofactor recruitment) not fully defined
    • Whether transcriptional repression requires chromatin modification unclear
  7. 2014 High

    Systematic analysis of DNA substrate preferences showed PARP2 is preferentially activated by 5'-phosphorylated breaks via its WGR domain, distinguishing its activation mechanism from PARP1's zinc-finger-dependent activation and providing the first domain-level understanding of PARP2 specificity.

    Evidence Biochemical activity assays with defined DNA substrates, domain deletion and mutagenesis

    PMID:24928857

    Open questions at the time
    • How WGR domain senses 5'-phosphate at atomic resolution not yet known
    • Whether WGR-dependent activation occurs on nucleosomal DNA not tested
  8. 2017 High

    Separation-of-function experiments showed PARP2 channels DSBs toward resection-dependent repair by limiting 53BP1 accumulation, independently of its catalytic activity, revealing a structural/scaffolding role in repair pathway choice.

    Evidence PARP2 KO and catalytic mutant cell lines, 53BP1 foci quantification, repair pathway reporters

    PMID:29036662

    Open questions at the time
    • Molecular mechanism by which PARP2 limits 53BP1 unknown
    • Whether this function is epistatic with known 53BP1 regulators (RNF168, TIRR) not tested
  9. 2018 High

    Crystal structures of the PARP2 WGR domain bound to DSB-mimicking DNA revealed how WGR bridges DNA ends and recognizes 5'-phosphate, and biochemical work showed PARP2 is preferentially activated by PAR chains to produce branched PAR, establishing unique signaling amplification properties.

    Evidence X-ray crystallography with mutagenesis validation; in vitro PAR binding and branched PAR synthesis assays

    PMID:30104678 PMID:30321391

    Open questions at the time
    • Whether branched PAR is the primary in vivo signal from PARP2 not confirmed
    • How PARP1 competition modulates PARP2 bridging in cells unknown
  10. 2018 High

    Showing that PARP2 stabilizes replication forks encountering BER intermediates via Fbh1-dependent Rad51 regulation established a replication-specific, non-redundant role for PARP2 distinct from its SSB repair function.

    Evidence PARP1/PARP2 KO cell lines, DNA fiber assays, Rad51 foci, genetic epistasis with Fbh1

    PMID:29467415

    Open questions at the time
    • Whether PARP2 directly PARylates Fbh1 not shown
    • Relative contribution of PARP2 catalytic vs. structural functions at forks unclear
  11. 2020 High

    Cryo-EM structures of PARP2-HPF1 bridging nucleosomes with broken linker DNA revealed the full allosteric activation mechanism: DNA bridging induces conformational changes that relieve autoinhibition and create the HPF1 binding surface, which redirects ADP-ribosylation to serine residues on histones.

    Evidence Cryo-EM structure determination of PARP2-HPF1-nucleosome complex, enzymatic activity assays

    PMID:32939087 PMID:33141820

    Open questions at the time
    • Dynamics of HPF1 engagement in live cells not resolved
    • How serine-specific PARylation is read by downstream effectors only partially understood
  12. 2020 High

    Demonstrating that the chromatin remodeler ALC1 is strictly required for PARP2 (but not PARP1) release from DNA lesions provided a mechanistic basis for differential PARP trapping and its synthetic lethal interaction with BRCA deficiency.

    Evidence Live-cell imaging of PARP2 foci, ALC1 catalytic mutant, PARP inhibitor treatment in BRCA-deficient cells

    PMID:33275888

    Open questions at the time
    • Whether ALC1 remodels chromatin specifically at PARP2-bridged nucleosomes not shown
    • Whether ALC1-dependent release is relevant for all DNA lesion types unclear
  13. 2022 High

    Live-cell imaging revealed that PARP inhibitors trap PARP2 by switching its recruitment from PAR-dependent rapid exchange to WGR-mediated DNA stalling, explaining the clinical trapping mechanism and its dependence on intact WGR and catalytic domains.

    Evidence Live-cell imaging with WGR and catalytic point mutants in PARP1-KO and WT backgrounds, multiple PARP inhibitors

    PMID:35349716

    Open questions at the time
    • In vivo trapping stoichiometry at endogenous damage sites not quantified
    • Whether different clinical PARPi produce qualitatively different trapped conformations unclear
  14. 2023 High

    Single-molecule force spectroscopy quantified PARP2's DSB-bridging as mechanically stable (~85 pN), showed it depends on blunt 5'-phosphorylated ends, and demonstrated that PARP1 competes away PARP2 bridges, explaining their distinct functions at breaks.

    Evidence Magnetic tweezers single-molecule force spectroscopy with defined DNA substrates

    PMID:37216533

    Open questions at the time
    • Whether mechanical bridging occurs at nicks in vivo or only at DSBs unclear
    • How chromatin context modulates bridging stability not tested
  15. 2024 High

    A catalytic-dead knock-in mouse (Parp2-E534A) revealed that PARP2 is selectively recruited to 5'-phosphorylated nicks between Okazaki fragments during replication, and that trapped catalytically inactive PARP2 blocks Lig1/Lig3-mediated ligation causing erythroblast-specific fork collapse — providing the mechanistic basis for PARPi-induced anemia.

    Evidence Parp2 E534A knock-in mouse, genetic epistasis with Lig1 KO, Tp53/Chk2 double KO, replication fork and erythropoiesis analysis

    PMID:39383878

    Open questions at the time
    • Whether other rapidly dividing lineages are similarly vulnerable not fully explored
    • Structural basis of how catalytically dead PARP2 obstructs ligation not resolved
  16. 2024 High

    PARP2 was shown to facilitate BIR-mediated telomere maintenance under replication stress by promoting end resection, strand invasion, and POLD3 recruitment, connecting PARP2's break-bridging and resection-promoting activities to ALT-like telomere repair.

    Evidence PARP2 depletion, BIR reporter assay, POLD3 recruitment and telomere fragility analysis after oxidative stress

    PMID:38565848

    Open questions at the time
    • Whether PARP2's BIR role requires HPF1-dependent serine PARylation not tested
    • Relevance to ALT-positive cancer telomere maintenance not established

Open questions

Synthesis pass · forward-looking unresolved questions
  • A unified model explaining how cells partition PARP1 and PARP2 activities at the same lesion — given their competition, distinct bridging capacities, and differential ALC1 dependence — remains to be established.
  • No in vivo measurement of PARP1/PARP2 occupancy dynamics at individual lesions
  • How branched vs. linear PAR chains differentially recruit effectors in cells not resolved
  • Whether PARP2's non-catalytic DSB repair role and catalytic nick-sensing role are coordinated during replication not addressed

Mechanism profile

Synthesis pass · controlled-vocabulary classification · explore literature graph →
Molecular activity
GO:0016740 transferase activity 8 GO:0003677 DNA binding 6 GO:0140110 transcription regulator activity 4 GO:0140096 catalytic activity, acting on a protein 3 GO:0003723 RNA binding 1
Localization
GO:0005634 nucleus 3 GO:0005694 chromosome 3 GO:0005730 nucleolus 1
Pathway
R-HSA-73894 DNA Repair 7 R-HSA-4839726 Chromatin organization 4 R-HSA-74160 Gene expression (Transcription) 4 R-HSA-168256 Immune System 3 R-HSA-1430728 Metabolism 2 R-HSA-69306 DNA Replication 2
Partners
CBX5CHD1LFOXA1HPF1PARP1TRF2TRIM28XRCC1
Complex memberships
PARP1-PARP2 heterodimerPARP2-HPF1-nucleosomePARP2-XRCC1-LigIII BER complex

Evidence

Reading pass · 48 per-paper findings extracted from the source corpus
Year Finding Method Journal Conf PMIDs
1999 PARP-2 is a damaged DNA-binding protein that catalyzes poly(ADP-ribose) polymer synthesis in a DNA-dependent manner, displays automodification properties, and is localized in the nucleus; it accounts for residual poly(ADP-ribose) synthesis in PARP-1-deficient cells. In vitro biochemical assay with purified recombinant PARP-2; nuclear localization by in vivo experiments The Journal of biological chemistry High 10364231
2002 PARP-2 homo- and heterodimerizes with PARP-1 (interacting interfaces mapped and shown to be sites of reciprocal modification); PARP-2 interacts with XRCC1, DNA polymerase beta, and DNA ligase III; XRCC1 negatively regulates PARP-2 activity while being a polymer acceptor for PARP-2; PARP-2-deficient cells display delayed DNA strand break resealing after alkylating agent treatment, confirming a role in base excision repair. Co-immunoprecipitation/pull-down for interactions; interface mapping; PARP-2 knockout mouse model with MNU treatment; BER assay The Journal of biological chemistry High 11948190
2003 PARP-2-deficient mouse embryonic fibroblasts show increased post-replicative genomic instability, G2/M accumulation, chromosome mis-segregation, and kinetochore defects after alkylating agent treatment; PARP-1/PARP-2 double-knockout mice die at gastrulation, demonstrating functional redundancy; specific female embryonic lethality in parp-1+/-parp-2-/- mutants is linked to X chromosome instability. Gene-targeted mouse knockout; metaphase cytogenetics; cell cycle analysis of MEFs The EMBO journal High 12727891
2004 PARP-2 physically binds TRF2 with high affinity; the interaction requires the N-terminal domain of PARP-2 and the myb domain of TRF2; PARP activity negatively regulates TRF2 DNA-binding via covalent heteromodification of TRF2's dimerization domain and noncovalent binding of poly(ADP-ribose) to TRF2's myb domain; PARP-2-deficient cells show spontaneously increased chromosome breaks and telomere ends lacking TTAGGG repeats. Co-immunoprecipitation, pull-down assays, domain mapping, TRF2 ADP-ribosylation in vitro, PARP-2 KO cells analyzed for telomere integrity Molecular and cellular biology High 14749375
2005 PARP-2 accumulates in the nucleolus and colocalizes with nucleophosmin/B23; PARP-2 interacts with B23 through its N-terminal DNA binding domain; a nucleolar localization signal within the PARP-2 N-terminal domain is required for nucleolar accumulation; PARP-1 and PARP-2 are delocalized from the nucleolus upon RNA polymerase I inhibition. Immunofluorescence/live imaging, co-immunoprecipitation, nuclear localization signal mutant analysis, RNA Pol I inhibition experiments Journal of cell science High 15615785
2006 PARP-2 deficiency in mice causes a two-fold reduction in CD4+CD8+ double-positive thymocytes associated with decreased DP cell survival; PARP-2-deficient DP thymocytes show increased Noxa expression, reduced TCRα expression, and skewed TCRα repertoire; PARP-2 acts as a survival factor during TCRα recombination to prevent DNA damage-dependent apoptosis. PARP-2 knockout mouse model, flow cytometry, microarray gene expression analysis, T-cell repertoire analysis The EMBO journal High 16946705
2006 PARP-2 interacts with TTF-1 (thyroid transcription factor 1) via the E domain of PARP-2 and the C-terminal domain of TTF-1; PARP-2 (and PARP-1) enhance the activity of the surfactant protein-B (Sftpb) promoter in vitro; PARP-2 is expressed in epithelial cells of fetal and adult lung at sites consistent with surfactant protein B expression. Co-immunoprecipitation, mass spectrometry identification of endogenous complex, domain mapping, promoter reporter assay The Journal of biological chemistry High 16461352
2008 PARP-2 interacts with TIF1beta (KAP1) and HP1alpha directly and through HP1alpha; Parp-2 poly(ADP-ribosyl)ates HP1alpha selectively; Parp-2 and its enzymatic activity are required for relocation of TIF1beta to heterochromatic foci during primitive endodermal differentiation; both Parps control TIF1beta transcriptional activity. Co-immunoprecipitation, pull-down assays, shRNA knockdown, immunofluorescence/colocalization, in vitro PARylation assay FASEB journal High 18676401
2008 PARP-2 is acetylated by histone acetyltransferases PCAF and GCN5L at lysines 36 and 37 in its nuclear localization signal; acetylation at K36/K37 reduces PARP-2 DNA binding and enzymatic activity; K36/K37 mutant PARP-2 shows reduced auto-mono-ADP-ribosylation. In vitro acetylation assay, site-directed mutagenesis, PARP activity assay, DNA binding assay The international journal of biochemistry & cell biology High 18436469
2009 Parp1 facilitates alternative/microhomology-mediated end-joining during immunoglobulin class switch recombination, whereas Parp2 actively suppresses IgH/c-myc translocations; PARP enzymatic activity is induced in an AID-dependent manner during CSR; neither Parp1 nor Parp2 is required for CSR itself. Parp1 and Parp2 knockout mouse models, CSR assays in B cells, translocation frequency analysis The Journal of experimental medicine High 19364882
2009 Parp2 interacts with transition protein TP2 and chaperone HSPA2 in spermatids; Parp2-TP2 interaction is partly mediated by poly(ADP-ribosyl)ation; Parp2 deficiency causes loss of TP2-expressing spermatids, defective chromatin condensation, abnormal manchette microtubules, and spermatid-specific cell death. In vitro protein-protein interaction assays, immunohistochemistry, electron microscopy, Parp2 KO mouse model Experimental cell research High 19607827
2010 Crystal structure of the catalytic domain of human PARP2 in complex with PARP inhibitors (3-aminobenzamide and ABT-888) reveals structural features of the NAD+-binding catalytic pocket and provides basis for selective inhibitor design. X-ray crystallography Biochemistry High 20092359
2011 PARP1 and PARP2 regulate topoisomerase II beta (TOP2B) activity during spermiogenesis; PARP1 and PARP2 activity strongly inhibits TOP2B in vitro, an effect counteracted by PAR glycohydrolase; pharmacological and genetic PARP inhibition increases TOP2B-DNA covalent binding in spermatids in vivo, suggesting a functional cycle regulating chromatin remodeling. In vitro TOP2B activity assay, in vivo TOP2B-DNA complex analysis by CsCl centrifugation, pharmacological and genetic inhibition of PARPs Biology of reproduction High 21228215
2011 PARP-2 acts as a direct negative regulator of the SIRT1 promoter, independent of NAD+ levels; PARP-2 deficiency increases SIRT1 expression, promotes energy expenditure, increases mitochondrial content, and protects against diet-induced obesity, but causes glucose intolerance due to defective pancreatic function. PARP-2 KO mouse model, SIRT1 promoter reporter assays, metabolic phenotyping, NAD+ measurement Cell metabolism High 21459329
2012 Clinical PARP inhibitors trap PARP1 and PARP2 at damaged DNA; trapped PARP-DNA complexes are more cytotoxic than unrepaired SSBs alone; trapping potency differs among inhibitors (niraparib > olaparib >> veliparib) in a pattern not correlated with catalytic inhibitory potency; repair of trapped PARP-DNA complexes requires homologous recombination, postreplication repair, Fanconi anemia pathway, polymerase β, and FEN1. PARP trapping assay (chromatin fractionation), cytotoxicity assays in DT40 cell lines with genetic deletions in specific repair genes Cancer research High 23118055
2013 PARP-2 displays highest DNA-binding affinity for flap-containing DNA but is most efficiently activated by 5'-overhang DNA; PARP-2 inhibits DNA polymerase β activity but unlike PARP-1, its poly(ADP-ribosyl)ation does not restore DNA synthesis; PARP-2 inhibits FEN1 activity without PAR-dependent recovery; PARP-2 can also modulate PARP-1's poly(ADP-ribosyl)ation activity. EMSA, in vitro PARP activation assays with various DNA substrates, DNA polymerase β and FEN1 activity assays Biochimie High 23357680
2013 PARP-2 is a suppressor of the SREBP1 promoter in a manner dependent on PARP-2 enzymatic activity; PARP-2 deletion increases SREBP1 and its target gene expression, leading to hepatic cholesterol accumulation and decreased HDL levels; ABCA1 expression is reduced in PARP-2-deficient cells/mice, linked to lower HDL. PARP-2 KO mouse model, PARP-2 siRNA knockdown in HepG2 cells, SREBP1 promoter reporter assay, lipid analysis Biochimica et biophysica acta High 24365238
2014 PARP-2 and PARP-3 are preferentially activated by DNA breaks harboring a 5' phosphate group; the WGR domain is the central regulatory domain for DNA binding and activation of PARP-2 (and PARP-3), unlike PARP-1 where N-terminal zinc fingers are critical; PARP-1, PARP-2, and PARP-3 share an allosteric mechanism of DNA-dependent catalytic activation through local destabilization of the catalytic domain. Biochemical activity assays with defined DNA substrates, domain deletion and mutation analysis, biophysical binding assays Nucleic acids research High 24928857
2014 PARP-2 deficiency in mice leads to chronic anemia due to replicative stress in erythroid progenitors, evidenced by micronuclei, γ-H2AX accumulation in S-phase, constitutive CHK1 and RPA phosphorylation; p53-dependent DNA damage response is activated; loss of pro-apoptotic PUMA restores hematocrit, while loss of p21 exacerbates fetal erythropoiesis failure. PARP-2 KO mouse model, γ-H2AX immunostaining, cell cycle analysis, double KO genetic epistasis (Parp2/Puma, Parp2/p21), transcriptome analysis Cell death and differentiation High 25501596
2014 ARTD2 (PARP2) is activated by RNA in vitro; the N-terminal SAP domain is important for RNA binding; co-treatment with an RNA Pol I inhibitor substantially increases H2O2- or MNNG-induced PAR formation predominantly through ARTD2 and not ARTD1 in cells. In vitro PARP activity assay with RNA, ARTD1/ARTD2 siRNA knockdown in cells, PAR immunoblotting Nucleic acids research High 24510188
2015 All three domains of PARP-2 (NTR, WGR, and CAT) collectively contribute to interaction with DNA damage; the NTR is natively disordered and only required for activation on specific DNA damage types; the WGR and CAT domains together are sufficient for PARP-2 recruitment to sites of DNA breaks in cells; NTR is not essential for cellular localization to damage sites. Biophysical binding assays, biochemical activity assays, X-ray crystallography (NTR structural characterization), live-cell imaging of domain deletion mutants at laser-induced damage sites Nucleic acids research High 26704974
2015 PARP1 and PARP2 both bind DNA nicks at single-molecule level; PARP2 is mainly detected at single DNA nick sites with low affinity for undamaged DNA or DSBs; PARP2 dimer form is more effective in PAR synthesis; PARP2 suppresses PAR synthesis catalyzed by PARP1 after SSBs; activation of both PARPs leads to highly branched PAR synthesis whose size depends on SSBs (for PARP2) or SSBs/DSBs (for PARP1). Single-molecule AFM imaging, fluorescence titration, biochemical PAR synthesis assays Nucleic acids research High 26673720
2017 PARP2 controls DSB repair pathway choice independently of PAR synthesis activity by limiting 53BP1 accumulation at DNA damage sites, thereby promoting CtIP-dependent DNA end-resection and channeling repair toward HR, SSA, and alternative end-joining rather than canonical NHEJ. PARP2 KO and catalytic mutant cell lines, 53BP1 foci analysis, CtIP-dependent resection assay, reporter assays for different repair pathways Nucleic acids research High 29036662
2017 Either PARP1 or PARP2 is sufficient for near-normal XRCC1 recruitment to oxidative SSBs; loss of both PARP1 and PARP2 is required to greatly reduce or ablate XRCC1 and PNKP chromatin binding after H2O2 treatment; very low levels of ADP-ribosylation produced by either enzyme are sufficient for XRCC1 recruitment. PARP1/PARP2 isogenic deletion cell lines, XRCC1 and PNKP chromatin fractionation after H2O2, PARP inhibitor dose-response Nucleic acids research High 27965414
2018 PARP2 is preferentially activated by PAR chains and subsequently catalyzes branched PAR chain synthesis; the N-terminus of PARP2 directly binds PAR to promote branched PAR synthesis; the PBZ domain of APLF recognizes branched PAR chains and regulates chromatin remodeling at DNA damage sites. In vitro PAR binding and activity assays, PAR chain structure analysis, APLF PBZ domain binding assay, chromatin remodeling assays Nature communications High 30104678
2018 PARP2 (and PARP3) can poly(ADP-ribosyl)ate 5'- and 3'-terminal phosphate residues at double- and single-strand break termini of DNA molecules (DNA ADP-ribosylation); PARP-mediated DNA ADP-ribosylation can be more effective than auto-ADP-ribosylation depending on DNA substrates; persisting anti-PAR signals are detected in genomic DNA from bleomycin-treated PARG-depleted cells. In vitro ADP-ribosylation assays with defined DNA substrates, anti-PAR antibody detection in purified genomic DNA, cell-free extract assays Nucleic acids research High 29361132
2018 PARP2 is required to stabilize replication forks that encounter BER intermediates; PARP2 acts through Fbh1-dependent regulation of Rad51 to stabilize Rad51 at damaged replication forks and prevent uncontrolled DNA resection; combined PARP1 and PARP2 disruption leads to defective BER and elevated replication-associated DNA damage. PARP1 and PARP2 knockout cell lines, replication fork stability assays (DNA fiber), Rad51 foci analysis, genetic epistasis with Fbh1 Nature communications High 29467415
2018 Crystal structures of ARTD2 (PARP2) WGR domain bound to DSB-mimicking DNA oligonucleotides reveal that the WGR domain mediates DNA end-to-end interaction, recognizes the 5'-phosphate group, and can mediate joining of DNA ends; extensive mutagenesis confirmed that the WGR domain is the key DNA break detection module. X-ray crystallography, site-directed mutagenesis, activity assays, binding assays, stoichiometry measurements Nucleic acids research High 30321391
2019 PARP-2 (but not PARP-1) is a critical component of the androgen receptor (AR) transcriptional machinery through interaction with the pioneer factor FOXA1; PARP-2 facilitates AR recruitment to prostate-specific enhancer regions genome-wide; selective targeting of PARP-2 blocks PARP-2/FOXA1 interaction, attenuates AR-mediated gene expression, and inhibits AR-positive prostate cancer growth. Co-immunoprecipitation, ChIP-seq for AR and PARP-2, PARP-2 knockout/knockdown, prostate cancer growth assays Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America High 31266892
2020 Cryo-EM structure of human PARP2-HPF1 bound to a nucleosome shows that PARP2-HPF1 bridges two nucleosomes with broken DNA aligned for ligation; bridging induces structural changes in PARP2 signaling DNA break recognition to the catalytic domain, which licenses HPF1 binding and PARP2 activation; HPF1 switches PARP2 amino acid specificity from aspartate/glutamate to serine; active PARP2 cycles through conformational states to exchange NAD+ and substrate. Cryo-electron microscopy structure determination, biochemical activation assays Nature High 32939087
2020 Cryo-EM structure of PARP2 bridging two nucleosomes via short linker DNA at DSBs; PARP2 bridges DNA ends in the nucleosome context; this conformation provides a binding platform for HPF1; the resulting HPF1·PARP2·nucleosome complex is enzymatically active. Cryo-EM structure determination, enzymatic activity assays of the complex PloS one High 33141820
2020 The ALC1 (CHD1L) helicase is strictly required for PARP2 release from DNA lesions; catalytic inactivation of ALC1 quantitatively traps PARP2 (but not PARP1) at DNA breaks; ALC1 manipulation potentiates PARPi-induced cancer cell killing and mediates synthetic lethality upon BRCA deficiency through PARP2 trapping. Live-cell imaging of PARP2 foci, ALC1 catalytic mutant, PARP inhibitor treatment, BRCA-deficient cell lines Molecular cell High 33275888
2021 Crystal structure of PARP2 in complex with 5'-phosphorylated activating DNA shows that the WGR domain bridges the dsDNA gap and joins DNA ends; DNA binding induces conformational changes including reorganization of helical fragments in the regulatory domain relieving autoinhibition; the active conformation enables NAD+ binding and HPF1 binding that shifts residue specificity from glutamate to serine. X-ray crystallography, NAD+ binding assay, HPF1 binding assay Nature communications High 34108479
2021 HPF1 has a dual function: it stimulates PARP2 autoPARylation and heteroPARylation of histones in the nucleosome complex at defined HPF1/NAD+ concentrations, while at other concentrations it limits PARylation; PARP2 is more efficiently stimulated by HPF1 than PARP1 in autoPARylation and is more active in histone heteroPARylation than automodification. In vitro PARylation assays with purified components, nucleosome reconstitution, concentration-response analysis Communications biology High 34732825
2021 Combined PARP-1 and PARP-2 deficiency in the uterus leads to pregnancy loss through decidualization failure; absence of both enzymes increases p53 signaling and senescent decidual cell population; embryo attachment and luminal epithelium removal are normal, but subsequent decidualization fails. Uterine-specific Parp1/Parp2 double KO mice, histological and molecular analysis of decidualization Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America High 34580230
2021 PARP2 predominantly functions in single-strand break repair at actively transcribed DNA regions; CSB promotes recruitment of XRCC1 and HPF1 and histone PARylation; CSB's function in SSBR is largely bypassed when transcription is inhibited; CSB regulates SSBR mediated by both PARP1 and PARP2 but PARP2's function is specifically coupled to transcriptionally active regions. Chromatin co-fractionation, alkaline comet assay, transcription inhibition experiments, PARP1/PARP2 knockdown/KO Nucleic acids research High 37326017
2022 PARP inhibitors trap PARP2 by switching its recruitment mode from a predominantly PARP1- and PAR-dependent rapid exchange to a WGR domain-mediated stalling on DNA; PARP2-R140A (WGR mutant) and H415A (catalytic mutant) abolish PARP inhibitor-induced PARP2 trapping; in PARP1-deficient cells, PARP2 forms DNA-dependent, PAR-independent foci. Live-cell imaging, PARP1 deletion cells, WGR and catalytic domain point mutants, PARP inhibitor treatment (niraparib, talazoparib, olaparib) Nucleic acids research High 35349716
2023 Clinical PARP inhibitors exert an allosteric effect that retains PARP2 on DNA breaks; this allosteric retention depends on communication between the catalytic and DNA-binding regions of PARP2; a PARP2 mutant mimicking the allosteric inhibitor effect shows increased cellular retention at damage sites; AZD5305 exhibits a reverse allosteric effect on PARP2. PARP2 mutant biochemical assays, live-cell imaging at damage sites, structure-activity analysis of clinical PARPis Science advances High 36961901
2023 PARP2 forms a mechanically stable bridge (~85 pN rupture force) across blunt-end 5'-phosphorylated DSBs, restoring torsional continuity; PARP2 switches between bridging and end-binding modes depending on DNA end structure (blunt vs. overhang); PARP1 does not bridge DSBs and competes away PARP2 bridge formation. Single-molecule magnetic tweezers force spectroscopy Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America High 37216533
2024 PARP2 is selectively recruited and activated by 5'-phosphorylated nicks (5'p-nicks), including those between Okazaki fragments; DNA replication robustly activates PARP2 (more than DNA damage); catalytically inactive PARP2 (E534A) but not its absence impedes Lig1- and Lig3-mediated nick ligation, causing dose-dependent replication fork collapse specifically in erythroblasts; this PARylation-dependent structural function at 5'p-nicks explains PARPi-induced anemia. Parp2 catalytic mutant knock-in mouse (Parp2EA/EA), genetic epistasis with Lig1 KO, replication fork analysis, erythropoiesis phenotyping, Tp53/Chk2 double KO epistasis Molecular cell High 39383878
2024 PARP2 promotes replication stress-induced telomere fragility via the break-induced replication (BIR) pathway; PARP2 promotes DNA end resection, strand invasion, and BIR-dependent mitotic DNA synthesis by orchestrating POLD3 recruitment and activity at telomeres. PARP2 depletion, BIR reporter assay, POLD3 recruitment analysis, telomere fragility assay, oxidative lesion induction Nature communications High 38565848
2013 PARP-2 regulates cell cycle-related gene expression through transcriptional repression independently of its enzymatic PARylation activity; PARP-2 interacts with and recruits histone deacetylases HDAC5 and HDAC7 and histone methyltransferase G9a to promoters, generating repressive chromatin signatures. Co-immunoprecipitation, ChIP assays, PARP-2 catalytic mutant, gene expression analysis Biochemical and biophysical research communications Medium 23291187
2016 ARTD2 (PARP2) binds damaged DNA as both monomer and dimer; the N-terminus functions as a high-affinity DNA-binding module while the WGR domain contributes to DNA binding specificity and catalytic activation; ARTD2 is preferentially activated by short 5'-phosphorylated DNA oligonucleotides; in DSB repair ARTD2 likely functions as a dimeric module and in SSB repair as a monomer. Solution structure studies (SAXS), biophysical binding measurements (SPR, fluorescence), biochemical activity assays Scientific reports High 27708353
2019 PARP2 binds the early BER intermediates at single-molecule level; both PARP1 and PARP2 efficiently interact with DNA nicks; PARP2 suppresses PAR synthesis by PARP1 after SSBs; PARP2 dimer form is more effective at PAR synthesis. Single-molecule AFM imaging of BER intermediate DNA substrates Journal of molecular biology High 31129062
2020 Myeloid deletion of PARP2 (but not PARP1) increases immature myeloid cells in bone marrow and impairs CCL3 chemokine expression by enhancing transcriptional repression by β-catenin; compromised CCL3 production creates an immune-suppressive milieu, increasing breast cancer bone metastasis; olaparib treatment increases bone metastasis through PARP2 in the myeloid lineage. Myeloid-specific PARP2 conditional KO mice, β-catenin ChIP, CCL3 expression analysis, breast cancer bone metastasis model Nature communications High 32221289
2020 Silencing of PARP2 blocks autophagic degradation in C2C12 myoblasts; PARP2 deficiency inhibits AMPK and mTORC2 activity; rescue with AICAR (AMPK activator), NAD+ precursor, or SIRT1 inhibitor decreases the number of LC3-positive vesicles, linking PARP2 to autophagic flux via AMPK/SIRT1 pathway; PARP2 enzymatic activity is important for regulating autophagy. PARP2 shRNA in C2C12 cells, primary PARP2 KO MEFs, LC3 immunostaining, electron microscopy, AMPK/mTORC2 activity assays, pharmacological rescue Cells Medium 32046043
2021 PARP2 forms more dynamic complexes with BER protein partners (PARP1, APE1, Polβ, XRCC1) compared to PARP1; the major form of PARP2 at excess PARP1 is their heterocomplex; PARP2 activity is more strongly inhibited by XRCC1 than PARP1; the activity of both PARP1 and PARP2 is suppressed upon heteroPARylation; PARP2 can function via an alternative XRCC1-independent mechanism through hetero-oligomerization with PARP1. Fluorescence-based binding assays, light scattering for oligomeric state, in vitro PAR synthesis assays with BER protein partners International journal of molecular sciences High 33925170
2015 PARP-2 interacts with AP (abasic) sites via Schiff base formation through its N-terminal domain; PARP-2 binding to AP sites inhibits APE1 activity; unlike PARP-1, PARP-2's inhibitory influence on APE1 is not modulated by PAR synthesis; PARP-2 has 5'-dRP lyase activity comparable to PARP-1 but much weaker than Pol β. AP site cross-linking assay, APE1 activity assay, dRP lyase assay Biochimie High 25724268

Source papers

Stage 0 corpus · 100 papers · ranked by NIH iCite citations
Year Title Journal Citations PMID
2012 Trapping of PARP1 and PARP2 by Clinical PARP Inhibitors. Cancer research 1766 23118055
1999 PARP-2, A novel mammalian DNA damage-dependent poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase. The Journal of biological chemistry 629 10364231
2002 Poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase-2 (PARP-2) is required for efficient base excision DNA repair in association with PARP-1 and XRCC1. The Journal of biological chemistry 573 11948190
2003 Functional interaction between PARP-1 and PARP-2 in chromosome stability and embryonic development in mouse. The EMBO journal 508 12727891
2012 The role of PARP-1 and PARP-2 enzymes in metabolic regulation and disease. Cell metabolism 253 22921416
2014 Poly(ADP-ribose) polymerases in double-strand break repair: focus on PARP1, PARP2 and PARP3. Experimental cell research 247 25017100
2014 PARP-2 and PARP-3 are selectively activated by 5' phosphorylated DNA breaks through an allosteric regulatory mechanism shared with PARP-1. Nucleic acids research 229 24928857
2011 PARP-2 regulates SIRT1 expression and whole-body energy expenditure. Cell metabolism 221 21459329
2018 PARP1 and PARP2 stabilise replication forks at base excision repair intermediates through Fbh1-dependent Rad51 regulation. Nature communications 191 29467415
2004 PARP-1, PARP-2 and ATM in the DNA damage response: functional synergy in mouse development. DNA repair 188 15279798
2017 Overlapping roles for PARP1 and PARP2 in the recruitment of endogenous XRCC1 and PNKP into oxidized chromatin. Nucleic acids research 163 27965414
2005 PARP-1 and PARP-2 interact with nucleophosmin/B23 and accumulate in transcriptionally active nucleoli. Journal of cell science 163 15615785
2004 Functional interaction between poly(ADP-Ribose) polymerase 2 (PARP-2) and TRF2: PARP activity negatively regulates TRF2. Molecular and cellular biology 155 14749375
2009 Parp1 facilitates alternative NHEJ, whereas Parp2 suppresses IgH/c-myc translocations during immunoglobulin class switch recombination. The Journal of experimental medicine 145 19364882
2014 PARP-2 sustains erythropoiesis in mice by limiting replicative stress in erythroid progenitors. Cell death and differentiation 139 25501596
2018 PARP2 mediates branched poly ADP-ribosylation in response to DNA damage. Nature communications 136 30104678
2014 MicroRNA-149 inhibits PARP-2 and promotes mitochondrial biogenesis via SIRT-1/PGC-1α network in skeletal muscle. Diabetes 127 24757201
2010 Investigation of PARP-1, PARP-2, and PARG interactomes by affinity-purification mass spectrometry. Proteome science 123 20388209
2013 Parp-2 is required to maintain hematopoiesis following sublethal γ-irradiation in mice. Blood 122 23678004
2011 PARP-1 and PARP-2: New players in tumour development. American journal of cancer research 122 21968702
2006 PARP-2 deficiency affects the survival of CD4+CD8+ double-positive thymocytes. The EMBO journal 119 16946705
2020 Bridging of DNA breaks activates PARP2-HPF1 to modify chromatin. Nature 112 32939087
2004 PARP-1, PARP-2, and the cellular response to low doses of ionizing radiation. International journal of radiation oncology, biology, physics 107 14751510
2018 Characterization of DNA ADP-ribosyltransferase activities of PARP2 and PARP3: new insights into DNA ADP-ribosylation. Nucleic acids research 106 29361132
2021 Discovery of 5-{4-[(7-Ethyl-6-oxo-5,6-dihydro-1,5-naphthyridin-3-yl)methyl]piperazin-1-yl}-N-methylpyridine-2-carboxamide (AZD5305): A PARP1-DNA Trapper with High Selectivity for PARP1 over PARP2 and Other PARPs. Journal of medicinal chemistry 103 34570508
2001 Ionising radiation induces the expression of PARP-1 and PARP-2 genes in Arabidopsis. Molecular genetics and genomics : MGG 100 11523787
2021 PARP Power: A Structural Perspective on PARP1, PARP2, and PARP3 in DNA Damage Repair and Nucleosome Remodelling. International journal of molecular sciences 93 34066057
2015 Single molecule detection of PARP1 and PARP2 interaction with DNA strand breaks and their poly(ADP-ribosyl)ation using high-resolution AFM imaging. Nucleic acids research 93 26673720
2019 Selective targeting of PARP-2 inhibits androgen receptor signaling and prostate cancer growth through disruption of FOXA1 function. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 89 31266892
2001 Novel inhibitors of poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase/PARP1 and PARP2 identified using a cell-based screen in yeast. Cancer research 88 11358842
2015 PARP-2 domain requirements for DNA damage-dependent activation and localization to sites of DNA damage. Nucleic acids research 85 26704974
2015 PARP2 Is the Predominant Poly(ADP-Ribose) Polymerase in Arabidopsis DNA Damage and Immune Responses. PLoS genetics 83 25950582
2020 The Oncogenic Helicase ALC1 Regulates PARP Inhibitor Potency by Trapping PARP2 at DNA Breaks. Molecular cell 82 33275888
2010 Crystal structure of the catalytic domain of human PARP2 in complex with PARP inhibitor ABT-888. Biochemistry 70 20092359
2015 Olaparib: an oral PARP-1 and PARP-2 inhibitor with promising activity in ovarian cancer. Future oncology (London, England) 63 25757679
2011 Poly(ADP-ribose) polymerases PARP1 and PARP2 modulate topoisomerase II beta (TOP2B) function during chromatin condensation in mouse spermiogenesis. Biology of reproduction 58 21228215
2020 Immunomodulatory Roles of PARP-1 and PARP-2: Impact on PARP-Centered Cancer Therapies. Cancers 56 32046278
2013 Interaction of PARP-2 with DNA structures mimicking DNA repair intermediates and consequences on activity of base excision repair proteins. Biochimie 56 23357680
2008 The histone subcode: poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase-1 (Parp-1) and Parp-2 control cell differentiation by regulating the transcriptional intermediary factor TIF1beta and the heterochromatin protein HP1alpha. FASEB journal : official publication of the Federation of American Societies for Experimental Biology 55 18676401
2005 Discovery of potent and selective PARP-1 and PARP-2 inhibitors: SBDD analysis via a combination of X-ray structural study and homology modeling. Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry 55 16288880
2021 Activation of PARP2/ARTD2 by DNA damage induces conformational changes relieving enzyme autoinhibition. Nature communications 54 34108479
2006 Differential effect of PARP-2 deletion on brain injury after focal and global cerebral ischemia. Journal of cerebral blood flow and metabolism : official journal of the International Society of Cerebral Blood Flow and Metabolism 53 15959455
2018 Structural basis for DNA break recognition by ARTD2/PARP2. Nucleic acids research 52 30321391
2008 Identification of lysines 36 and 37 of PARP-2 as targets for acetylation and auto-ADP-ribosylation. The international journal of biochemistry & cell biology 50 18436469
2006 PARP-2 interacts with TTF-1 and regulates expression of surfactant protein-B. The Journal of biological chemistry 49 16461352
2021 The contribution of PARP1, PARP2 and poly(ADP-ribosyl)ation to base excision repair in the nucleosomal context. Scientific reports 47 33649352
2015 MicroRNA expression and protein acetylation pattern in respiratory and limb muscles of Parp-1(-/-) and Parp-2(-/-) mice with lung cancer cachexia. Biochimica et biophysica acta 47 26432600
2016 Understanding specific functions of PARP-2: new lessons for cancer therapy. American journal of cancer research 46 27725894
2014 ARTD2 activity is stimulated by RNA. Nucleic acids research 44 24510188
2000 A bidirectional promoter connects the poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase 2 (PARP-2) gene to the gene for RNase P RNA. structure and expression of the mouse PARP-2 gene. The Journal of biological chemistry 42 11133988
2017 PARP2 controls double-strand break repair pathway choice by limiting 53BP1 accumulation at DNA damage sites and promoting end-resection. Nucleic acids research 40 29036662
2016 Characterization of the DNA dependent activation of human ARTD2/PARP2. Scientific reports 40 27708353
2009 Selective PARP-2 inhibitors increase apoptosis in hippocampal slices but protect cortical cells in models of post-ischaemic brain damage. British journal of pharmacology 40 19422384
2022 PARP inhibitors trap PARP2 and alter the mode of recruitment of PARP2 at DNA damage sites. Nucleic acids research 39 35349716
2021 Deficiency of PARP-1 and PARP-2 in the mouse uterus results in decidualization failure and pregnancy loss. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 39 34580230
2019 Long non-coding RNA PTTG3P functions as an oncogene by sponging miR-383 and up-regulating CCND1 and PARP2 in hepatocellular carcinoma. BMC cancer 39 31340767
2013 Deletion of PARP-2 induces hepatic cholesterol accumulation and decrease in HDL levels. Biochimica et biophysica acta 38 24365238
2023 Clinical PARP inhibitors allosterically induce PARP2 retention on DNA. Science advances 37 36961901
2020 Bridging of nucleosome-proximal DNA double-strand breaks by PARP2 enhances its interaction with HPF1. PloS one 37 33141820
2019 Coordinated signals from the DNA repair enzymes PARP-1 and PARP-2 promotes B-cell development and function. Cell death and differentiation 37 30996287
2019 A Single-Molecule Atomic Force Microscopy Study of PARP1 and PARP2 Recognition of Base Excision Repair DNA Intermediates. Journal of molecular biology 36 31129062
2022 Selective degradation of PARP2 by PROTACs via recruiting DCAF16 for triple-negative breast cancer. European journal of medicinal chemistry 35 35430559
2020 Differential regulation of breast cancer bone metastasis by PARP1 and PARP2. Nature communications 35 32221289
2015 Interaction of PARP-2 with AP site containing DNA. Biochimie 35 25724268
2022 Distinct roles for PARP-1 and PARP-2 in c-Myc-driven B-cell lymphoma in mice. Blood 30 34359075
2019 miR-125 regulates PI3K/Akt/mTOR signaling pathway in rheumatoid arthritis rats via PARP2. Bioscience reports 29 30541899
2017 Human mass balance study and metabolite profiling of 14C-niraparib, a novel poly(ADP-Ribose) polymerase (PARP)-1 and PARP-2 inhibitor, in patients with advanced cancer. Investigational new drugs 28 28303528
2021 Dual function of HPF1 in the modulation of PARP1 and PARP2 activities. Communications biology 27 34732825
2018 microRNA-383 suppresses the PI3K-AKT-MTOR signaling pathway to inhibit development of cervical cancer via down-regulating PARP2. Journal of cellular biochemistry 27 29236322
2020 Coordinated signals from PARP-1 and PARP-2 are required to establish a proper T cell immune response to breast tumors in mice. Oncogene 25 32001817
2011 Identification of candidate substrates for poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase-2 (PARP2) in the absence of DNA damage using high-density protein microarrays. The FEBS journal 25 21812934
2010 Modulation of PARP-1 and PARP-2 expression by L-carnosine and trehalose after LPS and INFγ-induced oxidative stress. Neurochemical research 25 21053069
2016 The clinicopathological significance of miR-149 and PARP-2 in hepatocellular carcinoma and their roles in chemo/radiotherapy. Tumour biology : the journal of the International Society for Oncodevelopmental Biology and Medicine 23 27300349
2020 Different regulation of PARP1, PARP2, PARP3 and TRPM2 genes expression in acute myeloid leukemia cells. BMC cancer 22 32423430
2019 Nonspecific Binding of RNA to PARP1 and PARP2 Does Not Lead to Catalytic Activation. Biochemistry 22 31829559
2014 Alpha-lipoic acid attenuates cardiac hypertrophy via downregulation of PARP-2 and subsequent activation of SIRT-1. European journal of pharmacology 22 25281201
2012 PARP-2 knockdown protects cardiomyocytes from hypertrophy via activation of SIRT1. Biochemical and biophysical research communications 22 23261455
2016 Common and unique genetic interactions of the poly(ADP-ribose) polymerases PARP1 and PARP2 with DNA double-strand break repair pathways. DNA repair 21 27373144
2008 Role of PARP-1 and PARP-2 in the expression of apoptosis-regulating genes in HeLa cells. Cell biology and toxicology 21 18587655
2011 Phenotypic characterization of Parp-1 and Parp-2 deficient mice and cells. Methods in molecular biology (Clifton, N.J.) 20 21870269
2005 Co-localization of poly(ADPR)polymerase 1 (PARP-1) poly(ADPR)polymerase 2 (PARP-2) and related proteins in rat testis nuclear matrix defined by chemical cross-linking. Journal of cellular biochemistry 20 15517597
2022 Dynamics of endogenous PARP1 and PARP2 during DNA damage revealed by live-cell single-molecule imaging. iScience 19 36594010
2021 Functional Roles of PARP2 in Assembling Protein-Protein Complexes Involved in Base Excision DNA Repair. International journal of molecular sciences 19 33925170
2023 The CSB chromatin remodeler regulates PARP1- and PARP2-mediated single-strand break repair at actively transcribed DNA regions. Nucleic acids research 18 37326017
2009 Parp2 is required for the differentiation of post-meiotic germ cells: identification of a spermatid-specific complex containing Parp1, Parp2, TP2 and HSPA2. Experimental cell research 18 19607827
2020 Molecular Mechanism of Selective Binding of NMS-P118 to PARP-1 and PARP-2: A Computational Perspective. Frontiers in molecular biosciences 17 32373627
2015 Reduced tumor burden through increased oxidative stress in lung adenocarcinoma cells of PARP-1 and PARP-2 knockout mice. Biochimie 16 26700152
2013 PARP-2 regulates cell cycle-related genes through histone deacetylation and methylation independently of poly(ADP-ribosyl)ation. Biochemical and biophysical research communications 16 23291187
2024 PARP2 promotes Break Induced Replication-mediated telomere fragility in response to replication stress. Nature communications 15 38565848
2024 Specific and shared biological functions of PARP2 - is PARP2 really a lil' brother of PARP1? Expert reviews in molecular medicine 15 38698556
2023 Single-molecule force spectroscopy reveals binding and bridging dynamics of PARP1 and PARP2 at DNA double-strand breaks. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 15 37216533
2020 Silencing of PARP2 Blocks Autophagic Degradation. Cells 15 32046043
2020 Impact of PARP1, PARP2 & PARP3 on the Base Excision Repair of Nucleosomal DNA. Advances in experimental medicine and biology 15 32383115
2024 The dynamics and regulation of PARP1 and PARP2 in response to DNA damage and during replication. DNA repair 14 38823186
2024 Inactive Parp2 causes Tp53-dependent lethal anemia by blocking replication-associated nick ligation in erythroblasts. Molecular cell 14 39383878
2022 Synthesis, biological evaluation, and molecular modeling studies of new benzoxazole derivatives as PARP-2 inhibitors targeting breast cancer. Scientific reports 14 36171229
2021 miRNA-149 targets PARP-2 in endometrial epithelial and stromal cells to regulate the trophoblast attachment process. Molecular human reproduction 13 34051087
2020 Hsa-circ-0068566 inhibited the development of myocardial ischemia reperfusion injury by regulating hsa-miR-6322/PARP2 signal pathway. European review for medical and pharmacological sciences 13 32633392
2009 LMTK2 and PARP-2 gene polymorphism and azoospermia secondary to meiotic arrest. Journal of assisted reproduction and genetics 13 19806447
2018 PARP-1 and PARP-2 activity in cancer-induced cachexia: potential therapeutic implications. Biological chemistry 12 29016348