Affinage

MYCL

Protein L-Myc · UniProt P12524

Length
364 aa
Mass
40.3 kDa
Annotated
2026-04-29
100 papers in source corpus 28 papers cited in narrative 29 extracted findings

Mechanistic narrative

Synthesis pass · prose summary of the discoveries below

MYCL (L-Myc) is a basic helix-loop-helix leucine zipper (bHLH-LZ) transcription factor that heterodimerizes with MAX to bind CACGTG E-box elements and activate gene expression programs controlling biosynthetic processes including ribosomal biogenesis and cell proliferation (PMID:8455937, PMID:27298335). Its N-terminal transactivation domain is weaker than that of c-Myc, yielding approximately 5% transcriptional activity and correspondingly reduced RAS-cooperative transformation efficiency, yet it retains full oncogenic potential when deregulated—most notably through RLF-MYCL gene fusions that drive small cell lung cancer (SCLC) progression and metastasis (PMID:1620120, PMID:34344693). MYCL is phosphorylated at serines 38 and 42 by GSK-3β downstream of PKC signaling, its translation is directed by an internal ribosome entry segment in the 5′ UTR, and it is transcriptionally regulated by IRF8/PU.1 during dendritic cell specification where it controls a biosynthetic program in mature conventional DCs that is reciprocally antagonized by MXD1 (PMID:1312697, PMID:14730027, PMID:34958351, PMID:32071205). Beyond immune and neoplastic contexts, MYCL drives proliferation of pancreatic endocrine cells and can stimulate β-cell expansion sufficient to normalize hyperglycemia in diabetic mice (PMID:35145326).

Mechanistic history

Synthesis pass · year-by-year structured walk · 12 steps
  1. 1985 High

    Identification of MYCL as a third myc-family oncogene amplified in SCLC established that the MYC family comprised at least three paralogs with distinct genomic loci and tumor-type associations.

    Evidence Southern/Northern blot hybridization and gene mapping in SCLC tumor DNA

    PMID:2997622

    Open questions at the time
    • No protein product yet characterized
    • Functional relationship to c-Myc and N-Myc undefined
  2. 1988 High

    Demonstration that MYCL encodes phosphorylated nuclear proteins (p60/p66) from alternatively spliced mRNAs, and cooperates with activated RAS to transform cells (albeit at 1–10% of c-Myc efficiency), established it as a bona fide nuclear oncoprotein with weaker transforming potency than its paralogs.

    Evidence Cotransformation assays in rat embryo fibroblasts, subcellular fractionation, immunoprecipitation, nude mouse tumorigenicity

    PMID:2457153 PMID:2827002 PMID:3054516

    Open questions at the time
    • DNA-binding specificity unknown
    • Basis for weaker transforming activity unresolved
    • Kinase responsible for phosphorylation unidentified
  3. 1991 High

    Discovery of RLF-MYCL gene fusions in SCLC cell lines revealed a specific activation mechanism—intrachromosomal rearrangement on 1p32—that deregulates L-Myc expression rather than creating a novel fusion oncoprotein.

    Evidence cDNA cloning, Southern blot, pulsed-field gel electrophoresis, and physical mapping in two independent SCLC lines

    PMID:1649386 PMID:1851085

    Open questions at the time
    • In vivo oncogenic role of the fusion not yet tested in animal models
    • Frequency of RLF-MYCL fusion in primary SCLC tumors unknown
  4. 1992 High

    Mapping the transcriptional activation domain and identifying GSK-3β phosphorylation at serines 38/42 explained both why L-Myc has weaker transforming activity (~5% of c-Myc transactivation) and how PKC signaling modulates L-Myc post-translationally.

    Evidence GAL4-fusion transactivation assays, L-Myc/c-Myc domain-swap chimeras, in vitro kinase assay with GSK-3β, site-directed mutagenesis

    PMID:1312697 PMID:1620120

    Open questions at the time
    • Functional consequence of S38/S42 phosphorylation on transcriptional activity or protein stability not resolved
    • Whether GSK-3β phosphorylation requires a priming kinase in vivo
  5. 1993 High

    Demonstrating that L-Myc heterodimerizes with MAX via its bHLH-LZ domain to bind CACGTG E-boxes unified L-Myc with the broader Myc-MAX network and identified its DNA-binding specificity.

    Evidence PCR-based binding site selection with purified recombinant proteins, domain mutagenesis of BR/HLH/LZ regions, cotransfection with MAX

    PMID:8455937

    Open questions at the time
    • Genome-wide binding targets not mapped
    • Whether L-Myc competes with or complements c-Myc/N-Myc for MAX in vivo
  6. 1996 High

    The finding that Mycl-null mice are viable with no gross developmental abnormalities—despite L-Myc expression in developing kidney, lung, and brain—indicated functional redundancy with other Myc family members during embryogenesis.

    Evidence Gene targeting (knockout), RNA in situ hybridization, histology, BrdU proliferation assays

    PMID:8657155

    Open questions at the time
    • Subtle phenotypes in specific cell populations not examined
    • Compound Myc family knockouts not tested
  7. 2004 High

    Identification of an IRES in the MYCL 5′ UTR that accounts for all translation initiation revealed a cap-independent translational control mechanism, distinguishing MYCL from c-Myc regulation.

    Evidence Bicistronic reporter assays with deletion mapping and RNA secondary structure modeling

    PMID:14730027

    Open questions at the time
    • Trans-acting IRES factors not identified
    • Physiological conditions under which IRES-dependent translation predominates unknown
  8. 2014 High

    Discovery that Mycl is selectively induced in dendritic cells under IRF8 control—and that its loss impairs CD103+ cDC1 numbers and T-cell priming during infection—identified the first non-oncogenic physiological function of MYCL.

    Evidence Mycl(gfp) knock-in reporter mice, Mycl-deficient mice, Listeria and VSV infection models, flow cytometry

    PMID:24509714

    Open questions at the time
    • Direct transcriptional targets mediating DC function not mapped
    • Whether MYCL is required in all DC subsets or only cDC1s
  9. 2016 High

    Showing that MYCL drives pre-rRNA synthesis and ribosomal biogenesis gene programs in SCLC—and that its conditional deletion strongly suppresses tumor formation in two Rb/p53-deleted mouse models—established a specific mechanistic link between L-Myc transcriptional activity and RNA Pol I-dependent biosynthesis in tumorigenesis.

    Evidence Conditional Mycl knockout in two SCLC GEMMs, RNA-seq, pre-rRNA synthesis assay, RNA Pol I inhibitor treatment

    PMID:27298335

    Open questions at the time
    • Whether MYCL directly binds rDNA promoters or acts indirectly through Pol I cofactors
    • Therapeutic window of Pol I inhibition for MYCL-driven SCLC
  10. 2017 High

    The finding that MCPyV Small T antigen binds MYCL and recruits the EP400 histone acetyltransferase complex to gene promoters revealed a viral hijacking mechanism that repurposes MYCL as a chromatin-remodeling effector essential for Merkel cell carcinoma viability.

    Evidence IP-mass spectrometry, reciprocal Co-IP, ChIP-seq, RNA-seq, genome-wide CRISPR screen, transformation assay

    PMID:29028833

    Open questions at the time
    • Whether endogenous MYCL-EP400 interaction operates outside the viral context
    • Structural basis of ST-MYCL-EP400 assembly
  11. 2021 High

    CRISPR-engineered Rlf-Mycl fusion mice demonstrated that this fusion is a bona fide oncogenic driver accelerating SCLC formation and metastasis, while parallel studies defined the IRF8/PU.1 enhancer logic controlling the c-Myc-to-L-Myc switch in DC differentiation, solidifying MYCL's dual roles in cancer and immunity.

    Evidence CRISPR/Cas9 somatic mouse model for Rlf-Mycl with tumor/metastasis quantification; IRF8 mutant and enhancer-deletion reporter mice for DC studies

    PMID:34344693 PMID:34958351

    Open questions at the time
    • Therapeutic vulnerabilities specific to RLF-MYCL SCLC not identified
    • How IRF8/PU.1-dependent MYCL induction coordinates with cell-cycle exit in DCs
  12. 2022 High

    Demonstration that MYCL drives pancreatic endocrine cell proliferation—including human β-cells—and that transient expression normalizes hyperglycemia in diabetic mice opened a regenerative medicine dimension for MYCL beyond oncology and immunology.

    Evidence Mycl knockout and inducible expression in mice, glucose tolerance tests, human cadaveric islet cell culture

    PMID:35145326

    Open questions at the time
    • Risk of oncogenic transformation from therapeutic MYCL activation in β-cells
    • Downstream targets mediating β-cell proliferation not defined
    • Long-term functional capacity of MYCL-expanded β-cells unknown

Open questions

Synthesis pass · forward-looking unresolved questions
  • Key unresolved questions include the genome-wide direct target repertoire of MYCL across cell types, the structural basis for its weaker transactivation compared to c-Myc, whether endogenous MYCL-EP400 interaction operates outside viral contexts, and how MYCL's biosynthetic programs can be therapeutically exploited or suppressed in cancer and regenerative settings.
  • No crystal structure of MYCL-MAX-DNA complex
  • Comprehensive ChIP-seq atlas across normal tissues lacking
  • Functional consequence of S38/S42 phosphorylation in vivo not resolved

Mechanism profile

Synthesis pass · controlled-vocabulary classification · explore literature graph →
Molecular activity
GO:0140110 transcription regulator activity 4 GO:0003677 DNA binding 2
Localization
GO:0005634 nucleus 1
Pathway
R-HSA-74160 Gene expression (Transcription) 5 R-HSA-1643685 Disease 4 R-HSA-168256 Immune System 3 R-HSA-4839726 Chromatin organization 1
Partners
EP400IRF8MAXMCPYV STMXD1RLF
Complex memberships
MYC-MAX heterodimerST-MYCL-EP400 complex

Evidence

Reading pass · 29 per-paper findings extracted from the source corpus
Year Finding Method Journal Conf PMIDs
1985 L-myc (MYCL) was identified as a third myc-related gene, amplified and expressed in human small cell lung cancer (SCLC), mapping to human chromosome 1p32, distinct from c-myc and N-myc loci. Southern blot hybridization, gene mapping, Northern blot Nature High 2997622
1987 Human L-myc gene has a three-exon organization similar to c-myc and N-myc, encodes a 364 amino acid protein retaining five of seven conserved Myc homology regions, and can cooperate with mutant Ha-ras to transform rat embryo fibroblasts (cotransformation assay). Nucleotide sequencing, cotransformation assay in rat embryo fibroblasts Genes & development High 3322939
1988 L-myc gene generates multiple mRNA species from a single gene by alternative splicing of introns 1 and 2 and use of alternative polyadenylation signals; some transcripts encode a truncated protein with a novel carboxy-terminal end. Northern blot, cDNA sequencing, mRNA structure analysis Molecular and cellular biology High 2827002
1988 L-myc cooperates with activated ras to transform primary rat embryo fibroblasts, but with only 1–10% of the efficiency of c-myc; L-myc/ras transformants are tumorigenic in nude mice. Cotransformation assay with activated ras in rat embryo fibroblasts, nude mouse tumorigenicity assay Molecular and cellular biology High 2457153
1988 L-myc proteins p60 and p66 (molecular masses 60 and 66 kDa) are phosphorylated nuclear proteins localized to the nuclear matrix fraction; both arise from the 3.9 kb mRNA; the short-lived proteins have differential stability based on the mRNA isoform. Immunoprecipitation, subcellular fractionation, in vitro translation, Western blot Molecular and cellular biology High 3054516
1989 L-myc protein phosphorylation is rapidly increased by phorbol ester (TPA) treatment or serum, correlating with protein kinase C activation; three polypeptides of 60–66 kDa are differentially phosphorylated forms of a common precursor (alkaline phosphatase converts them to a single ~59 kDa band). Immunoprecipitation with [35S]methionine and [32P]orthophosphate labeling, alkaline phosphatase treatment, phorbol ester stimulation The EMBO journal High 2540955
1990 Eµ-L-myc transgenic mice show preferential L-myc expression in T cells, thymic hyperplasia, and predisposition to T-cell lymphomas; the L-myc transgene can substitute for c- or N-myc in generating lymphoid neoplasms without detectable endogenous myc expression. Transgenic mouse model, FACS, histopathology, Northern blot The EMBO journal High 2120050
1991 Two SCLC cell lines express chimeric RLF-L-myc fusion proteins arising from intrachromosomal rearrangements that place the regulatory region and first exon of the novel gene RLF upstream of L-myc, representing an activation mechanism for the L-myc proto-oncogene. cDNA cloning, Northern blot, Southern blot, immunoprecipitation The EMBO journal High 1851085
1991 RLF and L-myc genes are physically linked on chromosome 1p32 within <800 kb; their fusion results from intrachromosomal rearrangements producing identical chimeric proteins in independent SCLC cell lines. Somatic cell hybrid mapping, pulsed-field gel electrophoresis, Southern blot Molecular and cellular biology High 1649386
1991 L-myc translation initiates from both an AUG codon in exon 2 and an unusual non-AUG (CUG) site in intron 1; the CUG-initiated protein (p65) also possesses transforming activity in rat embryo cells. In vitro translation, transfection/transformation assay in rat embryo cells, immunoprecipitation Oncogene High 1849244
1992 The N-terminal transcriptional activation domain of L-Myc activates transcription when fused to the GAL4 DNA-binding domain, but at only ~5% of c-Myc activity; chimera experiments show the activation domain potency determines cotransforming efficiency of L-Myc vs c-Myc. GAL4 fusion transcription activation assays, cotransformation assay in rat embryo fibroblasts, L-Myc/c-Myc chimeras Molecular and cellular biology High 1620120
1992 PKC activation by TPA induces phosphorylation of L-myc at N-terminal serine residues 38 and 42; these serines can be phosphorylated in vitro by GSK-3β; mutating them to alanine abolishes heterogeneous electrophoretic migration and TPA-induced hyperphosphorylation. In vitro mutagenesis, in vitro kinase assay with GSK-3β, phorbol ester stimulation, phosphoamino acid analysis Oncogene High 1312697
1992 Forced L-myc expression in lens fiber cells causes severely disorganized fiber cell compartment and decreased late-stage differentiation marker (MIP26), demonstrating L-myc affects differentiation processes directly rather than through deregulated growth control; in contrast, c-myc inhibits cell cycle exit but not differentiation. αA-crystallin promoter transgenic mice, histology, molecular differentiation markers, BrdU proliferation assay The EMBO journal High 7882978
1993 L-Myc, like c-Myc, heterodimerizes with purified Max protein to bind the core DNA sequence CACGTG; Max expression augments L-Myc cotransforming activity; the bHLH-Zip domain of L-Myc interacts equivalently to c-Myc with Max. PCR-based binding site selection, pulldown/heterodimerization assay with bacterially synthesized proteins, cotransfection with Max expression vector Molecular and cellular biology High 1620120 8455937
1993 N- and L-Myc bind preferentially to CACGTG motifs and form heterodimeric DNA-binding complexes with Max; all three domains (BR, HLH, LZ) are required for DNA binding, while dimerization requires HLH and LZ. PCR-based binding site selection, mutational analysis of BR/HLH/LZ domains Oncogene High 8455937
1995 The RLF gene encodes a 1914 amino acid zinc finger protein with 16 zinc finger motifs related to the Zn-15 transcription factor; the RLF-L-myc fusions do not include zinc fingers, and transforming ability of RLF-L-myc is indistinguishable from normal L-myc, indicating rearrangement deregulates L-myc expression rather than creating a new oncogene. cDNA sequencing, transformation assay comparison Oncogene Medium 8545128
1996 L-Myc is expressed in developing kidney, lung, and brain (proliferative and differentiative zones) in mouse; homozygous L-myc null mice are viable and reproductively competent with no detectable morphological abnormalities or compensatory changes in c- or N-myc, demonstrating L-Myc is dispensable for gross embryonic development. RNA in situ hybridization, gene targeting (knockout), histological analysis, BrdU proliferation assay Molecular and cellular biology High 8657155
1998 c-, N-, and L-myc oncoproteins all accelerate apoptosis in IL-3-dependent 32D cells after IL-3 withdrawal; however, unlike c-myc which sensitizes cells to cytotoxic drugs, N-myc and L-myc overexpression produce resistance to cytotoxic agents, identifying distinct apoptotic pathways regulated by each family member. Stable transfection in 32D hematopoietic cells, IL-3 withdrawal assay, cytotoxic drug treatment, apoptosis quantification Cell growth & differentiation Medium 9751117
2003 CCL6 chemokine is a direct positive transcriptional target of L-Myc in 32D myeloid cells; L-Myc binds the CCL6 promoter as shown by chromatin immunoprecipitation; CCL6 coexpression with c-Myc abrogates IL-3 dependence and produces a leukemogenic phenotype. Chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP), reporter assays, stable transfection, tumorigenicity assays Cancer research Medium 12782599
2004 The 5' UTR of L-myc contains an IRES (internal ribosome entry segment) that accounts for all translation initiation from the L-myc mRNA; the ribosome entry window is upstream of the start codon, utilizing a 'land and scan' mechanism; a secondary structure model including a pseudoknot near the 5' end was derived. Bicistronic reporter assays, deletion mapping, RNA secondary structure modeling RNA (New York, N.Y.) High 14730027
2011 A SNP (rs3134615) in the 3'-UTR of MYCL1 alters the binding site for hsa-miR-1827; the rs3134615 G>T change results in altered regulation of MYCL1 expression as shown by reporter gene assays. Reporter gene assay (3'-UTR luciferase), case-control analysis Cancer research Medium 21676885
2014 Mycl1 is selectively expressed in dendritic cells (DCs) under IRF8 transcriptional control; expression transitions from c-Myc in progenitors to L-Myc in mature DCs; Mycl1-deficient mice have reduced migratory CD103+ conventional DCs and impaired in vivo T-cell priming during Listeria and VSV infection. Mycl1(gfp) reporter knock-in mice, flow cytometry, infection models (Listeria monocytogenes, VSV), immunofluorescence Nature High 24509714
2016 L-Myc promotes pre-rRNA synthesis and transcriptional programs associated with ribosomal biogenesis in neuroendocrine preneoplastic cells; deletion of Mycl in two genetically engineered SCLC mouse models (Rb/p53-deleted) strongly suppresses tumor formation; RNA polymerase I inhibition mimics this effect. Conditional Mycl knockout in SCLC mouse models, RNA-seq, pre-rRNA synthesis assay, RNA Pol I inhibitor treatment Genes & development High 27298335
2017 Merkel cell polyomavirus Small T antigen (ST) binds specifically to MYCL and recruits it to the 15-component EP400 histone acetyltransferase/chromatin remodeling complex; the ST-MYCL-EP400 complex binds gene promoters and activates their expression; MYCL and EP400 are required for MCC cell viability and cooperate with ST in cellular transformation and iPSC generation. Large-scale immunoprecipitation with mass spectrometry, reciprocal Co-IP for MAX and EP400, ChIP-seq, RNA-seq, genome-wide CRISPR-Cas9 screen, transformation assay PLoS pathogens High 29028833
2020 MYCL and MXD1 regulate a reciprocal transcriptional program during cDC1 maturation; Mycl-deficient immature cDC1s show reduced expression of genes regulating core biosynthetic processes; Mxd1-deficient mature cDC1s fail to suppress the MYCL-dependent transcriptional signature. Mycl-deficient and Mxd1-/- mice, RNA-seq, flow cytometry Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America Medium 32071205
2021 IRF8 (in cooperation with PU.1 at EICEs within Mycl enhancers) drives the transition from c-Myc to L-Myc during DC specification; high IRF8 levels are required for this transition in cDC1s and pDCs; IRF8 also contributes to MYC repression; MYCL is most highly expressed in DCs that have exited the cell cycle. Reporter mice for MYC, MYCL, Geminin, CDT1; IRF8 mutant mice; Irf8 enhancer deletion (+41kb); flow cytometry The Journal of experimental medicine High 34958351
2021 RLF-MYCL fusion accelerates SCLC tumor formation, proliferation, and metastatic dissemination in a CRISPR/Cas9-engineered mouse model; gene expression similarities confirmed between mouse and human RLF-MYCL SCLC, establishing RLF-MYCL as the first demonstrated fusion oncogenic driver in SCLC. CRISPR/Cas9 somatic genome editing to generate Rlf-Mycl mouse model, RNA-seq, tumor growth and metastasis quantification Cancer discovery High 34344693
2021 CXXC5 binds to the proximal MYCL1 promoter to repress MYCL1 transcription in quiescent hepatic stellate cells (HSCs); loss of CXXC5 during HSC activation removes CpG methylation and acquires acetylated H3K9/H3K27 at the MYCL1 promoter, leading to MYCL1 trans-activation and promoting HSC activation. ChIP assay, RNA-seq, bisulfite sequencing, overexpression/knockdown experiments, promoter methylation analysis Frontiers in cell and developmental biology Medium 34621736
2022 Mycl plays a key role in proliferation of pancreatic endocrine cells; genetic ablation reduces neonatal endocrine cell proliferation; Mycl expression in adult mice stimulates β and α cell proliferation; a subset of expanded α cells give rise to insulin-producing cells after Mycl withdrawal; transient Mycl expression normalizes hyperglycemia in diabetic mice; MYCL also stimulates division of human adult cadaveric islet cells. Genetic ablation (Mycl knockout), inducible Mycl expression in mice, β-cell mass quantification, glucose tolerance tests, human islet cell culture Nature metabolism High 35145326

Source papers

Stage 0 corpus · 100 papers · ranked by NIH iCite citations
Year Title Journal Citations PMID
1985 L-myc, a new myc-related gene amplified and expressed in human small cell lung cancer. Nature 663 2997622
1987 The human myc gene family: structure and activity of L-myc and an L-myc pseudogene. Genes & development 126 3322939
1988 Structure and expression of the human L-myc gene reveal a complex pattern of alternative mRNA processing. Molecular and cellular biology 115 2827002
2017 Merkel cell polyomavirus recruits MYCL to the EP400 complex to promote oncogenesis. PLoS pathogens 107 29028833
2008 Array-CGH reveals recurrent genomic changes in Merkel cell carcinoma including amplification of L-Myc. The Journal of investigative dermatology 100 19020549
1988 L-myc cooperates with ras to transform primary rat embryo fibroblasts. Molecular and cellular biology 97 2457153
1991 E mu N- and E mu L-myc cooperate with E mu pim-1 to generate lymphoid tumors at high frequency in double-transgenic mice. Oncogene 95 1658705
1996 Expression and activity of L-Myc in normal mouse development. Molecular and cellular biology 94 8657155
1994 Determination of the allelic frequencies of an L-myc and a p53 polymorphism in human lung cancer. Carcinogenesis 90 7908608
1988 Close correlation between restriction fragment length polymorphism of the L-MYC gene and metastasis of human lung cancer to the lymph nodes and other organs. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 88 2895475
1987 Structure and expression of the murine L-myc gene. The EMBO journal 87 2828024
2016 Genetic requirement for Mycl and efficacy of RNA Pol I inhibition in mouse models of small cell lung cancer. Genes & development 86 27298335
1995 Loss of Fas/Apo-1 receptor accelerates lymphomagenesis in E mu L-MYC transgenic mice but not in animals infected with MoMuLV. Oncogene 77 7784089
1992 Activation domains of L-Myc and c-Myc determine their transforming potencies in rat embryo cells. Molecular and cellular biology 70 1620120
2011 Genetic variation in an miRNA-1827 binding site in MYCL1 alters susceptibility to small-cell lung cancer. Cancer research 69 21676885
2014 L-Myc expression by dendritic cells is required for optimal T-cell priming. Nature 64 24509714
2002 MYCL1, FHIT, SPARC, p16(INK4) and TP53 genes associated to lung cancer in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. Journal of cellular and molecular medicine 63 12169206
1996 Detection of auto-antibodies against L-myc oncogene products in sera from lung cancer patients. International journal of cancer 59 8797869
1992 Activation of protein kinase C increases phosphorylation of the L-myc trans-activator domain at a GSK-3 target site. Oncogene 57 1312697
1990 Loss of heterozygosity of the L-myc oncogene in human breast tumors. Human genetics 55 1972691
1990 IgH enhancer deregulated expression of L-myc: abnormal T lymphocyte development and T cell lymphomagenesis. The EMBO journal 55 2120050
1995 Contrasting roles for c-Myc and L-Myc in the regulation of cellular growth and differentiation in vivo. The EMBO journal 54 7882978
1992 Exclusion of the familial melanoma locus (MLM) from the PND/D1S47 and MYCL1 regions of chromosome arm 1p in 7 Australian pedigrees. Genomics 53 1531137
2003 Amplification and overexpression of the L-MYC proto-oncogene in ovarian carcinomas. The American journal of pathology 52 12707044
1989 Restriction fragment length polymorphism of the L-myc gene and susceptibility to metastasis in renal cancer patients. International journal of cancer 50 2564378
2016 MYCL is a target of a BET bromodomain inhibitor, JQ1, on growth suppression efficacy in small cell lung cancer cells. Oncotarget 48 27764802
1998 Delivery to cancer cells of antisense L-myc oligonucleotides incorporated in fusogenic, cationic-lipid-reconstituted influenza-virus envelopes (cationic virosomes). International journal of cancer 47 9688306
1998 Differential apoptotic behaviors of c-myc, N-myc, and L-myc oncoproteins. Cell growth & differentiation : the molecular biology journal of the American Association for Cancer Research 47 9751117
2004 L-Myc protein synthesis is initiated by internal ribosome entry. RNA (New York, N.Y.) 46 14730027
1990 Restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis of the L-myc gene locus in a case-control study of lung cancer. International journal of cancer 46 1975565
1990 Elevated frequency of a specific allele of the L-myc gene in male patients with bone and soft-tissue sarcomas. International journal of cancer 45 1967596
1988 The human L-myc gene encodes multiple nuclear phosphoproteins from alternatively processed mRNAs. Molecular and cellular biology 45 3054516
1990 Restriction fragment length polymorphism of the L-myc gene in oral cancer patients. British journal of cancer 43 1970484
1990 Studies of the L-myc DNA polymorphism and relation to metastasis in Norwegian lung cancer patients. British journal of cancer 43 1973618
1993 DNA binding by N- and L-Myc proteins. Oncogene 42 8455937
1991 A fusion protein formed by L-myc and a novel gene in SCLC. The EMBO journal 41 1851085
1989 Rapid phosphorylation of the L-myc protein induced by phorbol ester tumor promoters and serum. The EMBO journal 39 2540955
1996 Analysis of L-myc and GSTM1 genotypes in Chinese non-small cell lung carcinoma patients. Lung cancer (Amsterdam, Netherlands) 38 8959680
2021 Rlf-Mycl Gene Fusion Drives Tumorigenesis and Metastasis in a Mouse Model of Small Cell Lung Cancer. Cancer discovery 37 34344693
1989 The human L-myc gene is expressed as two forms of protein in small cell lung carcinoma cell lines: detection by monoclonal antibodies specific to two myc homology box sequences. The EMBO journal 36 2548855
1991 Expression of L-myc and N-myc proto-oncogenes in human leukemias and leukemia cell lines. Blood 35 1954386
1989 A transfected L-myc gene can substitute for c-myc in blocking murine erythroleukemia differentiation. Molecular and cellular biology 33 2668739
1993 L-myc and N-myc in hematopoietic malignancies. Leukemia & lymphoma 32 8260894
1993 Comparative analysis of the expression and oncogenic activities of Xenopus c-, N-, and L-myc homologs. Molecular and cellular biology 32 8455622
2003 The CCL6 chemokine is differentially regulated by c-Myc and L-Myc, and promotes tumorigenesis and metastasis. Cancer research 31 12782599
1993 L-myc proto-oncogene alleles and susceptibility to hepatocellular carcinoma. International journal of cancer 30 8392982
1989 Chromosomal location of N-myc and L-myc genes in the mouse. Oncogene research 30 2654812
1991 Intrachromosomal rearrangements fusing L-myc and rlf in small-cell lung cancer. Molecular and cellular biology 29 1649386
1995 Inhibition of proliferation by L-myc antisense DNA for the translational initiation site in human small cell lung cancer. Cancer research 26 7882365
1992 L-myc and N-myc influence lineage determination in the central nervous system. Neuron 26 1281420
1992 Association between restriction fragment length polymorphism of the L-myc gene and lung metastasis in human breast cancer. International journal of cancer 26 1345822
1991 A complex pattern of translational initiation and phosphorylation in L-myc proteins. Oncogene 25 1849244
1996 L-myc, GST M1 genetic polymorphism and hepatocellular carcinoma risk among chronic hepatitis B carriers. Cancer letters 24 8635154
1996 MYCL genotypes and loss of heterozygosity in non-small-cell lung cancer. British journal of cancer 24 8980399
2021 Down-Regulation of CXXC5 De-Represses MYCL1 to Promote Hepatic Stellate Cell Activation. Frontiers in cell and developmental biology 23 34621736
2020 The MYCL and MXD1 transcription factors regulate the fitness of murine dendritic cells. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 23 32071205
1989 Mapping and characterization of an X-linked processed gene related to MYCL1. Genomics 22 2541066
1992 Amplification and rearrangement of L-myc in human small-cell lung cancer. Mutation research 21 1374523
2016 L-MYC Expression Maintains Self-Renewal and Prolongs Multipotency of Primary Human Neural Stem Cells. Stem cell reports 19 27546534
2006 Ethnic differences in frequencies of gene polymorphisms in the MYCL1 region and modulation of lung cancer patients' survival. Lung cancer (Amsterdam, Netherlands) 19 17145094
1998 Co-amplification of a novel cyclophilin-like gene (PPIE) with L-myc in small cell lung cancer cell lines. Oncogene 19 9747881
1988 Chromosome localization and expression pattern of Lmyc and Bmyc in murine embryonal carcinoma cells. Oncogene 19 2577870
1998 Association between restriction fragment length polymorphism of the L-myc gene and susceptibility to gastric cancer. The British journal of surgery 18 9635822
2017 Efficient direct conversion of human fibroblasts into myogenic lineage induced by co-transduction with MYCL and MYOD1. Biochemical and biophysical research communications 17 28501623
1995 The rearranged L-myc fusion gene (RLF) encodes a Zn-15 related zinc finger protein. Oncogene 17 8545128
1989 Coamplification of the L-myc and N-myc oncogenes in a neuroblastoma cell line. Japanese journal of cancer research : Gann 16 2501244
1988 Confirmation of the assignment of MYCL to chromosome 1 in humans and its position relative to RH, UMPK, and PGM1. Genomics 16 2842250
1987 Mapping of Lmyc and Nmyc to rat chromosomes 5 and 6. Somatic cell and molecular genetics 16 3455010
2021 Transition from cMyc to L-Myc during dendritic cell development coordinated by rising levels of IRF8. The Journal of experimental medicine 15 34958351
2015 The recently identified modifier of murine metastable epialleles, Rearranged L-Myc Fusion, is involved in maintaining epigenetic marks at CpG island shores and enhancers. BMC biology 15 25857663
2001 Methamphetamine increases expression of the apoptotic c-myc and L-myc genes in the mouse brain. Brain research. Molecular brain research 15 11406298
1996 Reassignment of MYCL1 to human chromosome 1p34.3 by fluorescence in situ hybridization. Cytogenetics and cell genetics 15 8978772
1991 Radiosensitivity of small-cell lung cancer xenografts compared with activity of c-myc, N-myc, L-myc, c-raf-1 and K-ras proto-oncogenes. International journal of cancer 15 1652570
2018 miR-375 down-regulation of the rearranged L-myc fusion and hypoxia-induced gene domain protein 1A genes and effects on Sertoli cell proliferation. Asian-Australasian journal of animal sciences 14 29514449
2012 N-Myc and L-Myc are essential for hair cell formation but not maintenance. Brain research 14 23022312
1992 Rearrangement and co-amplification of L-myc and rlf in primary lung cancer. Oncogene 14 1312699
2018 Long-term stability and computational analysis of migration patterns of L-MYC immortalized neural stem cells in the brain. PloS one 13 30071048
2000 Overexpression of Ras, Raf and L-myc but not Bcl-2 family proteins is linked with resistance to TCR-mediated apoptosis and tumorigenesis in thymic lymphomas from TCR transgenic mice. Leukemia research 13 10634643
2000 Allelotype and loss of heterozygosity around the L-myc gene locus in primary lung cancers. Lung cancer (Amsterdam, Netherlands) 13 10717329
1992 Complex intrachromosomal rearrangement in the process of amplification of the L-myc gene in small-cell lung cancer. Molecular and cellular biology 13 1312669
2022 MYCL-mediated reprogramming expands pancreatic insulin-producing cells. Nature metabolism 12 35145326
2021 Co-immunization with L-Myc enhances CD8+ or CD103+ DCs mediated tumor-specific multi-functional CD8+ T cell responses. Cancer science 12 34157192
2016 Antimyeloma activity of bromodomain inhibitors on the human myeloma cell line U266 by downregulation of MYCL. Anti-cancer drugs 12 27276402
1987 Expression of the L-myc gene is under positive control by short-lived proteins. Oncogene 12 2838780
1997 L-Myc overexpression and detection of auto-antibodies against L-Myc in both the serum and pleural effusion from a patient with non-small cell lung cancer. Internal medicine (Tokyo, Japan) 11 9372336
1992 High frequency of myelomonocytic tumors in aging E mu L-myc transgenic mice. The Journal of experimental medicine 10 1310099
1998 Restriction fragment length polymorphism of the L-myc oncogene in non-Hodgkin's lymphoma patients from India. Cancer letters 9 9566711
2004 Mutation rates in the complex microsatellite MYCL1 and related simple repeats in cultured human cells. Mutation research 8 14698421
2002 EcoRI polymorphism of the L-myc gene in gastric cancer patients. European journal of gastroenterology & hepatology 8 12439118
2002 Close correlation between restriction fragment length polymorphism of L-myc gene and susceptibility to gastric cancer. Cancer detection and prevention 7 12507230
2001 Linkage disequilibrium pattern in the L-myc gene in Italian and Japanese non-small-cell lung-cancer patients. International journal of cancer 7 11494234
1996 L-MYC allelotype in renal cell carcinoma. Cancer genetics and cytogenetics 7 8630982
1996 Mechanism of all-trans-retinoic acid-mediated L-myc gene regulation in small cell lung cancer. Oncogene 7 8934535
1991 Restriction fragment length polymorphism of the L-myc gene and susceptibility to metastasis in genitourinary cancers. Urologia internationalis 7 1683040
2023 Neuroprotective potential of intranasally delivered L-myc immortalized human neural stem cells in female rats after a controlled cortical impact injury. Scientific reports 6 37857701
2021 MYCL1 Amplification and Expression of L-Myc and c-Myc in Surgically Resected Small-Cell Lung Carcinoma. Pathology oncology research : POR 6 34257619
2016 Loss of Rearranged L-Myc Fusion (RLF) results in defects in heart development in the mouse. Differentiation; research in biological diversity 6 27930960
2008 L-myc gene polymorphism and risk of thyroid cancer. Experimental oncology 6 18566574
2023 Alterations and Co-Occurrence of C-MYC, N-MYC, and L-MYC Expression are Related to Clinical Outcomes in Various Cancers. International journal of stem cells 5 37105559
2009 Role of L-MYC polymorphism in oral squamous cell carcinoma in Turkey. Anticancer research 5 19596922