Affinage

MT-ND2

NADH-ubiquinone oxidoreductase chain 2 · UniProt P03891

Length
347 aa
Mass
39.0 kDa
Annotated
2026-06-10
84 papers in source corpus 14 papers cited in narrative 14 extracted findings
Cross-family judge vs UniProt: Affinage preferred faithfulness: 5/6 claims corpus-supported (83%)

Mechanistic narrative

Synthesis pass · prose summary of the discoveries below

MT-ND2 encodes a core hydrophobic membrane subunit of mitochondrial complex I (NADH:ubiquinone oxidoreductase), historically isolated as an ~30 kDa polypeptide from the complex I hydrophobic protein fraction with evolutionarily conserved identity (PMID:8364407). Photoaffinity labeling places ND2 at or near the inhibitor/quinone-binding region of complex I (PMID:20074573), and systematic mutagenesis of its bacterial ortholog NuoN establishes that conserved lysines (Lys247, Lys395) are absolutely essential for coupling electron transfer to proton translocation, with NuoN itself required for the coupling mechanism (PMID:23864658, PMID:41977177). ND2 is essential for proper complex I biogenesis: pathogenic mutations cause accumulation of complex I assembly intermediates (PMID:16996290) and disrupt supercomplex assembly while reducing OXPHOS capacity (PMID:31330915). Its production is controlled at multiple steps — MITRAC15/COA1 forms a ribosome-nascent-chain complex during ND2 translation followed by sequential ACAD9 binding at the ND2 C-terminus (PMID:31721420), SFXN4 acting through the MCIA complex is specifically required to assemble the ND2 module (PMID:35333655), and miR-762 represses ND2 post-transcriptionally by binding its coding sequence (PMID:31235686). Allelic variation in ND2 modulates complex I-dependent mitochondrial ROS production and influences susceptibility to autoimmune β-cell destruction (PMID:17189252, PMID:15692809, PMID:20980458). Beyond bioenergetics, ND2 functions as an adaptor anchoring Src kinase within the NMDAR complex via the GluN1 transmembrane domain, enabling Src-mediated upregulation of NMDAR currents in neurons (PMID:28508887, PMID:24560713).

Mechanistic history

Synthesis pass · year-by-year structured walk · 12 steps
  1. 1993 Medium

    Before its functional role was defined, ND2 needed to be physically identified as a discrete complex I subunit; isolation and sequencing established it as a conserved hydrophobic membrane polypeptide.

    Evidence Chloroform-methanol extraction, amino acid analysis and N-terminal sequencing of bovine complex I, with cross-reactivity to Paracoccus membranes

    PMID:8364407

    Open questions at the time
    • No functional or mechanistic role assigned at this stage
    • Single lab with limited follow-up
  2. 2005 Medium

    Whether ND2 variation has organismal consequences was unknown; a leucine-to-methionine polymorphism in mouse mt-Nd2 was shown to confer resistance to chemically-induced and autoimmune type 1 diabetes, linking ND2 to nuclear-mitochondrial epistasis.

    Evidence Genetic analysis of reciprocal outcrosses/backcrosses, mtDNA sequencing, exclusion of co-segregating variants in ALR mice

    PMID:15692809

    Open questions at the time
    • Molecular mechanism linking the variant to protection not defined
    • Single lab
  3. 2006 High

    The role of ND2 in complex I biogenesis was clarified by showing a pathogenic L71P mutation causes accumulation of specific assembly intermediates, establishing ND2 as required for the assembly pathway.

    Evidence Transmitochondrial cybrid clones with 2D BN/SDS-PAGE and complex I activity assays

    PMID:16996290

    Open questions at the time
    • Identity of the stalled intermediate partners not fully resolved
    • Does not address assembly factor involvement
  4. 2010 High

    The mechanism by which ND2 alleles affect physiology was advanced by showing the allele controls complex I/II-dependent ROS production and confers subtle β-cell resistance to T-cell-mediated destruction, without altering basal respiration.

    Evidence Reciprocal conplastic mouse strains, ROS measurements, respirometry, adoptive transfer with T-cell clones

    PMID:17189252 PMID:20980458

    Open questions at the time
    • mt-Nd2a allele alone insufficient to prevent spontaneous diabetes
    • Structural basis of altered ROS output not defined
  5. 2010 High

    The submolecular location of ND2 within complex I was probed by photoaffinity labeling, placing ND2 at or near the inhibitor/quinone-binding site.

    Evidence Photoaffinity labeling with [3H]BPA acetogenin inhibitor and rotenone competition in bovine submitochondrial particles, resolved by 3D BN/SDS-PAGE

    PMID:20074573

    Open questions at the time
    • Crosslink does not give residue-level resolution
    • Functional consequence of inhibitor binding at ND2 not directly tested here
  6. 2013 High

    The bioenergetic mechanism of ND2 was defined through its bacterial ortholog NuoN, identifying conserved lysines, glutamates, and proline-containing discontinuous helices required for energy-transducing proton translocation.

    Evidence Site-directed mutagenesis of NuoN with NADH oxidase and proton translocation assays in E. coli NDH-1

    PMID:23864658

    Open questions at the time
    • Inferred from bacterial ortholog rather than human ND2
    • Does not address mammalian assembly context
  7. 2014 Medium

    A non-bioenergetic, synaptic role emerged: ND2 is rapidly up-regulated post-synaptically after nerve injury and couples serotonergic input to NR1 phosphorylation and NMDAR potentiation.

    Evidence Immunofluorescence co-localization with PSD-95, fractionation Western blot, spinal rotenone superfusion, and C-fiber field potential recordings in a spinal nerve ligation model

    PMID:24560713

    Open questions at the time
    • Rotenone is not ND2-specific, complicating attribution
    • Direct ND2-receptor interaction not demonstrated in this study
  8. 2017 Medium

    The molecular basis of ND2's synaptic function was defined as an adaptor activity anchoring Src to the NMDAR complex via the GluN1 transmembrane domain, enabled by an evolutionary loss of three helices in bilaterian ND2.

    Evidence Homology modeling, molecular docking, peptide-blocking experiments, and neuronal electrophysiology

    PMID:28508887

    Open questions at the time
    • Interaction model relies partly on computational docking
    • Single lab; structural validation of the ND2-GluN1 interface absent
  9. 2019 High

    How ND2 production is regulated was addressed at translational, assembly, and post-transcriptional levels: MITRAC15 forms a ribosome-nascent-chain complex during ND2 translation with downstream ACAD9 binding the C-terminus, and miR-762 represses ND2 by binding its coding sequence.

    Evidence MITRAC15 knockout, ribosome-nascent-chain analysis and chemical crosslinking; luciferase CDS reporter, siRNA knockdown, and a myocardial I/R model

    PMID:31235686 PMID:31721420

    Open questions at the time
    • Coordination between translational and miRNA control not integrated
    • miR-762 work is single-lab
  10. 2019 Medium

    ND2's role in higher-order organization and disease was extended by showing mutations impair supercomplex assembly and OXPHOS while conferring tumorigenic and metastatic potential.

    Evidence Cybrid cell lines with BN-PAGE supercomplex analysis, metabolic flux, and in vivo xenograft assays

    PMID:31330915

    Open questions at the time
    • Mechanism linking ND2 defects to metastasis not fully resolved
    • Single study
  11. 2022 Medium

    A dedicated assembly factor for the ND2 module was identified: SFXN4 interacts with the MCIA complex and is specifically required for assembly of the ND2 module of complex I.

    Evidence SFXN4 patient/knockout cell studies, BN-PAGE assembly analysis, and co-immunoprecipitation with MCIA components

    PMID:35333655

    Open questions at the time
    • Direct ND2-SFXN4 contact not demonstrated
    • Single study
  12. 2026 High

    The essential coupling residues of the ND2/NuoN module were pinpointed, showing Lys247 and Lys395 are absolutely required for both electron transfer and proton pumping and that NuoN is essential for the coupling mechanism.

    Evidence Site-directed mutagenesis with reconstitution in instant membranes and proteoliposomes, NADH oxidase, proton pumping assays, and BN-PAGE in E. coli NDH-1

    PMID:41977177

    Open questions at the time
    • Findings derive from bacterial ortholog
    • Direct verification in mammalian ND2 not performed

Open questions

Synthesis pass · forward-looking unresolved questions
  • How ND2's mitochondrial bioenergetic role and its extramitochondrial NMDAR-adaptor function are reconciled within a single protein, and how its multiple layers of translational, assembly, and miRNA regulation are coordinated, remains unresolved.
  • No structure of human ND2-GluN1 interface
  • No unified model integrating bioenergetic and synaptic roles
  • Mechanistic basis of ROS modulation by ND2 alleles undefined

Mechanism profile

Synthesis pass · controlled-vocabulary classification · explore literature graph →
Molecular activity
GO:0016491 oxidoreductase activity 3 GO:0005198 structural molecule activity 2 GO:0060090 molecular adaptor activity 1
Localization
GO:0005739 mitochondrion 3 GO:0005886 plasma membrane 2
Pathway
R-HSA-1430728 Metabolism 4 R-HSA-1852241 Organelle biogenesis and maintenance 4 R-HSA-112316 Neuronal System 2
Partners
ACAD9GLUN1MITRAC15SFXN4SRC
Complex memberships
NMDAR complexmitochondrial complex I (NADH:ubiquinone oxidoreductase)

Evidence

Reading pass · 14 per-paper findings extracted from the source corpus
Year Finding Method Journal Conf PMIDs
2006 A T4681C mutation in ND2 (L71P substitution at a conserved residue) impairs mitochondrial complex I assembly, causing accumulation of specific assembly intermediates detectable by 2D blue-native electrophoresis, demonstrating ND2's role in the complex I assembly pathway. Transmitochondrial cybrid clones, 2D BN-SDS-PAGE, biochemical complex I activity assays Molecular genetics and metabolism High 16996290
2010 Nuclear-mitochondrial interaction involving mt-Nd2 allele (ALR mt-Nd2a vs NOD mt-Nd2c) controls mitochondrial ROS production: ALR.mt(NOD) conplastic mitochondria produce significantly more ROS via complex I and complex II substrates compared to parental strains, without affecting basal respiration, membrane potential, or ETS enzyme activities. Reciprocal conplastic mouse strains, mitochondrial ROS measurements, respirometry, ETS enzymatic activity assays The Journal of biological chemistry High 17189252
2005 A single nucleotide polymorphism in mt-Nd2 (leucine to methionine at residue 276) in ALR mice confers resistance to both alloxan-induced and autoimmune type 1 diabetes, implicating ND2 as a diabetes-protective mitochondrial gene through interaction with the nuclear genome. Genetic analysis of reciprocal outcrosses and backcrosses; mtDNA sequencing; exclusion of co-segregating variants (mt-Co3, mt-Tr) Diabetologia Medium 15692809
2010 The mt-Nd2a allele alone in conplastic NOD.mt(ALR) mice is not sufficient to prevent spontaneous autoimmune diabetes, but confers subtle β-cell resistance to diabetogenic CD4+ and CD8+ T-cell clone-mediated destruction in adoptive transfer assays. Conplastic NOD.mt(ALR) mice, spontaneous diabetes monitoring, adoptive transfer with T-cell clones, β-cell line cytotoxicity assays Diabetes Medium 20980458
2010 The ND2 subunit of mitochondrial complex I is photo-crosslinked by [3H]benzophenone-asimicin (BPA), a potent complex I inhibitor of the acetogenin family, indicating ND2 is at or near the inhibitor/quinone-binding site; crosslinking was blocked by rotenone. Photoaffinity labeling with [3H]BPA, 3D BN/SDS-PAGE separation of bovine heart submitochondrial particles FEBS letters High 20074573
2013 NuoN (the E. coli homolog of ND2) participates in proton translocation in NDH-1: Lys395 of NuoN is essential for energy-transducing activity, functioning analogously to conserved lysines in NuoL/NuoM; Glu133 of NuoN has a partially redundant role compensated by nearby Glu72; conserved prolines in discontinuous TM helix loops are required for energy-transducing activity; NuoN C-terminal amphipathic segments interact with the Mβ sheet opposite helix HL. Site-directed mutagenesis, NADH oxidase activity assays, proton translocation assays in E. coli NDH-1 The Journal of biological chemistry High 23864658
2017 ND2 acts as an adaptor protein anchoring Src kinase within the NMDAR complex; an evolutionary loss of three helices in bilaterian ND2 enables its interaction with the transmembrane domain of GluN1 (NR1); blocking this ND2-NMDAR interaction with an ND2 fragment prevents Src-mediated upregulation of NMDAR currents in neurons. Homology modeling, molecular docking, peptide blocking experiments, electrophysiology in neurons Nature communications Medium 28508887
2019 MITRAC15/COA1 is required for translation of mitochondrial-encoded complex I subunit ND2; MITRAC15 is a constituent of a ribosome-nascent chain complex during ND2 translation; chemical crosslinking shows that assembly factor ACAD9 binds the ND2 polypeptide at its C-terminus, downstream of MITRAC15 in the assembly process. MITRAC15 knockout cells, ribosome-nascent chain complex analysis, chemical crosslinking, metabolic labeling of mitochondrial translation products EMBO reports High 31721420
2022 SFXN4 (Sideroflexin 4) is a complex I assembly factor that interacts with the MCIA complex and is specifically required for the assembly of the ND2 module of complex I. SFXN4 patient/knockout cell studies, BN-PAGE complex I assembly analysis, co-immunoprecipitation with MCIA complex components Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America Medium 35333655
2019 Mutations in the ND2 subunit of mitochondrial complex I cause defects in mitochondrial supercomplex assembly (especially those containing complex I), reduce OXPHOS capacity, and are sufficient to confer increased tumorigenic and metastatic potential; cybrid experiments with L929dt mitochondria in L929 nuclear background reproduced all these properties, demonstrating ND2 mutations as causal. Cybrid cell line generation, BN-PAGE supercomplex analysis, in vivo tumor xenograft assays, metabolic flux measurements Cancers Medium 31330915
2019 miR-762 translocates to mitochondria and binds the coding sequence of ND2 mRNA, reducing ND2 protein levels post-transcriptionally without affecting ND2 transcript levels; ND2 knockdown phenocopies miR-762 overexpression (decreased ATP, increased ROS, reduced complex I activity, increased apoptosis in cardiomyocytes); ND2 knockdown attenuates the protective effect of miR-762 inhibition. miRNA microarray, luciferase reporter assay (CDS targeting), siRNA knockdown of ND2, mitochondrial fractionation, ATP/ROS/complex I activity assays, myocardial I/R mouse model Cell death & disease Medium 31235686
2014 ND2 is rapidly up-regulated post-synaptically (co-localizing with PSD-95) in spinal dorsal horn neurons 60 min after spinal nerve ligation (SNL); this up-regulation couples serotonergic (5-HT2B receptor) input to NR1 phosphorylation (Ser896); spinal superfusion with rotenone (ND2 inhibitor) prevented ND2 up-regulation, pNR1 increase, and NMDA-agonist-induced dorsal horn field potential enhancement. Immunofluorescence co-localization, Western blot fractionation, spinal superfusion with rotenone, electrophysiology (C-fiber evoked field potentials), spinal nerve ligation model Experimental neurology Medium 24560713
1993 The ND2 gene product of bovine complex I was isolated as an Mr ~30,000 polypeptide from the hydrophobic protein fraction; its identity was confirmed by amino acid analysis and partial N-terminal sequencing; antiserum cross-reacted with an ~Mr 39,000 polypeptide from Paracoccus denitrificans membranes, establishing evolutionary conservation of the subunit. Chloroform-methanol extraction, amino acid analysis, N-terminal sequencing, antiserum cross-reactivity Biochemistry and molecular biology international Medium 8364407
2026 In E. coli NDH-1 (ND2/NuoN homolog), Lys247 and Lys395 are absolutely essential for both electron transfer and proton pumping activities; Lys217 mutation reduces NADH oxidase activity ~50% without affecting proton pumping; ΔNuoN CI retains ~30% activity only when reconstituted into membranes containing missing subunits (not in proteoliposomes), demonstrating ND2/NuoN is essential for the coupling mechanism between electron transfer and proton translocation. Site-directed mutagenesis, instant membrane reconstitution, proteoliposome reconstitution, NADH oxidase assays, proton pumping assays, BN-PAGE, CI purification from E. coli DKO membranes International journal of molecular sciences High 41977177

Source papers

Stage 0 corpus · 84 papers · ranked by NIH iCite citations
Year Title Journal Citations PMID
1998 Comparing molecular evolution in two mitochondrial protein coding genes (cytochrome b and ND2) in the dabbling ducks (Tribe: Anatini). Molecular phylogenetics and evolution 108 9751919
2016 EMPTY PERICARP16 is required for mitochondrial nad2 intron 4 cis-splicing, complex I assembly and seed development in maize. The Plant journal : for cell and molecular biology 90 26764126
2017 Emp10 encodes a mitochondrial PPR protein that affects the cis-splicing of nad2 intron 1 and seed development in maize. The Plant journal : for cell and molecular biology 88 28346745
2012 Correlation between increased ND2 expression and demethylated displacement loop of mtDNA in colorectal cancer. Molecular medicine reports 87 22505229
2019 Mitochondrial miR-762 regulates apoptosis and myocardial infarction by impairing ND2. Cell death & disease 82 31235686
1992 RNA editing in trans-splicing intron sequences of nad2 mRNAs in Oenothera mitochondria. The Journal of biological chemistry 73 1559998
2006 Mutated ND2 impairs mitochondrial complex I assembly and leads to Leigh syndrome. Molecular genetics and metabolism 70 16996290
2008 Molecular phylogenetics of tsetse flies (Diptera: Glossinidae) based on mitochondrial (COI, 16S, ND2) and nuclear ribosomal DNA sequences, with an emphasis on the palpalis group. Molecular phylogenetics and evolution 69 18692147
2002 What, if anything, is a Tilapia?-mitochondrial ND2 phylogeny of tilapiines and the evolution of parental care systems in the African cichlid fishes. Molecular biology and evolution 68 12032243
2006 Nuclear and mitochondrial interaction involving mt-Nd2 leads to increased mitochondrial reactive oxygen species production. The Journal of biological chemistry 59 17189252
2018 Maize Dek37 Encodes a P-type PPR Protein That Affects cis-Splicing of Mitochondrial nad2 Intron 1 and Seed Development. Genetics 55 29301905
1976 Simian virus to (SV40) tumor-specific proteins in nucleus and plasma membrane of HeLa cells infected by adenovirus 2-SV40 hybrid virus Ad2+ND2. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 54 59927
1992 Is a point mutation in the mitochondrial ND2 gene associated with Alzheimer's disease. Biochemical and biophysical research communications 49 1352971
2007 The mitochondrial pharmacogenomics of haplogroup T: MTND2*LHON4917G and antiretroviral therapy-associated peripheral neuropathy. The pharmacogenomics journal 47 17684475
2019 The mitochondrial pentatricopeptide repeat protein EMP12 is involved in the splicing of three nad2 introns and seed development in maize. Journal of experimental botany 44 30535370
2010 The ND2 subunit is labeled by a photoaffinity analogue of asimicin, a potent complex I inhibitor. FEBS letters 43 20074573
2019 MITRAC15/COA1 promotes mitochondrial translation in a ND2 ribosome-nascent chain complex. EMBO reports 38 31721420
1979 Cell surface location of simian virus 40-specific proteins on HeLa cells infected with adenovirus type 2-simian virus 40 hybrid viruses Ad2+ND1 and Ad2+ND2. Journal of virology 38 90174
2005 mt-Nd2 Allele of the ALR/Lt mouse confers resistance against both chemically induced and autoimmune diabetes. Diabetologia 35 15692809
2016 The PPR protein SLOW GROWTH 4 is involved in editing of nad4 and affects the splicing of nad2 intron 1. Plant molecular biology 33 27942959
2020 PPR20 Is Required for the cis-Splicing of Mitochondrial nad2 Intron 3 and Seed Development in Maize. Plant & cell physiology 29 31670803
2019 Mutations in the ND2 Subunit of Mitochondrial Complex I Are Sufficient to Confer Increased Tumorigenic and Metastatic Potential to Cancer Cells. Cancers 26 31330915
2013 Energy transducing roles of antiporter-like subunits in Escherichia coli NDH-1 with main focus on subunit NuoN (ND2). The Journal of biological chemistry 26 23864658
2010 mt-Nd2(a) Modifies resistance against autoimmune type 1 diabetes in NOD mice at the level of the pancreatic β-cell. Diabetes 25 20980458
2002 Divergent intron conservation in the mitochondrial nad2 gene: signatures for the three bryophyte classes (mosses, liverworts, and hornworts) and the lycophytes. Journal of molecular evolution 24 12187380
2022 Sideroflexin 4 is a complex I assembly factor that interacts with the MCIA complex and is required for the assembly of the ND2 module. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 23 35333655
2006 Selective neutrality of mitochondrial ND2 sequences, phylogeography and species limits in Sitta europaea. Molecular phylogenetics and evolution 23 16716603
2019 Analysis of nad2 and nad5 enables reliable identification of genotypes G6 and G7 within the species complex Echinococcus granulosus sensu lato. Infection, genetics and evolution : journal of molecular epidemiology and evolutionary genetics in infectious diseases 22 31247339
2021 Impact of Mitochondrial Genetic Variants in ND1, ND2, ND5, and ND6 Genes on Sperm Motility and Intracytoplasmic Sperm Injection (ICSI) Outcomes. Reproductive sciences (Thousand Oaks, Calif.) 20 33475980
2012 Contrasting evolutionary dynamics and information content of the avian mitochondrial control region and ND2 gene. PloS one 20 23071562
2001 The mitochondrial nad2 gene as a novel marker locus for phylogenetic analysis of early land plants: a comparative analysis in mosses. Molecular phylogenetics and evolution 19 11161748
2017 An evolutionary switch in ND2 enables Src kinase regulation of NMDA receptors. Nature communications 18 28508887
2023 Complementary spectroscopy studies and potential activities of levan-type fructan produced by Bacillus paralicheniformis ND2. Carbohydrate polymers 17 37028872
2020 Mitochondrial ND1 T4216C and ND2 C5178A mutations are associated with maternally transmitted diabetes mellitus. Mitochondrial DNA. Part A, DNA mapping, sequencing, and analysis 17 33284036
2019 Absence of evidence is not evidence of absence: Nanopore sequencing and complete assembly of the European lobster (Homarus gammarus) mitogenome uncovers the missing nad2 and a new major gene cluster duplication. BMC genomics 17 31053062
2017 Genetic diversities of MT-ND1 and MT-ND2 genes are associated with high-altitude adaptation in yak. Mitochondrial DNA. Part A, DNA mapping, sequencing, and analysis 17 28366030
2012 Nonsynonymous variants in mt-Nd2, mt-Nd4, and mt-Nd5 are linked to effects on oxidative phosphorylation and insulin sensitivity in rat conplastic strains. Physiological genomics 17 22414913
1998 Cis- and trans-splicing and RNA editing are required for the expression of nad2 in wheat mitochondria. Molecular & general genetics : MGG 17 9669332
2007 Mitochondrial nad2 gene is co-transcripted with CMS-associated orfB gene in cytoplasmic male-sterile stem mustard (Brassica juncea). Molecular biology reports 16 18046626
1998 Increased expression of NADH-ubiquinone oxidoreductase chain 2 (ND2) in preimplantation rabbit embryos cultured with 20% oxygen concentration. Molecular reproduction and development 16 9508090
1996 The sequence and structure of the meadow grasshopper (Chorthippus parallelus) mitochondrial srRNA, ND2, COI, COII ATPase8 and 9 tRNA genes. Insect molecular biology 15 8673263
2014 Study on heteroplasmic variation and the effect of chicken mitochondrial ND2. Mitochondrial DNA. Part A, DNA mapping, sequencing, and analysis 14 25319280
2014 Association of the mt-ND2 5178A/C polymorphism with Parkinson's disease. Neuroscience letters 14 25511548
1996 Radioimmunotherapy for pancreatic carcinoma using (131)I-labeled monoclonal antibody Nd2 in xenografted nude mice. Japanese journal of cancer research : Gann 14 8878462
1997 Radioimmunodetection with 111In-labeled monoclonal antibody Nd2 in patients with pancreatic cancer. Japanese journal of cancer research : Gann 13 9197537
1979 Induction of simian virus 40-specific tumour rejection by the Ad2+ND2 hybrid virus. The Journal of general virology 13 230283
2013 Association of a missense nucleotide polymorphism in the MT-ND2 gene with mitochondrial reactive oxygen species production in the Tibet chicken embryo incubated in normoxia or simulated hypoxia. Animal genetics 12 23347088
2021 Regulator of Chromosome Condensation 1-Domain Protein DEK47 Functions on the Intron Splicing of Mitochondrial Nad2 and Seed Development in Maize. Frontiers in plant science 11 34408760
2015 The expression characteristics of mt-ND2 gene in chicken. Mitochondrial DNA. Part A, DNA mapping, sequencing, and analysis 10 26332376
2002 Granulocyte-colony stimulating factor enhances chimeric antibody Nd2 dependent cytotoxicity against pancreatic cancer mediated by polymorphonuclear neutrophils. International journal of oncology 10 12168113
2002 Resistance to Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. melonis Race 1,2 in Muskmelon Lines Nad-1 and Nad-2. Plant disease 10 30818645
2000 Antibody-dependent cytotoxicity mediated by chimeric monoclonal antibody Nd2 and experimental immunotherapy for pancreatic cancer. Japanese journal of cancer research : Gann 10 10965023
1997 Fourier Transform Far-Infrared Spectroscopy of the NH2, NHD, and ND2 Radicals. Journal of molecular spectroscopy 10 9398555
2019 An expanded ND2 phylogeny of the brookii and prashadi groups with the description of three new Indian Hemidactylus Oken (Squamata: Gekkonidae). Zootaxa 9 31716288
2016 Plant Defensins NaD1 and NaD2 Induce Different Stress Response Pathways in Fungi. International journal of molecular sciences 9 27598152
2015 Whole mitochondrial genome analysis in two families with dilated mitochondrial cardiomyopathy: detection of mutations in MT-ND2 and MT-TL1 genes. Mitochondrial DNA. Part A, DNA mapping, sequencing, and analysis 9 26258512
1988 Cloning of the mitochondrial genome of Rana catesbeiana and the nucleotide sequences of the ND2 and five tRNA genes. Journal of biochemistry 9 3260590
2021 Protective Effect of Mitochondrial ND2 C5178A Gene Mutation on Cell and Mitochondrial Functions. Oxidative medicine and cellular longevity 8 34336093
2023 Genetic Analysis Based on Mitochondrial nad2 Gene Reveals a Recent Population Expansion of the Invasive Mussel, Mytella strigata, in China. Genes 7 38002981
2016 Defect in ND2, COX2, ATP6 and COX3 mitochondrial genes as a risk factor for canine mammary tumour. Veterinary and comparative oncology 7 27278673
2016 Pure myopathy with enlarged mitochondria associated to a new mutation in MTND2 gene. Molecular genetics and metabolism reports 7 28070494
1993 Cotranscriptional expression of mitochondrial genes for subunits of NADH dehydrogenase, nad5, nad4, nad2, in Marchantia polymorpha. Molecular & general genetics : MGG 7 8483448
2017 The Association between the C5263T Mutation in the Mitochondrial ND2 Gene and Coronary Heart Disease among Young Chinese Han People. Biomedical and environmental sciences : BES 6 28494837
2022 Cloning and Organelle Expression of Bamboo Mitochondrial Complex I Subunits Nad1, Nad2, Nad4, and Nad5 in the Yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. International journal of molecular sciences 5 35409414
2022 Molecular characterization of Echinococcus granulosus sensu lato genotypes in dromedary camels from extreme Sahara of Algeria based on analysis of nad2 and nad5 genetic markers. Acta tropica 5 35901920
2020 The spatio-temporal features of chicken mitochondrial ND2 gene heteroplasmy and the effects of nutrition factors on this gene. Scientific reports 5 32075998
2017 Identification of Disease-Transmitting Mosquitoes: Development of Species-Specific Probes for DNA Chip Assay Using Mitochondrial COI and ND2 Genes and Ribosomal Internal Transcribed Spacer 2. Journal of medical entomology 5 28028142
2014 Coupling of serotonergic input to NMDA receptor-phosphorylation following peripheral nerve injury via rapid, synaptic up-regulation of ND2. Experimental neurology 5 24560713
2024 PPR21 is involved in the splicing of nad2 introns via interacting with PPR-SMR1 and SPR2 and is essential to maize seed development. Journal of genetics and genomics = Yi chuan xue bao 4 39241862
2014 Phylogeography of Tetrancistrum nebulosi (Monogenea, Dactylogyridae) on the host of mottled spinefoot (Siganus fuscescens) in the South China Sea, inferred from mitochondrial COI and ND2 genes. Mitochondrial DNA. Part A, DNA mapping, sequencing, and analysis 4 25319302
2022 A Method for Evaluation of the Level of Circulating Mitochondrial DNA by ND1 and ND2 Genes. Bulletin of experimental biology and medicine 3 35175481
2000 Forskolin increases the expression of the pancreatic tumor antigen, Nd2, and uptake of Nd2 antibody. International journal of oncology 3 11029487
1991 Expression Pattern of Mitochondrial ND2 Gene in Human Leukemia and in HL60 Cells During Growth and Differentiation. Leukemia & lymphoma 3 27463352
2025 OsPPR8, a pentatricopeptide repeat protein, regulates splicing of mitochondrial nad2 intron 3 to affect grain quality and high-temperature tolerance in rice. The Plant journal : for cell and molecular biology 2 40456175
2023 Validating duplex-PCR targeting ND2 for bovine and porcine detection in meat products. Food chemistry. Molecular sciences 2 37637373
2017 Insight into the population structure of hardhead silverside, Atherinomorus stipes (Teleostei: Atherinidae), in Belize and the Florida Keys using nd2. Ecology and evolution 2 29187985
1993 Isolation and characterization of the ND2 polypeptide of the bovine energy-transducing NADH-ubiquinone oxidoreductase (complex I). Biochemistry and molecular biology international 2 8364407
2018 Association between sperm mitochondrial ND2 gene variants and total fertilization failure. Systems biology in reproductive medicine 1 29577757
1995 [Biodistribution of radiolabeled F(ab')2 fragment of monoclonal antibody Nd2 and gamma-interferon enhancement on tumor localization in nude mice with human pancreatic tumor xenografts]. Nihon Geka Gakkai zasshi 1 7708049
2026 Cardioprotective Effects of Cuminaldehyde Mitigate Isoproterenol-Induced Myocardial Infarction by Modulating the PGC-1α/ND2-Mediated Mitochondrial and eNOS/NO/VCAM-1- Mediated Endothelial Dysfunction Pathways. Journal of biochemical and molecular toxicology 0 41891495
2026 Roles of Subunit ND2/NuoN in the Proton Pumping Coupling Mechanism of Complex I. International journal of molecular sciences 0 41977177
2025 Genetic Variants Within ND2 Gene of Mitochondria are Associated with the Altered Levels of Ammonia, Vitamin D and Free Thyroxine in Bangladeshi Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder. Biochemical genetics 0 40450641
2022 Phylogeny and population structure of Echinococcus granulosus (sensu stricto) based on full-length cytb-nad2-atp6 mitochondrial genes - First report from Sialkot District of Pakistan. Molecular and biochemical parasitology 0 36584819
1992 [Immunohistochemical study and biodistribution of monoclonal antibody (Nd2) against human pancreatic cancer]. Nihon Geka Gakkai zasshi 0 1380634

Missed literature

Know a paper Affinage missed for MT-ND2? Flag it for the maintainers and the community.

No submissions yet.