Affinage

MT-ND2

NADH-ubiquinone oxidoreductase chain 2 · UniProt P03891

Length
347 aa
Mass
39.0 kDa
Annotated
2026-04-28
99 papers in source corpus 14 papers cited in narrative 14 extracted findings

Mechanistic narrative

Synthesis pass · prose summary of the discoveries below

MT-ND2 encodes a core hydrophobic subunit of mitochondrial complex I (NADH:ubiquinone oxidoreductase) that functions as an antiporter-like proton-translocating module in the membrane arm, with conserved lysine residues (Lys247, Lys395 in E. coli NuoN) essential for coupling electron transfer to proton pumping (PMID:23864658, PMID:41977177). ND2 participates in the inhibitor/quinone-binding region of complex I, as demonstrated by direct photoaffinity labeling with an asimicin analogue that is competed by rotenone (PMID:20074573). The subunit serves as a nucleating element for complex I assembly, with its translation regulated co-translationally by MITRAC15 followed by sequential recruitment of ACAD9 and the MCIA complex, and pathogenic missense mutations in ND2 block assembly at defined intermediates (PMID:16996290, PMID:31721420, PMID:35333655). Beyond its canonical bioenergetic role, ND2 functions as a non-canonical adaptor protein at neuronal synapses, anchoring Src kinase to the NMDA receptor GluN1 subunit to regulate receptor phosphorylation and synaptic currents (PMID:28508887, PMID:24560713).

Mechanistic history

Synthesis pass · year-by-year structured walk · 12 steps
  1. 1993 Medium

    Identification of ND2 as a hydrophobic ~30 kDa polypeptide subunit of bovine complex I with evolutionary conservation to Paracoccus established the biochemical identity of the gene product.

    Evidence Chloroform-methanol extraction, amino acid analysis, cross-reactive antiserum against Paracoccus membranes

    PMID:8364407

    Open questions at the time
    • No functional assay performed
    • Stoichiometry within complex I not determined
  2. 2005 Medium

    A mt-Nd2 Leu276Met polymorphism in ALR mice was genetically linked to resistance to type 1 diabetes through backcross and epistasis analysis, establishing ND2 variation as a determinant of disease susceptibility.

    Evidence Reciprocal F1 crosses and backcrosses in NOD/ALR mice, mtDNA sequencing, candidate gene exclusion

    PMID:15692809

    Open questions at the time
    • Molecular mechanism by which L276M alters complex I function not defined
    • Not replicated in independent mouse cohorts
  3. 2006 High

    Two independent lines of evidence established ND2 as central to complex I biology: a pathogenic L71P mutation arrested assembly at specific intermediates, and nuclear-mitochondrial epistasis involving mt-Nd2 alleles controlled mitochondrial ROS output.

    Evidence 2D-BN-SDS-PAGE in transmitochondrial cybrids (assembly); conplastic mouse strains with ROS/respiration measurements

    PMID:16996290 PMID:17189252

    Open questions at the time
    • Identity of other subunits in stalled assembly intermediates not fully resolved
    • Whether ROS modulation is solely attributable to ND2 or involves linked mtDNA variants
  4. 2010 High

    Photoaffinity labeling placed ND2 directly at the inhibitor/quinone-binding pocket of complex I, answering where within the membrane arm substrates and inhibitors interact.

    Evidence Photoaffinity crosslinking with [³H]benzophenone-asimicin; rotenone competition; 3D BN/SDS-PAGE separation

    PMID:20074573

    Open questions at the time
    • Precise residues contacted by the photoaffinity probe on ND2 not mapped
    • Relationship between quinone-binding site and proton-pumping channel not resolved
  5. 2013 High

    Systematic mutagenesis of the E. coli ND2 homolog NuoN revealed conserved lysines and prolines that participate in proton translocation through discontinuous transmembrane helices, establishing a shared pumping mechanism with NuoL and NuoM.

    Evidence Site-directed mutagenesis of NuoN in E. coli; NADH oxidase and ATP synthesis assays; truncation analysis

    PMID:23864658

    Open questions at the time
    • Proton pathway through NuoN not structurally visualized at the time
    • Functional compensation by nearby glutamates complicates assignment of individual residue contributions
  6. 2014 Medium

    ND2 was found to be rapidly upregulated at synaptic postsynaptic densities where it co-localizes with phosphorylated NMDA receptors, and rotenone blocked both ND2 accumulation and NMDAR phosphorylation, revealing a non-canonical synaptic signaling function.

    Evidence Immunofluorescence co-localization with PSD-95 and pNR1, subcellular fractionation, spinal superfusion with rotenone, field potential electrophysiology

    PMID:24560713

    Open questions at the time
    • Rotenone is not ND2-specific and may affect other complex I functions
    • Mechanism of ND2 trafficking to postsynaptic density not defined
  7. 2017 High

    Structural and functional experiments demonstrated that ND2 acts as an adaptor anchoring Src kinase to the GluN1 subunit of NMDA receptors, enabled by the evolutionary loss of three transmembrane helices in bilaterians; a blocking peptide confirmed functional significance.

    Evidence Homology modeling, computational docking, ND2 fragment peptide blocking experiments, neuronal electrophysiology

    PMID:28508887

    Open questions at the time
    • Direct structural determination of ND2-Src-GluN1 ternary complex not available
    • How ND2 exits the mitochondria to reach the plasma membrane not explained
  8. 2019 High

    The co-translational assembly pathway of ND2 was defined: MITRAC15 associates with the ribosome-nascent chain complex during ND2 translation, followed by ACAD9 binding to the ND2 C-terminus, ordering the earliest steps of complex I membrane arm biogenesis.

    Evidence MITRAC15 knockout, ribosome-nascent chain complex analysis, chemical crosslinking

    PMID:31721420

    Open questions at the time
    • Structural basis of MITRAC15 recognition of the ND2 nascent chain unknown
    • Whether additional ribosome-associated factors participate not tested
  9. 2019 High

    Post-transcriptional regulation of ND2 by mitochondria-localized miR-762 was established, with miR-762 binding the ND2 coding sequence to reduce protein levels, and ND2 knockdown phenocopying the resulting mitochondrial dysfunction in cardiomyocytes.

    Evidence Luciferase reporter assay, siRNA knockdown, ATP/ROS/complex I activity assays, mouse ischemia-reperfusion model

    PMID:31235686

    Open questions at the time
    • Whether miR-762-mediated ND2 regulation occurs in non-cardiac cell types unknown
    • Stoichiometric impact on complex I assembly not assessed
  10. 2019 Medium

    ND2 mutations in L929dt cells were shown to disrupt supercomplex assembly and shift metabolism toward glycolysis, with cybrid transfer proving mitochondrial ND2 mutations are causally responsible for increased tumorigenicity and metastatic potential.

    Evidence Cybrid generation, OXPHOS and supercomplex analysis, in vivo tumor/metastasis assays

    PMID:31330915

    Open questions at the time
    • Specific ND2 mutations not individually characterized for contribution
    • Whether supercomplex disruption or metabolic shift drives tumorigenicity not dissected
  11. 2022 Medium

    SFXN4 was identified as an additional assembly factor specifically required for the ND2 module of complex I through its interaction with the MCIA complex, expanding the known assembly machinery.

    Evidence SFXN4 interaction studies with MCIA complex, complex I assembly analysis

    PMID:35333655

    Open questions at the time
    • Direct physical interaction between SFXN4 and ND2 not demonstrated
    • Single study; independent replication needed
  12. 2026 High

    Reconstitution of purified ΔNuoN complex I into proteoliposomes definitively proved ND2/NuoN is essential for coupling electron transfer to proton translocation, with Lys247 and Lys395 absolutely required for both activities.

    Evidence NuoN knockout, complex I purification, instant membrane and proteoliposome reconstitution, independent measurement of electron transfer and proton pumping

    PMID:41977177

    Open questions at the time
    • Whether all four proton-pumping subunits operate by identical conformational mechanism remains unresolved
    • Human ND2-specific reconstitution not yet performed

Open questions

Synthesis pass · forward-looking unresolved questions
  • How ND2 exits the mitochondrial inner membrane to function as a synaptic adaptor at the plasma membrane remains mechanistically unexplained, and no structural determination of the mammalian ND2-Src-GluN1 complex exists.
  • Trafficking mechanism of ND2 to extramitochondrial locations unknown
  • No high-resolution structure of mammalian ND2 in the adaptor conformation
  • Relative physiological importance of ND2's bioenergetic vs. signaling roles not quantified

Mechanism profile

Synthesis pass · controlled-vocabulary classification · explore literature graph →
Molecular activity
GO:0005215 transporter activity 2 GO:0060090 molecular adaptor activity 2
Localization
GO:0005739 mitochondrion 6 GO:0005886 plasma membrane 2
Pathway
R-HSA-1430728 Metabolism 5 R-HSA-1852241 Organelle biogenesis and maintenance 3 R-HSA-112316 Neuronal System 2
Partners
ACAD9GRIN1MITRAC15SFXN4SRC
Complex memberships
Mitochondrial complex I (NADH:ubiquinone oxidoreductase)NMDAR-Src-ND2 signaling complex

Evidence

Reading pass · 14 per-paper findings extracted from the source corpus
Year Finding Method Journal Conf PMIDs
2006 A missense mutation (T4681C) in mitochondrial ND2 causing L71P substitution disrupts complex I assembly, leading to accumulation of specific assembly intermediates as shown by 2D blue native/SDS-PAGE, demonstrating ND2 is required for proper complex I assembly pathway. 2D-BN-SDS-PAGE, transmitochondrial cybrid clones, biochemical complex I activity assay Molecular genetics and metabolism High 16996290
2006 Nuclear-mitochondrial interaction involving mt-Nd2 alleles controls mitochondrial reactive oxygen species production: ALR.mt(NOD) conplastic mice (NOD mtDNA on ALR nuclear background) produced significantly more ROS with complex I or complex II substrates compared to parental strains, establishing mt-Nd2 as a critical regulator of mitochondrial ROS output. Reciprocal conplastic mouse strains, mitochondrial respiration assay, ROS measurement The Journal of biological chemistry High 17189252
2010 ND2 subunit is directly labeled by photoaffinity analogue of asimicin ([3H]BPA), a potent complex I inhibitor, identifying ND2 as part of the inhibitor/quinone-binding region of complex I; cross-linking was blocked by rotenone. Photoaffinity labeling with [3H]benzophenone-asimicin, 3D separation by blue-native/doubled SDS-PAGE FEBS letters High 20074573
2017 ND2 serves as a mitochondrially encoded adaptor protein that anchors Src kinase within the NMDA receptor complex via interaction with the transmembrane domain of GluN1; this interaction is enabled by the evolutionary loss of three helices in bilaterian ND2. Blocking this interaction with an ND2 fragment prevents Src-mediated upregulation of NMDAR currents in neurons. Homology modeling, computational docking, experimental validation with ND2 fragment peptide, electrophysiology in neurons Nature communications High 28508887
2019 miR-762 translocates to mitochondria and directly binds the coding sequence of ND2 mRNA (confirmed by luciferase reporter assay), reducing ND2 protein levels post-transcriptionally. Knockdown of ND2 phenocopies miR-762 overexpression (decreased ATP, increased ROS, reduced complex I activity, increased apoptosis), establishing ND2 as the functional target of miR-762 in cardiomyocyte mitochondrial dysfunction. miRNA microarray, luciferase reporter assay, siRNA knockdown, ATP/ROS measurement, complex I activity assay, apoptosis assay, mouse I/R injury model Cell death & disease High 31235686
2019 MITRAC15/COA1 is required for translation of the mitochondrial-encoded complex I subunit ND2; MITRAC15 is a constituent of a ribosome-nascent chain complex during ND2 translation. Chemical crosslinking showed that the ND2-specific assembly factor ACAD9 binds the ND2 C-terminus downstream of MITRAC15, placing MITRAC15-ribosome-nascent chain complex upstream of ACAD9 in the ND2 biogenesis pathway. MITRAC15 knockout, ribosome-nascent chain complex analysis, chemical crosslinking, assembly factor interaction analysis EMBO reports High 31721420
2022 Sideroflexin 4 (SFXN4) interacts with the MCIA (mitochondrial complex I assembly) complex and is specifically required for assembly of the ND2 module of complex I, explaining why SFXN4 mutations cause mitochondrial disease. SFXN4 interaction studies with MCIA complex, complex I assembly analysis Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America Medium 35333655
2013 In E. coli NDH-1, the ND2 homolog NuoN functions in proton translocation: Lys395 (conserved in NuoN and NuoL but replaced in NuoM) participates in proton translocation; Glu133 in NuoN bears a functional role similar to Glu144 in NuoL/NuoM but its mutation can be compensated by nearby Glu72; conserved prolines in loop regions of discontinuous transmembrane helices play a similar role to those in NuoL and NuoM; the C-terminal amphipathic segments of NuoN TM14 interact with the Mβ sheet. These data suggest NuoL, NuoM, and NuoN pump protons by a similar mechanism. Site-directed mutagenesis, energy-transducing activity assays (NADH oxidase, ATP synthesis), truncation studies in E. coli The Journal of biological chemistry High 23864658
2026 In E. coli NuoN (ND2 homolog), Lys247 and Lys395 are absolutely essential for both electron transfer and proton pumping activities; Lys217 mutation reduces NADH oxidase activity ~50% without reducing proton pumping; Glu133 mutation has no significant effect alone. A ΔNuoN complex I can be purified and retains ~30% activity when reconstituted into membranes containing ND2, demonstrating ND2/NuoN plays an essential role in the coupling mechanism between electron transfer and proton translocation. Site-directed mutagenesis, NuoN knockout, CI purification, instant membrane reconstitution, proteoliposome reconstitution, blue native PAGE International journal of molecular sciences High 41977177
2005 A single nucleotide polymorphism in mt-Nd2 (encoding Leu276Met substitution in NADH dehydrogenase 2) in ALR mice confers resistance to both chemically induced (alloxan) and autoimmune type 1 diabetes; backcross experiments showed four-fold lower diabetes frequency when ALR contributed mtDNA, and shared alleles in mt-Co3 and mt-Tr allowed exclusion of other candidate mitochondrial genes. Reciprocal F1 crosses and backcrosses, mtDNA sequencing, genetic epistasis analysis Diabetologia Medium 15692809
2014 ND2 is up-regulated at synaptic postsynaptic density compartments (co-localizing with PSD-95) within 60 min after spinal nerve ligation, and co-localizes with phosphorylated NR1 (pNMDA). Spinal superfusion with rotenone (ND2 inhibitor) prevented ND2 up-regulation and pNR1 up-regulation at synapses and abolished NMDAR/5-HT2B receptor-evoked field potentials, establishing ND2's role in coupling serotonergic input to NMDAR phosphorylation during neuropathic pain. Immunofluorescence co-localization, western blot (subcellular fractionation), spinal superfusion with rotenone, electrophysiology (field potentials) Experimental neurology Medium 24560713
2019 ND2 mutations in L929dt cells disrupt mitochondrial supercomplex assembly (especially complexes containing complex I) and shift metabolism toward glycolysis; cybrids with L929dt mitochondria in L929 nuclear background reproduce all L929dt properties including higher tumorigenic and metastatic potential, demonstrating mitochondrial ND2 mutations are causally responsible for the aggressive tumor phenotype. Cybrid generation, OXPHOS measurement, supercomplex assembly analysis, in vivo tumor and metastasis assays Cancers Medium 31330915
1993 The ND2 gene product of bovine complex I was identified as an Mr ~30,000 polypeptide in the hydrophobic protein fraction; purification was achieved by chloroform-methanol (2:1) extraction. The antiserum against purified bovine ND2 cross-reacted with an Mr ~39,000 polypeptide from Paracoccus denitrificans membranes, confirming evolutionary conservation. Amino acid analysis, partial N-terminal sequencing, chloroform-methanol extraction, immunological cross-reactivity Biochemistry and molecular biology international Medium 8364407
2021 The MT-ND2 m.5178C>A mutation in human lymphocyte lines increases ATP synthesis, decreases ROS production, increases mitochondrial membrane potential, increases Bcl-2 expression, decreases Caspase 3/7 activity, and increases oxygen consumption rate (basal, ATP-linked, maximal) compared to controls. Complex I activity is increased in mutant cells, establishing that this polymorphism protects mitochondrial function. Immortalized lymphocyte lines, ATP synthesis assay, ROS measurement, mitochondrial membrane potential, Seahorse OCR, Complex I activity assay, apoptosis assay Oxidative medicine and cellular longevity Medium 34336093

Source papers

Stage 0 corpus · 99 papers · ranked by NIH iCite citations
Year Title Journal Citations PMID
2010 ABA overly-sensitive 5 (ABO5), encoding a pentatricopeptide repeat protein required for cis-splicing of mitochondrial nad2 intron 3, is involved in the abscisic acid response in Arabidopsis. The Plant journal : for cell and molecular biology 159 20561255
1998 Comparing molecular evolution in two mitochondrial protein coding genes (cytochrome b and ND2) in the dabbling ducks (Tribe: Anatini). Molecular phylogenetics and evolution 108 9751919
2011 The RCC1 family protein RUG3 is required for splicing of nad2 and complex I biogenesis in mitochondria of Arabidopsis thaliana. The Plant journal : for cell and molecular biology 102 21623974
2016 EMPTY PERICARP16 is required for mitochondrial nad2 intron 4 cis-splicing, complex I assembly and seed development in maize. The Plant journal : for cell and molecular biology 88 26764126
2012 Correlation between increased ND2 expression and demethylated displacement loop of mtDNA in colorectal cancer. Molecular medicine reports 87 22505229
2017 Emp10 encodes a mitochondrial PPR protein that affects the cis-splicing of nad2 intron 1 and seed development in maize. The Plant journal : for cell and molecular biology 85 28346745
2019 Mitochondrial miR-762 regulates apoptosis and myocardial infarction by impairing ND2. Cell death & disease 82 31235686
2014 Arabidopsis mTERF15 is required for mitochondrial nad2 intron 3 splicing and functional complex I activity. PloS one 78 25402171
1992 RNA editing in trans-splicing intron sequences of nad2 mRNAs in Oenothera mitochondria. The Journal of biological chemistry 73 1559998
2006 Mutated ND2 impairs mitochondrial complex I assembly and leads to Leigh syndrome. Molecular genetics and metabolism 70 16996290
2008 Molecular phylogenetics of tsetse flies (Diptera: Glossinidae) based on mitochondrial (COI, 16S, ND2) and nuclear ribosomal DNA sequences, with an emphasis on the palpalis group. Molecular phylogenetics and evolution 68 18692147
2002 What, if anything, is a Tilapia?-mitochondrial ND2 phylogeny of tilapiines and the evolution of parental care systems in the African cichlid fishes. Molecular biology and evolution 68 12032243
2006 Nuclear and mitochondrial interaction involving mt-Nd2 leads to increased mitochondrial reactive oxygen species production. The Journal of biological chemistry 58 17189252
2018 Maize Dek37 Encodes a P-type PPR Protein That Affects cis-Splicing of Mitochondrial nad2 Intron 1 and Seed Development. Genetics 54 29301905
1976 Simian virus to (SV40) tumor-specific proteins in nucleus and plasma membrane of HeLa cells infected by adenovirus 2-SV40 hybrid virus Ad2+ND2. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 54 59927
1992 Is a point mutation in the mitochondrial ND2 gene associated with Alzheimer's disease. Biochemical and biophysical research communications 49 1352971
2007 The mitochondrial pharmacogenomics of haplogroup T: MTND2*LHON4917G and antiretroviral therapy-associated peripheral neuropathy. The pharmacogenomics journal 47 17684475
2019 The mitochondrial pentatricopeptide repeat protein EMP12 is involved in the splicing of three nad2 introns and seed development in maize. Journal of experimental botany 43 30535370
2010 The ND2 subunit is labeled by a photoaffinity analogue of asimicin, a potent complex I inhibitor. FEBS letters 42 20074573
1979 Cell surface location of simian virus 40-specific proteins on HeLa cells infected with adenovirus type 2-simian virus 40 hybrid viruses Ad2+ND1 and Ad2+ND2. Journal of virology 38 90174
2019 MITRAC15/COA1 promotes mitochondrial translation in a ND2 ribosome-nascent chain complex. EMBO reports 36 31721420
2005 mt-Nd2 Allele of the ALR/Lt mouse confers resistance against both chemically induced and autoimmune diabetes. Diabetologia 35 15692809
2016 The PPR protein SLOW GROWTH 4 is involved in editing of nad4 and affects the splicing of nad2 intron 1. Plant molecular biology 33 27942959
2013 MEF10 is required for RNA editing at nad2-842 in mitochondria of Arabidopsis thaliana and interacts with MORF8. Plant molecular biology 33 23288601
2017 RUG3 and ATM synergistically regulate the alternative splicing of mitochondrial nad2 and the DNA damage response in Arabidopsis thaliana. Scientific reports 31 28262819
2020 PPR20 Is Required for the cis-Splicing of Mitochondrial nad2 Intron 3 and Seed Development in Maize. Plant & cell physiology 28 31670803
2019 Mutations in the ND2 Subunit of Mitochondrial Complex I Are Sufficient to Confer Increased Tumorigenic and Metastatic Potential to Cancer Cells. Cancers 26 31330915
2013 Energy transducing roles of antiporter-like subunits in Escherichia coli NDH-1 with main focus on subunit NuoN (ND2). The Journal of biological chemistry 25 23864658
2010 mt-Nd2(a) Modifies resistance against autoimmune type 1 diabetes in NOD mice at the level of the pancreatic β-cell. Diabetes 25 20980458
2002 Divergent intron conservation in the mitochondrial nad2 gene: signatures for the three bryophyte classes (mosses, liverworts, and hornworts) and the lycophytes. Journal of molecular evolution 24 12187380
2006 Selective neutrality of mitochondrial ND2 sequences, phylogeography and species limits in Sitta europaea. Molecular phylogenetics and evolution 23 16716603
2022 Sideroflexin 4 is a complex I assembly factor that interacts with the MCIA complex and is required for the assembly of the ND2 module. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 22 35333655
2019 Analysis of nad2 and nad5 enables reliable identification of genotypes G6 and G7 within the species complex Echinococcus granulosus sensu lato. Infection, genetics and evolution : journal of molecular epidemiology and evolutionary genetics in infectious diseases 21 31247339
2021 Impact of Mitochondrial Genetic Variants in ND1, ND2, ND5, and ND6 Genes on Sperm Motility and Intracytoplasmic Sperm Injection (ICSI) Outcomes. Reproductive sciences (Thousand Oaks, Calif.) 19 33475980
2012 Contrasting evolutionary dynamics and information content of the avian mitochondrial control region and ND2 gene. PloS one 19 23071562
2001 The mitochondrial nad2 gene as a novel marker locus for phylogenetic analysis of early land plants: a comparative analysis in mosses. Molecular phylogenetics and evolution 19 11161748
2020 Mitochondrial ND1 T4216C and ND2 C5178A mutations are associated with maternally transmitted diabetes mellitus. Mitochondrial DNA. Part A, DNA mapping, sequencing, and analysis 17 33284036
2019 Absence of evidence is not evidence of absence: Nanopore sequencing and complete assembly of the European lobster (Homarus gammarus) mitogenome uncovers the missing nad2 and a new major gene cluster duplication. BMC genomics 17 31053062
2017 Genetic diversities of MT-ND1 and MT-ND2 genes are associated with high-altitude adaptation in yak. Mitochondrial DNA. Part A, DNA mapping, sequencing, and analysis 17 28366030
2012 Nonsynonymous variants in mt-Nd2, mt-Nd4, and mt-Nd5 are linked to effects on oxidative phosphorylation and insulin sensitivity in rat conplastic strains. Physiological genomics 17 22414913
1998 Cis- and trans-splicing and RNA editing are required for the expression of nad2 in wheat mitochondria. Molecular & general genetics : MGG 17 9669332
2023 Complementary spectroscopy studies and potential activities of levan-type fructan produced by Bacillus paralicheniformis ND2. Carbohydrate polymers 16 37028872
2007 Mitochondrial nad2 gene is co-transcripted with CMS-associated orfB gene in cytoplasmic male-sterile stem mustard (Brassica juncea). Molecular biology reports 16 18046626
1998 Increased expression of NADH-ubiquinone oxidoreductase chain 2 (ND2) in preimplantation rabbit embryos cultured with 20% oxygen concentration. Molecular reproduction and development 16 9508090
2017 An evolutionary switch in ND2 enables Src kinase regulation of NMDA receptors. Nature communications 15 28508887
1996 The sequence and structure of the meadow grasshopper (Chorthippus parallelus) mitochondrial srRNA, ND2, COI, COII ATPase8 and 9 tRNA genes. Insect molecular biology 15 8673263
2020 Pentatricopeptide repeat protein MID1 modulates nad2 intron 1 splicing and Arabidopsis development. Scientific reports 14 32029763
2014 Study on heteroplasmic variation and the effect of chicken mitochondrial ND2. Mitochondrial DNA. Part A, DNA mapping, sequencing, and analysis 14 25319280
2014 Association of the mt-ND2 5178A/C polymorphism with Parkinson's disease. Neuroscience letters 14 25511548
1996 The rps4-gene is encoded upstream of the nad2-gene in Arabidopsis mitochondria. Biological chemistry Hoppe-Seyler 14 8737990
1996 Radioimmunotherapy for pancreatic carcinoma using (131)I-labeled monoclonal antibody Nd2 in xenografted nude mice. Japanese journal of cancer research : Gann 14 8878462
2014 RNA processing factor 7 and polynucleotide phosphorylase are necessary for processing and stability of nad2 mRNA in Arabidopsis mitochondria. RNA biology 13 25181358
1997 Radioimmunodetection with 111In-labeled monoclonal antibody Nd2 in patients with pancreatic cancer. Japanese journal of cancer research : Gann 13 9197537
1979 Induction of simian virus 40-specific tumour rejection by the Ad2+ND2 hybrid virus. The Journal of general virology 13 230283
2020 Mitochondrial Pentatricopeptide Repeat Protein, EMB2794, Plays a Pivotal Role in NADH Dehydrogenase Subunit nad2 mRNA Maturation in Arabidopsis thaliana. Plant & cell physiology 12 32163154
2013 Association of a missense nucleotide polymorphism in the MT-ND2 gene with mitochondrial reactive oxygen species production in the Tibet chicken embryo incubated in normoxia or simulated hypoxia. Animal genetics 12 23347088
2021 Regulator of Chromosome Condensation 1-Domain Protein DEK47 Functions on the Intron Splicing of Mitochondrial Nad2 and Seed Development in Maize. Frontiers in plant science 10 34408760
2015 The expression characteristics of mt-ND2 gene in chicken. Mitochondrial DNA. Part A, DNA mapping, sequencing, and analysis 10 26332376
2002 Granulocyte-colony stimulating factor enhances chimeric antibody Nd2 dependent cytotoxicity against pancreatic cancer mediated by polymorphonuclear neutrophils. International journal of oncology 10 12168113
2002 Resistance to Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. melonis Race 1,2 in Muskmelon Lines Nad-1 and Nad-2. Plant disease 10 30818645
2000 Antibody-dependent cytotoxicity mediated by chimeric monoclonal antibody Nd2 and experimental immunotherapy for pancreatic cancer. Japanese journal of cancer research : Gann 10 10965023
1997 Fourier Transform Far-Infrared Spectroscopy of the NH2, NHD, and ND2 Radicals. Journal of molecular spectroscopy 10 9398555
2022 MISF2 Encodes an Essential Mitochondrial Splicing Cofactor Required for nad2 mRNA Processing and Embryo Development in Arabidopsis thaliana. International journal of molecular sciences 9 35269810
2016 Plant Defensins NaD1 and NaD2 Induce Different Stress Response Pathways in Fungi. International journal of molecular sciences 9 27598152
2015 Whole mitochondrial genome analysis in two families with dilated mitochondrial cardiomyopathy: detection of mutations in MT-ND2 and MT-TL1 genes. Mitochondrial DNA. Part A, DNA mapping, sequencing, and analysis 9 26258512
1999 Expression of the two chloroplast-like tRNA(Asn) genes in potato mitochondria: mapping of transcription initiation sites present in the trnN1-trnY-nad2 cluster and upstream of trnN2. Current genetics 9 10447594
1988 Cloning of the mitochondrial genome of Rana catesbeiana and the nucleotide sequences of the ND2 and five tRNA genes. Journal of biochemistry 9 3260590
2019 An expanded ND2 phylogeny of the brookii and prashadi groups with the description of three new Indian Hemidactylus Oken (Squamata: Gekkonidae). Zootaxa 8 31716288
2021 Protective Effect of Mitochondrial ND2 C5178A Gene Mutation on Cell and Mitochondrial Functions. Oxidative medicine and cellular longevity 7 34336093
2016 Defect in ND2, COX2, ATP6 and COX3 mitochondrial genes as a risk factor for canine mammary tumour. Veterinary and comparative oncology 7 27278673
2016 Pure myopathy with enlarged mitochondria associated to a new mutation in MTND2 gene. Molecular genetics and metabolism reports 7 28070494
1993 Cotranscriptional expression of mitochondrial genes for subunits of NADH dehydrogenase, nad5, nad4, nad2, in Marchantia polymorpha. Molecular & general genetics : MGG 7 8483448
2023 Genetic Analysis Based on Mitochondrial nad2 Gene Reveals a Recent Population Expansion of the Invasive Mussel, Mytella strigata, in China. Genes 6 38002981
2017 The Association between the C5263T Mutation in the Mitochondrial ND2 Gene and Coronary Heart Disease among Young Chinese Han People. Biomedical and environmental sciences : BES 6 28494837
2022 Cloning and Organelle Expression of Bamboo Mitochondrial Complex I Subunits Nad1, Nad2, Nad4, and Nad5 in the Yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. International journal of molecular sciences 5 35409414
2022 Molecular characterization of Echinococcus granulosus sensu lato genotypes in dromedary camels from extreme Sahara of Algeria based on analysis of nad2 and nad5 genetic markers. Acta tropica 5 35901920
2020 The spatio-temporal features of chicken mitochondrial ND2 gene heteroplasmy and the effects of nutrition factors on this gene. Scientific reports 5 32075998
2017 Identification of Disease-Transmitting Mosquitoes: Development of Species-Specific Probes for DNA Chip Assay Using Mitochondrial COI and ND2 Genes and Ribosomal Internal Transcribed Spacer 2. Journal of medical entomology 5 28028142
2014 Coupling of serotonergic input to NMDA receptor-phosphorylation following peripheral nerve injury via rapid, synaptic up-regulation of ND2. Experimental neurology 5 24560713
2014 Phylogeography of Tetrancistrum nebulosi (Monogenea, Dactylogyridae) on the host of mottled spinefoot (Siganus fuscescens) in the South China Sea, inferred from mitochondrial COI and ND2 genes. Mitochondrial DNA. Part A, DNA mapping, sequencing, and analysis 4 25319302
2024 PPR596 Is Required for nad2 Intron Splicing and Complex I Biogenesis in Arabidopsis. International journal of molecular sciences 3 38542518
2023 Interplay of endonucleolytic and exonucleolytic processing in the 3'-end formation of a mitochondrial nad2 RNA precursor in Arabidopsis. Nucleic acids research 3 37293952
2022 A Method for Evaluation of the Level of Circulating Mitochondrial DNA by ND1 and ND2 Genes. Bulletin of experimental biology and medicine 3 35175481
2000 Forskolin increases the expression of the pancreatic tumor antigen, Nd2, and uptake of Nd2 antibody. International journal of oncology 3 11029487
1991 Expression Pattern of Mitochondrial ND2 Gene in Human Leukemia and in HL60 Cells During Growth and Differentiation. Leukemia & lymphoma 3 27463352
2025 OsPPR8, a pentatricopeptide repeat protein, regulates splicing of mitochondrial nad2 intron 3 to affect grain quality and high-temperature tolerance in rice. The Plant journal : for cell and molecular biology 2 40456175
2025 PPR596 Is Required for nad2 mRNA Splicing and Complex I Biogenesis in Mitochondria of Arabidopsis thaliana. Physiologia plantarum 2 40925877
2024 PPR21 is involved in the splicing of nad2 introns via interacting with PPR-SMR1 and SPR2 and is essential to maize seed development. Journal of genetics and genomics = Yi chuan xue bao 2 39241862
2023 Validating duplex-PCR targeting ND2 for bovine and porcine detection in meat products. Food chemistry. Molecular sciences 2 37637373
2017 Insight into the population structure of hardhead silverside, Atherinomorus stipes (Teleostei: Atherinidae), in Belize and the Florida Keys using nd2. Ecology and evolution 2 29187985
1993 Isolation and characterization of the ND2 polypeptide of the bovine energy-transducing NADH-ubiquinone oxidoreductase (complex I). Biochemistry and molecular biology international 2 8364407
2024 The Gating Domain of MEF28 Is Essential for Editing Two Contiguous Cytidines in nad2 mRNA in Arabidopsis thaliana. Plant & cell physiology 1 37530742
2018 Association between sperm mitochondrial ND2 gene variants and total fertilization failure. Systems biology in reproductive medicine 1 29577757
1995 [Biodistribution of radiolabeled F(ab')2 fragment of monoclonal antibody Nd2 and gamma-interferon enhancement on tumor localization in nude mice with human pancreatic tumor xenografts]. Nihon Geka Gakkai zasshi 1 7708049
2026 Cardioprotective Effects of Cuminaldehyde Mitigate Isoproterenol-Induced Myocardial Infarction by Modulating the PGC-1α/ND2-Mediated Mitochondrial and eNOS/NO/VCAM-1- Mediated Endothelial Dysfunction Pathways. Journal of biochemical and molecular toxicology 0 41891495
2026 Roles of Subunit ND2/NuoN in the Proton Pumping Coupling Mechanism of Complex I. International journal of molecular sciences 0 41977177
2025 Genetic Variants Within ND2 Gene of Mitochondria are Associated with the Altered Levels of Ammonia, Vitamin D and Free Thyroxine in Bangladeshi Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder. Biochemical genetics 0 40450641
2022 Phylogeny and population structure of Echinococcus granulosus (sensu stricto) based on full-length cytb-nad2-atp6 mitochondrial genes - First report from Sialkot District of Pakistan. Molecular and biochemical parasitology 0 36584819
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