Affinage

MSH5

MutS protein homolog 5 · UniProt O43196

Length
834 aa
Mass
92.9 kDa
Annotated
2026-06-10
100 papers in source corpus 20 papers cited in narrative 18 extracted findings
Cross-family judge vs UniProt: Affinage preferred faithfulness: 7/7 claims corpus-supported (100%)

Mechanistic narrative

Synthesis pass · prose summary of the discoveries below

MSH5 is a meiosis-specific MutS homolog that functions as an obligate heterodimer with MSH4 (forming MutSγ) to promote interhomolog crossover formation during meiotic recombination (PMID:7622037, PMID:9787078, PMID:10556423). Genetic epistasis in yeast placed MSH5 and MSH4 in a single pathway required for reciprocal recombination but dispensable for mismatch repair (PMID:7622037), and worm studies positioned its function downstream of DSB formation: msh-5 mutants repair breaks but fail to convert them into crossovers and chiasmata (PMID:11014811). Mechanistically, MutSγ binds and stabilizes single-end invasion intermediates and Holliday junctions (PMID:20865162), and genome-wide ChIP showed that Msh5 associates with DSB hotspots, chromosome axes, and centromeres, with hotspot/axis binding requiring DSB formation and resection, enhancement by double Holliday junctions, and dependence on the axis protein Red1 (PMID:34849874); binding is reduced in heteroduplex-rich regions, consistent with engagement of mismatch-containing recombination intermediates (PMID:38124392). A functional MSH5 ATPase domain is required for stable MutSγ focus accumulation and for all classes of crossover, since ATPase mutants fail to load MutLγ, retain persistent DSBs, and lack chiasmata (PMID:30944090). Loss of MSH5 disrupts homolog synapsis and arrests meiosis with apoptosis in mouse knockouts (PMID:10072381), and in humans biallelic loss-of-function and axial-loading-defective variants cause meiotic arrest and non-obstructive azoospermia in males (PMID:34755185, PMID:35742973), while a missense allele impairs homologous recombination repair and causes primary ovarian insufficiency in females (PMID:28175301). Beyond meiosis, MSH4/MSH5 heterodimers influence immunoglobulin class switch recombination by favoring classical end-joining over a microhomology-mediated pathway (PMID:17409188), and human MSH5 localizes to mitochondria, binds mtDNA, and interacts with Twinkle helicase and DNA polymerase gamma to stimulate mtDNA repair under oxidative stress (PMID:22917773). MSH5 expression is transcriptionally activated by YB1 at its promoter under lncRNA HCP5 control (PMID:32112110).

Mechanistic history

Synthesis pass · year-by-year structured walk · 15 steps
  1. 1995 High

    Established that MSH5 acts specifically in meiotic crossover formation rather than mismatch repair, and that it works in the same pathway as MSH4.

    Evidence Genetic deletion and msh4 msh5 double-mutant epistasis with recombination and spore viability readouts in yeast

    PMID:7622037

    Open questions at the time
    • Did not define the biochemical activity of MSH5
    • Heterodimer formation not directly demonstrated
  2. 1998 Medium

    Showed MSH5–MSH4 heterodimer formation is conserved to humans, defining the molecular partnership underlying the genetic pathway.

    Evidence Yeast two-hybrid interaction, Northern blot expression profiling, radiation hybrid mapping

    PMID:10556423 PMID:9787078

    Open questions at the time
    • Two-hybrid does not establish stoichiometry or in vivo complex
    • No DNA-binding activity tested
  3. 1999 High

    Demonstrated MSH5 is required for homolog synapsis in meiotic prophase I in a mammal, with loss causing both male and female sterility.

    Evidence Mouse Msh5 knockout with cytological staging of prophase I and apoptosis assessment

    PMID:10072381

    Open questions at the time
    • Whether synapsis defect is direct or secondary to recombination failure not resolved
    • No molecular interaction with DNA shown
  4. 2000 High

    Placed MSH5 function downstream of DSB initiation, showing it converts breaks into crossovers rather than initiating recombination.

    Evidence C. elegans msh-5 mutants with radiation-induced DSB rescue experiments and chiasma quantification

    PMID:11014811

    Open questions at the time
    • Did not identify the intermediate MSH5 binds
    • No structural basis for crossover specification
  5. 2007 Medium

    Extended MSH4/MSH5 function beyond meiosis to immunoglobulin class switch recombination, biasing repair toward classical end-joining.

    Evidence Msh5-null mouse phenotyping, Ig switch joint sequencing, MSH4-MSH5 binding assay with human variant

    PMID:17409188

    Open questions at the time
    • Mechanism of microhomology suppression not defined
    • Direct role of MSH5 at switch regions vs. indirect effect unresolved
  6. 2008 Medium

    Linked MSH5 to epigenetic regulation in spermatogenesis via interaction with the H3K4 demethylase SMCY.

    Evidence Co-immunoprecipitation and immunohistochemistry co-localization in testicular germ cells

    PMID:18459961

    Open questions at the time
    • Single-lab Co-IP without reciprocal validation
    • Functional consequence of recruitment to condensed DNA not established
  7. 2010 High

    Defined the biochemical role of MutSγ as stabilizing strand-invasion intermediates and Holliday junctions, with chromosome-size-dependent crossover thresholds.

    Evidence Site-directed mutagenesis of 57 residues with crossover frequency and synaptonemal complex assays in yeast

    PMID:20865162

    Open questions at the time
    • No direct structural data on junction binding
    • Asymmetry between MSH4 and MSH5 subunits inferred from genetics only
  8. 2010 Medium

    Identified translational control of MSH5 levels by IFE-2 as a mechanism enabling crossover formation under temperature stress.

    Evidence ife-2 mutant analysis, polysome profiling, Western blot, and bivalent cytology in C. elegans

    PMID:20530576

    Open questions at the time
    • Whether this regulation is conserved in mammals unknown
    • Direct binding of IFE-2 to msh-5 mRNA not shown
  9. 2012 Medium

    Revealed a mitochondrial role for human MSH5 in mtDNA repair through interactions with the replication/repair machinery.

    Evidence Subcellular fractionation, mtDNA binding, Co-IP with Twinkle and pol-gamma, oxidative-stress repair assay

    PMID:22917773

    Open questions at the time
    • MSH4 dependence of mitochondrial function not tested
    • In vivo significance for mitochondrial disease correlative only
  10. 2013 Low

    Provided a structural framework predicting how MutSγ binds DNA and how crossover mutations destabilize the complex.

    Evidence Homology modeling on MutS crystal structures integrated with mutant phenotype data

    PMID:24244354

    Open questions at the time
    • Computational model with no experimental structural validation
    • Predicted asymmetry and DNA-contact sites untested in this study
  11. 2019 High

    Demonstrated that MSH5 ATPase activity is essential for stable MutSγ foci and for all crossover classes in mammalian meiosis.

    Evidence ATPase-domain knock-in mouse with MutSγ/MutLγ foci, γH2AX, and chiasma cytology

    PMID:30944090

    Open questions at the time
    • Biochemical ATP-hydrolysis cycle not directly measured
    • How ATPase state couples to MutLγ loading unresolved
  12. 2021 Medium

    Established MSH5 as a human meiotic infertility gene, with biallelic loss-of-function causing early prophase I arrest and azoospermia.

    Evidence Exome sequencing, segregation, γH2AX staining of patient spermatocytes, heterologous expression

    PMID:34755185

    Open questions at the time
    • Female reproductive consequences in same cohort not characterized
    • Residual partial function of some variants not quantified
  13. 2021 High

    Mapped the chromosomal binding behavior of Msh5 genome-wide and established Red1-dependent axial loading at DSB hotspots.

    Evidence Meiotic ChIP-seq in spo11Δ, red1Δ, and zip3Δ yeast mutants

    PMID:34849874

    Open questions at the time
    • Mechanism of Red1-mediated recruitment not defined
    • Centromere association function unexplained
  14. 2022 Medium

    Confirmed in humans that MSH5/MutSγ axial loading is required for meiotic synapsis and DSB repair.

    Evidence Patient exome sequencing with chromosomal spreading and MutSγ immunofluorescence in spermatocytes

    PMID:35742973

    Open questions at the time
    • Single study on patient material
    • Whether the human axial-loading factor is a Red1 ortholog not addressed
  15. 2024 Medium

    Provided direct evidence that Msh5 engages heteroduplex-containing recombination intermediates, refining its substrate at DSB hotspots.

    Evidence ChIP-seq in heterozygous hybrid yeast with SNP-based read assignment and chimeric read detection

    PMID:38124392

    Open questions at the time
    • Causal effect of mismatch density on crossover outcome not established
    • Single-lab observation

Open questions

Synthesis pass · forward-looking unresolved questions
  • How the MSH5 ATPase cycle, heteroduplex recognition, and Red1-dependent axial loading are mechanistically coupled to MutLγ recruitment and crossover designation remains unresolved.
  • No experimentally determined structure of the MutSγ–DNA complex
  • Human axial-loading factor analogous to Red1 not identified
  • Biochemical reconstitution of MutSγ sliding-clamp dynamics on junctions lacking

Mechanism profile

Synthesis pass · controlled-vocabulary classification · explore literature graph →
Molecular activity
GO:0003677 DNA binding 3 GO:0140097 catalytic activity, acting on DNA 2 GO:0140657 ATP-dependent activity 1
Localization
GO:0005634 nucleus 2 GO:0005694 chromosome 2 GO:0005739 mitochondrion 1
Pathway
R-HSA-1474165 Reproduction 4 R-HSA-73894 DNA Repair 2 R-HSA-168256 Immune System 1
Partners
MSH4POLGRED1SMCYTWNKYB1
Complex memberships
MutSγ (MSH4-MSH5)

Evidence

Reading pass · 18 per-paper findings extracted from the source corpus
Year Finding Method Journal Conf PMIDs
1995 MSH5 (yeast) is required for meiotic reciprocal recombination between homologs but not for mismatch repair or gene conversion. Double-mutant analysis with msh4Δ demonstrated that MSH4 and MSH5 are in the same epistasis group, likely functioning together in facilitating interhomolog crossovers during meiosis. Genetic screen, deletion mutants, spore viability assays, recombination assays, msh4 msh5 double-mutant epistasis analysis Genes & development High 7622037
1998 Human MSH5 and MSH4 proteins physically interact, as demonstrated by yeast two-hybrid analysis, indicating they form a heterodimer conserved from yeast to humans. Human MSH5 is encoded at 6p22.3-p21.3 and is expressed most highly in testis, thymus, and immune tissues. Yeast two-hybrid interaction analysis, Northern blot, radiation hybrid mapping Genomics Medium 10556423 9787078
1999 Mouse Msh5 knockout causes meiotic defects in both sexes (male and female sterility), with an extended zygotene stage, impaired and aberrant chromosome synapsis, and subsequent apoptotic cell death, demonstrating that Msh5 promotes synapsis of homologous chromosomes during meiotic prophase I. Gene knockout (disruption), histological and cytological examination of meiotic prophase I stages Genes & development High 10072381
2000 C. elegans msh-5 is required for meiotic crossing over and chiasma formation. Artificially induced DNA breaks do not bypass the requirement for msh-5, placing msh-5 function after the initiation step of meiotic recombination (i.e., after DSB formation). msh-5 mutants can repair breaks but accomplish repair without producing crossovers. msh-5 deletion mutants, chiasma/crossover frequency quantification, radiation-induced DSB experiments, cytological analysis Genetics High 11014811
2007 MSH5 (and its obligate heterodimer partner MSH4) plays a role in regulating immunoglobulin class switch recombination (CSR). Msh5-null mice show long microhomologies at Ig switch joints and IgG3 deficiency. A human MSH5 variant with two nonsynonymous polymorphisms shows impaired binding to MSH4, and patients carrying disease-associated MSH5 alleles exhibit increased donor/acceptor microhomology at Ig switch joints. MSH4/5 heterodimers promote resolution of DNA breaks by classical non-homologous end-joining while suppressing an alternative microhomology-mediated pathway. Congenic mouse analysis, Msh5-null mouse phenotyping, sequencing of Ig switch joints, MSH4-MSH5 binding assay with variant protein Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America Medium 17409188
2008 SMCY (a Y-chromosome-encoded histone H3K4 demethylase) physically interacts with MSH5 in human testicular germ cells (NEC8 cell line), forming a distinct complex. SMCY and MSH5 co-localize at a specific stage of meiotic prophase during murine spermatogenesis, suggesting SMCY recruits MSH5 to condensed DNA as part of epigenetic regulation during meiosis. Co-immunoprecipitation (biochemical protein interaction), immunohistochemistry, histone demethylase activity assay Genes to cells : devoted to molecular & cellular mechanisms Medium 18459961
2010 The Msh4-Msh5 complex stabilizes single-end invasion intermediates and Holliday junctions during meiosis. Mutagenesis of 57 residues in yeast Msh4 and Msh5 identified threshold mutants with reduced crossovers on large/medium chromosomes but near-wild-type levels on small chromosomes. The Msh5 subunit was more sensitive to mutagenesis, and complex assembly defects were observed. Site-directed mutagenesis (57 residues), spore viability assays, genetic crossover frequency measurement, synaptonemal complex assembly analysis PLoS genetics High 20865162
2010 The C. elegans translation initiation factor IFE-2 upregulates MSH-5 (and MSH-4) protein synthesis at elevated temperatures by shifting their mRNAs from free messenger ribonucleoproteins to polysomes, thereby enabling crossover formation at high temperatures. ife-2 deletion mutant analysis, polysome profiling of msh-4/msh-5 mRNAs, Western blot for MSH-5 protein levels, cytological analysis of bivalents/univalents Journal of cell science Medium 20530576
2012 Human MSH5 localizes to mitochondria in both germ and somatic cells, binds to mtDNA, and interacts with Twinkle helicase and DNA polymerase gamma. hMSH5 stimulates mtDNA repair in response to oxidative stress-induced DNA damage. Subsarcolemmal accumulation of hMSH5 was observed in COX-negative muscle fibers of mitochondrial myopathy patients. Subcellular fractionation/localization, mtDNA binding assay, co-immunoprecipitation (Twinkle helicase and pol-gamma), mtDNA repair assay under oxidative stress, immunofluorescence Mitochondrion Medium 22917773
2013 Homology modeling of the S. cerevisiae Msh4-Msh5 complex, informed by MutS crystal structures, predicts that mutations affecting meiotic crossovers likely alter protein stability and/or DNA binding interactions. The model predicts structural asymmetry within the Msh4-Msh5 complex and identifies sites important for complex formation and DNA binding. Homology modeling based on MutS crystal structures, evolutionary analysis, integration with existing mutant phenotype data PloS one Low 24244354
2019 A mutation in the ATP-binding domain of Msh5 (Msh5ATPase) prevents accumulation of MutSγ (MSH4/MSH5) foci during prophase I. Despite this, most spermatocytes progress further than complete Msh5-null mice. Msh5ATPase spermatocytes show persistent DSBs, incomplete homolog pairing, failure to accumulate MutLγ (MLH1/MLH3), and complete absence of chiasmata—indicating a functional MutSγ complex is required for all crossover events (both class I and class II pathways) in mammalian meiosis. ATPase domain mutagenesis (knock-in mouse), immunofluorescence for MutSγ/MutLγ foci, cytological analysis of DSBs (γH2AX), diakinesis chiasma counting G3 (Bethesda, Md.) High 30944090
2021 Biallelic loss-of-function variants in MSH5 cause meiotic arrest in early prophase I in humans, establishing MSH5 as a cause of male infertility (non-obstructive azoospermia). γH2AX staining revealed arrest at early prophase I. Heterologous expression of LoF variants confirmed MSH5 protein truncation or complete loss. Exome sequencing, segregation analysis, γH2AX staining of patient spermatocytes, heterologous protein expression in HEK293T cells Human reproduction (Oxford, England) Medium 34755185
2021 In S. cerevisiae meiosis, Msh5 specifically associates with DSB hotspots, chromosome axes, and centromeres genome-wide. Efficient binding to DSB hotspots and chromosome axes requires DSB formation and resection and is enhanced by double Holliday junction structures. The axis protein Red1 is required for Msh5 association with chromosome axes and DSB hotspots (but not centromeres). Centromere association of Msh5 is independent of Zip3. Chromatin immunoprecipitation and sequencing (ChIP-seq) in meiotic cells, analysis in spo11Δ, red1Δ, and zip3Δ mutants Genetics High 34849874
2022 A homozygous MSH5 frameshift mutation (c.1126del) in NOA patients abolishes chromosome axial localization of MutSγ in spermatocytes. Chromosomal spreading showed meiosis arrest at a zygotene-like stage with extensive failure of homologous synapsis and DSB repair, demonstrating that MSH5/MutSγ axial loading is essential for human meiotic synapsis and recombination. Patient exome sequencing, chromosomal spreading analysis of patient spermatocytes, immunofluorescence for MutSγ localization, γH2AX staining for DSB repair International journal of molecular sciences Medium 35742973
2024 In heterozygous S. cerevisiae hybrids, Msh5 binding to DSB hotspots is reduced in regions of high heterozygosity (high mismatch density), consistent with Msh5 binding to heteroduplex-containing recombination intermediates. Chimeric sequence reads (heteroduplex DNA) were detected at Msh5-bound DSB hotspots. ChIP-seq in S288c-sp/YJM789 hybrid yeast, SNP-based read assignment, heteroduplex DNA detection via chimeric sequence reads Genetics Medium 38124392
1997 A specific point mutation in yeast MSH5 (msh5-14, resulting in Y823H substitution) — but not deletion of MSH5 — confers cellular tolerance to DNA alkylating agents (MNNG) in an O6-methylguanine DNA methyltransferase-deficient background. This gain-of-function effect is distinct from loss of mismatch repair. Isolation of MNNG-tolerant revertants, genetic mapping of mutation to MSH5, complementation with msh5 deletion vs. point mutant allele, MNNG survival assays Cancer research / Gene Medium 14557077 9205082
2017 A homozygous missense mutation in human MSH5 (p.D487Y) identified in sisters with primary ovarian insufficiency (POI) impairs DNA homologous recombination repair in vitro, and the homologous mutation in mice results in atrophic ovaries without oocytes. Whole exome sequencing, in vitro functional DNA homologous recombination repair assay with mutant MSH5, mouse homologous mutation model Human molecular genetics Medium 28175301
2020 The lncRNA HCP5 stabilizes the interaction between YB1 and ILF2, facilitating YB1 nuclear translocation in granulosa cells. HCP5 silencing reduces YB1 binding to the MSH5 promoter, thereby reducing MSH5 transcription. This identifies YB1 as a transcriptional activator of MSH5 that is regulated by HCP5. lncRNA knockdown, YB1 co-IP with ILF2, nuclear fractionation of YB1, chromatin immunoprecipitation (YB1 at MSH5 promoter), MSH5 expression measurement Nucleic acids research Medium 32112110

Source papers

Stage 0 corpus · 100 papers · ranked by NIH iCite citations
Year Title Journal Citations PMID
1995 MSH5, a novel MutS homolog, facilitates meiotic reciprocal recombination between homologs in Saccharomyces cerevisiae but not mismatch repair. Genes & development 343 7622037
1999 Mouse MutS-like protein Msh5 is required for proper chromosome synapsis in male and female meiosis. Genes & development 289 10072381
2000 Identification of HLA-G7 as a new splice variant of the HLA-G mRNA and expression of soluble HLA-G5, -G6, and -G7 transcripts in human transfected cells. Human immunology 265 11137219
2000 Caenorhabditis elegans msh-5 is required for both normal and radiation-induced meiotic crossing over but not for completion of meiosis. Genetics 223 11014811
1993 Sequences of genes encoding naphthalene dioxygenase in Pseudomonas putida strains G7 and NCIB 9816-4. Gene 221 8486285
2007 Role for Msh5 in the regulation of Ig class switch recombination. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 124 17409188
2020 Long noncoding RNA HCP5 participates in premature ovarian insufficiency by transcriptionally regulating MSH5 and DNA damage repair via YB1. Nucleic acids research 101 32112110
2017 Mutations in MSH5 in primary ovarian insufficiency. Human molecular genetics 88 28175301
2009 Cystic echinococcosis in Turkey: genetic variability and first record of the pig strain (G7) in the country. Parasitology research 82 19234876
2018 Molecular phylogeny based on six nuclear genes suggests that Echinococcus granulosus sensu lato genotypes G6/G7 and G8/G10 can be regarded as two distinct species. Parasitology 75 29781421
2005 Loss and gain of elicitor function of soybean mosaic virus G7 provoking Rsv1-mediated lethal systemic hypersensitive response maps to P3. Journal of virology 67 15613348
1989 Evaluation of a new alpha-amylase assay using 4.6-ethylidene-(G7)-1-4-nitrophenyl-(G1)-alpha-D-maltoheptaoside as substrate. Journal of clinical chemistry and clinical biochemistry. Zeitschrift fur klinische Chemie und klinische Biochemie 65 2787387
1997 A peptide-binding motif for I-A(g7), the class II major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecule of NOD and Biozzi AB/H mice. The Journal of experimental medicine 64 9091575
2012 Transancestral mapping of the MHC region in systemic lupus erythematosus identifies new independent and interacting loci at MSH5, HLA-DPB1 and HLA-G. Annals of the rheumatic diseases 58 22233601
2010 Genetic analysis of baker's yeast Msh4-Msh5 reveals a threshold crossover level for meiotic viability. PLoS genetics 57 20865162
1998 Cloning and characterization of the human and Caenorhabditis elegans homologs of the Saccharomyces cerevisiae MSH5 gene. Genomics 54 9787078
2005 Structural and functional divergence of MutS2 from bacterial MutS1 and eukaryotic MSH4-MSH5 homologs. Journal of bacteriology 53 15866941
1998 Cloning, structural characterization, and chromosomal localization of the human orthologue of Saccharomyces cerevisiae MSH5 gene. Genomics 52 9740671
2003 Evolution of Soybean mosaic virus-G7 molecularly cloned genome in Rsv1-genotype soybean results in emergence of a mutant capable of evading Rsv1-mediated recognition. Virology 50 14554079
2019 Position β57 of I-Ag7 controls early anti-insulin responses in NOD mice, linking an MHC susceptibility allele to type 1 diabetes onset. Science immunology 48 31471352
1999 Quantification of chemotaxis to naphthalene by Pseudomonas putida G7. Applied and environmental microbiology 47 10388674
2008 Spermatogenesis-specific association of SMCY and MSH5. Genes to cells : devoted to molecular & cellular mechanisms 46 18459961
1994 Molecular cloning and identification of the porcine cytolytic trigger molecule G7 as a Fc gamma RIII alpha (CD16) homologue. Journal of immunology (Baltimore, Md. : 1950) 44 8077673
2003 Ex vivo analysis of thymic CD4 T cells in nonobese diabetic mice with tetramers generated from I-A(g7)/class II-associated invariant chain peptide precursors. Journal of immunology (Baltimore, Md. : 1950) 43 14530340
1976 In vitro biosynthesis of sialosylgalactosylceramide (G7) by mouse brain microsomes. The Journal of biological chemistry 41 398
2017 The Echinococcus canadensis (G7) genome: a key knowledge of parasitic platyhelminth human diseases. BMC genomics 39 28241794
2014 Genetic characterization of human-derived hydatid cysts of Echinococcus granulosus sensu lato in Heilongjiang Province and the first report of G7 genotype of E. canadensis in humans in China. PloS one 39 25329820
2021 Bi-allelic variants in DNA mismatch repair proteins MutS Homolog MSH4 and MSH5 cause infertility in both sexes. Human reproduction (Oxford, England) 37 34755185
2017 In vitro antibacterial activity of poly (amidoamine)-G7 dendrimer. BMC infectious diseases 37 28583153
2005 Genetic and cell biological characterization of the vaccinia virus A30 and G7 phosphoproteins. Journal of virology 37 15890954
2000 Molecular evidence for the presence of a G7 genotype of Echinococcus granulosus in Slovakia. Journal of helminthology 35 10881291
1992 A triggering structure recognized by G7 monoclonal antibody on porcine lymphocytes and granulocytes. Cellular immunology 35 1544170
1995 A susceptibility gene for alveolar lung tumors in the mouse maps between Hsp70.3 and G7 within the H2 complex. Immunogenetics 34 7806281
2018 A HD-ZIP II HOMEBOX transcription factor, PpHB.G7, mediates ethylene biosynthesis during fruit ripening in peach. Plant science : an international journal of experimental plant biology 33 30471725
2015 Genotyping of Echinococcus granulosus from goats and sheep indicating G7 genotype in goats in the Northeast of Iran. Veterinary parasitology 32 26483165
2014 Msh4 and Msh5 function in SC-independent chiasma formation during the streamlined meiosis of Tetrahymena. Genetics 32 25217051
2007 Molecular identification of Echinococcus granulosus genotypes (G1 and G7) isolated from pigs in Mexico. Veterinary parasitology 32 17467177
2003 Pancreatic NOD beta cells express MHC class II protein and the frequency of I-A(g7) mRNA-expressing beta cells strongly increases during progression to autoimmune diabetes. Diabetologia 32 12856083
2000 Encephalitogenic and immunogenic potential of the stress protein alphaB-crystallin in Biozzi ABH (H-2A(g7)) mice. Journal of neuroimmunology 32 10683514
2010 A C. elegans eIF4E-family member upregulates translation at elevated temperatures of mRNAs encoding MSH-5 and other meiotic crossover proteins. Journal of cell science 31 20530576
2008 Echinococcus granulosus: variability of the host-protective EG95 vaccine antigen in G6 and G7 genotypic variants. Experimental parasitology 29 18342311
2000 Characterization of a new MUC1 monoclonal antibody (VU-2-G7) directed to the glycosylated PDTR sequence of MUC1. Tumour biology : the journal of the International Society for Oncodevelopmental Biology and Medicine 29 10867613
2016 Biochemical characterization of a novel cold-adapted GH39 β-agarase, AgaJ9, from an agar-degrading marine bacterium Gayadomonas joobiniege G7. Applied microbiology and biotechnology 27 27832307
2005 Major histocompatibility complex-linked diabetes susceptibility in NOD/Lt mice: subcongenic analysis localizes a component of Idd16 at the H2-D end of the diabetogenic H2(g7) complex. Diabetes 27 15855353
2004 Physical and functional interactions between vaccinia virus F10 protein kinase and virion assembly proteins A30 and G7. Journal of virology 26 14671108
2019 Mutation of the ATPase Domain of MutS Homolog-5 (MSH5) Reveals a Requirement for a Functional MutSγ Complex for All Crossovers in Mammalian Meiosis. G3 (Bethesda, Md.) 25 30944090
1997 A mutation in the MSH5 gene results in alkylation tolerance. Cancer research 25 9205082
1999 Identification and characterization of the mouse MutS homolog 5: Msh5. Mammalian genome : official journal of the International Mammalian Genome Society 23 10556423
2019 Analysis of nad2 and nad5 enables reliable identification of genotypes G6 and G7 within the species complex Echinococcus granulosus sensu lato. Infection, genetics and evolution : journal of molecular epidemiology and evolutionary genetics in infectious diseases 22 31247339
1995 Monoclonal antibody LU-BCRU-G7 against a breast tumour-associated glycoprotein recognizes the disaccharide Gal beta 1-3GlcNAc. Glycobiology 22 7579792
2013 Echinococcus granulosus in Portugal: the first report of the G7 genotype in cattle. Veterinary parasitology 21 24035548
2017 Characterisation of Antigen B Protein Species Present in the Hydatid Cyst Fluid of Echinococcus canadensis G7 Genotype. PLoS neglected tropical diseases 20 28045899
2012 The human MSH5 (MutSHomolog 5) protein localizes to mitochondria and protects the mitochondrial genome from oxidative damage. Mitochondrion 20 22917773
2018 Biochemical Characterization of a Novel GH86 β-Agarase Producing Neoagarohexaose from Gayadomonas joobiniege G7. Journal of microbiology and biotechnology 19 29169221
2019 K17 capsular polysaccharide produced by Acinetobacter baumannii isolate G7 contains an amide of 2-acetamido-2-deoxy-d-galacturonic acid with d-alanine. International journal of biological macromolecules 18 31715229
2018 Identification and biochemical characterization of a novel cold-adapted 1,3-α-3,6-anhydro-L-galactosidase, Ahg786, from Gayadomonas joobiniege G7. Applied microbiology and biotechnology 18 30128580
2007 Screening for hemoglobinopathies during routine hemoglobin A1c testing using the Tosoh G7 Glycohemoglobin Analyzer. Annals of clinical and laboratory science 18 17709689
2020 Molecular survey on cattle and sheep hydatidosis and first detection of Echinococcus canadensis (G6/G7) in sheep in Turkey. Parasitology 17 32404231
2016 Cloning, Expression, and Biochemical Characterization of a Novel Acidic GH16 β-Agarase, AgaJ11, from Gayadomonas joobiniege G7. Applied biochemistry and biotechnology 17 27743343
2000 Modelling of the MHC II allele I-A(g7) of NOD mouse: pH-dependent changes in specificity at pockets 9 and 6 explain several of the unique properties of this molecule. Diabetologia 17 10855536
2014 Echinococcus canadensis (G7) and Echinococcus granulosus sensu stricto (G1) in swine of southern Brazil. Veterinary parasitology 16 24566128
2011 Uptake of a cell permeable G7-18NATE contruct into cells and binding with the Grb-7-SH2 domain. Biopolymers 16 20564009
2016 Echinococcus granulosus sensu stricto, Echinococcus canadensis (G7), and Echinococcus ortleppi in fertile hydatid cysts isolated from cattle in Southern Brazil. Acta tropica 15 27554941
2013 Structural insights into Saccharomyces cerevisiae Msh4-Msh5 complex function using homology modeling. PloS one 15 24244354
2012 Interaction of the non-phosphorylated peptide G7-18NATE with Grb7-SH2 domain requires phosphate for enhanced affinity and specificity. Journal of molecular recognition : JMR 15 22213451
2024 The Anti-inflammatory Potential of a Strain of Probiotic Bifidobacterium pseudocatenulatum G7: and Evidence. Journal of agricultural and food chemistry 14 38620073
2015 Molecular characterization of cystic echinococcosis: First record of G7 in Egypt and G1 in Yemen. Acta parasitologica 14 26408588
2009 NOD x 129.H2(g7) backcross delineates 129S1/SvImJ-derived genomic regions modulating type 1 diabetes development in mice. Diabetes 14 19336673
2007 NMR analysis of G7-18NATE, a nonphosphorylated cyclic peptide inhibitor of the Grb7 adapter protein. Biopolymers 14 17206629
1999 The lack of consensus for I-A(g7)-peptide binding motifs: is there a requirement for anchor amino acid side chains? Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 14 10411925
1998 Thymic positive selection and peripheral activation of islet antigen-specific T cells: separation of two diabetogenic steps by an I-A(g7) class II MHC beta-chain mutant. Journal of immunology (Baltimore, Md. : 1950) 14 9794372
1995 Solvent effects on model d(CG.G)7 and d(TA.T)7 DNA triple helices. Biopolymers 14 7766818
2021 Molecular Characterization and Haplotype Analyses of Lung Hydatid Cyst Isolates of Cattle and First Report of Echinococcus canadensis (G6/G7) in Cattle Isolates in Turkey. Acta parasitologica 13 34121135
2021 Regulation of Msh4-Msh5 association with meiotic chromosomes in budding yeast. Genetics 13 34849874
2020 Echinococcus granulosus sensu stricto, Echinococcus ortleppi; and E. intermedius (G7) are present in Bolivia. Parasitology 13 32234095
2020 First report of Echinococcus canadensis (G6/G7) by sequence analysis from the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province of Pakistan. Acta tropica 13 32473988
1994 Biochemical characterization of the porcine Fc gamma RIII alpha homologue G7. Cellular immunology 13 7923391
2009 Heterogeneous expression of HLA-G1, -G2, -G5, -G6, and -G7 in myeloid and plasmacytoid dendritic cells isolated from umbilical cord blood. Human immunology 12 19135113
2001 IL-12 administration reveals diabetogenic T cells in genetically resistant I-Ealpha-transgenic nonobese diabetic mice: resistance to autoimmune diabetes is associated with binding of Ealpha-derived peptides to the I-A(g7) molecule. Journal of immunology (Baltimore, Md. : 1950) 12 11564833
2019 Molecular Cloning and Characterization of a Novel Cold-Adapted Alkaline 1,3-α-3,6-Anhydro-L-galactosidase, Ahg558, from Gayadomonas joobiniege G7. Applied biochemistry and biotechnology 11 30788710
2019 Molecular phylodiagnosis of Echinococcus granulosus sensu lato and Taenia hydatigena determined by mitochondrial Cox1 and SSU-rDNA markers in Iranian dogs: Indicating the first record of pig strain (G7) in definitive host in the Middle East. Comparative immunology, microbiology and infectious diseases 11 31300133
2015 HLA-G5 and G7 Isoforms in Pregnant Women. Iranian journal of allergy, asthma, and immunology 11 25780888
2003 A single amino acid substitution in MSH5 results in DNA alkylation tolerance. Gene 11 14557077
2001 Experimental autoimmune uveoretinitis in mice (Biozzi ABH and NOD) expressing the autoimmune-associated H-2A(g7) molecule: identification of a uveitogenic epitope. Journal of neuroimmunology 11 11498256
2023 I-Ag7 β56/57 polymorphisms regulate non-cognate negative selection to CD4+ T cell orchestrators of type 1 diabetes. Nature immunology 10 36807641
2022 A Homozygous Loss-of-Function Mutation in MSH5 Abolishes MutSγ Axial Loading and Causes Meiotic Arrest in NOA-Affected Individuals. International journal of molecular sciences 10 35742973
1995 Characterization of the cytolytic trigger molecules G7/PNK-E as a molecular complex on the surface of porcine phagocytes. Cellular immunology 10 7697738
2011 Expression, purification and preliminary crystallographic studies of NahF, a salicylaldehyde dehydrogenase from Pseudomonas putida G7 involved in naphthalene degradation. Acta crystallographica. Section F, Structural biology and crystallization communications 9 22232182
2008 The silent hemoglobin alpha chain variant Hb Riccarton [alpha51(CE9)Gly-->Ser] may affect HbA1c determination on the HLC-723 G7 analyzer. Clinical chemistry and laboratory medicine 9 18601605
2019 Evidence for camels (Camelus bactrianus) as the main intermediate host of Echinococcus granulosus sensu lato G6/G7 in Mongolia. Parasitology research 8 31278516
2017 Insight into the Selectivity of the G7-18NATE Inhibitor Peptide for the Grb7-SH2 Domain Target. Frontiers in molecular biosciences 8 29018805
2015 Combination Testing Using a Single MSH5 Variant alongside HLA Haplotypes Improves the Sensitivity of Predicting Coeliac Disease Risk in the Polish Population. PloS one 8 26406233
2002 Cross-reactive mycobacterial and self hsp60 epitope recognition in I-A(g7) expressing NOD, NOD-asp and Biozzi AB/H mice. Journal of autoimmunity 8 11908946
2024 Heterozygosity alters Msh5 binding to meiotic chromosomes in the baker's yeast. Genetics 7 38124392
2004 Self-peptides that bind with low affinity to the diabetes-associated I-A(g7) molecule readily induce T cell tolerance in non-obese diabetic mice. European journal of immunology 7 15368281
2001 Relative resistance to nasally induced tolerance in non-obese diabetic mice but not other I-A(g7)-expressing mouse strains. International immunology 7 11581177
2023 RAD51C-RAD51D interplays with MSH5 and regulates crossover maturation in rice meiosis. The New phytologist 6 37430391
2022 Early developmental, meiosis-specific proteins - Spo11, Msh4-1, and Msh5 - Affect subsequent genome reorganization in Paramecium tetraurelia. Biochimica et biophysica acta. Molecular cell research 6 35181406
2016 Event-specific detection of transgenic potato AV43-6-G7 using real-time and digital PCR methods. BMC biotechnology 6 27784303
2010 MSH5 is not a genetic predisposing factor for immunoglobulin A deficiency but marks the HLA-DRB1*0102 subgroup carrying susceptibility. Human immunology 6 20542071

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