Affinage

MS4A1

B-lymphocyte antigen CD20 · UniProt P11836

Length
297 aa
Mass
33.1 kDa
Annotated
2026-06-10
100 papers in source corpus 20 papers cited in narrative 20 extracted findings
Cross-family judge vs UniProt: Affinage preferred faithfulness: 6/6 claims corpus-supported (100%)

Mechanistic narrative

Synthesis pass · prose summary of the discoveries below

MS4A1 (CD20) is a B cell-restricted, four-transmembrane plasma membrane protein that functions as a gatekeeper of the resting B cell state by controlling the nanoscale organization of antigen receptors (PMID:33563755). Its expression is initiated during late pre-B cell development and increases with B cell maturation, yet its loss in mice produces no major defect in B cell development, antigen receptor signaling, or proliferation (PMID:9634476, PMID:14688067). Mechanistically, CRISPR ablation of CD20 in resting B cells triggers relocalization of the IgM-BCR and its engagement with the CD19 coreceptor, driving transient activation, a PAX5-to-BLIMP-1 transcriptional switch, metabolic reprogramming toward oxidative phosphorylation, and a shift toward plasma cell fate that is reversed by CD20 re-expression (PMID:33563755); consistent with this coreceptor link, CD20-deficient B cells show reduced CD19-induced calcium responses (PMID:14688067). CD20 resides in cholesterol-dependent lipid raft microdomains enriched in src-family kinases, and antibody cross-linking clusters these rafts and drives a caspase-, mitochondria-, and Bcl-2-independent apoptotic pathway (PMID:12200688, PMID:12383196, PMID:12835728). Structurally, CD20 forms a compact double-barrel dimer whose extracellular C167–C183 disulfide is required for rituximab binding; type I antibodies (rituximab, ofatumumab) seed circular CD20 assemblies that recruit complement, while type II antibodies (obinutuzumab) form terminal complexes that preclude complement recruitment (PMID:16285718, PMID:32079680, PMID:32792392). CD20 abundance is controlled at multiple levels: transcriptionally by Smad proteins downstream of TGF-β (where CD20 promotes survival by resisting TGF-β-induced apoptosis) and by PU.1/Oct-2 under prenylation control, and post-transcriptionally by HDAC6-dependent translational control and by alternative 5' UTR splicing that generates a translation-deficient V1 and a translation-competent V3 isoform (PMID:22665052, PMID:22843692, PMID:28830887, PMID:37683180).

Mechanistic history

Synthesis pass · year-by-year structured walk · 11 steps
  1. 1987 Medium

    Established the earliest functional role of CD20 by showing that antibody cross-linking, but not monovalent engagement, drives resting B cells from G0 into G1 in concert with the Ig-signaling pathway, placing CD20 at an early activation checkpoint.

    Evidence B cell proliferation and cell-cycle assays with cross-linking versus Fab fragments, sequential antibody timing, and co-stimulant titration

    PMID:2415587 PMID:3487090 PMID:3492530 PMID:3872456

    Open questions at the time
    • No molecular signaling pathway downstream of CD20 defined
    • Mechanism of how cross-linking couples to cell-cycle entry unknown
  2. 1998 Medium

    Tested whether CD20 is genetically required for B cell biology; knockout mice showed largely normal development and signaling, indicating CD20 is dispensable for core B cell functions in mice and reframing it as a modulator rather than an essential receptor.

    Evidence CD20 gene-disruption mice with development, signaling, proliferation, and calcium-uptake readouts

    PMID:9634476

    Open questions at the time
    • Negative result does not exclude subtle or redundant roles
    • Does not address human CD20 function or therapeutic relevance
  3. 2004 High

    Refined CD20's role in calcium handling by showing that CD20-deficient B cells have reduced CD19-induced calcium responses, linking CD20 to coreceptor-dependent transmembrane Ca2+ movement.

    Evidence CD20-deficient mice with CD19- and IgM-induced intracellular calcium assays and developmental flow cytometry

    PMID:14688067

    Open questions at the time
    • Whether CD20 itself conducts ions or acts indirectly via CD19 unresolved
    • Molecular link between CD20 and the calcium machinery undefined
  4. 2003 Medium

    Connected CD20 to membrane microdomain biology by showing its raft association is cholesterol-dependent and that cross-linking clusters rafts to engage src-family kinases and drive a non-canonical apoptotic pathway.

    Evidence Lipid raft fractionation, cholesterol depletion/enrichment, extracellular-domain mutagenesis, kinase inhibition, and apoptosis assays

    PMID:12200688 PMID:12383196 PMID:12835728

    Open questions at the time
    • Identity of the src-family kinases and apoptotic effectors not defined
    • Physiological relevance of cross-linking-induced apoptosis unclear
  5. 2005 High

    Defined the molecular determinant of therapeutic antibody binding by showing the extracellular C167–C183 disulfide is required for rituximab recognition and that surface CD20 binds with higher avidity than purified protein.

    Evidence E. coli expression and purification, circular dichroism, cysteine mutagenesis, reduction/reoxidation, and rituximab affinity measurements

    PMID:16285718

    Open questions at the time
    • Full conformational epitope not resolved at this stage
    • Oligomeric state on the membrane not directly visualized
  6. 2012 High

    Resolved how CD20 expression is transcriptionally controlled, identifying Smad-mediated repression downstream of TGF-β (with CD20 promoting survival) and PU.1/Oct-2 activation under prenylation control.

    Evidence ChIP for Smad, PU.1 and Oct-2 at the MS4A1 promoter, knockdown/overexpression, farnesyltransferase inhibition, and apoptosis/CDC assays

    PMID:22665052 PMID:22843692

    Open questions at the time
    • How TGF-β/Smad and PU.1/Oct-2 inputs are integrated unknown
    • Mechanism by which CD20 confers apoptosis resistance not defined
  7. 2017 High

    Extended CD20 regulation beyond transcription by showing HDAC6 controls CD20 protein levels through translational regulation of its mRNA, with direct relevance to rituximab efficacy.

    Evidence HDAC6 pharmacologic inhibition and knockdown, polysome fractionation, mRNA quantification, and in vivo rituximab efficacy

    PMID:28830887

    Open questions at the time
    • Direct molecular link between HDAC6 and the CD20 translation machinery not defined
    • Acetylation substrate mediating the effect unidentified
  8. 2020 High

    Provided the structural basis for CD20 architecture and antibody-class differences, revealing a double-barrel dimer and explaining why type I antibodies seed complement-recruiting assemblies while type II antibodies form terminal complexes.

    Evidence Cryo-EM structures of full-length CD20 bound to type I and type II mAbs with binding thermodynamics, from two independent labs

    PMID:32079680 PMID:32792392

    Open questions at the time
    • Structure of unliganded native oligomers not resolved
    • Endogenous oligomeric distribution on live cells not addressed
  9. 2021 High

    Established CD20's core physiological function as a gatekeeper of the resting B cell state, showing its loss reorganizes the IgM-BCR/CD19 axis and drives a transcriptional and metabolic shift toward plasma cell fate that is reversible upon re-expression.

    Evidence CRISPR knockout with rescue, super-resolution microscopy, transcriptomics, metabolic profiling, and primary human B cell/in vivo validation

    PMID:33563755

    Open questions at the time
    • Direct molecular interaction between CD20 and BCR/CD19 not structurally defined
    • How CD20 physically constrains receptor nanoscale organization unknown
  10. 2023 High

    Identified a post-transcriptional resistance mechanism, showing 5' UTR alternative splicing generates a translation-deficient V1 and translation-competent V3 isoform, with V3-to-V1 shifts driving CD20 loss in lymphoma relapse.

    Evidence RNA-seq, polysome fractionation, splice-switching morpholinos, isoform reconstitution, immunotherapy cytotoxicity assays, and patient relapse RNA-seq

    PMID:37683180

    Open questions at the time
    • Upstream regulators controlling the V1/V3 splicing decision unknown
    • Generalizability across lymphoma subtypes not established
  11. 2025 Medium

    Localized endogenous CD20 to B cell microvilli and showed antibody binding induces polarization and microvilli stabilization, with distinct oligomeric states differentially engaging type I versus type II mAbs.

    Evidence DNA-PAINT super-resolution nanoscopy with lattice light-sheet imaging of endogenous CD20 on live B cells

    PMID:39787234

    Open questions at the time
    • No genetic perturbation to confirm functional role of microvilli localization
    • Molecular basis distinguishing the oligomeric states undefined

Open questions

Synthesis pass · forward-looking unresolved questions
  • How CD20 mechanically organizes the BCR/CD19 nanocluster and whether its oligomeric and microvilli distribution directly governs ion conductance and resting-state maintenance remain unresolved.
  • No structure of CD20 in complex with BCR or CD19
  • Mechanism coupling CD20 oligomeric state to calcium conductance undefined
  • Direct effectors of CD20-dependent receptor confinement unidentified

Mechanism profile

Synthesis pass · controlled-vocabulary classification · explore literature graph →
Molecular activity
GO:0005215 transporter activity 1
Localization
GO:0005886 plasma membrane 4
Pathway
R-HSA-168256 Immune System 3 R-HSA-5357801 Programmed Cell Death 2
Partners
CD19MS4A1

Evidence

Reading pass · 20 per-paper findings extracted from the source corpus
Year Finding Method Journal Conf PMIDs
1985 Cross-linking of CD20 (Bp35) on B cells by monoclonal antibodies stimulates B cell activation and transition through the G0-to-G1 phase of the cell cycle; monovalent Fab fragments block but do not trigger activation, indicating cross-linking is required for signaling. B cell proliferation assay with monoclonal antibodies and Fab fragments; cyclosporin A inhibition Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America Medium 2415587 3872456
1985 CD20 (Bp35) engagement initiates transition from G0 to G1 in resting B cells as measured by RNA synthesis, cell enlargement, and responsiveness to growth factors; this effect is inhibited at low concentrations of cyclosporin A, placing CD20 at an early stage of B cell activation. Tonsillar B cell stimulation assay; thymidine uptake; cyclosporin A inhibition; monoclonal antibodies 1F5 and B1 with differing epitope specificities Journal of immunology (Baltimore, Md. : 1950) Medium 2415587
1986 CD20 (Bp35) and CD50 (Bp50) deliver distinct sequential signals in B cell activation: anti-Bp35 activates resting B cells to enter G1 (like anti-Ig), while anti-Bp50 augments progression through the cell cycle only after initial activation, functionally resembling B cell growth factor. Purified resting B cell proliferation assays; combinatorial antibody stimulation with timing experiments Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America Medium 3487090
1987 Anti-Bp35 (anti-CD20)-induced B cell proliferation is augmented by the same co-stimulants (BCGF, IL-1, TPA) as anti-Ig-induced proliferation; anti-Bp35 added 12–24 hours before anti-Ig or BCGF is most effective, and pretreatment converts blood B cells to an HLA-DR-bright, more activation-responsive phenotype. B cell proliferation assay; co-stimulant titration; sequential antibody addition timing experiments; HLA-DR phenotyping Journal of immunology (Baltimore, Md. : 1950) Medium 3492530
1998 CD20 knockout mice show no major defect in B cell development, antigen receptor signaling, proliferative responses, T cell-dependent antibody responses, or calcium uptake compared to wild-type, suggesting CD20 is not essential for these processes in mice. CD20 gene disruption (knockout mice); surface marker expression; antigen receptor signaling; calcium uptake assay; proliferation assay Immunogenetics Medium 9634476
2001 FMC7 monoclonal antibody detects a conformational epitope on CD20; transient transfection of CD20 cDNA into K562 myeloid cells induces de novo expression of both CD20 and FMC7, confirming FMC7 specificity for a particular CD20 conformation (likely a multimeric CD20 complex). Rituximab treatment abolishes both CD20 and FMC7 staining. CD20 cDNA transfection into K562 cells; mutual blocking studies; flow cytometry after rituximab treatment Cytometry Medium 11309819
2002 CD20 cross-linking induces apoptosis through a pathway that is independent of caspases, mitochondrial membrane potential loss, cytochrome c release, and Bcl-2, distinguishing it mechanistically from CD95- and BCR-induced apoptosis. Ramos cell CD20 cross-linking; caspase inhibitor (zVAD-fmk); Bcl-2 overexpression; annexin V staining; cytochrome c release assay; mitochondrial membrane potential measurement Leukemia Medium 12200688
2002 CD20 associates with lipid raft membrane microdomains enriched in src-family tyrosine kinases; CD20 cross-linking induces lipid raft clustering and activates src-family kinase-dependent signaling pathways leading to apoptosis. Lipid raft fractionation; detergent-insolubility assay; tyrosine kinase inhibitor studies; CD20 cross-linking Immunology Medium 12383196
2003 The FMC7 antibody epitope on CD20 is sensitive to membrane cholesterol: cholesterol depletion profoundly reduces FMC7 epitope expression, while cholesterol enrichment enhances it. Mutations in the extracellular domain of CD20 abolish FMC7 reactivity. FMC7 binding induces detergent insolubility of CD20, consistent with raft association. Cholesterol depletion/enrichment experiments; CD20 extracellular domain mutagenesis; ectopic CD20 expression in hematopoietic and nonhematopoietic cell lines; flow cytometry Leukemia Medium 12835728
2004 Mouse CD20 expression is B cell-restricted and initiated during late pre-B cell development, increasing during B cell maturation. In CD20-deficient mice, CD19-induced intracellular calcium responses are significantly reduced, demonstrating a role for CD20 in transmembrane Ca2+ movement that complements results from human CD20 cDNA-transfected cell lines. CD20-deficient (CD20-/-) mice; new panel of mouse CD20-specific mAbs; intracellular calcium response assays (CD19 and IgM-induced); B cell development analysis by flow cytometry International immunology High 14688067
2005 Purified human and murine CD20 proteins expressed in E. coli form detergent-soluble complexes with substantial helical secondary structure. Rituximab binding requires the disulfide bond between C167 and C183 in the extracellular loop; reduction and alkylation abolishes binding, which is partially recovered after reoxidation. Mutations of proposed intracellular cysteines do not affect antibody binding. Intact rituximab shows higher affinity for native B cell-surface CD20 than purified CD20, suggesting avidity effects from CD20 cross-linking into lipid rafts. E. coli expression and purification of CD20; circular dichroism spectroscopy; rituximab binding affinity measurements; cysteine mutagenesis; reduction/reoxidation experiments Biochemistry High 16285718
2012 TGF-β-induced apoptosis of B-cell lymphoma Ramos cells is mediated by Smad-dependent transcriptional repression of MS4A1/CD20; chromatin immunoprecipitation showed Smad proteins directly bind the MS4A1 promoter. CD20 knockdown increases apoptosis, while stable CD20 overexpression confers resistance to TGF-β-induced apoptosis, establishing CD20 as a TGF-β target that promotes B cell survival. Oligonucleotide microarray; chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) for Smad binding to MS4A1 promoter; CD20 knockdown and stable overexpression; apoptosis assays in vitro and in vivo Oncogene High 22665052
2012 Farnesyltransferase inhibitors (FTIs, specifically L-744,832) upregulate CD20 at both mRNA and protein levels in B cell tumor lines and primary cells; ChIP reveals increased binding of transcription factors PU.1 and Oct-2 to CD20 promoter sequences upon FTI treatment, identifying a prenylation-dependent transcriptional regulatory mechanism for CD20 expression. Farnesyltransferase inhibitor treatment; qRT-PCR; flow cytometry; chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) for PU.1 and Oct-2 at CD20 promoter; complement-dependent cytotoxicity assays The Journal of biological chemistry Medium 22843692
2017 HDAC6 regulates CD20 protein levels post-transcriptionally by controlling CD20 mRNA translation; HDAC6 inhibition increases CD20 mRNA in the polysomal fraction without altering MS4A1 transcription, indicating translational rather than transcriptional regulation. HDAC6 pharmacologic inhibition and genetic knockdown; flow cytometry for CD20 protein; RT-PCR for MS4A1 mRNA; polysome fractionation; in vivo rituximab efficacy in mice Blood High 28830887
2020 Cryo-EM structure of full-length CD20 in complex with rituximab reveals CD20 as a compact double-barrel dimer; two rituximab Fabs each engage a composite epitope and an extensive homotypic Fab:Fab interface. The structure suggests rituximab cross-links CD20 into circular assemblies and provides a structural model for complement recruitment. Cryo-electron microscopy structure determination at 3.3 Å resolution; structure-function analysis of CD20-RTX complex Science (New York, N.Y.) High 32079680
2020 Cryo-EM structures of full-length CD20 in complex with type I (rituximab, ofatumumab) and type II (obinutuzumab) therapeutic mAbs reveal mechanistic basis for type differences: type I mAb complexes act as molecular seeds for additional mAb recruitment and complement activation, while type II mAbs form terminal complexes that preclude additional mAb binding and complement component recruitment. Ofatumumab complexes display optimal geometry for complement recruitment among type I mAbs. Cryo-electron microscopy structures at 3.7–4.7 Å; binding thermodynamics measurements; structural comparison of type I vs type II mAb complexes Science (New York, N.Y.) High 32792392
2021 CRISPR/Cas9-mediated ablation of CD20 in resting B cells causes relocalization of IgM-class BCR and its interaction with coreceptor CD19, leading to transient B cell activation accompanied by internalization of B cell surface markers and a PAX5-to-BLIMP-1 transcriptional switch, metabolic reprogramming toward oxidative phosphorylation, and shift toward plasma cell development. Re-expression of CD20 restores the resting state, establishing CD20 as a gatekeeper of the resting B cell state that controls nanoscale receptor organization. CRISPR/Cas9 CD20 knockout in Ramos B cells; super-resolution microscopy for receptor nanoscale organization; rescue by CD20 re-expression; transcriptome analysis; metabolic profiling; rituximab treatment of naive human B cells in vitro and in vivo Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America High 33563755
2023 MS4A1/CD20 mRNA is alternatively spliced into isoforms with distinct 5' UTRs (V1 and V3); V1 contains upstream open reading frames and a stem-loop that cooperatively inhibit polysome recruitment, making V1 translation-deficient while V3 supports CD20 protein expression. Splice-switching morpholino oligomers that redirect splicing from V1 to V3 enhance CD20 expression and rituximab-mediated cytotoxicity. In follicular lymphoma relapsing after mosunetuzumab, CD20 downregulation is accompanied by a V3-to-V1 splicing shift. RNA sequencing; polysome fractionation; morpholino splice-switching; CD20-knockout cell reconstitution with V1 or V3 mRNA; CAR T and bispecific antibody cytotoxicity assays; patient relapse RNA-seq Blood High 37683180
2025 CD20 is abundantly expressed on B cell microvilli; binding of therapeutic mAbs (rituximab, ofatumumab, obinutuzumab) to CD20 on microvilli leads to antibody concentration-dependent B cell polarization and stabilization of microvilli protrusions. CD20 exists in distinct oligomeric states on the cell surface that differ in interaction with type I versus type II mAbs. Two-dye imager (TDI) DNA-PAINT super-resolution nanoscopy combined with lattice light-sheet microscopy; whole-cell volumetric imaging of endogenous CD20 on live immunological B cells Science (New York, N.Y.) Medium 39787234
2014 D393-CD20, an alternative splicing isoform of CD20 that lacks membrane expression, is translated in malignant B cells and generates CD4+ Th1 epitopes recognized by tumor-infiltrating T cells; D393-CD20-specific CD4 T cell clones kill autologous lymphoma B cells, and D393-CD20 peptide vaccination induces CD4 and CD8 T cell responses in HLA-humanized transgenic mice. RT-PCR detection of D393-CD20 translation; T cell clone functional assays (IFN-γ production, cytotoxicity); peptide vaccination of HLA-humanized transgenic mice; HLA class I and II presentation assays International journal of cancer Medium 25449106

Source papers

Stage 0 corpus · 100 papers · ranked by NIH iCite citations
Year Title Journal Citations PMID
1994 CD20: a regulator of cell-cycle progression of B lymphocytes. Immunology today 499 7524522
1986 Activation of human B cells mediated through two distinct cell surface differentiation antigens, Bp35 and Bp50. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 496 3487090
2007 Mechanisms of killing by anti-CD20 monoclonal antibodies. Molecular immunology 415 17768100
2020 The regulation and function of CD20: an "enigma" of B-cell biology and targeted therapy. Haematologica 333 32482755
1998 Levels of expression of CD19 and CD20 in chronic B cell leukaemias. Journal of clinical pathology 258 9708202
2005 The biology of CD20 and its potential as a target for mAb therapy. Current directions in autoimmunity 240 15564720
1985 Role of the Bp35 cell surface polypeptide in human B-cell activation. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 211 3872456
2018 CD20-TCB with Obinutuzumab Pretreatment as Next-Generation Treatment of Hematologic Malignancies. Clinical cancer research : an official journal of the American Association for Cancer Research 203 29716920
2004 Mouse CD20 expression and function. International immunology 187 14688067
2009 Anti-CD20 monoclonal antibodies: historical and future perspectives. Haematologica 185 19773256
2002 CD20-mediated apoptosis: signalling through lipid rafts. Immunology 184 12383196
1985 The CD20 (Bp35) antigen is involved in activation of B cells from the G0 to the G1 phase of the cell cycle. Journal of immunology (Baltimore, Md. : 1950) 171 2415587
2020 Structure of CD20 in complex with the therapeutic monoclonal antibody rituximab. Science (New York, N.Y.) 150 32079680
2017 Ocrelizumab and Other CD20+ B-Cell-Depleting Therapies in Multiple Sclerosis. Neurotherapeutics : the journal of the American Society for Experimental NeuroTherapeutics 147 28695471
2017 Therapeutic Antibodies: What Have We Learnt from Targeting CD20 and Where Are We Going? Frontiers in immunology 137 29046676
2008 Immunotherapeutic mechanisms of anti-CD20 monoclonal antibodies. Current opinion in immunology 125 18585457
2018 B cell-based therapies in CNS autoimmunity: differentiating CD19 and CD20 as therapeutic targets. Therapeutic advances in neurological disorders 111 29593838
2005 The therapeutic potential of anti-CD20 "what do B-cells do?". Clinical immunology (Orlando, Fla.) 107 16169773
2020 Binding mechanisms of therapeutic antibodies to human CD20. Science (New York, N.Y.) 105 32792392
2012 Novel CD20 monoclonal antibodies for lymphoma therapy. Journal of hematology & oncology 104 23057966
2023 Anti-CD20 therapies in multiple sclerosis: From pathology to the clinic. Frontiers in immunology 102 37033984
2000 CD20: a gene in search of a function. Seminars in oncology 102 11225995
1981 Heterogeneity of B-cell leukemias demonstrated by the monoclonal antibody FMC7. Blood 92 6788112
2018 Anti-CD20 monoclonal antibodies: reviewing a revolution. Human vaccines & immunotherapeutics 91 30096012
1998 Mice carrying a CD20 gene disruption. Immunogenetics 88 9634476
2008 Anti-CD20 monoclonal antibody therapy in multiple myeloma. British journal of haematology 87 18318769
2021 CD20 as a gatekeeper of the resting state of human B cells. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 85 33563755
2010 Evolution of anti-CD20 monoclonal antibody therapeutics in oncology. mAbs 80 20081379
2015 Anti-CD20 Antibodies for Idiopathic Nephrotic Syndrome in Children. Clinical journal of the American Society of Nephrology : CJASN 78 26585985
1987 Activation of human B cell proliferation through surface Bp35 (CD20) polypeptides or immunoglobulin receptors. Journal of immunology (Baltimore, Md. : 1950) 77 3492530
2002 CD20-induced B cell death can bypass mitochondria and caspase activation. Leukemia 73 12200688
2022 Proinflammatory CD20+ T cells contribute to CNS-directed autoimmunity. Science translational medicine 71 35353539
2010 CD20-targeted therapy: the next generation of antibodies. Seminars in hematology 71 20350667
2018 Cellular Cytotoxicity of Next-Generation CD20 Monoclonal Antibodies. Cancer immunology research 68 30089638
2010 The future of CD20 monoclonal antibody therapy in B-cell malignancies. Leukemia & lymphoma 68 20367564
2020 Anti-CD20 Agents for Multiple Sclerosis: Spotlight on Ocrelizumab and Ofatumumab. Brain sciences 66 33092190
2005 Isolation and characterization of the B-cell marker CD20. Biochemistry 66 16285718
2011 The predictive significance of CD20 expression in B-cell lymphomas. Diagnostic pathology 58 21486448
2015 Anti-CD20 antibody therapy and susceptibility to Pneumocystis pneumonia. Infection and immunity 57 25733518
2024 Drugs Targeting CD20 in Multiple Sclerosis: Pharmacology, Efficacy, Safety, and Tolerability. Drugs 54 38480630
2022 CD20+CD22+ADAM28+ B Cells in Tertiary Lymphoid Structures Promote Immunotherapy Response. Frontiers in immunology 54 35634306
2020 Anti-CD20 Monoclonal Antibodies for Relapsing and Progressive Multiple Sclerosis. CNS drugs 54 31994023
2019 CD20 and CD37 antibodies synergize to activate complement by Fc-mediated clustering. Haematologica 50 30792198
2018 The applications of anti-CD20 antibodies to treat various B cells disorders. Biomedicine & pharmacotherapy = Biomedecine & pharmacotherapie 50 30551501
2004 CD20 positive T cell lymphoma: is it a real entity? Journal of clinical pathology 48 15047755
2007 T cell-dependent survival of CD20+ and CD20- plasma cells in human secondary lymphoid tissue. Blood 47 17299094
2021 Efficacy and safety of new anti-CD20 monoclonal antibodies versus rituximab for induction therapy of CD20+ B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphomas: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Scientific reports 45 33547368
2021 COVID-19 in Patients Receiving CD20-depleting Immunochemotherapy for B-cell Lymphoma. HemaSphere 45 34235400
2019 CD3+CD20+ T cells and their roles in human diseases. Human immunology 45 30639700
2017 HDAC6 inhibition upregulates CD20 levels and increases the efficacy of anti-CD20 monoclonal antibodies. Blood 45 28830887
2013 Anti-CD20 monoclonal antibodies: beyond B-cells. Blood reviews 45 23953071
2014 Obinutuzumab: a new class of anti-CD20 monoclonal antibody. Current opinion in oncology 44 25014645
2020 MS4A1 expression and function in T cells in the colorectal cancer tumor microenvironment. Cellular immunology 42 33352466
2023 Alternative splicing of its 5'-UTR limits CD20 mRNA translation and enables resistance to CD20-directed immunotherapies. Blood 40 37683180
2016 CTLA-4 Limits Anti-CD20-Mediated Tumor Regression. Clinical cancer research : an official journal of the American Association for Cancer Research 38 27354469
2016 Anti-CD20 monoclonal antibodies in multiple sclerosis. Expert review of neurotherapeutics 38 27718747
2011 Molecular mechanisms of the antitumor effects of anti-CD20 antibodies. Frontiers in bioscience (Landmark edition) 38 21196171
2007 Evaluation of CD20, CD22, and HLA-DR targeting for radioimmunotherapy of B-cell lymphomas. Cancer research 38 17575162
2024 scRNA-seq of colorectal cancer shows regional immune atlas with the function of CD20+ B cells. Cancer letters 37 38253219
2022 New and Old Anti-CD20 Monoclonal Antibodies for Nephrotic Syndrome. Where We Are? Frontiers in immunology 36 35222385
2022 CD20+ T cells: an emerging T cell subset in human pathology. Inflammation research : official journal of the European Histamine Research Society ... [et al.] 36 35951029
2014 CD20 alternative splicing isoform generates immunogenic CD4 helper T epitopes. International journal of cancer 36 25449106
2003 Diagnostic significance of CD20 and FMC7 expression in B-cell disorders. American journal of clinical pathology 36 14608903
2004 Expression of PAX5 in CD20-positive multiple myeloma assessed by immunohistochemistry and oligonucleotide microarray. Modern pathology : an official journal of the United States and Canadian Academy of Pathology, Inc 35 15195108
2014 Translational medicine in action: anti-CD20 therapy in lymphoma. Journal of immunology (Baltimore, Md. : 1950) 34 25086174
2017 Diagnosis and treatment of CD20 negative B cell lymphomas. Biomarker research 32 28191314
2012 TGF-β-induced apoptosis of B-cell lymphoma Ramos cells through reduction of MS4A1/CD20. Oncogene 32 22665052
1994 Detection of subgroups of chronic B-cell leukemias by FMC7 monoclonal antibody. American journal of clinical pathology 32 8135183
2021 Glofitamab CD20-TCB bispecific antibody. Leukemia & lymphoma 30 34263696
2006 Radioimmunotherapy of B-cell lymphoma with radiolabelled anti-CD20 monoclonal antibodies. Clinical and experimental medicine 30 16550338
2021 Anti-CD20 B Cell Treatment for Relapsing Multiple Sclerosis. Frontiers in neurology 29 33551958
2018 Anti-CD20 Blocker Rituximab in Kidney Transplantation. Transplantation 29 28614191
2022 Distribution and efficacy of ofatumumab and ocrelizumab in humanized CD20 mice following subcutaneous or intravenous administration. Frontiers in immunology 28 35967378
2023 Modeling and affinity maturation of an anti-CD20 nanobody: a comprehensive in-silico investigation. Scientific reports 26 36631511
2001 Monoclonal antibody FMC7 detects a conformational epitope on the CD20 molecule: evidence from phenotyping after rituxan therapy and transfectant cell analyses. Cytometry 25 11309819
1992 CD20 and CD5 expression in B-chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 25 1376065
2021 Pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase 4-mediated metabolic reprogramming is involved in rituximab resistance in diffuse large B-cell lymphoma by affecting the expression of MS4A1/CD20. Cancer science 24 34252986
2012 MS4A1 dysregulation in asbestos-related lung squamous cell carcinoma is due to CD20 stromal lymphocyte expression. PloS one 23 22514692
2017 CD20-based Immunotherapy of B-cell Derived Hematologic Malignancies. Current cancer drug targets 22 28067179
2016 Anti-CD20 antibody treatment of non-Hodgkin lymphomas. Clinical immunology (Orlando, Fla.) 22 27531574
2014 Mycosis fungoides with CD20 expression: report of two cases and review of the literature. Journal of cutaneous pathology 22 24467775
2014 CD20+ B cell depletion alters T cell homing. Journal of immunology (Baltimore, Md. : 1950) 22 24696233
2002 Clinical utility of CD23 and FMC7 antigen coexistent expression in B-cell lymphoproliferative disorder subclassification. Cytometry 21 11857591
2012 Expression and biological characterization of an anti-CD20 biosimilar candidate antibody: a case study. mAbs 19 22647435
2023 Intrathecal CD8+CD20+ T Cells in Primary Progressive Multiple Sclerosis. Neurology(R) neuroimmunology & neuroinflammation 18 37369602
2022 Loop CD20/CD19 CAR-T cells eradicate B-cell malignancies efficiently. Science China. Life sciences 18 36251156
2020 Novel chimerized IgA CD20 antibodies: Improving neutrophil activation against CD20-positive malignancies. mAbs 18 32744145
2012 Prenyltransferases regulate CD20 protein levels and influence anti-CD20 monoclonal antibody-mediated activation of complement-dependent cytotoxicity. The Journal of biological chemistry 18 22843692
2008 Spotlight on anti-CD20. International MS journal 18 18713565
2025 Decoding the molecular interplay of CD20 and therapeutic antibodies with fast volumetric nanoscopy. Science (New York, N.Y.) 17 39787234
2023 Rational Protein Design Yields a CD20 CAR with Superior Antitumor Efficacy Compared with CD19 CAR. Cancer immunology research 17 36409926
2003 A cholesterol-dependent CD20 epitope detected by the FMC7 antibody. Leukemia 17 12835728
2014 Combating non-Hodgkin lymphoma by targeting both CD20 and HLA-DR through CD20-243 CrossMab. mAbs 16 24670986
2008 Immunotherapy in mantle cell lymphoma: anti-CD20-based therapy and beyond. American journal of hematology 16 17722077
1998 FMC7 antigen expression on normal and malignant B-cells can be predicted by expression of CD20. Cytometry 16 9579603
2023 Adriamycin-loaded exosome with anti-CD20 aptamers selectively suppresses human CD20+ melanoma stem cells. Skin research and technology : official journal of International Society for Bioengineering and the Skin (ISBS) [and] International Society for Digital Imaging of Skin (ISDIS) [and] International Society for Skin Imaging (ISSI) 15 36704890
2020 Anti-CD20 monoclonal antibodies in Systemic Lupus Erythematosus. Biologicals : journal of the International Association of Biological Standardization 15 33288390
2010 Ofatumumab, a human anti-CD20 monoclonal antibody. Expert opinion on biological therapy 15 20109133
2003 Immunotherapy with anti-CD20 compounds. Seminars in cancer biology 15 12959352
1988 Functional properties of human B cell subpopulations defined by monoclonal antibodies HB4 and FMC7. Journal of immunology (Baltimore, Md. : 1950) 15 3257502

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