Affinage

MAP2

Microtubule-associated protein 2 · UniProt P11137

Round 2 corrected
Length
1827 aa
Mass
199.5 kDa
Annotated
2026-04-28
130 papers in source corpus 38 papers cited in narrative 38 extracted findings

Mechanistic narrative

Synthesis pass · prose summary of the discoveries below

MAP2 is a neuron-enriched microtubule-associated protein that orchestrates dendritic cytoskeletal architecture by promoting microtubule polymerization, nucleation, stabilization, and bundling through a C-terminal repeat domain, while also cross-linking microtubules to neurofilaments and actin filaments (PMID:3142041, PMID:1487506, PMID:3045269, PMID:2115775). Its microtubule-binding affinity is bidirectionally regulated by phosphorylation: cdc2, MARK, GSK3β, and PKA phosphorylation within or near the repeat domain detach MAP2 from microtubules and redirect it toward actin-rich compartments, whereas NMDA receptor–activated calcineurin-mediated dephosphorylation restores microtubule association (PMID:11029056, PMID:2169265, PMID:8789950, PMID:10542369). Beyond cytoskeletal regulation, MAP2 functions as an A-kinase anchoring protein (AKAP) that recruits PKA-RIIβ to dendrites—required for cAMP/CREB signaling and contextual fear memory—and directly binds the α1 subunit of L-type Ca²⁺ channels independently of microtubules (PMID:12163474, PMID:12763072, PMID:10514522). Its mRNA is targeted to dendrites via a 640-nucleotide cis-acting element in the 3′ UTR, enabling local translation, while high-molecular-weight isoforms (MAP2a/b) contain a projection domain that determines inter-microtubule spacing, dendritic morphology, and lipid binding absent from the embryonic MAP2c splice variant (PMID:10516301, PMID:2770869, PMID:8868472).

Mechanistic history

Synthesis pass · year-by-year structured walk · 25 steps
  1. 1984 High

    Establishing MAP2 as a dendrite-specific cytoskeletal protein resolved the question of whether microtubule-associated proteins showed compartmental specificity in neurons, revealing MAP2 localizes to dendrites and postsynaptic densities but not axons.

    Evidence Immunocytochemistry and immunoelectron microscopy with monoclonal antibodies on brain tissue

    PMID:6699682

    Open questions at the time
    • Mechanism of dendritic restriction unknown at this stage
    • Whether MAP2 has functions independent of microtubules at postsynaptic densities was unresolved
  2. 1984 High

    Demonstrating that phosphorylation reduces MAP2–microtubule affinity in a dose-dependent manner established phosphorylation as a regulatory switch for MAP2 function, opening the question of which kinases and phosphatases operate in vivo.

    Evidence In vitro phosphorylation by co-purifying kinase; taxol-stabilized microtubule binding and polymerization kinetics

    PMID:6146522

    Open questions at the time
    • Identity of the endogenous kinase unknown
    • In vivo relevance not yet demonstrated
  3. 1988 High

    Mapping the microtubule-binding domain to the C-terminal 18-amino-acid repeats defined the minimal structural unit for MAP2–tubulin interaction and revealed domain architecture shared with tau.

    Evidence In vitro translation of MAP2 subcloned fragments followed by microtubule co-purification cycles; cDNA sequencing

    PMID:3142041

    Open questions at the time
    • Whether flanking sequences contribute to binding strength was untested
    • Structural basis of repeat–tubulin contact unresolved
  4. 1988 High

    Discovery that MAP2 mRNA is dendritically localized provided a mechanism for dendritic MAP2 protein enrichment through local translation, complementing protein-level localization studies and raising the question of what cis-elements direct the mRNA.

    Evidence In situ hybridization with specific cDNA probes on developing brain tissue

    PMID:3200318

    Open questions at the time
    • cis-acting targeting element not yet identified
    • Whether local translation is activity-regulated was unknown
  5. 1988 High

    Demonstrating that MAP2 cross-links microtubules to neurofilaments in dendrites expanded its role from microtubule stabilizer to an integrator of the dendritic cytoskeletal network.

    Evidence Quick-freeze deep-etch immunoEM in vivo; in vitro reconstitution with neurofilament L protein

    PMID:3045269

    Open questions at the time
    • Binding site on neurofilament L not mapped
    • Regulation of cross-linking activity unknown
  6. 1989 High

    Identification of the MAP2c splice variant lacking 1,342 aa of the projection domain, and demonstration that high-molecular-weight MAP2a/b but not MAP2c mRNA is dendritically targeted, linked alternative splicing to both isoform-specific architecture and mRNA localization.

    Evidence cDNA cloning/sequencing; in situ hybridization for MAP2c mRNA; EM of reconstituted microtubules

    PMID:2770869

    Open questions at the time
    • Developmental regulation of splicing switch uncharacterized
    • Projection domain contribution to inter-microtubule spacing not quantified
  7. 1989 High

    Microinjection tracking showed MAP2 protein enters both axons and dendrites but is selectively retained in dendrites via cytoskeletal binding, establishing differential retention rather than sorting as the compartmentalization mechanism.

    Evidence Microinjection of biotin-labeled MAP2 into spinal cord neurons; immunoEM with detergent extraction

    PMID:2657741

    Open questions at the time
    • What makes dendritic microtubules preferentially bind MAP2 was not determined
    • Whether phosphorylation state influences compartmental retention was untested
  8. 1990 High

    The tubulin-binding repeats were shown to also bind actin, revealing MAP2 as a bifunctional cytoskeletal linker and raising the question of how microtubule versus actin association is regulated.

    Evidence Affinity chromatography of G-actin on synthetic peptide; F-actin co-sedimentation

    PMID:2115775

    Open questions at the time
    • Whether microtubule and actin binding are mutually exclusive was unclear
    • In vivo significance of actin binding not demonstrated
  9. 1990 High

    NMDA receptor activation was shown to rapidly dephosphorylate MAP2 via calcineurin, linking synaptic activity to microtubule regulation and identifying the first physiological signal controlling MAP2 phosphorylation state.

    Evidence 32P-orthophosphate labeling of hippocampal slices; NMDA antagonist pharmacology

    PMID:2169265

    Open questions at the time
    • Specific phosphorylation sites dephosphorylated by calcineurin not mapped
    • Functional consequences for microtubule stability not directly measured
  10. 1992 High

    Gain-of-function expression in non-neuronal cells proved MAP2 is sufficient to stabilize microtubules against depolymerizing agents, bundle them independently of the MTOC, and impart structural stiffness—core functions for dendritic architecture.

    Evidence MAP2/MAP2c cDNA transfection into fibroblasts; drug resistance assays; acetylated tubulin staining; immunofluorescence

    PMID:1338311 PMID:1487506

    Open questions at the time
    • How bundling is coordinated with other dendritic MAPs in vivo unknown
    • Whether MAP2 stiffness is modulated by post-translational modifications untested
  11. 1993 High

    Photoactivation studies revealed MAP2c-bundled microtubules have extremely low internal tubulin exchange yet retain assembly-competent ends, explaining how MAP2 preserves stable dendritic microtubule cores while permitting dynamic growth.

    Evidence Photoactivation of caged fluorescein-tubulin in MAP2c-transfected fibroblasts; biotin-tubulin microinjection

    PMID:8421058

    Open questions at the time
    • Whether this dynamic end assembly is regulated by MAP2 phosphorylation was not tested
  12. 1994 High

    Systematic deletion mutagenesis established that efficient microtubule binding requires the repeat domain plus flanking proline-rich sequences, and that binding strength correlates with bundling capacity and process outgrowth.

    Evidence Series of MAP2c deletion mutants transfected into non-neuronal cells; immunofluorescence and process outgrowth assays

    PMID:7699010

    Open questions at the time
    • Structural basis of flanking region contribution unresolved
    • Whether post-translational modifications of flanking regions modulate binding untested
  13. 1996 High

    Biphasic glutamate-dependent phosphoregulation was mapped: metabotropic receptors activate CaMKII/PKC to transiently phosphorylate MAP2, while NMDA receptors activate calcineurin for sustained dephosphorylation, establishing a synaptic activity-dependent phosphorylation code that switches MAP2 between microtubule and actin association.

    Evidence 32P-labeling in neurons; pharmacological dissection with receptor agonists/antagonists and kinase/phosphatase inhibitors

    PMID:8789950

    Open questions at the time
    • Specific phosphosites responsible for the actin switch not identified
    • Whether the biphasic response occurs at individual synapses unknown
  14. 1997 High

    Distinct kinase-specific functional consequences were resolved: cdc2 phosphorylation abolishes both stabilizing and nucleating activities, while PKA phosphorylation selectively eliminates nucleation without affecting stabilization, demonstrating that different phosphorylation patterns produce distinct functional outcomes.

    Evidence In vitro phosphorylation by purified PKA and cdc2; dark-field single-microtubule visualization

    PMID:9376363

    Open questions at the time
    • In vivo relevance of cdc2-mediated MAP2 regulation in postmitotic neurons unclear
    • Combinatorial effects of multiple kinases untested
  15. 1999 High

    Identification of MAP2B as an AKAP that directly binds L-type Ca²⁺ channel α1 subunits and recruits PKA to postsynaptic sites revealed a scaffolding function independent of microtubule binding, expanding MAP2's role to signaling complex assembly.

    Evidence Reciprocal Co-IP from brain; direct protein overlay binding; nocodazole control for microtubule independence

    PMID:10514522

    Open questions at the time
    • Whether channel-MAP2-PKA complex formation is activity-regulated unknown
    • Stoichiometry of the complex not determined
  16. 1999 High

    MARK kinases were identified as physiological kinases that phosphorylate KXGS motifs in the microtubule-binding domain, causing MAP2 detachment and microtubule destabilization in cells.

    Evidence Inducible MARK1/MARK2 expression in CHO cells; microtubule stability and immunofluorescence assays

    PMID:10542369

    Open questions at the time
    • MARK regulation in neurons not addressed
    • Whether MARK acts on MAP2 at synapses unknown
  17. 1999 High

    A 640-nt cis-acting dendritic targeting element in the 3′ UTR was shown to be necessary and sufficient for MAP2 mRNA dendritic localization, resolving the long-standing question of what directs MAP2 mRNA to dendrites.

    Evidence Chimeric mRNA reporters in hippocampal and sympathetic neurons; in situ hybridization

    PMID:10516301

    Open questions at the time
    • Trans-acting factors recognizing the DTE not identified
    • Whether the DTE is activity-regulated unknown
  18. 2000 High

    Phosphomimetic mutations at KXGS motifs demonstrated that phosphorylation actively redirects MAP2 from microtubules to actin-rich membrane ruffles, establishing the molecular basis for phosphorylation-dependent cytoskeletal switching.

    Evidence Site-directed KXGS-to-Glu mutagenesis in HeLa cells; immunofluorescence; biochemical fractionation

    PMID:11029056

    Open questions at the time
    • Whether this switch occurs dynamically at synapses in neurons not shown
    • Actin-binding surface versus microtubule-binding surface overlap not structurally resolved
  19. 2002 High

    MAP2 knockout mice revealed essential roles in dendritic elongation, microtubule density maintenance, and PKA/CREB signaling in dendrites, establishing MAP2 as both a structural and signaling scaffold in vivo.

    Evidence MAP2-deficient mice; microtubule density measurement; PKA subunit and phospho-CREB assays in cultured neurons

    PMID:12163474

    Open questions at the time
    • Behavioral consequences of full MAP2 knockout not reported in this study
    • Compensatory changes by tau or MAP1B not assessed
  20. 2003 High

    Targeted deletion of the N-terminal PKA-anchoring domain showed that MAP2's AKAP function is specifically required for contextual fear memory, dissociating the signaling role from microtubule stabilization in a behavioral paradigm.

    Evidence N-terminal deletion mice by homologous recombination; fear conditioning behavioral tests; phosphorylation analysis

    PMID:12763072

    Open questions at the time
    • Downstream PKA substrates mediating contextual memory not identified
    • Whether other AKAPs compensate partially unknown
  21. 2003 Medium

    Quantitative binding of the neurosteroid DHEA to the MAP2c N-terminus (Ka ~2.7×10⁷ M⁻¹) identified MAP2 as a direct neurosteroid receptor, a function previously unrecognized for a cytoskeletal protein.

    Evidence Isothermal titration calorimetry; tryptic digestion and mass spectrometry domain mapping

    PMID:12775713

    Open questions at the time
    • In vivo relevance of neurosteroid–MAP2 interaction not demonstrated in this study
    • Whether DHEA binding alters MAP2 microtubule affinity untested
  22. 2006 Medium

    RNAi knockdown confirmed MAP2 is required for pregnenolone-stimulated neurite extension, validating MAP2 as a functional neurosteroid receptor that couples steroid binding to microtubule polymerization and neurite growth.

    Evidence MAP2 RNAi in PC12 cells; neurite outgrowth with PREG/MePREG; nocodazole protection assay

    PMID:16537405

    Open questions at the time
    • Binding site for PREG on MAP2 not mapped at residue resolution
    • Whether neurosteroid regulation of MAP2 occurs in vivo in adult brain unknown
  23. 2011 Medium

    Single-molecule RNA imaging revealed MAP2 mRNA travels in small ribonucleoprotein particles whose composition is regulated by synaptic activity and Staufen 2, linking activity-dependent translational control to MAP2 mRNA transport.

    Evidence Single-molecule FISH; Staufen 2 manipulation; synaptic activity modulation

    PMID:21869818

    Open questions at the time
    • Whether Staufen 2 directly binds the MAP2 3′ UTR DTE not shown
    • Translational output from individual RNPs not measured
  24. 2019 Medium

    NMR and cryo-EM structural analysis established that MAP2c is intrinsically disordered in solution but adopts defined conformations upon microtubule and F-actin binding, with transient local structural motifs (molecular recognition elements) marking functional interaction sites.

    Evidence NMR conformational analysis; cryo-EM; comparison of free versus complex-bound states

    PMID:30884818

    Open questions at the time
    • High-resolution structure of MAP2 bound to microtubules not achieved
    • How phosphorylation alters these transient structures at atomic resolution unresolved
  25. 2023 Medium

    Biophysical measurements revealed MAP2 makes microtubules more flexible than tau does, correlating with increased process branching in neuronal cells, providing a mechanical basis for MAP2's role in dendritic (branched) versus tau's role in axonal (linear) architecture.

    Evidence Fluorescence microscopy of microtubules in hydrodynamic flow; teardrop flexural rigidity analysis; SH-SY5Y transfection

    PMID:37258650

    Open questions at the time
    • Whether flexibility differences arise from distinct binding geometries or stoichiometries not resolved
    • In vivo measurement of microtubule flexural rigidity in dendrites versus axons not performed

Open questions

Synthesis pass · forward-looking unresolved questions
  • A high-resolution structural model of full-length MAP2 bound to microtubules is lacking, and how the multiple regulatory phosphorylation inputs are integrated at individual synapses to dynamically control MAP2 cytoskeletal switching, AKAP scaffolding, and neurosteroid reception remains an open question.
  • No atomic-resolution structure of MAP2–microtubule complex
  • Combinatorial phosphorylation code not decoded in vivo
  • Compensation between MAP2, tau, and MAP1B in dendritic function not systematically addressed

Mechanism profile

Synthesis pass · controlled-vocabulary classification · explore literature graph →
Molecular activity
GO:0008092 cytoskeletal protein binding 9 GO:0005198 structural molecule activity 5 GO:0060090 molecular adaptor activity 3 GO:0008289 lipid binding 1
Localization
GO:0005856 cytoskeleton 10 GO:0005829 cytosol 3
Pathway
R-HSA-162582 Signal Transduction 5 R-HSA-1852241 Organelle biogenesis and maintenance 4 R-HSA-112316 Neuronal System 3
Partners
CACNA1CGSK3BL1CAMMARK1MARK2NCAM2NEFLPRKAR2B

Evidence

Reading pass · 38 per-paper findings extracted from the source corpus
Year Finding Method Journal Conf PMIDs
1988 The carboxyl-terminal domain of MAP2 containing three imperfect 18-amino acid repeats constitutes the microtubule binding site. A subcloned fragment spanning the first two repeats co-purified with microtubules through successive polymerization/depolymerization cycles, whereas the amino-terminal region failed to co-purify. In vitro translation of subcloned MAP2 fragments followed by microtubule co-purification (cycles of polymerization/depolymerization); complete cDNA sequencing Science High 3142041
1988 MAP2 mRNA is selectively localized in dendrites of developing brain neurons, whereas tubulin mRNA is restricted to neuronal cell bodies, demonstrating that dendritic targeting of MAP2 protein can occur via local dendritic mRNA translation. In situ hybridization with specific cDNA probes on developing brain tissue Nature High 3200318
1984 MAP2 is selectively localized to neuronal dendrites and dendritic spines (including postsynaptic densities), but is absent from axons, as demonstrated with monoclonal antibodies. MAP2 association with postsynaptic densities and spines suggests functions independent of microtubule binding. Immunocytochemistry with monoclonal hybridoma antibodies on brain tissue sections; immunoelectron microscopy The Journal of neuroscience High 6699682
1988 MAP2 forms crossbridges between microtubules and neurofilaments in neuronal dendrites in vivo. Reconstitution experiments showed MAP2 binds neurofilament L protein in vitro and crosslinks neurofilaments with microtubules. Quick-freeze deep-etch immunoelectron microscopy with anti-MAP2 antibody and ferritin-labeled secondary; in vitro reconstitution with isolated neurofilament L protein and MAP2 The Journal of neuroscience High 3045269
1992 MAP2 expression in non-neuronal fibroblasts via cDNA transfection stabilizes microtubules against depolymerizing reagents and promotes accumulation of acetylated alpha-tubulin, demonstrating that MAP2 directly confers microtubule stability in living cells. cDNA transfection of MAP2/MAP2c into fibroblasts; treatment with microtubule depolymerizing reagents; immunofluorescence for acetylated tubulin Journal of cell science High 1487506
2002 MAP2 is required for dendritic elongation and serves as an anchoring protein for the regulatory subunit II of cAMP-dependent protein kinase (PKA) in dendrites. MAP2-knockout mice show reduced microtubule density and dendritic length, reduced PKA subunits in dendrites, and impaired CREB phosphorylation after forskolin stimulation. MAP2-deficient (knockout) mice; microtubule density measurement; PKA subunit immunostaining and Western blot; phospho-CREB assay after forskolin stimulation in cultured neurons The Journal of cell biology High 12163474
1990 NMDA receptor activation induces rapid dephosphorylation (~70% decrease) of MAP2 in hippocampal slices without changing total MAP2 levels. The effect is blocked by NMDA antagonists and is distinct from non-NMDA receptor activation, suggesting calcium/calmodulin-dependent phosphatase (calcineurin) mediates NMDA-induced MAP2 dephosphorylation. 32P-orthophosphate labeling of hippocampal slices; pharmacological dissection with competitive and non-competitive NMDA antagonists; SDS-PAGE phosphoprotein analysis Neuron High 2169265
1984 Pre-phosphorylation of MAP2 by a co-purifying cAMP-independent protein kinase decreases MAP2 affinity for taxol-stabilized microtubules and increases the dissociation rate of microtubule polymerization in a phosphorylation level-dependent manner, demonstrating that MAP2 phosphorylation regulates microtubule binding and length. In vitro kinase phosphorylation of MAP2; microtubule binding assays with taxol-stabilized microtubules; polymerization kinetics measurements European journal of biochemistry High 6146522
1996 Glutamate produces a biphasic regulation of MAP2 phosphorylation: rapid transient increase via metabotropic receptors (attenuated by CaMKII and PKC inhibitors), followed by persistent dephosphorylation via NMDA receptors and calcineurin (calcium/calmodulin-dependent phosphatase 2B). MAP2 phosphorylation state determines its interaction with microtubules and actin. 32P-labeling of neurons; pharmacological dissection with glutamate receptor agonists/antagonists, CaMKII inhibitors, PKC inhibitors, calcineurin inhibitors; immunoprecipitation Neuron High 8789950
1990 The repeated tubulin-binding sequence motif in both MAP2 and tau also mediates actin binding. A synthetic peptide corresponding to one of the repeated tubulin-binding sites binds G-actin by affinity chromatography and co-sediments with F-actin. Affinity chromatography of G-actin on synthetic peptide column; co-sedimentation of F-actin with peptide; immunoelectron microscopy co-localization The Biochemical journal High 2115775
1999 MAP2B (a high molecular weight MAP2 isoform) directly binds the alpha1 subunit of class C L-type Ca2+ channels and serves as an A-kinase anchor protein (AKAP) that recruits PKA to postsynaptic sites containing these channels. MAP2B association with channels is microtubule-independent. Immunoprecipitation from rat brain extracts; direct protein overlay binding assay with 32P-labeled RIIβ; immunoblotting; in vitro binding assay with purified channel alpha1 subunit; nocodazole treatment to rule out microtubule dependence The Journal of biological chemistry High 10514522
1999 MARK kinases phosphorylate MAP2c (and MAP4) on their microtubule-binding domain in transfected CHO cells, causing detachment of MAP2 from microtubules, increased microtubule dynamic instability, and eventual microtubule disruption and vimentin network breakdown. Inducible expression of MARK1/MARK2 in CHO cells; immunofluorescence; microtubule stability assays; phosphorylation-state analysis Cell motility and the cytoskeleton High 10542369
1989 High molecular weight MAP2 isoforms (MAP2a/b) contain a large N-terminal sidearm domain responsible for cross-linking dendritic microtubules and a dendritic targeting signal. The embryonic MAP2c isoform, generated by alternative splicing lacking 1,342 amino acids of the sidearm, has no dendritic mRNA targeting, indicating the targeting signal is specific to the high-molecular-weight forms. cDNA cloning and sequencing of MAP2 isoforms; in situ hybridization for MAP2c mRNA; electron microscopy of reconstituted microtubules Nature High 2770869
1993 MAP2c-stabilized microtubule bundles in transfected non-neuronal cells support process outgrowth when actin is depolymerized by cytochalasin B. This effect is specific to MAP2c and does not occur with taxol-stabilized microtubules, demonstrating that MAP2c confers stability, bundling, and stiffness to microtubules—properties required for neurite-like process formation. MAP2c cDNA transfection into non-neuronal cells; cytochalasin B treatment; video time-lapse microscopy; comparison with taxol-treated controls Development High 8392463
2000 cAMP-dependent protein kinase (PKA) activity disrupts the MAP2c-microtubule interaction in HeLa cells by phosphorylating serines within KXGS motifs (one per tubulin-binding repeat). Double or triple KXGS-to-glutamate mutations promote MAP2c redistribution to peripheral actin-enriched membrane ruffles, demonstrating phosphorylation-dependent switching between microtubule and actin cytoskeletal associations. PKA activation in HeLa cells expressing MAP2c; site-directed mutagenesis of KXGS motifs to glutamate (phosphomimetic); immunofluorescence and detergent extraction to assess cytoskeletal association; biochemical fractionation Molecular biology of the cell High 11029056
1999 A 640-nucleotide cis-acting dendritic targeting element (DTE) within the 3' UTR of MAP2 mRNA is both necessary and sufficient for dendritic localization of chimeric mRNAs in hippocampal and sympathetic neurons. The 5' UTR and coding region do not confer dendritic targeting. Chimeric mRNA reporter constructs transfected into hippocampal neurons and microinjected into sympathetic neurons; in situ hybridization to detect RNA distribution The Journal of neuroscience High 10516301
1997 Phosphorylation of MAP2 by cdc2 kinase (7-10 mol phosphate/mol MAP2, >60% in microtubule-binding region) abolishes both microtubule-stabilizing and microtubule-nucleating activities. PKA phosphorylation (15 mol/mol, ~70% in projection region) reduces only microtubule-nucleating activity, not stabilizing activity. Direct observation of individual microtubules by dark-field microscopy revealed distinct mechanistic consequences. In vitro phosphorylation by purified PKA and cdc2 kinase; dark-field microscopy of individual microtubules; quantification of polymerization phases and nucleation Biochemistry High 9376363
2000 GSK3β phosphorylates MAP2c at Thr1620/Thr1623 (recognized by antibody 305) in co-transfected COS-1 cells, preventing microtubule bundle formation. Lithium chloride (GSK3 inhibitor) reverses this effect. Highly phosphorylated MAP2c species are enriched in cytoskeleton-unbound fractions. Co-transfection of MAP2c with wild-type or mutant GSK3β in COS-1 cells; lithium chloride inhibitor treatment; immunofluorescence for microtubule bundles; cytoskeletal fractionation; site-specific antibody staining European journal of cell biology High 10826493
1992 MAP2c reorganizes cellular microtubules into stable bundles independent of the microtubule-organizing center (MTOC) when expressed in non-neuronal cells. The bundles are stiff and long, with curvature only from cortical cytoskeleton constraint, demonstrating MAP2c imparts both stability and stiffness to microtubules. cDNA transfection of MAP2c into non-neuronal cell lines; immunofluorescence; comparison with taxol and DMSO treatment Development High 1338311
1989 Biotin-labeled MAP2 microinjected into spinal cord neurons enters both axons and dendrites initially, but is selectively lost from axons over 3+ days. Immunoelectron microscopy shows axonal MAP2 is largely not cytoskeleton-associated, whereas dendritic MAP2 is cytoskeleton-bound, indicating differential cytoskeletal affinity (not sorting at cell body) underlies MAP2 compartmentalization. Microinjection of biotin-labeled MAP2 into cultured spinal cord neurons; immunoelectron microscopy; detergent extraction prior to immunocytochemistry Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America High 2657741
1993 MAP2C stabilizes microtubule bundles such that <10% of tubulin is exchanged within 1 hour (assessed by photoactivation of caged fluorescein-tubulin), yet exogenously introduced tubulin rapidly incorporates at distal bundle ends. This reveals that MAP2c-bundled microtubules are extremely stable internally while remaining capable of assembly at ends. Photoactivation of caged fluorescein-labeled tubulin in MAP2c-transfected fibroblasts; microinjection of biotin-labeled tubulin; immunofluorescence with anti-biotin The Journal of cell biology High 8421058
2006 The neurosteroid pregnenolone (PREG) and its analog MePREG bind directly to MAP2 and stimulate microtubule polymerization. RNAi knockdown of MAP2 abolishes the stimulatory effects of PREG/MePREG on neurite extension in NGF-treated PC12 cells but does not affect progesterone action, demonstrating MAP2 is the specific receptor for these neurosteroids. Neurite outgrowth assays in PC12 cells; RNA interference knockdown of MAP2; nocodazole protection assay; MAP2 immunostaining quantification Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America Medium 16537405
2003 DHEA binds specifically to the N-terminal region of MAP2c with an association constant of 2.7×10^7 M^-1 at 1:1 molar ratio, as measured by isothermal titration calorimetry. Tryptic digestion and mass spectrometry localized the binding site to the N-terminus. Structural modeling based on sequence homology with 17β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase 1 identified specific hydrogen bonds orienting DHEA in the binding pocket. Isothermal titration calorimetry; partial tryptic digestion; mass spectrometry; computational structural modeling The Journal of biological chemistry Medium 12775713
1994 ApoE3 but not ApoE4 binds MAP2c with high avidity (detectable down to 10^-9 M MAP2c and 10^-8 M apoE3), paralleling its differential binding to tau. This isoform-specific interaction suggests apoE genotype may affect intracellular microtubule maintenance via MAP2c binding. Direct binding assay between apoE isoforms and MAP2c; concentration-dependent binding analysis Neuroscience letters Medium 7891887
1994 MAP2 microtubule binding requires the repeat domain plus contiguous sequences on either side (particularly the proline-rich domain N-terminal to the repeats). Deletion mutant analysis shows binding strength increases with number of repeats present, and microtubule bundling and process outgrowth capacity correlate with binding strength. Series of deletion mutants of MAP2c transfected into non-neuronal cells; immunofluorescence for microtubule association and bundle formation; process outgrowth assay Journal of cell science High 7699010
1994 High-molecular-weight MAP2 binds phosphatidylinositol with high affinity (Kd ~51 nM) compared to MAP2c, tau, and recombinant human tau (~1.4-2.4 μM). The high affinity is due to two interactions: a low-affinity site in the C-terminal domain shared with MAP2c/tau, and a high-affinity site (Kd ~221 nM) in the MAP2-specific projection domain eliminated by alternative splicing in MAP2c. Binding to phosphatidylinositol and phosphatidylcholine vesicles; thrombin digestion of MAP2c; affinity measurements Biochemistry Medium 8025110
1996 Juvenile MAP2c and mature (full-length) MAP2 induce distinct patterns of process outgrowth in Sf9 insect cells: MAP2c induces multiple short thin processes with closely-spaced microtubules, while mature MAP2 induces single thick processes with proximo-distal taper and decreasing microtubule number, establishing MAP2 isoforms as architectural determinants of process morphology. Baculovirus expression in Sf9 cells; electron microscopy of processes; measurement of microtubule spacing and number along processes Molecular biology of the cell Medium 8868472
1992 MAP2 forms antiparallel dimers as shown by electron microscopy and antibody labeling. Intact MAP2 forms rod-like particles of ~97 nm. Major chymotryptic fragments map to a 36 kDa microtubule-binding fragment (~49 nm rods) and the AP18 antibody epitope maps to the first 151 residues; AP18 binding is phosphorylation-dependent. Limited proteolysis; electron microscopy; antibody epitope mapping; phosphorylation-dependent antibody binding assay Journal of structural biology Medium 1373291
1997 MAP2 phosphorylation at Ser136 (a Ser-Pro motif) in vivo and in vitro is catalyzed by proline-directed kinases (MAP kinase, GSK-3, cdk family members) but not by PKA, PKC, or CaMKII. This site is endogenously phosphorylated in brain MAP2. Microinjection of MAP2 into cells induces microtubule reorganization regardless of Ser136 phosphorylation state. Site-directed mutagenesis of Ser136; in vitro phosphorylation with multiple purified kinases; monoclonal antibody AP18 for phospho-specific detection; microinjection into cell lines European journal of cell biology High 7525290
1983 MAP2 binds to a poly(dA)4/poly(dT)4 sequence present in mouse satellite DNA (Sau96.1 restriction fragment). DNase protection assay showed MAP2 specifically protects this dA/dT sequence from digestion. Affinity binding of MAP2 to satellite DNA restriction fragments; DNase I protection assay The EMBO journal Low 10872313
2011 MAP2 mRNA localizes to dendrites in distinct ribonucleoprotein particles (RNPs) containing very few RNA molecules per particle. The number of MAP2 mRNA molecules per RNP is regulated by synaptic activity and by Staufen 2, demonstrating that RNP composition controlling MAP2 mRNA transport is dynamically controlled. Single-molecule fluorescence in situ hybridization; Staufen 2 manipulation; synaptic activity modulation; quantitative RNP analysis EMBO reports Medium 21869818
2012 L1CAM (L1 cell adhesion molecule) binds directly to MAP2c via ELISA, and promotes MAP2a/b/c expression through the MAPK pathway. L1-deficient mice show reduced MAP2c mRNA and protein. Co-immunoprecipitation shows MAP2a/b associates with L1 via intermediate partners. Combined L1 and MAP2 deficiency reduces neurite outgrowth. ELISA direct binding assay (MAP2c to intracellular domain of L1); co-immunoprecipitation; L1-deficient mouse brain analysis; MAPK pathway inhibition; neurite outgrowth assays Molecular and cellular neurosciences Medium 22503709
1995 A MAP2-associated kinase (embryonic MAP2 kinase, Mr=100,000) co-purified with chicken embryonic MAP2 reverses MAP2-mediated inhibition of microtubule-based motor (kinesin/dynein) motility by phosphorylating MAP2 at serine residues and releasing it from microtubules. This kinase is cAMP-independent and distinct from cdc2, MAPK, bovine MAP2 kinase, and NIMA kinase. In vitro microtubule gliding motility assay; kinase co-purification; phosphorylation analysis; inhibitor profiling The Journal of biological chemistry Medium 7759496
2003 Deletion of the N-terminal 158 amino acids of MAP2 (which contains the PKA-RIIβ binding site) in mice results in decreased MAP2 phosphorylation efficiency, major changes in hippocampal neuron morphology, and selective impairment of contextual (but not auditory cue) fear memory, demonstrating that PKA anchoring to MAP2 is essential for contextual memory formation. Homologous recombination gene targeting (N-terminal deletion); immunohistochemistry; behavioral fear conditioning tests; biochemical phosphorylation analysis Neuroscience High 12763072
2019 NMR and cryo-EM analysis reveals that MAP2c and tau40 are intrinsically disordered but contain transient local structural motifs (molecular recognition elements) in free solution. These short sequence motifs exhibiting transient structure correspond to functional interaction sites, and their interactions are regulated by phosphorylation. MAP2c and tau40 adopt defined conformations when bound to microtubules and filamentous actin. Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) conformational analysis; cryo-electron microscopy; comparison of free vs. complex-bound conformations; phosphorylation state analysis Biomolecules Medium 30884818
2023 MAP2 microtubule-binding domain fragments make microtubules more flexible (less straight) compared to tau-bound microtubules, as measured by teardrop pattern analysis in hydrodynamic flow. In SH-SY5Y cells, processes expressing MAP2 show more branching than tau-expressing processes. MAP2 differs from tau in imparting lower flexural rigidity to microtubules. Fluorescence microscopy of microtubules in hydrodynamic flow; teardrop pattern flexural rigidity analysis; transfection of MAP2/tau/MAP4 in SH-SY5Y cells; electron microscopy of processes Scientific reports Medium 37258650
2020 NCAM2 forms a protein complex with MAP2 and 14-3-3γ/ζ in neurons. NCAM2 depletion leads to destabilization of the microtubular network and reduced MAP2 signal, severe dendritic architecture defects, and impaired neuronal polarization both in vitro and in vivo. Proteomic analysis; co-immunoprecipitation; NCAM2 shRNA knockdown in hippocampal neurons; in utero electroporation for in vivo studies; immunofluorescence Cerebral cortex Medium 32043120
2006 TTLL7, a beta-tubulin polyglutamylase, is required for growth of MAP2-positive neurites. TTLL7 accumulates in the MAP2-enriched somatodendritic compartment, and RNAi knockdown of TTLL7 represses NGF-stimulated MAP2-positive neurite growth in PC12 cells while reducing polyglutamylated beta-tubulin. In vitro polyglutamylation assay with recombinant TTLL7; siRNA knockdown in PC12 and superior cervical ganglion neurons; immunofluorescence; Western blot The Journal of biological chemistry Medium 16901895

Source papers

Stage 0 corpus · 130 papers · ranked by NIH iCite citations
Year Title Journal Citations PMID
2002 Generation and initial analysis of more than 15,000 full-length human and mouse cDNA sequences. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 1479 12477932
1997 A second serine protease associated with mannan-binding lectin that activates complement. Nature 667 9087411
2011 Phylogenetic-based propagation of functional annotations within the Gene Ontology consortium. Briefings in bioinformatics 656 21873635
2008 Large-scale proteomics and phosphoproteomics of urinary exosomes. Journal of the American Society of Nephrology : JASN 607 19056867
1988 Selective localization of messenger RNA for cytoskeletal protein MAP2 in dendrites. Nature 499 3200318
1988 Microtubule-associated protein MAP2 shares a microtubule binding motif with tau protein. Science (New York, N.Y.) 463 3142041
2000 Mannose-binding lectin binds to a range of clinically relevant microorganisms and promotes complement deposition. Infection and immunity 442 10639434
2005 Diversification of transcriptional modulation: large-scale identification and characterization of putative alternative promoters of human genes. Genome research 409 16344560
2000 Phosphorylation of microtubule-associated protein 2 (MAP2) and its relevance for the regulation of the neuronal cytoskeleton function. Progress in neurobiology 409 10704996
2017 Synergistic drug combinations for cancer identified in a CRISPR screen for pairwise genetic interactions. Nature biotechnology 378 28319085
1984 Differential subcellular localization of tubulin and the microtubule-associated protein MAP2 in brain tissue as revealed by immunocytochemistry with monoclonal hybridoma antibodies. The Journal of neuroscience : the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience 342 6699682
1987 MAP2 and tau segregate into dendritic and axonal domains after the elaboration of morphologically distinct neurites: an immunocytochemical study of cultured rat cerebrum. The Journal of neuroscience : the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience 318 2444675
1992 The role of microtubule-associated protein 2 (MAP-2) in neuronal growth, plasticity, and degeneration. Journal of neuroscience research 310 1484385
1989 The microtubule binding domain of microtubule-associated protein MAP1B contains a repeated sequence motif unrelated to that of MAP2 and tau. The Journal of cell biology 297 2480963
1992 Increased microtubule stability and alpha tubulin acetylation in cells transfected with microtubule-associated proteins MAP1B, MAP2 or tau. Journal of cell science 292 1487506
1991 Molecular characterization of microtubule-associated proteins tau and MAP2. Trends in neurosciences 286 1713721
2002 MAP2 is required for dendrite elongation, PKA anchoring in dendrites, and proper PKA signal transduction. The Journal of cell biology 282 12163474
2000 Cutting edge: complement-activating complex of ficolin and mannose-binding lectin-associated serine protease. Journal of immunology (Baltimore, Md. : 1950) 251 10679061
2000 Proteolytic activities of two types of mannose-binding lectin-associated serine protease. Journal of immunology (Baltimore, Md. : 1950) 232 10946292
2001 The mannan-binding lectin pathway of complement activation: biology and disease association. Molecular immunology 230 11532276
1991 Abnormal expression of two microtubule-associated proteins (MAP2 and MAP5) in specific subfields of the hippocampal formation in schizophrenia. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 211 1961755
2005 Human M-ficolin is a secretory protein that activates the lectin complement pathway. Journal of immunology (Baltimore, Md. : 1950) 205 16116205
1990 Activation of NMDA receptors induces rapid dephosphorylation of the cytoskeletal protein MAP2. Neuron 202 2169265
1992 Implication of brain cdc2 and MAP2 kinases in the phosphorylation of tau protein in Alzheimer's disease. FEBS letters 191 1323485
1980 Microtubule-associated proteins: a monoclonal antibody to MAP2 binds to differentiated neurons. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 189 7001466
1983 Immunocytochemical localization of actin and microtubule-associated protein MAP2 in dendritic spines. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 186 6572937
2003 Inherited deficiency of mannan-binding lectin-associated serine protease 2. The New England journal of medicine 184 12904520
2008 Poly(ethylene glycol)s generate complement activation products in human serum through increased alternative pathway turnover and a MASP-2-dependent process. Molecular immunology 176 18849076
2003 Natural substrates and inhibitors of mannan-binding lectin-associated serine protease-1 and -2: a study on recombinant catalytic fragments. Journal of immunology (Baltimore, Md. : 1950) 173 12538697
1988 MAP2 is a component of crossbridges between microtubules and neurofilaments in the neuronal cytoskeleton: quick-freeze, deep-etch immunoelectron microscopy and reconstitution studies. The Journal of neuroscience : the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience 172 3045269
2012 Revised mechanism of complement lectin-pathway activation revealing the role of serine protease MASP-1 as the exclusive activator of MASP-2. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 164 22691502
2009 Gene-centric association signals for lipids and apolipoproteins identified via the HumanCVD BeadChip. American journal of human genetics 164 19913121
2007 Structural insights into the innate immune recognition specificities of L- and H-ficolins. The EMBO journal 163 17215869
2002 Activation of the lectin complement pathway by H-ficolin (Hakata antigen). Journal of immunology (Baltimore, Md. : 1950) 160 11907111
1989 Microtubule formation and neurite growth in cerebellar macroneurons which develop in vitro: evidence for the involvement of the microtubule-associated proteins, MAP-1a, HMW-MAP2 and Tau. Brain research. Developmental brain research 149 2509111
1996 The reaction mechanism of the internal thioester in the human complement component C4. Nature 147 8538770
2000 Distinct pathways of mannan-binding lectin (MBL)- and C1-complex autoactivation revealed by reconstitution of MBL with recombinant MBL-associated serine protease-2. Journal of immunology (Baltimore, Md. : 1950) 145 10925294
2006 The DNA sequence and biological annotation of human chromosome 1. Nature 144 16710414
1999 Identification of a cis-acting dendritic targeting element in MAP2 mRNAs. The Journal of neuroscience : the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience 143 10516301
1999 Two constituents of the initiation complex of the mannan-binding lectin activation pathway of complement are encoded by a single structural gene. Journal of immunology (Baltimore, Md. : 1950) 142 10092804
1999 A truncated form of mannose-binding lectin-associated serine protease (MASP)-2 expressed by alternative polyadenylation is a component of the lectin complement pathway. International immunology 140 10330290
2013 In-depth proteomic analyses of exosomes isolated from expressed prostatic secretions in urine. Proteomics 138 23533145
2008 Association between the SERPING1 gene and age-related macular degeneration: a two-stage case-control study. Lancet (London, England) 138 18842294
1994 Molecular characterization of a novel serine protease involved in activation of the complement system by mannose-binding protein. International immunology 132 8018603
2006 TTLL7 is a mammalian beta-tubulin polyglutamylase required for growth of MAP2-positive neurites. The Journal of biological chemistry 131 16901895
1991 Non-neuronal 210 x 10(3) Mr microtubule-associated protein (MAP4) contains a domain homologous to the microtubule-binding domains of neuronal MAP2 and tau. Journal of cell science 130 1905296
1999 Phosphorylation of MAP2c and MAP4 by MARK kinases leads to the destabilization of microtubules in cells. Cell motility and the cytoskeleton 127 10542369
2013 Proteomic analysis of podocyte exosome-enriched fraction from normal human urine. Journal of proteomics 126 23376485
2009 Activation of mannan-binding lectin-associated serine proteases leads to generation of a fibrin clot. Immunology 125 20002787
2001 Substrate specificities of recombinant mannan-binding lectin-associated serine proteases-1 and -2. The Journal of biological chemistry 125 11527969
1990 The tubulin-binding sequence of brain microtubule-associated proteins, tau and MAP-2, is also involved in actin binding. The Biochemical journal 125 2115775
2022 More than a marker: potential pathogenic functions of MAP2. Frontiers in molecular neuroscience 122 36187353
1999 The A-kinase anchor protein MAP2B and cAMP-dependent protein kinase are associated with class C L-type calcium channels in neurons. The Journal of biological chemistry 121 10514522
1984 The multiple phosphorylation of the microtubule-associated protein MAP2 controls the MAP2:tubulin interaction. European journal of biochemistry 118 6146522
1996 Postsynaptic mechanisms for bidirectional control of MAP2 phosphorylation by glutamate receptors. Neuron 117 8789950
2012 Mannan-binding lectin-associated serine protease (MASP)-1 is crucial for lectin pathway activation in human serum, whereas neither MASP-1 nor MASP-3 is required for alternative pathway function. Journal of immunology (Baltimore, Md. : 1950) 116 22966085
1989 Embryonic MAP2 lacks the cross-linking sidearm sequences and dendritic targeting signal of adult MAP2. Nature 116 2770869
2005 Altered expression of MAP-2, GAP-43, and synaptophysin in the hippocampus of rats with chronic cerebral hypoperfusion correlates with cognitive impairment. Brain research. Molecular brain research 111 15964096
1993 Actin depolymerisation induces process formation on MAP2-transfected non-neuronal cells. Development (Cambridge, England) 110 8392463
2000 Phosphorylation-dependent localization of microtubule-associated protein MAP2c to the actin cytoskeleton. Molecular biology of the cell 106 11029056
1997 Expression of microtubule-associated proteins MAP2 and tau in cultured rat brain oligodendrocytes. Cell and tissue research 106 9082959
1988 A 70-kilodalton microtubule-associated protein (MAP2c), related to MAP2. Journal of neurochemistry 104 3121794
1992 Reorganisation of the microtubular cytoskeleton by embryonic microtubule-associated protein 2 (MAP2c). Development (Cambridge, England) 102 1338311
2006 Microtubule-associated protein 2 (MAP2) is a neurosteroid receptor. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 93 16537405
1989 Distribution of MAP2 in dendritic spines and its colocalization with actin. An immunogold electron-microscope study. Cell and tissue research 90 2743390
1986 Brain-specific expression of MAP2 detected using a cloned cDNA probe. The Journal of cell biology 87 2423532
2011 Independent localization of MAP2, CaMKIIα and β-actin RNAs in low copy numbers. EMBO reports 86 21869818
1999 Lamina-specific synaptic activation causes domain-specific alterations in dendritic immunostaining for MAP2 and CAM kinase II. The Journal of neuroscience : the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience 80 10479686
1990 CD-3-mediated activation of MAP-2 kinase can be modified by ligation of the CD4 receptor. Evidence for tyrosine phosphorylation during activation of this kinase. Journal of immunology (Baltimore, Md. : 1950) 80 2165097
2000 GSK3beta-mediated phosphorylation of the microtubule-associated protein 2C (MAP2C) prevents microtubule bundling. European journal of cell biology 77 10826493
1996 Diminished microtubule-associated protein 2 (MAP2) immunoreactivity following cortical impact brain injury. Journal of neurotrauma 76 8965322
1998 Making sense of the multiple MAP-2 transcripts and their role in the neuron. Molecular neurobiology 74 9588626
1997 Phosphorylation states of microtubule-associated protein 2 (MAP2) determine the regulatory role of MAP2 in microtubule dynamics. Biochemistry 72 9376363
1994 Isoform-specific interactions of apolipoprotein E with the microtubule-associated protein MAP2c: implications for Alzheimer's disease. Neuroscience letters 69 7891887
1984 Widespread occurrence of polypeptides related to neurotubule-associated proteins (MAP-1 and MAP-2) in non-neuronal cells and tissues. The EMBO journal 68 6376120
1994 Sequence analysis of MAP2 function in living cells. Journal of cell science 64 7699010
1991 MAP2: a sensitive cross-linker and adjustable spacer in dendritic architecture. FEBS letters 64 1765166
1995 Changes of MAP2 phosphorylation during brain development. The journal of histochemistry and cytochemistry : official journal of the Histochemistry Society 62 8537643
1983 Differential distribution of microtubule-associated proteins MAP-1 and MAP-2 in neurons of rat brain and association of MAP-1 with microtubules of neuroblastoma cells (clone N2A). The EMBO journal 62 6641705
1993 Dynamics of microtubules bundled by microtubule associated protein 2C (MAP2C). The Journal of cell biology 61 8421058
1989 Rapid turnover of microtubule-associated protein MAP2 in the axon revealed by microinjection of biotinylated MAP2 into cultured neurons. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 61 2657741
1986 Ontogenesis of microtubule-associated protein 2 (MAP2) in embryonic mouse cortex. Brain research 58 3524754
1994 Phosphorylation of microtubule-associated proteins MAP2a,b and MAP2c at Ser136 by proline-directed kinases in vivo and in vitro. European journal of cell biology 57 7525290
2017 The role of MAP2 kinases and p38 kinase in acute murine liver injury models. Cell death & disease 56 28661486
2007 Calcium-dependent NMDA-induced dendritic injury and MAP2 loss in acute hippocampal slices. Neuroscience 52 17239543
2003 Distribution of microtubule-associated protein MAP2-immunoreactive interstitial neurons in the parahippocampal white matter in subjects with schizophrenia. The American journal of psychiatry 52 12505814
2003 Deletion of the N-terminus of murine map2 by gene targeting disrupts hippocampal ca1 neuron architecture and alters contextual memory. Neuroscience 51 12763072
1992 Domain structure and antiparallel dimers of microtubule-associated protein 2 (MAP2). Journal of structural biology 50 1373291
1987 Developmental regulation of two microtubule-associated proteins (MAP2 and MAP5) in the embryonic avian retina. Development (Cambridge, England) 49 3502994
2019 Structure and Functions of Microtubule Associated Proteins Tau and MAP2c: Similarities and Differences. Biomolecules 48 30884818
2004 Neuronal-associated microtubule proteins class III beta-tubulin and MAP2c in neuroblastoma: role in resistance to microtubule-targeted drugs. Molecular cancer therapeutics 48 15367708
1997 Co-expression of MAP-2 and GFAP in cells developing from rat EGF responsive precursor cells. Brain research. Developmental brain research 48 9051273
1994 Passive avoidance training induces enhanced levels of immunoreactivity for muscarinic acetylcholine receptor and coexpressed PKC gamma and MAP-2 in rat cortical neurons. Cerebral cortex (New York, N.Y. : 1991) 48 7950310
1988 Phylogenetic conservation of brain microtubule-associated proteins MAP2 and tau. Neuroscience 48 3143928
1983 Microtubule-associated protein MAP2 preferentially binds to a dA/dT sequence present in mouse satellite DNA. The EMBO journal 48 10872313
2003 Specific binding of dehydroepiandrosterone to the N terminus of the microtubule-associated protein MAP2. The Journal of biological chemistry 47 12775713
1995 Microtubule-associated proteins in developing oligodendrocytes: transient expression of a MAP2c isoform in oligodendrocyte precursors. Journal of neuroscience research 47 8847742
2016 Spatiotemporal profile of Map2 and microglial changes in the hippocampal CA1 region following pilocarpine-induced status epilepticus. Scientific reports 46 27143585
2001 Distribution of map2 in hippocampus and cerebellum of young and old rats by quantitative immunohistochemistry. The journal of histochemistry and cytochemistry : official journal of the Histochemistry Society 46 11457938
1999 Developmental regulation of alternatively spliced isoforms of mRNA encoding MAP2 and tau in rat brain oligodendrocytes during culture maturation. Journal of neuroscience research 46 10336255
1995 Microtubule-associated protein 2 (MAP-2): a sensitive marker of seizure-related brain damage. Journal of neuroscience methods 46 8618422
1986 Microtubule-associated protein 2 (MAP2) is present in astrocytes of the optic nerve but absent from astrocytes of the optic tract. The Journal of neuroscience : the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience 46 3712008
1996 MAP2a, an alternatively spliced variant of microtubule-associated protein 2. Journal of neurochemistry 44 8769894
1991 Regulation of microtubule associated protein 2 (MAP2) expression by nerve growth factor in PC12 cells. Experimental cell research 44 2026175
2000 Increased dendritic MAP2 expression in the hippocampus in schizophrenia. Schizophrenia research 41 10708340
1998 Neuropil threads are collinear with MAP2 immunostaining in neuronal dendrites of Alzheimer brain. Journal of neuropathology and experimental neurology 41 9786247
1995 Developmental regulation of MAP2 variants during neuronal differentiation in vitro. Brain research. Developmental brain research 41 8612323
1997 Experience-dependent modifications in MAP2 phosphorylation in rat olfactory bulb. The Journal of neuroscience : the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience 40 9391014
1997 Neuronal damage and MAP2 changes induced by the glutamate transport inhibitor dihydrokainate and by kainate in rat hippocampus in vivo. Experimental brain research 39 9372295
1993 Acute anoxia-induced alterations in MAP2 immunoreactivity and neuronal morphology in rat hippocampus. Brain research 39 8369956
2012 L1CAM increases MAP2 expression via the MAPK pathway to promote neurite outgrowth. Molecular and cellular neurosciences 38 22503709
2001 A computational model of dendrite elongation and branching based on MAP2 phosphorylation. Journal of theoretical biology 38 11397138
1996 Juvenile and mature MAP2 isoforms induce distinct patterns of process outgrowth. Molecular biology of the cell 38 8868472
1997 Age-dependent organotypic expression of microtubule-associated proteins (MAP1, MAP2, and MAP5) in rat brain. Neurochemical research 37 9178955
1994 The difference in the binding of phosphatidylinositol distinguishes MAP2 from MAP2C and Tau. Biochemistry 36 8025110
2024 Diagnostic Performance of GFAP, UCH-L1, and MAP-2 Within 30 and 60 Minutes of Traumatic Brain Injury. JAMA network open 34 39230905
2005 Microtubule-associated protein 2 (MAP2)--a promising approach to diagnosis of forensic types of hypoxia-ischemia. Acta neuropathologica 34 16328528
1995 A microtubule-associated protein (MAP2) kinase restores microtubule motility in embryonic brain. The Journal of biological chemistry 34 7759496
2009 Oncogenic BRAFV600E induces expression of neuronal differentiation marker MAP2 in melanoma cells by promoter demethylation and down-regulation of transcription repressor HES1. The Journal of biological chemistry 32 19880519
2006 Transcriptional regulation of human MAP2 gene in melanoma: role of neuronal bHLH factors and Notch1 signaling. Nucleic acids research 32 16916793
1999 Immunohistochemical analysis of spinal cord lesions in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis using microtubule-associated protein 2 (MAP2) antibodies. Acta neuropathologica 32 9930890
1996 Transgenic expression of embryonic MAP2 in adult mouse brain: implications for neuronal polarization. The Journal of neuroscience : the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience 32 8627364
1986 Calcium and calmodulin stimulated in vitro phosphorylation of rooster brain tubulin and MAP-2 following a single oral dose of tri-o-cresyl phosphate. Brain research 32 3719328
2018 miR-484/MAP2/c-Myc-positive regulatory loop in glioma promotes tumor-initiating properties through ERK1/2 signaling. Journal of molecular histology 31 29480405
2023 Effects of three microtubule-associated proteins (MAP2, MAP4, and Tau) on microtubules' physical properties and neurite morphology. Scientific reports 30 37258650
2020 NCAM2 Regulates Dendritic and Axonal Differentiation through the Cytoskeletal Proteins MAP2 and 14-3-3. Cerebral cortex (New York, N.Y. : 1991) 30 32043120
2012 Dysfunction of microtubule-associated proteins of MAP2/tau family in Prion disease. Prion 29 22874672
1992 The juvenile microtubule-associated protein MAP2c is a rod-like molecule that forms antiparallel dimers. The Journal of biological chemistry 29 1375231
1989 Regulation of microtubule-associated protein 2 (MAP2) mRNA expression during rat brain development. Journal of molecular neuroscience : MN 27 2484443
2021 The Cytoskeletal Elements MAP2 and NF-L Show Substantial Alterations in Different Stroke Models While Elevated Serum Levels Highlight Especially MAP2 as a Sensitive Biomarker in Stroke Patients. Molecular neurobiology 26 33931805