Affinage

MAOA

Amine oxidase [flavin-containing] A · UniProt P21397

Length
527 aa
Mass
59.7 kDa
Annotated
2026-06-10
100 papers in source corpus 24 papers cited in narrative 24 extracted findings
Cross-family judge vs UniProt: tie faithfulness: 8/8 claims corpus-supported (100%)

Mechanistic narrative

Synthesis pass · prose summary of the discoveries below

MAOA encodes a flavoenzyme of the outer mitochondrial membrane that catalyzes the oxidative deamination of biogenic amines throughout the body (PMID:2906043), and is the primary enzyme degrading serotonin and norepinephrine in vivo: its genetic loss in mice produces large elevations of brain serotonin and norepinephrine, cortical cytoarchitectural changes, and aggression that is reversible by blocking serotonin synthesis (PMID:7792602). MAO-A and MAO-B are distinguished by substrate preference, MAO-A favoring serotonin and norepinephrine (PMID:10591056), with active-site structure determining substrate handling and the differential pharmacology of reversible versus irreversible inhibitors (PMID:27803666). The X-linked gene (Xp21-p11) is subject to X-chromosome inactivation in normal somatic cells (PMID:2906043, PMID:16890910, PMID:19684479), and its expression is set largely at the regulatory rather than coding level: coding variation does not explain population activity differences (PMID:8678123), whereas a functional 5' promoter VNTR governs enzyme activity (PMID:31303260) and promoter DNA methylation suppresses transcription (PMID:30169842). Enzyme density and activity are acutely downregulated by glucocorticoid signaling, as shown by stress-induced reductions in brain MAO-A binding and dexamethasone-driven loss of MAO-A in neuronal and glial cells (PMID:23197705). Beyond neurotransmitter catabolism, MAO-A-generated reactive oxygen species drive oncogenic signaling: in prostate cancer MAOA promotes proliferation and cancer stem-cell maintenance through PTEN/AKT (PMID:29844571), invasion through mTOR/HIF-1α (PMID:26499200), paracrine IL-6/STAT3 signaling via Twist1 binding the IL-6 promoter (PMID:32066880), perineural invasion through a Twist1→SEMA3C→PlexinA2/NRP1→cMET cascade (PMID:33420365), and a positive feedback loop with the androgen receptor via an intronic ARE and Shh/Gli-YAP1 signaling (PMID:34167949). MAOA expression is itself controlled by transcription factors including REST (PMID:28402333) and an IL-13→STAT6→15-LO→PPARγ axis (PMID:30021838). Context-dependent roles also exist, with MAO-A acting as a suppressor of angiogenesis and invasion downstream of IL-6R in hypoxic breast cancer (PMID:29695771) and restraining glycolysis through NDRG1 and PI3K/AKT/mTOR in gastric cancer (PMID:37249744). In non-malignant tissues, elevated MAO-A drives pulmonary vascular remodeling through oxidative stress (PMID:33264068), glucocorticoid-induced senescence in trabecular meshwork cells downstream of PI3K/AKT (PMID:39688282), and ROS/NFκB-dependent disruption of placental tryptophan metabolism (PMID:37659542).

Mechanistic history

Synthesis pass · year-by-year structured walk · 16 steps
  1. 1988 High

    Establishing the chromosomal location and subcellular identity of MAOA defined it as an X-linked outer-mitochondrial-membrane enzyme for biogenic amine catabolism.

    Evidence Southern blot and rodent-human somatic cell hybrid mapping to Xp21-p11

    PMID:2906043

    Open questions at the time
    • Did not resolve substrate specificity versus MAO-B
    • No functional consequence of gene dosage established
  2. 1995 High

    Genetic ablation in mice answered whether MAOA is rate-limiting for serotonin/norepinephrine turnover in vivo and whether this drives behavior, placing elevated serotonin causally upstream of aggression.

    Evidence Transgene-insertion knockout mouse with neurochemical quantitation and pharmacological rescue by parachlorophenylalanine

    PMID:7792602

    Open questions at the time
    • Knockout generated by transgene integration rather than clean targeted deletion
    • Human relevance of behavioral phenotype not addressed
  3. 1999 High

    Side-by-side comparison of MAO-A and MAO-B knockouts resolved the distinct substrate selectivities and behavioral roles of the two isoenzymes.

    Evidence MAO-A and MAO-B knockout mice with brain monoamine measurement and behavioral assays

    PMID:10591056

    Open questions at the time
    • Did not define structural basis of substrate discrimination
  4. 1996 Medium

    Mutational scanning answered whether normal variation in MAO-A activity arises from coding changes, showing it does not and pointing to regulatory variation.

    Evidence SSCP/sequencing of MAOA coding sequence correlated with fibroblast enzyme activity in 40 males

    PMID:8678123

    Open questions at the time
    • Single cohort; did not identify the regulatory element responsible
    • Activity measured only in fibroblasts
  5. 2019 High

    Meta-analysis confirmed the 5' VNTR as a functional promoter polymorphism that sets MAO-A activity, anchoring the regulatory-variation hypothesis.

    Evidence Systematic review/meta-analysis of 255 studies of polymorphism effects on enzyme activity

    PMID:31303260

    Open questions at the time
    • Mechanism by which VNTR copy number alters transcription not dissected here
  6. 2009 Medium

    Allele-specific expression and methylation analyses settled whether MAOA escapes X-inactivation, establishing monoallelic expression and an epigenetic regulatory layer.

    Evidence Allele-specific expression and 5' DNA methylation analysis in skewed-XCI human fibroblasts (with prior clonal RFLP analysis)

    PMID:16890910 PMID:19684479

    Open questions at the time
    • Single tissue type (fibroblasts)
    • Does not address tissue-specific escape in brain
  7. 2018 Medium

    Reporter assays directly demonstrated that promoter methylation functionally represses MAOA transcription, linking epigenetic state to enzyme output.

    Evidence Luciferase reporter assay comparing methylated and unmethylated MAOA promoter constructs

    PMID:30169842

    Open questions at the time
    • Single in vitro method
    • Does not identify the methyltransferases or signals controlling promoter methylation in vivo
  8. 2012 High

    Combined human PET imaging and cell-based assays established that glucocorticoid signaling acutely downregulates MAO-A density and activity, connecting stress physiology to enzyme regulation.

    Evidence [11C]harmine PET in stressed humans plus dexamethasone treatment with Western blot and 5-HT metabolism assay in neuronal/glial lines

    PMID:23197705

    Open questions at the time
    • Transcriptional versus post-translational mechanism of acute downregulation not fully resolved
  9. 2018 High

    Dissection of cytokine signaling defined an IL-13→STAT6→15-LO→PPARγ axis and a panel of transcription factors (STAT1/3/6, EGR1, CREB) controlling MAO-A expression and activity in monocytes and lung cells.

    Evidence siRNA knockdowns of transcription factors and 15-LO with MAO-A activity, ROS, and migration assays in primary monocytes and A549 cells

    PMID:30021838

    Open questions at the time
    • Generalizability of this axis beyond monocytes/A549 not established
  10. 2017 Medium

    Identification of REST as a direct MAOA regulator and of ROS-driven autophagy/apoptosis effects linked MAOA transcriptional control to neuroendocrine prostate cancer phenotypes.

    Evidence Reporter assays, siRNA knockdown, MAOA inhibitor treatment with ROS, apoptosis and autophagy readouts

    PMID:28402333

    Open questions at the time
    • Single lab, in vitro only
    • Direct REST binding shown by reporter rather than endogenous occupancy
  11. 2018 High

    A Pten/MAOA double-knockout model and knockdowns established that MAOA promotes prostate tumor growth and cancer stem-cell maintenance through PTEN/AKT signaling.

    Evidence Conditional prostate-specific double KO mouse, shRNA/siRNA knockdown, spheroid and colony assays, IHC for stemness markers

    PMID:29844571

    Open questions at the time
    • Whether enzymatic ROS production is strictly required for the AKT effect not isolated
  12. 2021 High

    Mechanistic studies built out the prostate cancer signaling network, defining MAOA-driven perineural invasion via Twist1→SEMA3C→PlexinA2/NRP1→cMET and a positive feedback loop with the androgen receptor through an intronic ARE and Shh/Gli-YAP1.

    Evidence ChIP, reporter assays, in vitro PNI assays, orthotopic and CRPC xenograft models with MAOA inhibitor and silencing

    PMID:33420365 PMID:34167949

    Open questions at the time
    • Relative contribution of enzymatic ROS versus non-catalytic functions to these transcriptional outputs not separated
  13. 2020 High

    Stromal studies showed MAOA in fibroblasts drives prostate tumorigenesis by ROS-induced, Twist1-dependent IL-6 transcription feeding paracrine IL-6/STAT3 activation of CD44 in cancer cells.

    Evidence Co-culture, in vivo tumor models, ChIP of Twist1 at the IL-6 promoter E-box, tissue microarray

    PMID:32066880

    Open questions at the time
    • How MAO-A-derived ROS leads to Twist1 activation upstream of IL-6 not detailed
  14. 2025 Medium

    Single-cell and co-culture work extended the stromal role, showing that inhibiting stromal MAOA raises WNT5A to activate CD8+ T-cell cytotoxicity via Ca2+-NFATC1 and relieve immunosuppression.

    Evidence Single-cell re-analysis, stromal-immune co-culture, syngeneic and humanized mouse tumor models with MAOA inhibitor

    PMID:40121032

    Open questions at the time
    • Single lab
    • Direct molecular link from MAOA loss to WNT5A induction not fully mapped
  15. 2023 Medium

    Work in breast and gastric cancers revealed context-dependent tumor-suppressive roles, with MAO-A restrained downstream of IL-6R in hypoxic breast cancer and binding NDRG1 to suppress glycolysis via PI3K/AKT/mTOR in gastric cancer.

    Evidence IL-6R siRNA and 5-azacytidine in breast models; Co-IP, Seahorse, and in vivo gastric cancer models

    PMID:29695771 PMID:37249744

    Open questions at the time
    • Opposing pro- versus anti-tumor roles across tissues not mechanistically reconciled
    • MAOA-NDRG1 interaction from single-lab Co-IP without reciprocal structural validation
  16. 2024 Medium

    Non-malignant disease studies tied MAO-A-derived oxidative stress to pathology: pulmonary vascular remodeling in PAH, PI3K/AKT-dependent senescence in trabecular meshwork cells, and ROS/NFκB-dependent placental tryptophan metabolism disruption.

    Evidence SuHx and banding rat PAH models with clorgyline; PI3K inhibitor and PIK3R1 silencing in trabecular meshwork plus GIG mouse model; TPhP exposure with clorgyline in trophoblasts and placenta

    PMID:33264068 PMID:37659542 PMID:39688282

    Open questions at the time
    • Each established in a single lab/model
    • Causal sufficiency of MAO-A ROS versus correlation not fully isolated

Open questions

Synthesis pass · forward-looking unresolved questions
  • It remains unresolved how much of MAOA's oncogenic and pathological signaling depends on its catalytic ROS generation versus non-enzymatic scaffolding functions, and what reconciles its opposing pro- and anti-tumor roles across tissues.
  • No catalytically-dead mutant rescue separating ROS-dependent from independent functions
  • No unifying model for tissue-specific tumor-promoting versus tumor-suppressing behavior

Mechanism profile

Synthesis pass · controlled-vocabulary classification · explore literature graph →
Molecular activity
GO:0016491 oxidoreductase activity 4 GO:0016787 hydrolase activity 3
Localization
GO:0005739 mitochondrion 1
Pathway
R-HSA-162582 Signal Transduction 5 R-HSA-1430728 Metabolism 3 R-HSA-1643685 Disease 3 R-HSA-112316 Neuronal System 2 R-HSA-168256 Immune System 2
Partners
ARNDRG1TWIST1

Evidence

Reading pass · 24 per-paper findings extracted from the source corpus
Year Finding Method Journal Conf PMIDs
1995 MAOA knockout mice (generated by transgene-insertion deletion) show up to ninefold elevation of brain serotonin and twofold elevation of norepinephrine in pup brains, demonstrating that MAOA is the primary enzyme responsible for degrading serotonin and norepinephrine in vivo. Loss of MAOA also causes cytoarchitectural changes in the somatosensory cortex and enhanced aggression in adult males; the behavioral alterations in pups were reversed by the serotonin synthesis inhibitor parachlorophenylalanine, placing elevated serotonin causally upstream of the behavioral phenotype. Transgenic knockout mouse (gene deletion via transgene integration), neurochemical quantitation, serotonin-like immunohistochemistry, pharmacological rescue with parachlorophenylalanine Science High 7792602
1999 MAO-A preferentially oxidizes serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE), whereas MAO-B preferentially oxidizes phenylethylamine (PEA). MAO-A KO mice have elevated brain levels of 5-HT, NE, and DA and manifest aggressive behavior; MAO-B KO mice show increased PEA only and do not exhibit aggression, demonstrating distinct substrate specificities and behavioral roles for the two isoenzymes. MAO-A and MAO-B knockout mice (transgenic deletion and homologous recombination), neurochemical measurements of brain monoamine levels, behavioral assays Neurobiology (Budapest) High 10591056
1988 The human MAOA gene was mapped to chromosomal region Xp21-p11 using rodent-human somatic cell hybrids, and the gene encodes an enzyme located in the outer mitochondrial membrane responsible for degradative metabolism of biogenic amines throughout the body. An RFLP was identified for this locus. Southern blot analysis, rodent-human somatic cell hybrids, chromosomal mapping Genomics High 2906043
1996 Mutational analysis of the human MAOA coding sequence in 40 control males with >100-fold variation in MAO-A enzyme activity (measured in cultured skin fibroblasts) revealed high conservation, with only 5 polymorphisms, all but one at synonymous positions. The one amino acid change (Lys→Arg) was neutral, demonstrating that coding sequence variation does not account for normal population variation in MAO-A activity. RT-PCR, SSCP, sequencing of mRNA/genomic DNA, MAO-A activity assay in cultured skin fibroblasts American journal of medical genetics Medium 8678123
2016 Elucidation of the molecular structure of the active sites of MAO-A and MAO-B has enabled precise determination of how substrates and inhibitor molecules are metabolized or inhibit substrate metabolism. Reversible MAO-A inhibitors (e.g., moclobemide) lack the 'cheese effect' (tyramine pressor potentiation) seen with irreversible inhibitors, attributed to differences in binding mechanism at the active site. Review of crystal structure data and pharmacological characterization of inhibitor-enzyme interactions Frontiers in pharmacology Medium 27803666
2019 Meta-analysis and systematic review established that the MAOA 5' VNTR polymorphism is robustly associated with MAO-A enzyme activity (medium to large effect), confirming that this promoter VNTR is a functional polymorphism that directly affects the abundance/activity of the MAOA gene product. Systematic review and meta-analysis of 255 eligible studies measuring polymorphism effects on gene product expression, abundance, activity, or affinity Biological psychiatry High 31303260
2015 MAOA promotes prostate cancer cell invasion through a MAOA/mTOR/HIF-1α signaling pathway that exploits reactive oxygen species (ROS). Cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) induce prostate cancer EMT and invasion via this pathway, and curcumin abrogates CAF-induced invasion by inhibiting MAOA/mTOR/HIF-1α signaling and suppressing ROS production. In vitro invasion and EMT assays, ROS measurement, CXCR4 and IL-6 receptor expression analysis, pharmacological inhibition with curcumin International journal of oncology Medium 26499200
2018 Loss of MAOA in prostate epithelia (Pten/MAOA double KO mouse model) significantly decreases prostate tumor size and invasive cancer incidence, reduces AKT phosphorylation and Ki67, and suppresses cancer stem cell markers (OCT4, NANOG, CD44, α2β1, CD133, HIF-1α). Targeted MAOA knockdown (shRNA/siRNA) in prostate cancer cells confirms reduced spheroid formation, establishing that MAOA promotes cell proliferation and cancer stem cell maintenance via the PTEN/AKT pathway. Conditional prostate-specific double knockout mouse model (Pten/MAOA KO), shRNA knockdown, siRNA knockdown, colony formation assay, immunohistochemistry for stem cell markers, Western blot for AKT phosphorylation Oncogene High 29844571
2021 MAOA promotes perineural invasion (PNI) of prostate cancer cells through a mechanism whereby MAOA activates SEMA3C transcription in a Twist1-dependent manner; SEMA3C then stimulates cMET via autocrine/paracrine interaction with co-activated PlexinA2 and NRP1 co-receptors. MAOA inhibitor treatment reduces PNI in vitro and tumor-infiltrating nerve fiber density in an orthotopic xenograft model. In vitro PNI assay, orthotopic xenograft mouse model, gene expression analysis, MAOA inhibitor treatment, mechanistic pathway dissection Oncogene High 33420365
2020 MAOA in stromal fibroblasts elevates reactive oxygen species production, triggers IL-6 activation, and promotes prostate tumorigenesis via paracrine IL-6/STAT3 signaling. Mechanistically, MAOA enhances IL-6 transcription through direct Twist1 binding to a conserved E-box element at the IL-6 promoter. Downstream STAT3 transcriptionally activates CD44 expression in prostate cancer cells. In vitro co-culture, in vivo tumor models, ChIP (Twist1 binding to IL-6 promoter E-box), Western blot, tissue microarray analysis Oncogene High 32066880
2021 MAOA and androgen receptor (AR) form a positive feedback regulatory circuit in prostate cancer: androgens induce MAOA expression through direct AR binding to a novel intronic androgen response element (ARE) in the MAOA gene; in turn, MAOA promotes AR transcriptional activity via upregulation of Shh/Gli-YAP1 signaling, enhancing nuclear YAP1-AR interactions. Silencing MAOA suppresses AR-mediated prostate cancer growth including CRPC in mice. ChIP (AR binding to intronic ARE), reporter assay, siRNA/shRNA silencing, in vivo mouse models (androgen-dependent and CRPC), pharmacological combination studies Cancer research High 34167949
2017 MAOA is a direct target gene of REST (repressor element-1 silencing transcription factor) in prostate cancer cells. Overexpressed MAOA produces reactive oxygen species (ROS) that inhibit apoptosis and activate autophagy in neuroendocrine-differentiated prostate cancer cells. MAOA inhibitors reduce neuroendocrine differentiation and autophagy activation. Reporter assay, siRNA knockdown, MAOA inhibitor treatment, ROS measurement, apoptosis and autophagy assays Scientific reports Medium 28402333
2018 In breast cancer, IL-6/IL-6R signaling in hypoxic conditions causes sustained inhibition of MAO-A. Inhibition of IL-6R signaling or IL-6R siRNA increased MAO-A activity and inhibited tumor angiogenesis and invasion. Elevation of MAO-A with 5-azacytidine modulated IL-6-mediated angiogenesis and invasive signatures (VEGF, MMPs, EMT). This establishes MAO-A as a suppressor of tumor angiogenesis and invasion downstream of IL-6/IL-6R in hypoxic breast cancer. In vitro and in vivo assays, IL-6R siRNA knockdown, 5-azacytidine treatment, VEGF/MMP/EMT marker analysis, clinical specimen IHC British journal of cancer Medium 29695771
2018 IL-13 stimulation of primary human monocytes and A549 lung carcinoma cells co-induces MAO-A expression with 15-lipoxygenase (15-LO). MAO-A gene expression and activity are regulated by STAT1, STAT3, STAT6, EGR1, and CREB. In monocytes and A549 cells, IL-13-driven MAO-A expression, activity, and function (including cell migration and ROS generation) are governed by 15-LO in a PPARγ-dependent manner, with STAT6 facilitating PPARγ transcriptional activity (IL-13→STAT6→15-LO→PPARγ→MAO-A axis). Primary human monocyte culture, A549 cell line, siRNA knockdown of STAT1/3/6, EGR1, CREB, 15-LO; MAO-A activity assay, ROS measurement, cell migration assay, reporter assay Journal of Biological Chemistry High 30021838
2012 Acute psychosocial stress in healthy humans reduces whole-brain MAO-A binding (measured by [11C]harmine PET) in 10 of 11 brain regions. Correspondingly, acute dexamethasone exposure in human neuronal and glial cell lines decreases MAO-A activity and protein levels within 4 hours. This establishes that glucocorticoid signaling acutely downregulates MAO-A density and activity. [11C]harmine PET imaging in humans under acute stress, Western blot for MAO-A protein, [14C]-5-HT metabolism assay for MAO-A activity in neuronal/glial cell lines after dexamethasone exposure Journal of Neuroscience High 23197705
2006 MAOA is subject to monoallelic expression (X chromosome inactivation) in primary clonal cultures of human skin fibroblasts, as determined by RFLP analysis of clonal cell lines. This establishes that MAOA undergoes X-inactivation in normal human somatic cells, with implications for sex differences in MAO-A-related traits. Primary clonal cell cultures from human skin fibroblasts, RFLP analysis of allelic expression Biochemical and biophysical research communications Medium 16890910
2009 X chromosome inactivation (XCI) status of MAOA was confirmed in normal human fibroblasts with skewed inactivation using allele-specific expression analysis and DNA methylation of the 5' end, demonstrating monoallelic expression and refuting earlier hybrid cell data suggesting escape from XCI. Human fibroblasts with skewed XCI, allele-specific expression analysis, DNA methylation analysis of 5' region Epigenetics Medium 19684479
2018 Luciferase-based reporter gene assays demonstrated that methylation of the MAOA promoter region causes decreased reporter gene activity compared with unmethylated constructs, directly establishing that DNA methylation of the MAOA promoter functionally reduces MAOA transcription. Luciferase reporter gene assay using methylated vs. unmethylated pCpGfree_MAOA constructs International journal of neuropsychopharmacology Medium 30169842
2023 MAOA interacts with NDRG1 and suppresses the Warburg effect (glycolysis) in gastric cancer through inhibition of the PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway. MAOA expression was negatively correlated with SUVmax values on PET-CT, and overexpression of MAOA promoted cancer cell apoptosis and inhibited tumor growth and glycolysis. Co-immunoprecipitation/protein interaction (MAOA-NDRG1), Western blot, Seahorse metabolic assay, in vitro and in vivo experiments, PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway analysis Cellular oncology Medium 37249744
2021 MAO-A expression and activity are increased in the pulmonary vasculature of patients with PAH and in experimental PAH. Clorgyline (MAO-A inhibitor) treatment reduced RV afterload, pulmonary vascular remodeling, proliferation, and oxidative stress in SuHx rats, establishing that MAO-A promotes pulmonary vascular remodeling via ROS production. Human PAH lung tissue analysis, SuHx rat model, pulmonary trunk banding rat model, echocardiography, RV catheterization, clorgyline pharmacological inhibition, histological analysis American journal of respiratory cell and molecular biology Medium 33264068
2024 Glucocorticoids activate the PI3K/AKT pathway, which upregulates MAOA expression in trabecular meshwork cells; elevated MAOA then drives mitochondrial dysfunction, ROS production, and premature cellular senescence. PI3K inhibition or selective PIK3R1 silencing reduced DEX-induced MAOA expression and oxidative stress, placing MAOA downstream of PI3K/AKT in the glucocorticoid-induced senescence pathway. mRNA-seq/KEGG pathway analysis, PI3K inhibitor treatment, PIK3R1 siRNA silencing, ROS/mitochondrial superoxide measurement, cell cycle analysis, β-galactosidase staining, in vivo GIG mouse model Aging cell Medium 39688282
2025 Inhibition of stromal MAOA leads to increased WNT5A production in cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs), which activates CD8+ T cell cytotoxic capacity through Ca2+-NFATC1 signaling, thereby improving the immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment. MAOA inhibition in stromal cells also promotes conversion of myofibroblastic CAFs and synergizes with immune checkpoint inhibitors. Single-cell sequencing re-analysis, in vitro co-culture of stromal and immune cells, C57BL/6J subcutaneous tumor model, dual humanized mouse model, MAOA inhibitor treatment Journal for immunotherapy of cancer Medium 40121032
2023 TPhP (triphenyl phosphate) activates MAOA, leading to oxidative stress that activates NFκB and disrupts tryptophan metabolism (inhibiting tryptophan-serotonin pathway, activating tryptophan-kynurenine pathway) in trophoblast cells and mouse placenta. The MAOA inhibitor clorgyline mitigated TPhP-induced oxidative stress and reversed tryptophan metabolism disturbances, establishing MAOA as a key mediator of TPhP-induced ROS/NFκB-dependent tryptophan pathway disruption. JEG-3 trophoblast cell line, mouse intrauterine exposure model, clorgyline pharmacological inhibition, NFκB inhibitor sulfasalazine, NAC antioxidant, gene/protein expression analysis, metabolite measurement Science of the Total Environment Medium 37659542
2012 ApoE isoforms regulate melatonin biosynthesis in C6 glioma cells partly through MAOA: ApoE4-expressing cells show decreased MAOA (and MAOB) mRNA expression compared to ApoE3 cells, leading to reduced serotonin degradation and increased availability of the melatonin precursor, contributing to higher melatonin levels in ApoE4 cells. Stable ApoE isoform expression in C6 cells, mRNA expression analysis, melatonin and NAT protein measurement Journal of pineal research Low 22225631

Source papers

Stage 0 corpus · 100 papers · ranked by NIH iCite citations
Year Title Journal Citations PMID
1995 Aggressive behavior and altered amounts of brain serotonin and norepinephrine in mice lacking MAOA. Science (New York, N.Y.) 876 7792602
2006 MAOA, maltreatment, and gene-environment interaction predicting children's mental health: new evidence and a meta-analysis. Molecular psychiatry 593 16801953
2016 Inhibitors of MAO-A and MAO-B in Psychiatry and Neurology. Frontiers in pharmacology 300 27803666
2008 MAOA and the neurogenetic architecture of human aggression. Trends in neurosciences 203 18258310
2006 MAOA and the "cycle of violence:" childhood abuse and neglect, MAOA genotype, and risk for violent and antisocial behavior. Biological psychiatry 198 16814261
2013 MAOA, childhood maltreatment, and antisocial behavior: meta-analysis of a gene-environment interaction. Biological psychiatry 195 23786983
2009 Monoamine oxidase A gene (MAOA) predicts behavioral aggression following provocation. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 172 19168625
2013 Genetic and epigenetic associations of MAOA and NR3C1 with depression and childhood adversities. The international journal of neuropsychopharmacology 168 23449091
2007 Interaction between a functional MAOA locus and childhood sexual abuse predicts alcoholism and antisocial personality disorder in adult women. Molecular psychiatry 152 17592478
2016 MAOA gene hypomethylation in panic disorder-reversibility of an epigenetic risk pattern by psychotherapy. Translational psychiatry 120 27045843
2015 Curcumin inhibits cancer-associated fibroblast-driven prostate cancer invasion through MAOA/mTOR/HIF-1α signaling. International journal of oncology 105 26499200
2007 Adolescent girls and criminal activity: role of MAOA-LPR genotype and psychosocial factors. American journal of medical genetics. Part B, Neuropsychiatric genetics : the official publication of the International Society of Psychiatric Genetics 95 17034017
2003 Association analysis of MAOA and COMT with neuroticism assessed by peers. American journal of medical genetics. Part B, Neuropsychiatric genetics : the official publication of the International Society of Psychiatric Genetics 94 12815746
2014 Candidate genes for aggression and antisocial behavior: a meta-analysis of association studies of the 5HTTLPR and MAOA-uVNTR. Behavior genetics 90 24902785
2009 Interaction of prenatal exposure to cigarettes and MAOA genotype in pathways to youth antisocial behavior. Molecular psychiatry 90 19255579
2010 Maltreatment, MAOA, and delinquency: sex differences in gene-environment interaction in a large population-based cohort of adolescents. Behavior genetics 84 20734127
2009 Early life stress, MAOA, and gene-environment interactions predict behavioral disinhibition in children. Genes, brain, and behavior 83 19804559
2021 MAOA promotes prostate cancer cell perineural invasion through SEMA3C/PlexinA2/NRP1-cMET signaling. Oncogene 76 33420365
2013 MAOA and mechanisms of panic disorder revisited: from bench to molecular psychotherapy. Molecular psychiatry 74 23319006
1988 Human monoamine oxidase gene (MAOA): chromosome position (Xp21-p11) and DNA polymorphism. Genomics 74 2906043
2011 MAOA, abuse exposure and antisocial behaviour: 30-year longitudinal study. The British journal of psychiatry : the journal of mental science 73 21628708
2001 MAO-A and COMT polymorphisms and gene effects in narcolepsy. Molecular psychiatry 73 11443519
2019 Which Dopamine Polymorphisms Are Functional? Systematic Review and Meta-analysis of COMT, DAT, DBH, DDC, DRD1-5, MAOA, MAOB, TH, VMAT1, and VMAT2. Biological psychiatry 71 31303260
1999 Analysis of the monoamine oxidase A (MAOA) gene in bipolar affective disorder by association studies, meta-analyses, and sequencing of the promoter. American journal of medical genetics 69 10402508
2002 Schizophrenia and functional polymorphisms in the MAOA and COMT genes: no evidence for association or epistasis. American journal of medical genetics 64 12116182
1999 MAO-A and -B gene knock-out mice exhibit distinctly different behavior. Neurobiology (Budapest, Hungary) 58 10591056
2019 Effect of Monoamine oxidase A (MAOA) inhibitors on androgen-sensitive and castration-resistant prostate cancer cells. The Prostate 54 30693539
2006 A functional polymorphism in the MAOA gene promoter (MAOA-LPR) predicts central dopamine function and body mass index. Molecular psychiatry 54 16770335
2018 Loss of MAOA in epithelia inhibits adenocarcinoma development, cell proliferation and cancer stem cells in prostate. Oncogene 53 29844571
2012 Moderating role of the MAOA genotype in antisocial behaviour. The British journal of psychiatry : the journal of mental science 53 22297589
2000 Pathological gambling and DNA polymorphic markers at MAO-A and MAO-B genes. Molecular psychiatry 51 10673777
2017 MAOA-a novel decision maker of apoptosis and autophagy in hormone refractory neuroendocrine prostate cancer cells. Scientific reports 49 28402333
2018 Epigenetic signature of MAOA and MAOB genes in mental disorders. Journal of neural transmission (Vienna, Austria : 1996) 48 30242487
2012 MAOA genotype, social exclusion and aggression: an experimental test of a gene-environment interaction. Genes, brain, and behavior 48 23067570
2012 Meta-analysis argues for a female-specific role of MAOA-uVNTR in panic disorder in four European populations. American journal of medical genetics. Part B, Neuropsychiatric genetics : the official publication of the International Society of Psychiatric Genetics 46 22911667
2012 The effects of MAOA genotype, childhood trauma, and sex on trait and state-dependent aggression. Brain and behavior 44 23170243
2007 The MAOA promoter polymorphism, disruptive behavior disorders, and early onset substance use disorder: gene-environment interaction. Psychiatric genetics 44 18075472
2018 Differential expression of IL-6/IL-6R and MAO-A regulates invasion/angiogenesis in breast cancer. British journal of cancer 43 29695771
2011 Child abuse and neglect, MAOA, and mental health outcomes: a prospective examination. Biological psychiatry 43 22030358
2006 MAOA promoter polymorphism and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in indian children. American journal of medical genetics. Part B, Neuropsychiatric genetics : the official publication of the International Society of Psychiatric Genetics 43 16856146
1992 A monoamine-regulated Klebsiella aerogenes operon containing the monoamine oxidase structural gene (maoA) and the maoC gene. Journal of bacteriology 43 1556068
2020 MAOA-mediated reprogramming of stromal fibroblasts promotes prostate tumorigenesis and cancer stemness. Oncogene 42 32066880
2009 Parental care moderates the influence of MAOA-uVNTR genotype and childhood stressors on trait impulsivity and aggression in adult women. Psychiatric genetics 42 19357553
2013 MAOA genotype, childhood maltreatment, and their interaction in the etiology of adult antisocial behaviors. Biological psychiatry 40 23726513
2011 Effects of MAOA promoter methylation on susceptibility to paranoid schizophrenia. Human genetics 38 22198720
2008 Effects of MAOA-genotype, alcohol consumption, and aging on violent behavior. Alcoholism, clinical and experimental research 37 19120058
2023 MAOA suppresses the growth of gastric cancer by interacting with NDRG1 and regulating the Warburg effect through the PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway. Cellular oncology (Dordrecht, Netherlands) 36 37249744
2014 Association of low-activity MAOA allelic variants with violent crime in incarcerated offenders. Journal of psychiatric research 35 25082653
1996 MAOA deficiency and abnormal behaviour: perspectives on an association. Ciba Foundation symposium 35 8862875
2015 The MAOA, COMT, MTHFR and ESR1 gene polymorphisms are associated with the risk of depression in menopausal women. Maturitas 34 26620113
2018 Plasticity of Functional MAOA Gene Methylation in Acrophobia. The international journal of neuropsychopharmacology 33 30169842
2014 Genotypes do not confer risk for delinquency but rather alter susceptibility to positive and negative environmental factors: gene-environmentinteractions of BDNF Val66Met, 5-HTTLPR, and MAOA-uVNTR [corrected]. The international journal of neuropsychopharmacology 33 25522433
2008 Differential association between MAOA, ADHD and neuropsychological functioning in boys and girls. American journal of medical genetics. Part B, Neuropsychiatric genetics : the official publication of the International Society of Psychiatric Genetics 33 18726986
2016 Monoamine Oxidase A (MAOA) and Catechol-O-Methyltransferase (COMT) Gene Polymorphisms Interact with Maternal Parenting in Association with Adolescent Reactive Aggression but not Proactive Aggression: Evidence of Differential Susceptibility. Journal of youth and adolescence 32 26932718
2005 Gene-gene interaction between MAOA and COMT in suicidal behavior. Neuroscience letters 32 15936529
2015 MAOA expression predicts vulnerability for alcohol use. Molecular psychiatry 31 26148813
2015 MAOA Variants and Genetic Susceptibility to Major Psychiatric Disorders. Molecular neurobiology 31 26227907
2012 Apolipoprotein E influences melatonin biosynthesis by regulating NAT and MAOA expression in C6 cells. Journal of pineal research 31 22225631
2012 MAOA and MAOB polymorphisms and anger-related traits in suicidal participants and controls. European archives of psychiatry and clinical neuroscience 30 23111930
2023 Monoamine oxidase A (MAOA): A promising target for prostate cancer therapy. Cancer letters 29 37076041
2020 The MAOA Gene Influences the Neural Response to Psychosocial Stress in the Human Brain. Frontiers in behavioral neuroscience 29 32499684
2006 Gene-gene interaction between MAOA and COMT in suicidal behavior: analysis in schizophrenia. Brain research 29 16725119
2005 Association study of a functional MAOA-uVNTR gene polymorphism and personality traits in Chinese young females. Neuropsychobiology 29 16110245
2009 MAOA gene polymorphisms and response to mirtazapine in major depression. Human psychopharmacology 28 19382113
2018 Regulation of monoamine oxidase A (MAO-A) expression, activity, and function in IL-13-stimulated monocytes and A549 lung carcinoma cells. The Journal of biological chemistry 27 30021838
2012 Convergent effects of acute stress and glucocorticoid exposure upon MAO-A in humans. The Journal of neuroscience : the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience 27 23197705
2011 MAOA, MTHFR, and TNF-β genes polymorphisms and personality traits in the pathogenesis of migraine. Molecular and cellular biochemistry 27 22193458
2011 Association of MAOA and COMT gene polymorphisms with palatable food intake in children. The Journal of nutritional biochemistry 26 21530215
2009 Association of MAOA gene functional promoter polymorphism with CSF dopamine turnover and atypical depression. Pharmacogenetics and genomics 26 19214141
2020 The clinical value and potential molecular mechanism of the downregulation of MAOA in hepatocellular carcinoma tissues. Cancer medicine 25 32931665
2007 Bad nature, bad nurture, and testimony regarding MAOA and SLC6A4 genotyping at murder trials. Journal of forensic sciences 25 17944904
2015 Effects of the MAOA gene and levels of exposure to violence on antisocial outcomes. The British journal of psychiatry : the journal of mental science 23 26494873
2014 The 2-repeat allele of the MAOA gene confers an increased risk for shooting and stabbing behaviors. The Psychiatric quarterly 23 24326626
1996 Mutational analysis of the human MAOA gene. American journal of medical genetics 23 8678123
2021 Bidirectional Cross-talk between MAOA and AR Promotes Hormone-Dependent and Castration-Resistant Prostate Cancer. Cancer research 22 34167949
2018 Tobacco and cannabis use in college students are predicted by sex-dimorphic interactions between MAOA genotype and child abuse. CNS neuroscience & therapeutics 22 29952131
2015 MAOA-VNTR polymorphism modulates context-dependent dopamine release and aggressive behavior in males. NeuroImage 22 26481676
2011 The association of 5-HTR2A-1438A/G, COMTVal158Met, MAOA-LPR, DATVNTR and 5-HTTVNTR gene polymorphisms and antisocial personality disorder in male heroin-dependent Chinese subjects. Progress in neuro-psychopharmacology & biological psychiatry 22 22138326
2019 Association of MAOA genetic variants and resilience with psychosocial stress: A longitudinal study of Syrian refugees. PloS one 21 31314763
2018 Integration of transcriptomic and cytoarchitectonic data implicates a role for MAOA and TAC1 in the limbic-cortical network. Brain structure & function 21 29478144
1999 Screen for MAOA mutations in target human groups. American journal of medical genetics 21 10050962
1998 Preclinical profile of befloxatone, a new reversible MAO-A inhibitor. Journal of affective disorders 21 10333983
2019 Emotional stability is associated with the MAOA promoter uVNTR polymorphism in women. Brain and behavior 20 31448578
2010 MAOA interacts with the ALDH2 gene in anxiety-depression alcohol dependence. Alcoholism, clinical and experimental research 20 20477771
2006 Monoallelic expression of MAOA in skin fibroblasts. Biochemical and biophysical research communications 20 16890910
2021 Increased MAO-A Activity Promotes Progression of Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension. American journal of respiratory cell and molecular biology 19 33264068
2016 The forensic use of behavioral genetics in criminal proceedings: Case of the MAOA-L genotype. International journal of law and psychiatry 19 27823806
2009 Gene-gene interaction between COMT and MAOA potentially predicts the intelligence of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder boys in China. Behavior genetics 19 19941049
2008 Meta-study on association between the monoamine oxidase A gene (MAOA) and schizophrenia. American journal of medical genetics. Part B, Neuropsychiatric genetics : the official publication of the International Society of Psychiatric Genetics 19 17894408
2016 Cortico-limbic connectivity in MAOA-L carriers is vulnerable to acute tryptophan depletion. Human brain mapping 18 27935229
2022 Design, Synthesis, and Biological Evaluation of Novel MAO-A Inhibitors Targeting Lung Cancer. Molecules (Basel, Switzerland) 17 35566238
2018 Associations Between MAOA-uVNTR Genotype, Maltreatment, MAOA Methylation, and Alcohol Consumption in Young Adult Males. Alcoholism, clinical and experimental research 17 29222910
2018 Interacting Effect of Catechol-O-Methyltransferase (COMT) and Monoamine Oxidase A (MAOA) Gene Polymorphisms, and Stressful Life Events on Aggressive Behavior in Chinese Male Adolescents. Frontiers in psychology 17 30018578
2009 MAOA and GYG2 are submitted to X chromosome inactivation in human fibroblasts. Epigenetics 17 19684479
2024 Role of PI3K/AKT/MAOA in glucocorticoid-induced oxidative stress and associated premature senescence of the trabecular meshwork. Aging cell 16 39688282
2018 Placental MAOA expression mediates prenatal stress effects on temperament in 12-month-olds. Infant and child development 16 30505241
2009 Gene-gene interactions of CYP2A6 and MAOA polymorphisms on smoking behavior in Chinese male population. Pharmacogenetics and genomics 16 19415821
2018 Early life stress and voluntary alcohol consumption in relation to Maoa methylation in male rats. Alcohol (Fayetteville, N.Y.) 15 30414913
2025 Inhibition of stromal MAOA leading activation of WNT5A enhance prostate cancer immunotherapy by involving the transition of cancer-associated fibroblasts. Journal for immunotherapy of cancer 14 40121032
2023 Triphenyl phosphate disrupts placental tryptophan metabolism by activating MAOA/ROS/NFκB. The Science of the total environment 14 37659542

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