Affinage

LILRB2

Leukocyte immunoglobulin-like receptor subfamily B member 2 · UniProt Q8N423

Length
597 aa
Mass
65.0 kDa
Annotated
2026-06-10
100 papers in source corpus 33 papers cited in narrative 33 extracted findings
Cross-family judge vs UniProt: Affinage preferred faithfulness: 6/6 claims corpus-supported (100%)

Mechanistic narrative

Synthesis pass · prose summary of the discoveries below

LILRB2 (ILT4/LIR-2; murine ortholog PirB) is an ITIM-bearing inhibitory receptor of myeloid cells that, upon ligand engagement and cytoplasmic-tail phosphorylation, recruits the tyrosine phosphatases SHP-1 and SHP-2 to dampen activating signals, as first established by its coligation with FcγRI to block γ-chain/Syk phosphorylation and calcium flux in monocytes (PMID:9842885, PMID:18550825). Its ectodomain binds a broad spectrum of classical (HLA-A, -B, -C) and non-classical MHC-I molecules with highest affinity for HLA-G, and co-crystal structures show that the membrane-distal D1D2 domains dominantly contact the hydrophobic α3 site of HLA-G while D3D4 act as a structural scaffold; LILRB2 uniquely recognizes β2m-free MHC-I forms (PMID:12853576, PMID:17056715, PMID:31273318). This receptor enforces immune tolerance: ligation by HLA-G arrests dendritic-cell maturation through an SHP-2/IL-6/STAT3 axis, drives tolerogenic APC programs and Tr1/T-suppressor responses, and promotes MDSC accumulation and IDO expression via STAT3 (PMID:18550825, PMID:11875462, PMID:20448110, PMID:27859042). Beyond MHC-I, LILRB2 engages structurally distinct ligands through separable binding sites — Aβ oligomers and C4d at synapses, ANGPTL2/ANGPTL8 via a motif in D1 and D4, Semaphorin-4A on T cells, and P. falciparum RIFIN via D3 — coupling to context-dependent effectors (PMID:24052308, PMID:40966293, PMID:24899623, PMID:29467366, PMID:33647792). In the brain, Aβ-oligomer binding to PirB/LILRB2 enhances cofilin signaling and mediates loss of synaptic plasticity, while C4d engagement drives PirB-dependent dendritic spine pruning, and LILRB2 suppresses TREM2-mediated microglial phagocytosis upon co-ligation by shared ligands (PMID:24052308, PMID:40966293, PMID:35717259). In tumors and inflammatory tissue, LILRB2/ANGPTL signaling activates SHP2/CaMK1/CREB, ERK1/2, AKT/mTOR, and JAK2/STAT3 cascades to promote myeloid M2 polarization, tumor proliferation, glycolytic reprogramming, angiogenesis, senescence, and immune evasion — the latter in part by promoting MARCH9-dependent ubiquitination of HLA-A (PMID:30352428, PMID:26056041, PMID:37622462, PMID:38433526, PMID:38705566, PMID:38656573).

Mechanistic history

Synthesis pass · year-by-year structured walk · 31 steps
  1. 1998 High

    Established LILRB2 as a bona fide inhibitory receptor: it was unknown whether MHC-I binding had a signaling consequence, and coligation experiments showed it recruits SHP-1 and shuts down activating Fc-receptor signaling.

    Evidence Phosphorylation, SHP-1 binding, and calcium-flux assays with FcγRI coligation in primary monocytes

    PMID:9842885

    Open questions at the time
    • Did not define which MHC-I alleles bind with what affinity
    • SHP-2 contribution not yet distinguished from SHP-1
  2. 2002 High

    Connected LILRB2 to immune tolerance by showing T-suppressor/DC interactions up-regulate it on APCs to render them tolerogenic, framing it as an effector of antigen-specific unresponsiveness.

    Evidence Co-culture, MLR, and flow cytometry with CD8+CD28- suppressor cells and DCs

    PMID:11875462

    Open questions at the time
    • Ligand driving tolerogenic signaling not pinpointed
    • Downstream signaling pathway in DCs undefined
  3. 2002 High

    Defined the structural basis for LILRB2 ligand discrimination, explaining its >1000-fold lower affinity for HCMV UL18 versus LILRB1 through D1 helix and loop differences.

    Evidence 1.8 Å X-ray crystal structure of LILRB2 D1D2 with comparison to LIR-1/KIR

    PMID:12390682

    Open questions at the time
    • No bound MHC-I in this structure
    • Functional consequence of fold differences not tested
  4. 2000 High

    Identified HLA-F as a direct LILRB2 ligand, broadening the receptor's MHC-I repertoire beyond classical molecules.

    Evidence HLA-F tetramer staining, ILT4 transfection gain-of-function, and SPR

    PMID:11169396

    Open questions at the time
    • Signaling output of HLA-F engagement not measured
    • Physiological context of HLA-F/ILT4 axis unclear
  5. 2003 High

    Quantified LILRB2's MHC-I binding hierarchy, showing broad classical HLA binding with preferential HLA-G affinity and competition with CD8.

    Evidence Surface plasmon resonance across multiple HLA alleles plus CD8 competition assay

    PMID:12853576

    Open questions at the time
    • Affinities are with soluble monomeric reagents, not cell-surface avidity
    • Functional threshold for inhibition not defined
  6. 2006 High

    Pinpointed the HLA-G α3 hydrophobic site as the dominant LILRB2 contact and showed LILRB2 (unlike LILRB1) recognizes β2m-free MHC-I, defining intra-family specificity.

    Evidence 2.5 Å LILRB2/HLA-G co-crystal structure, NMR, and SPR with β2m-free MHC-I

    PMID:17056715

    Open questions at the time
    • Biological role of β2m-free MHC-I recognition not established
    • Avidity contribution of dimeric/tetrameric HLA-G not yet resolved structurally
  7. 2019 High

    Resolved how the full four-domain ectodomain functions, showing D1D2 binds HLA-I while D3D4 act as a rigid scaffold and dimeric HLA-G geometry transduces stronger inhibition.

    Evidence X-ray crystallography of full four-domain LILRB2 and LILRB1 in complex with HLA-G1

    PMID:31273318

    Open questions at the time
    • In-cell clustering/oligomerization not directly imaged
    • Quantitative link between geometry and ITIM phosphorylation unmeasured
  8. 2008 High

    Defined the tolerogenic signaling mechanism, showing HLA-G ligation recruits SHP-1/SHP-2 and engages an SHP-2/IL-6/STAT3 pathway required to arrest DC maturation.

    Evidence Co-IP of phosphatases, STAT3 assays, ILT4-transgenic mouse DCs, allograft survival, pathway inhibition

    PMID:18550825

    Open questions at the time
    • How an inhibitory receptor activates STAT3 mechanistically not fully reconciled
    • Generalizability beyond DCs untested at the time
  9. 2010 Medium

    Placed ILT4/HLA-G engagement upstream of IL-10-driven regulatory T-cell induction, extending the tolerance circuit to Tr1 differentiation.

    Evidence Blocking antibodies, DC-10 co-culture, flow cytometry, cytokine measurement

    PMID:20448110

    Open questions at the time
    • Antibody blockade only; no genetic loss-of-function
    • Direct receptor signaling steps in Tr1 induction undefined
  10. 2013 High

    Discovered a neuronal function: PirB/LILRB2 is a high-affinity Aβ-oligomer receptor whose engagement enhances cofilin signaling and mediates synaptic plasticity loss.

    Evidence Nanomolar binding, domain mapping, cofilin assays, LTP electrophysiology in PirB KO and AD transgenic mice

    PMID:24052308

    Open questions at the time
    • Phosphatase coupling for cofilin pathway not fully mapped
    • Translation from murine PirB to human LILRB2 in brain incomplete
  11. 2013 High

    Showed ILT4 regulates neutrophil effector functions, inhibiting phagocytosis and ROS through lipid-raft association with FcγRIIa, with a mobilizable intracellular receptor pool.

    Evidence Phagocytosis/ROS assays, lipid-raft fractionation, co-localization microscopy, degranulation assays in primary neutrophils

    PMID:24133137

    Open questions at the time
    • Molecular basis of FcγRIIa co-localization unresolved
    • Trafficking machinery for the intracellular pool unidentified
  12. 2014 High

    Identified ANGPTL2 as a non-MHC ligand requiring multimerization and a distinct D1/D4 motif, demonstrating ligand-class-specific binding modes on LILRB2.

    Evidence Domain mutagenesis, co-IP, gel filtration, signaling and HSC expansion assays

    PMID:24899623

    Open questions at the time
    • Stoichiometry of multimeric ANGPTL2/receptor clusters undefined
    • Whether ANGPTL2 triggers inhibitory or activating output context-dependent
  13. 2018 High

    Added Semaphorin-4A as a co-stimulatory ligand on T cells, showing LILRB2 is not exclusively inhibitory but can drive Th2-skewed CD4 T-cell proliferation.

    Evidence Two receptor-cloning strategies, co-IP, T-cell proliferation and Th differentiation assays

    PMID:29467366

    Open questions at the time
    • Signaling effectors for the co-stimulatory output unmapped
    • How an ITIM receptor produces a stimulatory T-cell signal unexplained
  14. 2018 High

    Defined LILRB2 antagonism as a myeloid checkpoint strategy, showing blockade inhibits SHP1/2 and AKT/STAT6 and repolarizes macrophages from M2 toward inflammatory M1.

    Evidence Anti-LILRB2 antibody, phosphatase/AKT/STAT6 assays, RNA-seq, in vivo tumor models with checkpoint inhibitor combination

    PMID:30352428

    Open questions at the time
    • Endogenous tumor ligand driving the signal not identified
    • Which downstream gene programs are directly versus indirectly affected unresolved
  15. 2018 High

    Provided structural and chemical proof of the Aβ binding site, mapping two hydrophobic pockets accommodating the KLVFFA motif and validating druggability with inhibitors that block Aβ–LilrB2 binding.

    Evidence Crystallography of D1D2 with small molecules, mutagenesis, Rosetta docking, cell-surface binding and cytotoxicity assays

    PMID:30297750

    Open questions at the time
    • In vivo efficacy of inhibitors not demonstrated here
    • Selectivity against other LILRB family members untested
  16. 2021 High

    Established LILRB2 as a negative regulator of microglial TREM2 signaling, showing co-ligation by shared ligands suppresses phagocytosis and that antagonism restores plaque clearance.

    Evidence iPSC-derived human microglia assays, TREM2 signaling Western blot, antagonist antibody, microglia transplantation into 5XFAD mice

    PMID:35717259

    Open questions at the time
    • Physical mechanism of LILRB2–TREM2 cross-regulation unresolved
    • Whether direct receptor–receptor contact occurs not shown
  17. 2021 Medium

    Distinguished cis- versus trans-engagement, showing ILT4 (unlike ILT2) inhibits via both modes and that dual ILT2/ILT4 blockade is needed for optimal myeloid activation.

    Evidence 3D tumor spheroids, humanized mouse and human tumor explant models, cis/trans engagement experiments

    PMID:38393969

    Open questions at the time
    • Molecular basis enabling cis engagement uncharacterized
    • Single-lab model systems; in vivo human relevance still indirect
  18. 2021 Medium

    Mapped tumor-cell-intrinsic LILRB2 signaling to ERK1/2-driven lipid metabolism that induces T-cell senescence, identifying a metabolic immune-evasion mechanism.

    Evidence Gain/loss-of-function, ERK1/2 Western blot, lipid droplet staining, T-cell senescence assays, breast cancer and melanoma mouse models

    PMID:33653799

    Open questions at the time
    • Ligand driving tumor-intrinsic ERK activation unclear
    • Single lab; mechanism linking lipid accumulation to T-cell senescence indirect
  19. 2021 Medium

    Linked EGFR oncogenic signaling to ILT4 up-regulation, connecting tumor genetics to a myeloid checkpoint that recruits TAMs and suppresses T cells.

    Evidence Western blot, microarray, TCGA, functional T-cell and migration assays, humanized and syngeneic tumor models

    PMID:33537094

    Open questions at the time
    • Direct transcriptional mechanism of ILT4 induction not fully resolved
    • Single lab; complex multi-arm study
  20. 2021 Medium

    Showed ANGPTL2/LILRB2 drives inflammatory cytokine production in synoviocytes via broad MAPK/NF-κB/Akt activation, extending the axis to joint inflammation.

    Evidence RT-PCR, MAPK/NF-κB/Akt Western blot, anti-LILRB2 blockade in fibroblast-like synoviocytes

    PMID:33538932

    Open questions at the time
    • Direct binding in this system not biochemically confirmed
    • Single in vitro cell-line system
  21. 2015 Medium

    Demonstrated tumor-cell-intrinsic LILRB2 oncogenic signaling, with ANGPTL2 engagement driving proliferation through an SHP2/CaMK1/CREB axis in NSCLC.

    Evidence LILRB2 knockdown in NSCLC lines, proliferation/colony/migration assays, SHP2/CaMK1/CREB Western blot

    PMID:26056041

    Open questions at the time
    • No in vivo validation in this study
    • Single lab
  22. 2018 Medium

    Reinforced the SHP2/CaMK1/CREB oncogenic axis in a second tumor type (endometrial cancer) with in vivo validation.

    Evidence LILRB2 knockdown, proliferation/colony/migration assays, xenografts, SHP2/CaMK1/CREB Western blot

    PMID:30343889

    Open questions at the time
    • Ligand source in vivo undefined
    • Single lab
  23. 2016 Medium

    Identified an ILT4→STAT3→IDO axis by which HLA-G expands and arms granulocytic MDSCs, extending the receptor's immunosuppressive role to MDSC biology.

    Evidence Anti-ILT4 blockade, sHLA-G stimulation, STAT3 and IDO assays, MDSC induction and suppression assays

    PMID:27859042

    Open questions at the time
    • Direct receptor proximal signaling steps to STAT3 unmapped
    • Single lab, blockade-based
  24. 2022 High

    Established ANGPTL8 as a LILRB2 ligand activating ERK in hepatic stellate cells to drive liver fibrosis, linking the receptor to metabolic liver disease.

    Evidence Co-IP, ANGPTL8 KO mice and BM chimeras, AAV8 restoration, RNA-seq, ERK Western blot

    PMID:36031141

    Open questions at the time
    • Binding domain on LILRB2 for ANGPTL8 not mapped
    • Cell-type-specific effector wiring incompletely resolved
  25. 2023 High

    Showed PirB/LILRB2 on macrophages is an ANGPTL8 receptor mediating monocyte-derived macrophage recruitment to the liver in NASH, with ectodomain decoy as a therapeutic strategy.

    Evidence PirB KO mice, BM chimeras, AAV hepatocyte rescue, migration assays, direct binding/co-IP, human monocyte assays

    PMID:37481670

    Open questions at the time
    • Proximal signaling driving migration not fully defined
    • Relationship to ITIM/SHP inhibitory output unclear
  26. 2024 Medium

    Extended tumor-intrinsic ERK1/2 signaling to angiogenesis, showing ANGPTL2/ILT4 increases VEGF-A/MMP-9 secretion correlating with microvessel density.

    Evidence ILT4 knockdown/overexpression, ANGPTL2 stimulation, ERK Western blot, ELISA, tube-formation, in vivo angiogenesis readout

    PMID:38433526

    Open questions at the time
    • Single lab
    • Direct versus paracrine angiogenic contribution not separated
  27. 2024 Medium

    Linked ILT4 to glycolytic reprogramming via AKT-mTOR-driven GLUT3/PKM2 upregulation, promoting TNBC proliferation and metastasis.

    Evidence ILT4 knockdown/overexpression, AKT/mTOR Western blot, GLUT3/PKM2 analysis, in vivo growth and metastasis models

    PMID:37622462

    Open questions at the time
    • Ligand triggering AKT/mTOR axis undefined
    • Single lab
  28. 2024 Medium

    Uncovered a direct MHC-I downregulation mechanism in which LILRB2 promotes MARCH9-mediated ubiquitination and degradation of HLA-A, enabling CD8 T-cell evasion.

    Evidence Western blot, IP, His-tag pulldown ubiquitination, syngeneic tumor model, flow cytometry

    PMID:38656573

    Open questions at the time
    • How LILRB2 promotes MARCH9–HLA-A interaction mechanistically unclear
    • Single lab
  29. 2024 Medium

    Connected radiation-induced LILRB2 to JAK2/STAT3-driven senescence and SASP, identifying it as a radiosensitization target.

    Evidence Lentiviral silencing, irradiation, senescence markers, JAK2/STAT3 Western blot, in vivo tumor models

    PMID:38705566

    Open questions at the time
    • Mechanism of radiation-induced LILRB2 upregulation undefined
    • Single lab
  30. 2025 Medium

    Defined a transcriptional and signaling circuit in LPS-tolerant macrophages where SPI1 activates LILRB2, which physically engages TLR8 to suppress MyD88/NF-κB signaling.

    Evidence Co-IP (LILRB2-TLR8), ChIP and dual-luciferase (SPI1), knockdown, NF-κB Western blot, polarization flow cytometry

    PMID:40551156

    Open questions at the time
    • Whether LILRB2-TLR8 inhibition requires SHP recruitment untested
    • Single lab
  31. 2025 High

    Identified C4d as a physiological neuronal LilrB2 ligand mediating PirB-dependent synaptic pruning, integrating complement and the receptor in synapse elimination.

    Evidence Nanomolar binding, synaptic co-localization, in vivo dendritic spine imaging in WT vs PirB KO mice

    PMID:40966293

    Open questions at the time
    • Downstream signaling from C4d engagement to spine loss unmapped
    • Human LILRB2 dependence inferred from murine PirB

Open questions

Synthesis pass · forward-looking unresolved questions
  • How a single ITIM-bearing receptor reconciles inhibitory (SHP1/2) output with activating signaling (ERK, AKT/mTOR, STAT3, co-stimulation) across cell types and ligand classes remains unresolved.
  • No unifying model linking ligand class/geometry to inhibitory versus activating output
  • Binding sites for several ligands (ANGPTL8, C4d) not mapped onto the structure
  • Endogenous tumor ligands driving cell-intrinsic signaling largely unidentified

Mechanism profile

Synthesis pass · controlled-vocabulary classification · explore literature graph →
Molecular activity
GO:0001618 virus receptor activity 4 GO:0060089 molecular transducer activity 4 GO:0048018 receptor ligand activity 3 GO:0098772 molecular function regulator activity 3
Localization
GO:0005886 plasma membrane 3 GO:0031410 cytoplasmic vesicle 1
Pathway
R-HSA-162582 Signal Transduction 5 R-HSA-1643685 Disease 5 R-HSA-168256 Immune System 5 R-HSA-112316 Neuronal System 2
Partners
ANGPTL2ANGPTL8HLA-FHLA-GPTPN11PTPN6TLR8TREM2

Evidence

Reading pass · 33 per-paper findings extracted from the source corpus
Year Finding Method Journal Conf PMIDs
1998 LIR-2 (LILRB2) binds MHC class I molecules and, upon phosphorylation of its cytoplasmic tail, recruits the tyrosine phosphatase SHP-1. Coligation of LIR-2 with FcγRI (CD64) on monocytes inhibits tyrosine phosphorylation of the Fc receptor γ-chain and Syk, and blocks intracellular calcium mobilization, demonstrating that LILRB2 is an inhibitory receptor that down-modulates Fc receptor-mediated activation signals. Phosphorylation assays, SHP-1 binding assay, calcium mobilization assay, coligation experiments in primary monocytes European journal of immunology High 9842885
2002 The CD8+CD28− T suppressor cell interaction with dendritic cells up-regulates ILT4 (LILRB2) on monocytes/DCs, rendering these APCs tolerogenic with reduced costimulatory molecule expression and ability to induce antigen-specific T cell unresponsiveness in CD4+ T helper cells. Co-culture functional assays, flow cytometry, mixed lymphocyte reactions Nature immunology High 11875462
2002 Crystal structure of LIR-2 (LILRB2) D1D2 at 1.8 Å reveals that while the overall fold resembles LIR-1 (LILRB1) and KIR, the ligand-binding D1 domain differs from LIR-1 in the 44–57 helix region (shortened 3₁₀ helix) and the UL18-binding 76–84 loop is displaced 11 Å, explaining the >1000-fold lower affinity of LILRB2 for HCMV UL18 relative to LILRB1. X-ray crystallography (molecular replacement, 1.8 Å resolution) BMC structural biology High 12390682
2003 Surface plasmon resonance shows that ILT4 (LILRB2) binds a broad range of classical HLA-A, -B, -C alleles as well as the non-classical HLA-G, with binding to HLA-G 3–4 fold higher affinity than to classical MHCIs; ILT4 binds all these MHCIs with 2–3 fold lower affinity than ILT2. ILT2 and ILT4 compete with CD8 for MHCI binding. Surface plasmon resonance (SPR) with soluble receptor and multiple MHCI ligands; CD8 competition assay Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America High 12853576
2000 HLA-F tetramers bind monocytes and B cells via direct interaction with ILT4 (LILRB2) and ILT2; transfection of ILT4 confers HLA-F tetramer staining on non-binding cells, and SPR confirms direct molecular interaction between HLA-F and ILT4. Tetramer staining, transfection, surface plasmon resonance European journal of immunology High 11169396
2006 Crystal structure at 2.5 Å of the LILRB2/HLA-G complex shows that LILRB2 dominantly contacts the hydrophobic site on the HLA-G α3 domain; NMR binding studies confirm that LILRB2 (unlike LILRB1) can recognize the β2m-free form of HLA-B27, establishing distinct β2m-dependent binding specificities between LILRB family members. X-ray crystallography (2.5 Å co-crystal structure), NMR binding studies, SPR with β2m-free MHCIs Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America High 17056715
2008 Ligation of ILT4 (LILRB2) by HLA-G1 on DCs results in recruitment of SHP-1 and SHP-2 phosphatases. SHP-2 and the downstream IL-6–STAT3 signaling pathway are required for ILT4-mediated arrest of DC maturation, reducing MHC class II, CD80, and CD86 expression. HLA-G5 dimer (but not monomer) and HLA-G1 tetramer both induce strong ILT4-mediated signaling. Co-immunoprecipitation of SHP-1/SHP-2, STAT3 activation assays, ILT4-transgenic mouse DCs, allograft survival experiments, signaling pathway inhibition Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America High 18550825
2013 Murine PirB and its human ortholog LilrB2 (LILRB2) are receptors for soluble Aβ oligomers with nanomolar affinity. The first two extracellular Ig domains of PirB/LilrB2 mediate Aβ binding. Aβ oligomer binding triggers enhanced cofilin signaling (cofilin dephosphorylation). In mice, the deleterious effect of Aβ oligomers on hippocampal long-term potentiation required PirB, and PirB contributed to memory deficits and loss of synaptic plasticity in juvenile visual cortex in transgenic AD mice. Binding assays (nanomolar Kd), domain deletion mapping, cofilin phosphorylation assays, LTP electrophysiology in PirB KO mice, transgenic AD mouse behavioral and plasticity assays Science (New York, N.Y.) High 24052308
2013 ILT4 (LILRB2) is expressed on primary human neutrophils, and its expression is induced during neutrophil differentiation. HLA-G (preferred ILT4 ligand) engagement of ILT4 inhibits phagocytosis; ILT4 co-localizes with CD32a (FcγRIIa) in lipid rafts and its engagement impairs reactive oxygen species production through CD32a. Inflammatory degranulation triggers rapid translocation of an intracellular ILT4 pool to the cell surface, amplifying HLA-G-mediated inhibition of phagocytosis. Flow cytometry, functional phagocytosis and ROS assays, lipid raft fractionation, co-localization microscopy, degranulation assays Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America High 24133137
2014 A novel motif in the first and fourth Ig domains of LILRB2 is necessary for binding and activation by Angptl2. Angptl2 expressed in mammalian cells forms high-molecular-weight multimers, and ligand multimerization is required for LILRB2 activation and downstream signaling. Angptl2 binding to LILRB2 is distinct from and does not completely overlap with HLA-G binding. Domain mutagenesis, co-immunoprecipitation, gel filtration for multimerization, functional signaling assays, ex vivo HSC expansion assay Blood High 24899623
2018 LILRB2 antagonism in tumor-associated myeloid cells inhibits receptor-mediated activation of SHP1/2 phosphatases and AKT/STAT6 signaling (in the presence of M-CSF and IL-4). Transcriptome analysis shows LILRB2 antagonism alters genes in cytoskeleton remodeling, lipid/cholesterol metabolism, and endosomal sorting, shifting myeloid differentiation from alternatively activated (M2) toward inflammatory (M1) phenotype. Anti-LILRB2 antibody antagonism, SHP1/2 phosphorylation assays, AKT/STAT6 activation assays, transcriptome (RNA-seq), in vivo tumor models with T cell checkpoint inhibitor combination The Journal of clinical investigation High 30352428
2018 Crystal structure of LilrB2 D1D2 complexed to small molecules mimicking phenylalanine identifies two hydrophobic pockets on LilrB2 that accommodate Aβ KLVFFA (residues 16–21) phenylalanine side chains. Mutagenesis confirmed these pockets as the KLVFFA binding site. Small molecule inhibitors designed to occupy these pockets block Aβ–LilrB2 interactions in vitro and on cell surfaces, and reduce Aβ cytotoxicity. X-ray crystallography of LilrB2 D1D2 with small molecule ligands, site-directed mutagenesis, Rosetta docking, in vitro binding inhibition assay, cell surface binding assay, cytotoxicity assay Nature chemistry High 30297750
2018 Human Semaphorin-4A (hSema4A) binds ILT-4 (LILRB2) on activated CD4+ T cells. This interaction co-stimulates CD4+ T cell proliferation and drives Th2 differentiation, identifying LILRB2 as a co-stimulatory receptor for hSema4A on T cells (distinct from the Th1-driving murine Sema4A/Tim-2 axis). Two independent receptor cloning strategies, co-immunoprecipitation, T cell proliferation and Th subset differentiation assays Nature communications High 29467366
2019 Crystal structure of the four Ig-like domain LILRB2 and four-domain LILRB1 in complex with HLA-G1 shows limited inter-domain flexibility. D1D2 mediates HLA-I binding while D3D4 acts as a structural scaffold. The geometry of LILRB1/2 complexes with dimeric HLA-G1 suggests dimeric receptor accessibility transduces stronger inhibitory signals. X-ray crystallography of full four-domain LILRB2 and LILRB1–HLA-G1 complex Cellular & molecular immunology High 31273318
2010 Induction of Tr1 regulatory T cells by tolerogenic DC-10 requires an IL-10-dependent ILT4/HLA-G signaling pathway. Blocking ILT4 or HLA-G prevented Tr1 cell differentiation, placing ILT4–HLA-G engagement as a required upstream signal in IL-10-driven Tr1 induction. Blocking antibody experiments, co-culture assays, flow cytometry for Tr1 cell markers, cytokine measurements Blood Medium 20448110
2021 LILRB2 (ILT4) on myeloid cells recruits SHP1/2 as its canonical downstream effectors. When co-ligated with TREM2 by shared ligands (Aβ oligomers or phosphatidylserine), LILRB2 suppresses TREM2 signaling in microglia, reducing phagocytosis, migration, and cytokine responses. An antagonistic anti-LILRB2 antibody (Ab29) relieves this inhibition in human iPSC-derived microglia and increases microglial plaque phagocytosis in 5XFAD mice. iPSC-derived human microglia functional assays (phagocytosis, migration, cytokines), TREM2 signaling (Western blot), antagonistic antibody (Ab29), stereotaxic microglia transplantation into 5XFAD mice, immunofluorescence Molecular neurodegeneration High 35717259
2015 LILRB2 is expressed on non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) cells. ANGPTL2 binds LILRB2 to support lung cancer cell growth; LILRB2 knockdown reduces proliferation, colony formation, and migration. The SHP2/CaMK1/CREB signaling axis mediates ANGPTL2/LILRB2-driven lung cancer cell proliferation. LILRB2 knockdown in NSCLC cell lines, proliferation/colony/migration assays, signaling pathway analysis (SHP2/CaMK1/CREB Western blot) Oncotarget Medium 26056041
2018 LILRB2 in endometrial cancer cells activates SHP2/CaMK1/CREB signaling pathways to support cancer cell expansion and migration. LILRB2 knockdown decreases proliferation and colony formation in vitro and reduces xenograft tumor growth in vivo. LILRB2 knockdown in endometrial cancer cell lines, proliferation/colony/migration assays, in vivo xenograft, Western blot for SHP2/CaMK1/CREB Biochemical and biophysical research communications Medium 30343889
2021 P. falciparum RIFIN proteins on infected erythrocytes are novel ligands for LILRB2. Domain mapping shows that domains 3 (D3) of LILRB2 mediates RIFIN binding, whereas domains 1 and 2 (D1D2) mediate binding to HLA class I, indicating distinct binding sites for pathogen vs. host ligands on the same receptor. RIFIN expression library screening, direct binding assays, LILRB2 domain-deletion mapping Biochemical and biophysical research communications Medium 33647792
2022 ANGPTL8 interacts with LILRB2 to activate ERK signaling in hepatic stellate cells (HSCs), promoting expression of fibrosis-related genes and accelerating liver fibrosis in HFD-induced NAFLD. Co-IP confirmed the ANGPTL8–LILRB2 physical interaction; liver-specific ANGPTL8 knockout or PirB ectodomain protein (sequestering ANGPTL8) reduced fibrosis in mice. Co-immunoprecipitation (ANGPTL8–LILRB2), ANGPTL8 KO mice and bone marrow chimeras, AAV8 liver restoration, RNA-seq, ERK signaling Western blot Journal of advanced research High 36031141
2021 Tumor cell-derived ILT4 (LILRB2/PIR-B) activates MAPK ERK1/2 signaling to increase fatty acid synthesis and lipid accumulation in tumor cells, which in turn induces senescence in naïve/effector T cells. This mechanism was established by gain- and loss-of-function in vitro and validated in breast cancer and melanoma mouse models. ILT4/PIR-B gain- and loss-of-function, MAPK ERK1/2 Western blot, lipid droplet staining, T cell senescence assays, in vivo mouse tumor models Journal for immunotherapy of cancer Medium 33653799
2021 EGFR activation (via mutation or EGF-dependent phosphorylation) up-regulates ILT4 expression in NSCLC tumor cells through AKT and ERK1/2 phosphorylation. Tumor cell-expressed ILT4 induces TAM recruitment and M2-like polarization and directly inhibits T cell proliferation, cytotoxicity, and IFN-γ secretion. Western blotting, mRNA microarray, TCGA analysis, CCK8/apoptosis/CFSE assays, Transwell migration, ELISA, in vivo humanized NSG and C57BL/6 tumor models Theranostics Medium 33537094
2023 PirB/LILRB2 on macrophages acts as a receptor for ANGPTL8 to mediate macrophage migration to the liver during NASH. PirB-/- bone marrow chimeras abolish ANGPTL8-induced monocyte-derived macrophage (MDM) migration. The PirB ectodomain protein sequesters ANGPTL8 and ameliorates NASH. Direct LILRB2–ANGPTL8 binding promotes MDM migration and inflammatory activation in human peripheral blood monocytes. PirB knockout mice, bone marrow chimeras, AAV hepatocyte-specific rescue, in vitro migration assays with anti-LILRB2, direct binding and co-IP, human monocyte functional assays Nature communications High 37481670
2024 ILT4 in NSCLC tumor cells activates ERK1/2 signaling downstream of ANGPTL2 binding to increase secretion of VEGF-A and MMP-9, thereby promoting tumor angiogenesis in vitro and in vivo. ILT4 expression was positively correlated with microvessel density in patient samples. ILT4 knockdown/overexpression, ANGPTL2 stimulation, ERK1/2 Western blot, VEGF-A/MMP-9 ELISA, tube formation assay, in vivo tumor models with angiogenesis readout Cancer science Medium 38433526
2024 ILT4 in triple-negative breast cancer cells activates AKT–mTOR signaling to up-regulate GLUT3 and PKM2, reprogramming tumor cell aerobic glycolysis and promoting proliferation, migration, invasion, and metastasis. ILT4 knockdown/overexpression in TNBC cell lines, AKT/mTOR pathway Western blot, GLUT3/PKM2 expression analysis, in vivo tumor growth and metastasis models Journal of cell science Medium 37622462
2024 LILRB2 in breast cancer cells facilitates ubiquitination and proteasomal degradation of HLA-A by promoting the interaction between the E3 ubiquitin ligase MARCH9 and HLA-A, thereby reducing surface MHC-I and enabling CD8+ T cell evasion. Western blot, immunoprecipitation, histidine-tag pulldown ubiquitination assay, syngeneic mouse tumor model, flow cytometry Cellular oncology (Dordrecht, Netherlands) Medium 38656573
2024 LILRB2 inhibition in NSCLC attenuates radiation-induced cellular senescence and the SASP by suppressing the JAK2/STAT3 signaling pathway, thereby increasing radiosensitivity. Radiation up-regulates LILRB2, which normally promotes senescence and tumor cell proliferation via JAK2/STAT3. Lentiviral LILRB2 silencing, irradiation assays, senescence markers (SA-β-gal, p21, p16), JAK2/STAT3 Western blot, in vivo tumor models Cancer letters Medium 38705566
2025 SPI1 transcription factor transcriptionally activates LILRB2 expression in LPS-tolerant macrophages (confirmed by ChIP and dual-luciferase assays). LILRB2 physically interacts with TLR8 (co-IP) to suppress TLR8-mediated MyD88/NF-κB signaling and inhibit p65 nuclear translocation, establishing an immunosuppressive phenotype. Co-immunoprecipitation (LILRB2–TLR8 interaction), ChIP assay (SPI1 binding to LILRB2 promoter), dual-luciferase reporter assay, LILRB2 knockdown, NF-κB signaling Western blot, flow cytometry for macrophage polarization Biology direct Medium 40551156
2025 C4d (a cleavage product of complement C4) binds LilrB2/PirB with nanomolar affinity and colocalizes with LilrB2 at excitatory synapses in human cerebral cortex. In mice, C4d exposure reduces dendritic spine density on L5 pyramidal neurons in a PirB-dependent manner (PirB KO completely prevents spine loss), establishing C4d as a physiological LilrB2 ligand mediating synapse pruning. Direct binding assays (nanomolar Kd), co-localization by immunofluorescence, in vivo dendritic spine imaging in WT vs. PirB KO mice Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America High 40966293
2016 HLA-G engagement of ILT4 on granulocytic MDSCs promotes MDSC accumulation (induction from PBMCs) and suppressive activity, induces STAT3 phosphorylation, and up-regulates IDO expression. Effects on MDSC accumulation were blocked by anti-ILT4 antibody, identifying ILT4→STAT3→IDO as a signaling axis in HLA-G-driven MDSC biology. Anti-ILT4 blocking antibody, sHLA-G stimulation, STAT3 phosphorylation Western blot/flow cytometry, IDO expression assay, MDSC induction and T cell suppression assays European journal of immunology Medium 27859042
2021 ANGPTL2 induces expression of inflammatory cytokines in human fibroblast-like synoviocytes (HFLS) via LILRB2, and pre-treatment with anti-LILRB2 antibody reduces this inflammatory gene expression and blocks ANGPTL2-induced phosphorylation of ERK, p38, JNK, NF-κB, and Akt. Real-time RT-PCR, Western blotting for MAPK/NF-κB/Akt phosphorylation, anti-LILRB2 antibody blocking in HFLS Inflammation Medium 33538932
2024 ILT4 inhibits myeloid cells via both cis- (same-cell) and trans-engagement (cell-cell contact) with MHC-I ligands, whereas ILT2 only inhibits via trans-engagement. Dual ILT2/ILT4 blockade is required for optimal myeloid cell activation in 3D tumor spheroid models, and combined blockade enhances cytolytic T cell activity and generates immune niches in humanized mouse and human tumor explant systems. 3D spheroid tumor model, myeloid cell functional assays (CXCL9/CCL5 secretion, CD86/CD163 expression), humanized mouse tumor models, human tumor explant histoculture, cis vs. trans engagement experiments Cancer immunology research Medium 38393969
2004 IL-10 up-regulates cell-surface LIR-2 (LILRB2) on maturing human DCs. LPS-stimulated LIR-2-transfected DCs inhibit autologous and allogeneic T cell proliferation. A novel soluble form of LIR-2 was detected in DC culture supernatants; IL-10 inhibits soluble LIR-2 production, and recombinant soluble LIR-2 restores T cell proliferation inhibited by LPS+IL-10-treated DCs. Retroviral expression cloning, flow cytometry, MLR assays, detection of soluble LIR-2 by ELISA/Western, recombinant soluble LIR-2 reconstitution European journal of immunology Medium 14971032

Source papers

Stage 0 corpus · 100 papers · ranked by NIH iCite citations
Year Title Journal Citations PMID
2002 Tolerization of dendritic cells by T(S) cells: the crucial role of inhibitory receptors ILT3 and ILT4. Nature immunology 624 11875462
2010 Differentiation of type 1 T regulatory cells (Tr1) by tolerogenic DC-10 requires the IL-10-dependent ILT4/HLA-G pathway. Blood 460 20448110
2003 Human inhibitory receptors Ig-like transcript 2 (ILT2) and ILT4 compete with CD8 for MHC class I binding and bind preferentially to HLA-G. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 452 12853576
2013 Human LilrB2 is a β-amyloid receptor and its murine homolog PirB regulates synaptic plasticity in an Alzheimer's model. Science (New York, N.Y.) 341 24052308
2003 High expression of ILT3 and ILT4 is a general feature of tolerogenic dendritic cells. Transplant immunology 251 12967778
2005 HLA-G up-regulates ILT2, ILT3, ILT4, and KIR2DL4 in antigen presenting cells, NK cells, and T cells. FASEB journal : official publication of the Federation of American Societies for Experimental Biology 246 15670976
2006 Structural basis for recognition of the nonclassical MHC molecule HLA-G by the leukocyte Ig-like receptor B2 (LILRB2/LIR2/ILT4/CD85d). Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 225 17056715
2004 Alloantigen specific CD8+CD28- FOXP3+ T suppressor cells induce ILT3+ ILT4+ tolerogenic endothelial cells, inhibiting alloreactivity. International immunology 204 15226269
2018 Blocking immunoinhibitory receptor LILRB2 reprograms tumor-associated myeloid cells and promotes antitumor immunity. The Journal of clinical investigation 201 30352428
2008 Modulation of dendritic cell differentiation by HLA-G and ILT4 requires the IL-6--STAT3 signaling pathway. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 174 18550825
1998 The MHC class I binding proteins LIR-1 and LIR-2 inhibit Fc receptor-mediated signaling in monocytes. European journal of immunology 173 9842885
2000 Functional characterization of HLA-F and binding of HLA-F tetramers to ILT2 and ILT4 receptors. European journal of immunology 159 11169396
2021 ILT4 inhibition prevents TAM- and dysfunctional T cell-mediated immunosuppression and enhances the efficacy of anti-PD-L1 therapy in NSCLC with EGFR activation. Theranostics 158 33537094
2009 Tryptophan deprivation induces inhibitory receptors ILT3 and ILT4 on dendritic cells favoring the induction of human CD4+CD25+ Foxp3+ T regulatory cells. Journal of immunology (Baltimore, Md. : 1950) 146 19535644
2008 MiR-10 represses HoxB1a and HoxB3a in zebrafish. PloS one 138 18167555
2011 The miR-10 microRNA precursor family. RNA biology 92 21881411
2014 A motif in LILRB2 critical for Angptl2 binding and activation. Blood 87 24899623
2013 Exocytosis acts as a modulator of the ILT4-mediated inhibition of neutrophil functions. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 83 24133137
2017 Conserved miR-10 family represses proliferation and induces apoptosis in ovarian granulosa cells. Scientific reports 78 28112253
2022 ANGPTL8 accelerates liver fibrosis mediated by HFD-induced inflammatory activity via LILRB2/ERK signaling pathways. Journal of advanced research 76 36031141
2021 Tumor-derived ILT4 induces T cell senescence and suppresses tumor immunity. Journal for immunotherapy of cancer 76 33653799
2016 HLA-G promotes myeloid-derived suppressor cell accumulation and suppressive activity during human pregnancy through engagement of the receptor ILT4. European journal of immunology 75 27859042
2014 LILRB2 interaction with HLA class I correlates with control of HIV-1 infection. PLoS genetics 74 24603468
2003 Interleukin-10 induces the upregulation of the inhibitory receptor ILT4 in monocytes from HIV positive individuals. Human immunology 65 12691698
2018 Human Semaphorin-4A drives Th2 responses by binding to receptor ILT-4. Nature communications 60 29467366
2009 The inhibitory receptor LILRB4 (ILT3) modulates antigen presenting cell phenotype and, along with LILRB2 (ILT4), is upregulated in response to Salmonella infection. BMC immunology 57 19860908
2004 Interleukin 10 regulates cell surface and soluble LIR-2 (CD85d) expression on dendritic cells resulting in T cell hyporesponsiveness in vitro. European journal of immunology 57 14971032
2017 Modulation of LILRB2 protein and mRNA expressions in septic shock patients and after ex vivo lipopolysaccharide stimulation. Human immunology 56 28341250
2015 ANGPTL2/LILRB2 signaling promotes the propagation of lung cancer cells. Oncotarget 56 26056041
2018 Inhibiting amyloid-β cytotoxicity through its interaction with the cell surface receptor LilrB2 by structure-based design. Nature chemistry 54 30297750
2013 Rapamycin induces ILT3(high)ILT4(high) dendritic cells promoting a new immunoregulatory pathway. Kidney international 50 24107844
2002 Crystal structure of LIR-2 (ILT4) at 1.8 A: differences from LIR-1 (ILT2) in regions implicated in the binding of the Human Cytomegalovirus class I MHC homolog UL18. BMC structural biology 49 12390682
2022 LILRB2-mediated TREM2 signaling inhibition suppresses microglia functions. Molecular neurodegeneration 46 35717259
2019 Structures of the four Ig-like domain LILRB2 and the four-domain LILRB1 and HLA-G1 complex. Cellular & molecular immunology 44 31273318
2007 Mechanisms of prolongation of allograft survival by HLA-G/ILT4-modified dendritic cells. Human immunology 44 17400062
2017 Intratumor heterogeneity of immune checkpoints in primary renal cell cancer: Focus on HLA-G/ILT2/ILT4. Oncoimmunology 42 28932645
2023 LILRB2/PirB mediates macrophage recruitment in fibrogenesis of nonalcoholic steatohepatitis. Nature communications 40 37481670
2014 Implications of the miR-10 family in chemotherapy response of NPM1-mutated AML. Blood 40 24596420
2018 Downregulation of ILT4+ dendritic cells in recurrent miscarriage and recurrent implantation failure. American journal of reproductive immunology (New York, N.Y. : 1989) 38 29904967
2011 LILRA3 binds both classical and non-classical HLA class I molecules but with reduced affinities compared to LILRB1/LILRB2: structural evidence. PloS one 37 21559424
2008 Rapamycin downregulates the inhibitory receptors ILT2, ILT3, ILT4 on human dendritic cells and yet induces T cell hyporesponsiveness independent of FoxP3 induction. Immunology letters 36 18652845
2008 Niflumic acid renders dendritic cells tolerogenic and up-regulates inhibitory molecules ILT3 and ILT4. International immunopharmacology 34 18486911
2023 Inhibition of LILRB2 by a Novel Blocking Antibody Designed to Reprogram Immunosuppressive Macrophages to Drive T-Cell Activation in Tumors. Molecular cancer therapeutics 33 36780212
2017 The impact of HLA-G, LILRB1 and LILRB2 gene polymorphisms on susceptibility to and severity of endometriosis. Molecular genetics and genomics : MGG 32 29234882
2020 The immune-checkpoint HLA-G/ILT4 is involved in the regulation of VEGF expression in clear cell renal cell carcinoma. BMC cancer 31 32620162
2021 Antifibrotic factor KLF4 is repressed by the miR-10/TFAP2A/TBX5 axis in dermal fibroblasts: insights from twins discordant for systemic sclerosis. Annals of the rheumatic diseases 30 34750102
2016 Evolutionary patterns of metazoan microRNAs reveal targeting principles in the let-7 and miR-10 families. Genome research 29 27927717
2021 Plasmodium falciparum RIFIN is a novel ligand for inhibitory immune receptor LILRB2. Biochemical and biophysical research communications 23 33647792
2017 Early SIV and HIV infection promotes the LILRB2/MHC-I inhibitory axis in cDCs. Cellular and molecular life sciences : CMLS 22 29134249
2017 Real-Time Analysis of Binding Events between Different Aβ1-42 Species and Human Lilrb2 by Dual Polarization Interferometry. Analytical chemistry 21 28219245
2018 Immune inhibitory receptor LILRB2 is critical for the endometrial cancer progression. Biochemical and biophysical research communications 19 30343889
2016 Activation of LILRB2 signal pathway in temporal lobe epilepsy patients and in a pilocarpine induced epilepsy model. Experimental neurology 19 27637803
2024 LILRB2 inhibition enhances radiation sensitivity in non-small cell lung cancer by attenuating radiation-induced senescence. Cancer letters 18 38705566
2021 ANGPTL2 Induces Synovial Inflammation via LILRB2. Inflammation 17 33538932
2019 Taenia solium and Taenia crassiceps: miRNomes of the larvae and effects of miR-10-5p and let-7-5p on murine peritoneal macrophages. Bioscience reports 17 31694049
2018 Pediatric tolerogenic DCs expressing CD4 and immunoglobulin-like transcript receptor (ILT)-4 secrete IL-10 in response to Fc and adenosine. European journal of immunology 17 29244203
1999 lir-2, lir-1 and lin-26 encode a new class of zinc-finger proteins and are organized in two overlapping operons both in Caenorhabditis elegans and in Caenorhabditis briggsae. Genetics 17 10224256
2021 ILT4 in Colorectal Cancer Cells Induces Suppressive T Cell Contexture and Disease Progression. OncoTargets and therapy 15 34321889
2021 The emerging role of miR-10 family in gastric cancer. Cell cycle (Georgetown, Tex.) 14 34229543
2016 Analysis of the Expression and Function of Immunoglobulin-Like Transcript 4 (ILT4, LILRB2) in Dendritic Cells from Patients with Systemic Lupus Erythematosus. Journal of immunology research 14 27057555
2013 Upregulation of the inhibitory receptor ILT4 in monocytes from septic patients. Human immunology 14 23911358
2006 ILT3+ ILT4+ tolerogenic endothelial cells in transplantation. Transplantation 14 16829792
2023 LILRB2-containing small extracellular vesicles from glioblastoma promote tumor progression by promoting the formation and expansion of myeloid-derived suppressor cells. Cancer immunology, immunotherapy : CII 13 36853330
2020 Rewired functional regulatory networks among miRNA isoforms (isomiRs) from let-7 and miR-10 gene families in cancer. Computational and structural biotechnology journal 13 32542110
2019 The Expression of ILT4 in Myeloid Dendritic Cells in Patients with Hepatocellular Carcinoma. Immunological investigations 13 31044626
2024 ILT2 and ILT4 Drive Myeloid Suppression via Both Overlapping and Distinct Mechanisms. Cancer immunology research 12 38393969
2022 Genetic diversity of the LILRB1 and LILRB2 coding regions in an admixed Brazilian population sample. HLA 11 35754199
2022 Antibody-Mediated LILRB2-Receptor Antagonism Induces Human Myeloid-Derived Suppressor Cells to Kill Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Frontiers in immunology 11 35757769
2014 Downregulation of immunoglobulin-like transcript-4 (ILT4) in patients with psoriatic arthritis. PloS one 11 24676037
2025 LILRB2 blockade facilitates macrophage repolarization and enhances T cell-mediated antitumor immunity. Journal for immunotherapy of cancer 10 40246582
2024 LILRB2 promotes immune escape in breast cancer cells via enhanced HLA-A degradation. Cellular oncology (Dordrecht, Netherlands) 10 38656573
2024 Phase I dose escalation study of IO-108, an anti-LILRB2 antibody, in patients with advanced solid tumors. Journal for immunotherapy of cancer 10 39567210
2021 Identification of novel Aβ-LilrB2 inhibitors as potential therapeutic agents for Alzheimer's disease. Molecular and cellular neurosciences 10 34029694
2018 MiR-10 targets NgR to modulate the proliferation of microglial cells and the secretion of inflammatory cytokines. Experimental and molecular pathology 10 30312597
2022 Placental Malaria is Associated with Higher LILRB2 Expression in Monocyte Subsets and Lower Anti-Malarial IgG Antibodies During Infancy. Frontiers in immunology 9 35911674
2020 MicroRNA-377 Alleviates Myocardial Injury Induced by Hypoxia/Reoxygenation via Downregulating LILRB2 Expression. Dose-response : a publication of International Hormesis Society 9 32647500
2024 ANGPTL2 knockdown induces autophagy to relieve alveolar macrophage pyroptosis by reducing LILRB2-mediated inhibition of TREM2. Journal of cellular and molecular medicine 8 38758159
2021 Functional analysis of a putative Bombyx mori cypovirus miRNA BmCPV-miR-10 and its effect on virus replication. Insect molecular biology 8 34296485
2022 CircATIC inhibits esophageal carcinoma progression and promotes radiosensitivity by elevating RHCG through sponging miR-10-3p. Thoracic cancer 7 35307984
2022 miR-10 and Its Negative Correlation with Serum IL-35 Concentration and Positive Correlation with STAT5a Expression in Patients with Rheumatoid Arthritis. International journal of molecular sciences 7 35887269
2020 miR-10 involved in salinity-induced stress responses and targets TBC1D5 in the sea cucumber, Apostichopus japonicas. Comparative biochemistry and physiology. Part B, Biochemistry & molecular biology 7 31904427
2024 Analysis of HLA-G 14 bp Insertion/Deletion Polymorphism and HLA-G, ILT2 and ILT4 Expression in Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma Patients. Diseases (Basel, Switzerland) 6 38391781
2023 Advances in targeting of miR‑10‑associated lncRNAs/circRNAs for the management of cancer (Review). Oncology letters 6 36817057
2023 ILT4 reprograms glucose metabolism to promote tumor progression in triple-negative breast cancer. Journal of cell science 6 37622462
2025 SPI1 upregulated LILRB2 to enhance the immunosuppressive phenotype of LPS-tolerant macrophages by inhibiting TLR8-mediated MyD88/NF-κB signaling. Biology direct 5 40551156
2024 ILT4 facilitates angiogenesis in non-small cell lung cancer. Cancer science 5 38433526
2010 IL-10 enhances promoter activity of ILT4 gene and up-regulates its expression in THP-1 cells. Journal of Huazhong University of Science and Technology. Medical sciences = Hua zhong ke ji da xue xue bao. Yi xue Ying De wen ban = Huazhong keji daxue xuebao. Yixue Yingdewen ban 5 21063840
2008 Changes in the expression of the immunoglobulin-like transcript 3 (ILT3) and ILT4 receptors in renal allograft recipients: effect of donor and recipient aging. Transplantation proceedings 5 19010139
2023 Identification and characterization of the conformation and size of amyloid-β (42) oligomers targeting the receptor LilrB2. Physical chemistry chemical physics : PCCP 4 37700616
2025 miR-10-5p mediated susceptibility to chlorantraniliprole by targeting for SfGSTe1 in Spodoptera frugiperda (Smith). Scientific reports 2 40473727
2025 C4d, a high-affinity LilrB2 ligand, is elevated in Alzheimer's disease and mediates synapse pruning. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 2 40966293
2022 Recognition of Aβ oligomer by LilrB2 acceptor: a tetracoordinated zipper mechanism. Journal of molecular modeling 2 36125588
2018 Author Correction: Inhibiting amyloid-β cytotoxicity through its interaction with the cell surface receptor LilrB2 by structure-based design. Nature chemistry 2 30420778
2011 [ILT3+/ILT4+ tolerogenic dendritic cells and their influence on allograft survival]. Biomedica : revista del Instituto Nacional de Salud 2 22159546
2009 Crystallization and preliminary X-ray analysis of the low-affinity complex between human leukocyte antigen-G (HLA-G) and leukocyte Ig-like receptor B2 (LILRB2). Protein and peptide letters 2 19356145
2026 A Subset of Pro-inflammatory CXCL10+ LILRB2+ Macrophages Derives From Recipient Monocytes and Drives Renal Allograft Rejection. Advanced science (Weinheim, Baden-Wurttemberg, Germany) 1 41517835
2025 Targeting ILT4 to Improve Immunotherapy Efficacy in Solid Tumour: From Bench to Bedside. ImmunoTargets and therapy 1 40989721
2025 Lilrb2-mediated inhibition of scleral remodeling in experimental myopia is associated with reduced intraocular inflammation and modulation of the MEK-ERK-P65 axis. European journal of pharmacology 1 41371485
2024 Dexamethasone promotes renal fibrosis by upregulating ILT4 expression in myeloid-derived suppressor cells. Journal of cellular and molecular medicine 1 38676361
2025 ILT-2 and ILT-4 expression and donor genotype as factors associated with HSCT outcome. Clinical immunology (Orlando, Fla.) 0 41046108

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