Affinage

LGALS4

Galectin-4 · UniProt P56470

Length
323 aa
Mass
35.9 kDa
Annotated
2026-06-14
40 papers in source corpus 21 papers cited in narrative 21 extracted findings
Cross-family judge vs UniProt: Affinage preferred

Mechanistic narrative

Synthesis pass · prose summary of the discoveries below

LGALS4 encodes galectin-4, a tandem-repeat β-galactoside-binding lectin with two structurally and functionally distinct carbohydrate-recognition domains (CRDs) joined by a flexible linker that modulates inter-domain communication and carbohydrate recognition (PMID:27642006), which acts both intracellularly as a membrane-trafficking organizer and extracellularly as a glycan cross-linker on cell surfaces. Intracellularly, galectin-4 is a major component of detergent-resistant lipid rafts and post-Golgi carrier vesicles, where its high-affinity binding to sulfatides—and, uniquely among galectins, to cholesterol 3-sulfate via Arg45 of the N-terminal CRD—clusters lipid rafts to drive apical membrane delivery in polarized epithelia (PMID:15883199, PMID:17545668); it also mediates apical transcytosis of N-glycosylated basolateral cargo such as the transferrin receptor, rerouting cargo away from lysosomal degradation (PMID:25179596). Its raft localization depends on glycosphingolipid composition, and is externalized through a Src-family-kinase-dependent mechanism requiring a C-terminal YVQI motif that binds Src and SHP2 SH2 domains (PMID:24013903, PMID:39163480). Extracellularly, surface-bound galectin-4 cross-links N-glycans on receptor tyrosine kinases including c-MET and EGFR, and on CD44, sustaining their phosphorylation and surface expression to promote gastric cancer metastasis (PMID:36695981, PMID:41991671). In immunity, galectin-4 enhances MHC-I surface expression on dendritic cells to support CD8+ T-cell responses against tumors and viral infection (PMID:40589087), yet tumor-secreted galectin-4 also drives immune evasion by binding CD3ε/δ N-glycans to induce T-cell apoptosis (PMID:36478037) and by stabilizing LDHA against TRIM28-mediated proteasomal degradation to enhance glycolysis and HIF-1α/CXCL6 immunosuppression (PMID:41057233). The C-terminal domain mediates dimerization and antimicrobial killing of blood-group-antigen-bearing microbes (PMID:38490531). Loss-of-function studies reveal additional roles in suppressing IL-6/NF-κB/STAT3 pro-tumorigenic signaling in colorectal cancer (PMID:23378274) and, via gut microbiota modulation, in hippocampal synaptic plasticity and memory (PMID:41101578).

Mechanistic history

Synthesis pass · year-by-year structured walk · 20 steps
  1. 2005 High

    Established galectin-4 as an intracellular organizer of apical membrane trafficking, answering how lectin-lipid interactions could direct polarized delivery.

    Evidence RNAi knockdown, detergent-resistant membrane fractionation, post-Golgi vesicle isolation, and ligand binding in HT-29 enterocyte-like cells

    PMID:15883199

    Open questions at the time
    • Did not resolve the precise glycan/lipid coincidence that triggers raft clustering
    • Mechanism of vesicle scission/delivery downstream of clustering unresolved
  2. 2007 High

    Defined the molecular basis of galectin-4's unique non-β-galactoside ligand recognition, identifying Arg45 in the N-terminal CRD as required for cholesterol 3-sulfate binding and showing dimerization enhances avidity.

    Evidence Site-directed mutagenesis (R45A), gel filtration, chemical cross-linking, and tissue detergent-insoluble fractionation in porcine esophagus/intestine

    PMID:17545668

    Open questions at the time
    • In vivo functional consequence of Arg45-mediated binding not tested by mutation in cells/animals
    • Relative contribution of sulfatide vs cholesterol 3-sulfate to raft clustering unresolved
  3. 2012 Medium

    Implicated secreted neuronal galectin-4 as a negative regulator of oligodendrocyte maturation and myelination in vitro.

    Evidence Exogenous Gal-4 gain-of-function and blocking-antibody loss-of-function in oligodendrocyte and DRG–OLG co-cultures

    PMID:22431161

    Open questions at the time
    • No receptor/binding partner on oligodendrocytes identified
    • In vivo relevance not established at this stage
  4. 2013 Medium

    Identified the externalization mechanism, linking Src-family tyrosine phosphorylation of a C-terminal YVQI motif to unconventional secretion and glycoprotein cargo trafficking.

    Evidence Pervanadate/Src co-transfection phosphorylation assays, SH2-domain binding, and C-terminal deletion mutant externalization assays

    PMID:24013903

    Open questions at the time
    • Exact phosphosite(s) and stoichiometry not mapped
    • How phosphorylation mechanistically couples to membrane exit is unresolved
  5. 2013 Medium

    Revealed a tumor-suppressive role in colorectal cancer through suppression of the IL-6/NF-κB/STAT3 axis, confirmed in vivo.

    Evidence shRNA knockdown with signaling readouts and xenograft tumor growth assays in HT-29 cells

    PMID:23378274

    Open questions at the time
    • Direct molecular target linking galectin-4 to NF-κB/STAT3 not identified
    • Intracellular vs extracellular site of action not separated
  6. 2013 Medium

    Showed galectin-4 acts as a cell-surface adhesion molecule restraining pancreatic cancer migration and metastasis.

    Evidence In vitro scratch assay, zebrafish metastasis model, and immunofluorescence localization to cell contact sites

    PMID:23824659

    Open questions at the time
    • Cytosolic anti-migratory mechanism left unidentified
    • Surface binding partner mediating adhesion not defined
  7. 2014 High

    Established galectin-4 as a glycan-dependent mediator of basolateral-to-apical transcytosis, rescuing cargo from lysosomal degradation in AP-1B-deficient epithelia.

    Evidence N-glycosylation site mutagenesis of TfR and galectin-4 siRNA in RPE, KPT, and AP-1B-knockdown MDCK cells

    PMID:25179596

    Open questions at the time
    • Generality across cargo beyond TfR not fully mapped
    • Machinery coupling galectin-4 to transcytotic vesicles unresolved
  8. 2016 High

    Provided a full-length structural model defining the linker peptide's role in inter-domain flexibility and dynamic carbohydrate recognition.

    Evidence X-ray crystallography, SAXS/WAXS, MD simulations, and differential scanning fluorimetry of human galectin-4

    PMID:27642006

    Open questions at the time
    • No co-structure with physiological ligands such as sulfatide
    • Conformational basis of CRD functional asymmetry not fully explained
  9. 2016 Low

    Linked galectin-4 to trophoblast differentiation and placed autophagy upstream of its expression regulation.

    Evidence Overexpression in Rcho-1 cells and autophagy inhibitor (3-MA, Bafilomycin A1) treatment

    PMID:27572741

    Open questions at the time
    • Indirect epistasis via inhibitors only; no direct genetic test
    • Single model cell line; physiological relevance unconfirmed
  10. 2017 Medium

    Demonstrated that surface-bound galectin-4 enforces cell-cycle arrest and dampens inflammatory chemokine signaling in colorectal cancer.

    Evidence Antibody neutralization and recombinant protein treatment with gene expression profiling and cell-cycle protein readouts

    PMID:28345468

    Open questions at the time
    • Receptor mediating surface signaling not identified
    • Direct link from glycan binding to p27/cyclin D1 changes unresolved
  11. 2022 Medium

    A rigorous in vivo negative result showed galectin-4 is dispensable for cortical myelination, qualifying the earlier in vitro myelination model.

    Evidence Lgals4-KO mouse with biochemical, morphological, and electrophysiological readouts

    PMID:36359880

    Open questions at the time
    • Does not exclude compensatory redundancy by other galectins
    • Peripheral or developmental-timing myelination effects not fully excluded
  12. 2023 High

    Identified surface galectin-4's RTK cross-linking activity, showing it binds CD44 and c-MET via the CRD to sustain their activation and drive gastric cancer peritoneal metastasis.

    Evidence CRISPR/Cas9 knockout, proximity ligation assay, and mouse peritoneal metastasis model

    PMID:36695981

    Open questions at the time
    • Specific glycan epitopes on CD44/c-MET not mapped
    • Whether cross-linking directly activates vs stabilizes the receptors unresolved
  13. 2023 High

    Established tumor-secreted galectin-4 as a driver of immune evasion through CD3ε/δ N-glycan-dependent T-cell apoptosis.

    Evidence Orthotopic transplantation, RAG1-/- epistasis, T-cell apoptosis co-culture, scRNA-seq, and N-glycan binding assay in PDAC

    PMID:36478037

    Open questions at the time
    • Downstream apoptotic signaling in T cells not detailed
    • Reconciliation with galectin-4's pro-immune DC role context-dependent
  14. 2023 Low

    Showed exogenous galectin-4 reprograms M2 macrophages toward antiviral, immunostimulatory states in a TLR7/infection-dependent manner.

    Evidence Recombinant Gal-4 treatment of macrophages with gene expression and LCMV in vivo readouts

    PMID:36822160

    Open questions at the time
    • No macrophage receptor/binding partner identified for galectin-4
    • Single lab, recombinant-protein-only gain-of-function
  15. 2024 Medium

    Assigned the C-terminal domain as the primary mediator of dimerization and antimicrobial killing of blood-group-antigen-bearing microbes.

    Evidence Glycan microarray, microbial binding/killing assays, and chemical cross-linking with domain-specific recombinant proteins

    PMID:38490531

    Open questions at the time
    • Mechanism of microbial killing (membrane disruption vs agglutination) not defined
    • In vivo antimicrobial role not tested
  16. 2024 Medium

    Demonstrated that glycosphingolipid composition controls galectin-4 raft localization and downstream tumorigenic AKT signaling.

    Evidence B3GALT5 overexpression, glycan mass spectrometry, GSL synthase inhibitor (PPMP), flotillin-2 colocalization, and metastasis model

    PMID:39163480

    Open questions at the time
    • Direct competition between lacto-series GSLs and endogenous ligands not biochemically quantified
    • Link from raft localization to AKT activation not fully mechanistic
  17. 2025 High

    Revealed a DC-intrinsic, immune-promoting role: galectin-4 enhances MHC-I surface expression on dendritic cells to license CD8+ T-cell antitumor and antiviral responses.

    Evidence Lgals4-KO mice, syngeneic tumor and LCMV models, flow cytometry, adoptive transfer, and vaccine/PD-1 blockade therapeutic experiments

    PMID:40589087

    Open questions at the time
    • Molecular step by which galectin-4 boosts MHC-I surface display not defined
    • Reconciliation with tumor-secreted immunosuppressive roles is context-dependent
  18. 2025 Medium

    Connected galectin-4 to metabolic reprogramming of the tumor microenvironment by stabilizing LDHA against TRIM28-mediated degradation, driving glycolysis and HIF-1α/CXCL6 immunosuppression.

    Evidence scRNA-seq, co-culture, CyTOF, genetic/pharmacological perturbation, clinical cohort, and HCC mouse models

    PMID:41057233

    Open questions at the time
    • Whether this LDHA stabilization is intracellular galectin-4 directly competing with TRIM28 needs structural confirmation
    • Single lab
  19. 2025 Medium

    Linked gut galectin-4, via microbiota modulation, to hippocampal synaptic plasticity and memory.

    Evidence Lgals4-KO mice with 16S microbiota sequencing, behavior, in vivo/ex vivo LTP, spine morphology, and AMPA/CaMKII molecular readouts

    PMID:41101578

    Open questions at the time
    • Microbiota-to-brain link is correlational; causal mediator not isolated
    • Direct neuronal substrate of galectin-4 not identified
  20. 2026 Medium

    Broadened the RTK cross-linking model, showing galectin-4 binds multiple RTKs (c-MET, EGFR) and tyrosine-phosphorylated proteins via its CRD, with glycosylation and phosphorylation competitively regulating its surface binding.

    Evidence Antibody array, proximity ligation assay, SPR, CRISPR KO, and B3GALT5 overexpression in gastric cancer cells

    PMID:41991671

    Open questions at the time
    • Direct binding to phosphotyrosine vs phospho-altered glycans not fully disentangled
    • Structural basis of competition between glycan and phosphorylation unresolved

Open questions

Synthesis pass · forward-looking unresolved questions
  • How galectin-4's opposing pro-immune (DC MHC-I enhancement, antimicrobial) and immunosuppressive (T-cell apoptosis, LDHA/HIF-1α) activities are selected in a given tissue or tumor context remains unresolved.
  • No unifying model reconciling context-dependent immune outcomes
  • The decision rules governing intracellular trafficking vs externalization vs surface cross-linking are not integrated
  • Receptors on immune cells beyond CD3ε/δ largely unidentified

Mechanism profile

Synthesis pass · controlled-vocabulary classification · explore literature graph →
Molecular activity
GO:0008289 lipid binding 2 GO:0060090 molecular adaptor activity 2 GO:0090729 toxin activity 1 GO:0098631 cell adhesion mediator activity 1
Localization
GO:0005576 extracellular region 3 GO:0005886 plasma membrane 3 GO:0005768 endosome 1 GO:0005794 Golgi apparatus 1 GO:0005829 cytosol 1 GO:0031410 cytoplasmic vesicle 1
Pathway
R-HSA-1643685 Disease 4 R-HSA-162582 Signal Transduction 3 R-HSA-168256 Immune System 2 R-HSA-5653656 Vesicle-mediated transport 2 R-HSA-9609507 Protein localization 2
Partners
CD3DCD3ECD44EGFRLDHAMETPTPN11SRC

Evidence

Reading pass · 21 per-paper findings extracted from the source corpus
Year Finding Method Journal Conf PMIDs
2005 Galectin-4 is a major component of detergent-resistant membranes (lipid rafts) in polarized HT-29 5M12 enterocyte-like cells and is found in post-Golgi carrier vesicles. RNAi-mediated depletion of galectin-4 causes intracellular accumulation of apical (but not basolateral) membrane markers and alters DRM association of apical proteins. Sulfatides with long chain-hydroxylated fatty acids (enriched in DRMs) were identified as high-affinity ligands for galectin-4, supporting a model in which galectin-4/sulfatide interaction clusters lipid rafts for apical membrane delivery. Retrovirus-mediated RNAi knockdown, detergent-resistant membrane fractionation, post-Golgi vesicle isolation, ligand binding assays The Journal of cell biology High 15883199
2007 Galectin-4 binds cholesterol 3-sulfate (which lacks a beta-galactoside moiety), a property unique within the galectin family. Site-directed mutagenesis (R45A) identified Arg45 in the N-terminal CRD as indispensable for cholesterol 3-sulfate recognition. Gel filtration and chemical cross-linking showed that galectin-4 exists as dimers, enhancing avidity for this ligand. Cholesterol 3-sulfate and sulfatide co-exist with galectin-4 in detergent-insoluble fractions of porcine esophagus and intestine, suggesting both are endogenous in vivo ligands. Site-directed mutagenesis, gel filtration, chemical cross-linking, detergent-insoluble fractionation The Journal of biological chemistry High 17545668
2013 Galectin-4 is tyrosine-phosphorylated by Src family kinases; the C-terminal peptide YVQI is essential for this phosphorylation and binds the SH2 domains of Src and SHP2. Phosphorylation status controls externalization of galectin-4: mutant galectin-4 lacking the C-terminal YVQI peptide is not efficiently externalized. MUC1 from NUGC-4 cells binds galectin-4, and externalization of the MUC1–galectin-4 complex increases under hyperphosphorylated conditions, suggesting galectin-4 acts intracellularly as an adaptor that modulates glycoprotein trafficking. Pervanadate treatment, Src co-transfection/phosphorylation assay, SH2 domain binding assay, immunofluorescence, C-terminal deletion mutant transfection Glycobiology Medium 24013903
2014 Galectin-4 mediates apical transcytosis of basolateral proteins (exemplified by transferrin receptor, TfR) in epithelial cells lacking the basolateral adaptor AP-1B. Mutation of the N-glycosylation site N727 on TfR or knockdown of galectin-4 blocks TfR transcytosis to apical recycling endosomes and the apical plasma membrane, instead routing TfR to lysosomes for degradation. N-glycosylation site mutagenesis, siRNA knockdown, cell fractionation/trafficking assays in RPE, KPT, and AP-1B-knockdown MDCK cells Journal of cell science High 25179596
2012 Galectin-4, released by neurons but not oligodendrocytes in vitro, retards oligodendrocyte maturation and inhibits myelination. Treatment of immature oligodendrocytes with galectin-4 causes a subset to revert to a morphologically less complex progenitor stage with increased proliferation. Addition of galectin-4 or anti-galectin-4 antibodies to dorsal root ganglion neuron–oligodendrocyte co-cultures inhibits myelination. Galectin-4-reactive sites are transiently expressed on processes of premyelinating oligodendrocytes (but not neurons), and reduced endogenous galectin-4 release correlates with the onset of myelination. In vitro oligodendrocyte treatment, DRG–OLG co-culture myelination assay, immunofluorescence localization, proliferation assays Glia Medium 22431161
2022 Galectin-4-deficient (Lgals4-KO) mice show no significant defect in cortical myelin composition, organization, microstructure, or function assessed by electrophysiology and locomotion, indicating that galectin-4 is dispensable for cortical myelination in vivo (negative result). Lgals4-KO mouse model, Western blot, immunohistochemistry, in-depth image analysis, in vivo and ex vivo electrophysiology, locomotion assays Cells Medium 36359880
2016 Full-length structural model of human galectin-4 was determined using X-ray crystallography and small-/wide-angle X-ray scattering, revealing the structural role of the linker peptide connecting the two CRDs and dynamic characteristics of carbohydrate recognition. The linker peptide confers flexibility and modulates inter-domain communication. X-ray crystallography, SAXS/WAXS, molecular dynamics simulations, differential scanning fluorimetry Scientific reports High 27642006
2013 Galectin-4 knockdown in HT-29 colorectal cancer cells increases cell proliferation and activates NF-κB and STAT3 signaling with up-regulation of IL-6, demonstrating that galectin-4 suppresses the IL-6/NF-κB/STAT3 signaling axis. This was further confirmed by enhanced xenograft tumor growth in vivo upon shRNA-mediated galectin-4 silencing. shRNA knockdown, RT-PCR, qPCR array, Western blotting, immunofluorescence, xenograft assay Cellular oncology Medium 23378274
2013 Galectin-4 inhibits migration of pancreatic cancer cells in vitro (scratch assay) and reduces metastasis formation in vivo in a zebrafish model. Galectin-4 accumulates at membrane contact sites between neighboring cells, suggesting it acts as a cell-surface adhesion molecule to prevent tumor cell dissemination. An additional cytosolic function inhibiting migration (mechanism unidentified) is also indicated. In vitro scratch assay, zebrafish in vivo metastasis model, immunofluorescence localization PloS one Medium 23824659
2023 Extracellular galectin-4 secreted by pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma cells promotes T-cell apoptosis by binding N-glycosylation residues on CD3ε/δ, mediating immune evasion. In vivo, reduced galectin-4 expression increased T-cell infiltration and prolonged survival in immunocompetent but not immunodeficient RAG1-/- mice, confirming adaptive immune system dependence. Orthotopic transplantation, RAG1-/- mouse model, co-culture T-cell apoptosis assay, single-cell RNA-sequencing, binding assay (CD3ε/δ N-glycan) Cancer immunology research High 36478037
2023 Galectin-4 on the surface of gastric cancer cells physically interacts with CD44 and c-MET via its carbohydrate-binding domain, maintaining their expression and activation. CRISPR/Cas9-mediated galectin-4 knockout reduced activated c-MET and CD44 levels and attenuated peritoneal metastasis in mice. CRISPR/Cas9 knockout, proximity ligation assay, Western blotting, siRNA knockdown, mouse peritoneal metastasis model, immunohistochemistry Gastric cancer High 36695981
2024 Galectin-4 antimicrobial activity is primarily mediated by its C-terminal domain (Gal-4C). Gal-4C but not the N-terminal domain (Gal-4N) forms dimers, binds ABO(H) blood group antigens with higher affinity, and displays more potent killing of microbes expressing blood group-like antigens. The full-length Gal-4 also exists as a dimer via Gal-4C dimerization, which functionally renders Gal-4N bivalent, yet Gal-4C retains superior antimicrobial activity. Glycan microarray, microbial binding/killing assays, chemical cross-linking (dimer detection), domain-specific recombinant protein assays Molecular & cellular proteomics Medium 38490531
2017 Surface-bound galectin-4 on colorectal cancer cells suppresses cell proliferation and chemokine secretion. Neutralization of surface-bound galectin-4 with antibody increases proliferation and upregulates 29 genes in inflammation signaling pathways. Conversely, addition of recombinant galectin-4 to galectin-4-negative colorectal cancer cells increases p27 and decreases cyclin D1 and c-Myc, causing cell cycle arrest and apoptosis. Antibody neutralization, recombinant protein treatment, gene expression profiling, Western blotting Tumour biology Medium 28345468
2021 Galectin-4 treatment of primary human osteoarthritis chondrocytes induces pro-degradative and pro-inflammatory gene expression (IL-1β, MMP-13) through NF-κB pathway activation (phosphorylation of p65 at Ser536) in a carbohydrate-inhibitable manner. In 3D pellet cultures, galectin-4 causes morphological and biochemical signs of cartilage degradation. Primary human chondrocyte culture, recombinant Gal-4 treatment, RT-qPCR, transcriptome analysis, Western blot for p65 phosphorylation, p65 inhibitor experiments, 3D pellet culture Histochemistry and cell biology Medium 34846578
2025 Galectin-4 enhances MHC-I surface expression on dendritic cells, promoting CD8+ T-cell responses against tumors and viral infections. Lgals4-KO mice show impaired antigen-MHC-I complex surface expression on DCs and consequently deficient CD8+ T-cell responses, enhanced syngeneic tumor growth, and diminished antiviral CD8+ T-cell responses against LCMV. The defect is DC-intrinsic, not CD8+ T cell-intrinsic. Exogenous Gal-4 administration enhances cancer vaccine and PD-1 blockade efficacy. Lgals4-KO mouse model, syngeneic tumor models, LCMV infection, flow cytometry (MHC-I surface expression on DCs), adoptive transfer to distinguish cell-intrinsic defects, cancer vaccine/PD-1 blockade therapeutic experiments Molecular therapy High 40589087
2026 Galectin-4 associates with multiple receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs) including c-MET and EGFR on the gastric cancer cell surface via its carbohydrate recognition domain. In galectin-4 KO cells, tyrosine phosphorylation of proximal RTKs is markedly reduced and c-MET surface expression decreases. Hyperphosphorylation promotes colocalization of galectin-4 with tyrosine-phosphorylated proteins. Surface plasmon resonance showed galectin-4 binds tyrosine-phosphorylated molecules via its CRD; overexpression of B3GALT5 (a glycosyltransferase producing lacto-series glycans) alters PY protein and galectin-4 localization, suggesting competitive regulation of galectin-4 binding by glycosylation vs. tyrosine phosphorylation. Antibody array, proximity ligation assay, surface plasmon resonance, galectin-4 KO (CRISPR), B3GALT5 overexpression, Western blotting Scientific reports Medium 41991671
2025 Lgals4-KO mice exhibit altered intestinal commensal microbiota, deficient memory formation, and impaired hippocampal LTP in vivo and ex vivo. In vitro, Lgals4-KO neurons show reduced activation of AMPA receptors and CaMKII upon chemically induced LTP. KO mice also display lower hippocampal dendritic spine density, shorter spine length, and increased postsynaptic density area, linking gut galectin-4 (through microbiota modulation) to hippocampal synaptic plasticity. Lgals4-KO mouse, 16S rRNA gut microbiota sequencing, behavioral tests, in vivo/ex vivo LTP electrophysiology, immunofluorescence, Western blot (AMPA receptor, CaMKII), RNA-seq, Golgi-Cox staining, electron microscopy Biological psychiatry Medium 41101578
2025 Galectin-4 inhibits proteasomal degradation of lactate dehydrogenase A (LDHA) by competitively reducing TRIM28 binding to LDHA, thereby enhancing glycolysis. This promotes HIF-1α-mediated CXCL6 expression, which drives accumulation of PD-L1+ tumor-associated neutrophils and impairs CD8+ T-cell cytotoxicity, conferring resistance to anti-PD-L1/bevacizumab therapy in HCC. scRNA-seq, co-culture system, CyTOF, genetic knockdown, pharmacological inhibition, prospective clinical cohort, preclinical HCC mouse models Gut Medium 41057233
2016 Galectin-4 overexpression in Rcho-1 rat trophoblast cells inhibits cell enlargement and promotes cell-cell adhesion during differentiation without affecting trophoblast-specific markers or MMP-9 activity. Autophagy inhibitors (3-MA, Bafilomycin A1) prevent the normal downregulation of galectin-4 during trophoblast differentiation, placing autophagy upstream of galectin-4 expression regulation. Overexpression in Rcho-1 cells, autophagy inhibitor treatment (3-MA, Bafilomycin A1), Western blot, in vitro differentiation assay Scientific reports Low 27572741
2024 B3GALT5 overexpression (introducing lacto-series GSLs with β1,3-linked galactose) reduces galectin-4 colocalization with flotillin-2 in lipid rafts and decreases galectin-4-dependent tumorigenic signaling (reduced activated AKT). GSL synthase inhibitor (PPMP) similarly disrupts galectin-4 raft localization, suggesting that GSL composition of microdomains regulates galectin-4 localization to lipid rafts. B3GALT5 overexpression, mass spectrometry glycan profiling, GSL synthase inhibitor treatment, co-localization immunofluorescence (galectin-4/flotillin-2), mouse peritoneal metastasis model Glycobiology Medium 39163480
2023 Galectin-4 treatment of M2 macrophages enhances their immunostimulatory gene expression, upregulating antiviral immune response genes, and increases antibody production and antiviral CD4+ T-cell responses (but not CD8+ T-cell responses) against LCMV in vivo. This enhancement is dependent on TLR7 stimulation or viral infection context. Recombinant Gal-4 treatment of M1/M2 macrophages, gene expression analysis, TLR7 stimulation, LCMV infection model, in vivo antibody/T-cell response measurement Journal of leukocyte biology Low 36822160

Source papers

Stage 0 corpus · 40 papers · ranked by NIH iCite citations
Year Title Journal Citations PMID
2005 Galectin-4 and sulfatides in apical membrane trafficking in enterocyte-like cells. The Journal of cell biology 213 15883199
1995 Galectin-8. A new rat lectin, related to galectin-4. The Journal of biological chemistry 172 7852431
2004 Galectin-4 in normal tissues and cancer. Glycoconjugate journal 138 15115909
2016 The role of galectin-4 in physiology and diseases. Protein & cell 79 27017379
2013 Abrogation of galectin-4 expression promotes tumorigenesis in colorectal cancer. Cellular oncology (Dordrecht, Netherlands) 55 23378274
2013 Galectin-4 Reduces Migration and Metastasis Formation of Pancreatic Cancer Cells. PloS one 54 23824659
2012 Galectin-4, a novel neuronal regulator of myelination. Glia 52 22431161
2007 Recognition mechanism of galectin-4 for cholesterol 3-sulfate. The Journal of biological chemistry 50 17545668
2023 Extracellular Galectin 4 Drives Immune Evasion and Promotes T-cell Apoptosis in Pancreatic Cancer. Cancer immunology research 38 36478037
2014 Galectin-4-mediated transcytosis of transferrin receptor. Journal of cell science 32 25179596
2019 The roles of galectin-3 and galectin-4 in the idiopatic Parkinson disease and its progression. Clinical neurology and neurosurgery 31 31147178
2016 Full-length model of the human galectin-4 and insights into dynamics of inter-domain communication. Scientific reports 21 27642006
2023 Suppression of galectin-4 attenuates peritoneal metastasis of poorly differentiated gastric cancer cells. Gastric cancer : official journal of the International Gastric Cancer Association and the Japanese Gastric Cancer Association 19 36695981
2017 Surface-bound galectin-4 regulates gene transcription and secretion of chemokines in human colorectal cancer cell lines. Tumour biology : the journal of the International Society for Oncodevelopmental Biology and Medicine 18 28345468
2006 Galectin-4 expression in carcinoid tumors. Endocrine pathology 18 17308361
2013 Phosphorylation and externalization of galectin-4 is controlled by Src family kinases. Glycobiology 15 24013903
2023 Multifaceted role of galectin-4 in cancer: A systematic review. European journal of clinical investigation 13 36932875
2018 Expression profiling and microbial ligand binding analysis of galectin-4 in turbot (Scophthalmus maximus L.). Fish & shellfish immunology 13 30359748
2016 Galectin-4 expression is down-regulated in response to autophagy during differentiation of rat trophoblast cells. Scientific reports 13 27572741
1995 Purification and characterization of the N-terminal domain of galectin-4 from rat small intestine. FEBS letters 13 7867792
2023 Oligosaccharide Ligands of Galectin-4 and Its Subunits: Multivalency Scores Highly. Molecules (Basel, Switzerland) 12 37241779
2024 Galectin-4 Antimicrobial Activity Primarily Occurs Through its C-Terminal Domain. Molecular & cellular proteomics : MCP 11 38490531
2022 Overexpression of galectin-4 in placentas of women with gestational diabetes. Journal of reproductive immunology 10 35468527
2017 Overexpression of galectin-4 promotes cell growth of hepatocellular carcinoma cells in vitro and in vivo. International journal of clinical and experimental pathology 9 31966357
2021 Galectin-4 as a Novel Biomarker of Neonatal Intestinal Injury. Digestive diseases and sciences 7 33738671
2025 Galectin-4 drives anti-PD-L1/BVZ resistance by regulating metabolic adaptation and tumour-associated neutrophils in hepatocellular carcinoma. Gut 6 41057233
2024 High expression of B3GALT5 suppresses the galectin-4-mediated peritoneal dissemination of poorly differentiated gastric cancer cells. Glycobiology 6 39163480
2020 Evaluation of Serum and Gene Expression of Galectin-4, Interleukin-27, and Complement-7 in Hepatitis C Virus-Infected Egyptian Patients. BioMed research international 6 33381596
2023 Galectin-4 increases the ability of M2 macrophages to enhance antiviral CD4+ T-cell responses. Journal of leukocyte biology 5 36822160
2023 Identification of two galectin-4 proteins (PcGal4-L and PcGal4-L-CRD) and their function in AMP expression in Procambarus clarkii. Fish & shellfish immunology 5 37648118
2022 Galectin-4 levels in hospitalized versus non-hospitalized subjects with obesity: the Malmö Preventive Project. Cardiovascular diabetology 5 35780152
2022 Normal Cortical Myelination in Galectin-4-Deficient Mice. Cells 5 36359880
2021 Galectin network in osteoarthritis: galectin-4 programs a pathogenic signature of gene and effector expression in human chondrocytes in vitro. Histochemistry and cell biology 5 34846578
2017 Inverse correlation between galectin-4 and TTF-1 in lung adenocarcinoma. Virchows Archiv : an international journal of pathology 5 28725929
2004 Expression and localization of galectin 4 in rat stomach during postnatal development. The international journal of biochemistry & cell biology 5 15006643
2024 A comprehensive study on the multifunctional properties of galectin-4 in red-lip mullet (Planiliza haematocheilus): Insights into molecular interactions, antimicrobial defense, and cell proliferation. Fish & shellfish immunology 3 39147180
2025 Deficient Memory, Long-Term Potentiation, and Hippocampal Synaptic Plasticity in Galectin-4-Deficient Mice. Biological psychiatry 1 41101578
2025 Plasma Galectin-4 and Charcot-Leyden Crystal Protein/Galectin-10 as Emerging Biomarkers of Metabolically Induced Inflammation in Patients with Psoriasis. International journal of molecular sciences 1 41226378
2026 Galectin-4 contributes to the maintenance of expression and activation of multiple receptor-type kinases involved in peritoneal metastasis. Scientific reports 0 41991671
2025 Galectin-4 potentiates CD8+ T cell immunity by enhancing MHC-I expression on dendritic cells. Molecular therapy : the journal of the American Society of Gene Therapy 0 40589087

Missed literature

Know a paper Affinage missed for LGALS4? Flag it for the maintainers and the community.

No submissions yet.