Affinage

KIR2DL2

Killer cell immunoglobulin-like receptor 2DL2 · UniProt P43627

Length
348 aa
Mass
38.5 kDa
Annotated
2026-06-10
71 papers in source corpus 17 papers cited in narrative 17 extracted findings
Cross-family judge vs UniProt: Affinage preferred faithfulness: 6/6 claims corpus-supported (100%)

Mechanistic narrative

Synthesis pass · prose summary of the discoveries below

KIR2DL2 is an inhibitory natural killer (NK) cell receptor that, upon engagement of HLA-C ligands, suppresses cytotoxic signaling and tunes NK cell self-tolerance and antiviral responsiveness (PMID:11750651, PMID:22807681). Its extracellular region comprises two K-type Ig-like domains joined by a hinge whose angle is not fixed; this interdomain geometry, rather than the ligand-contacting loops alone, governs HLA-C binding avidity, as allelic residues distal to the interface (e.g. position 16 in D1 combined with position 148 in D2, and position 35) act synergistically through hinge-angle and dimer-stabilization effects to strengthen ligand binding (PMID:10097129, PMID:18322206, PMID:23686481, PMID:27030405). Upon HLA-C engagement KIR2DL2 becomes tyrosine-phosphorylated and recruits the phosphatases SHP1 and SHP2, which dephosphorylate PLC-γ1 to abort activating signaling, independently of p56lck (PMID:11750651). Recognition is exquisitely peptide-sensitive: the identity of the peptide presented in the HLA-C groove determines whether KIR2DL2 binds and inhibits, a property exploited and subverted during viral infection, where HIV-1, Lassa virus and other pathogens encode epitope variants that modulate KIR2DL2 engagement and thereby NK cell degranulation (PMID:22807681, PMID:24785948, PMID:25359276, PMID:30711514). Structurally, KIR2DL2 adopts docking modalities over HLA-C that differ from its close relative KIR2DL3 and that are 'skewed' over the non-canonical ligand HLA-B*73:01, explaining its distinct and broader allotype recognition (PMID:33846289, PMID:40749828, PMID:41198628). KIR2DL2 surface expression is controlled by promoter methylation, with decitabine de-repressing the gene through enhanced Sp-1 promoter binding (PMID:29632540).

Mechanistic history

Synthesis pass · year-by-year structured walk · 11 steps
  1. 1999 High

    Established the structural architecture of KIR2DL2 and identified a flexible interdomain hinge and a charge-complementary ligand-binding surface, framing how the receptor could engage HLA-C.

    Evidence X-ray crystallography of the two-domain extracellular region in two crystal forms

    PMID:10097129

    Open questions at the time
    • No bound HLA-C complex in this structure
    • Functional consequence of hinge flexibility not demonstrated
  2. 2002 High

    Defined the inhibitory signaling mechanism, showing KIR2DL2 engagement of HLA-C triggers phosphatase recruitment that shuts down activating signaling.

    Evidence Reconstitution in p56lck-negative YT-Indy NK cells with phosphorylation, SHP1/SHP2 co-IP, PLC-γ1 dephosphorylation, antibody blocking, and cytotoxicity assays

    PMID:11750651

    Open questions at the time
    • Tested with HLA-Cw3 ligand only
    • Stoichiometry of SHP1 vs SHP2 recruitment not resolved
  3. 2004 Medium

    Demonstrated that KIR2DL2 and the closely related KIR2DL3 confer distinct HLA class I specificities at the NK clone level, motivating dissection of the allotype-specific basis of recognition.

    Evidence KIR2DL3-discriminating monoclonal antibody (ECM41), transfectant validation, NK clone specificity and redirected killing assays

    PMID:15314042

    Open questions at the time
    • Molecular basis of specificity difference not defined here
    • Reliance on a single discriminating antibody
  4. 2008 High

    Mapped the higher HLA-C avidity of KIR2DL2 versus KIR2DL3 to allelic residues distant from the binding site, showing avidity is set allosterically through the D1–D2 hinge.

    Evidence Site-directed mutagenesis of positions 16 and 148 with binding assays across 93 HLA isoforms and functional analysis

    PMID:18322206

    Open questions at the time
    • Hinge-angle change inferred, not directly structurally measured for the mutants
    • Effect on downstream signaling strength not quantified
  5. 2012 High

    Established that peptide identity in the HLA-C groove gates KIR2DL2 binding and inhibition, revealing a peptide-selectivity layer to NK self-recognition exploited by HIV-1.

    Evidence KIR2DL2-Fc binding to HLA-Cw*0102 stabilized with a 217-peptide panel and primary NK cell degranulation readout

    PMID:22807681

    Open questions at the time
    • Single HLA-C allotype context
    • Structural basis of peptide-dependent binding not yet solved at this stage
  6. 2013 High

    Showed allelic residues distal to the interface (positions 11 and 35) jointly raise affinity toward KIR2DL2-like levels and that KIR2DL2/L3 recognize a broader C1/C2 spectrum, with KIR2DL2 inhibition dominating over KIR2DS2 activation.

    Evidence SPR, HLA panel binding, mutagenesis, molecular modeling, IFN-γ inhibition in KHYG-1; and functional NK assays in 159 genotyped donors with co-expression comparisons

    PMID:23686481 PMID:24078689

    Open questions at the time
    • Hinge-angle mechanism from modeling not experimentally validated by structure
    • Dominance of inhibition over activation tested in limited target contexts
  7. 2014 Medium

    Refined peptide selectivity by showing KIR2DL2 is more sensitive than KIR2DL3 to MHC peptide content, and extended peptide-gated recognition to additional HLA-C allotypes and HIV epitopes.

    Evidence Defined inhibitory/weak/antagonist peptide panels in KIR-homozygous donors with mathematical modeling; KIR2DL2-Fc binding and NK degranulation on HLA-C*03:04

    PMID:24785948 PMID:25359276

    Open questions at the time
    • Mechanistic basis of differential peptide sensitivity between L2 and L3 not structurally resolved
    • Single-lab functional datasets
  8. 2016 Medium

    Connected KIR2DL2 ligand levels to antiviral control and identified expression as a CpG-responsive, functionally relevant variable on NK cells.

    Evidence In vitro HIV suppression by KIR2DL2+ vs KIR2DL2- NK cells with ligand-expression vs affinity dissection; allele functional strength assays; CpG modulation of KIR2DL2 in HSV-1 infection

    PMID:27030405 PMID:27138091 PMID:27880898

    Open questions at the time
    • Mechanisms inferred largely from in vitro systems
    • Position-35 dimer-stabilization model not validated by mutagenesis
  9. 2018 Medium

    Identified epigenetic control of KIR2DL2 expression, showing promoter demethylation by decitabine de-represses the gene via Sp-1.

    Evidence Promoter methylation analysis, Sp-1 binding assay, and γδ T cell surface expression and cytotoxicity readouts after decitabine

    PMID:29632540

    Open questions at the time
    • Direct Sp-1 occupancy at endogenous promoter not fully resolved
    • Studied in γδ T cells rather than NK cells
  10. 2021 High

    Provided the structural basis for KIR2DL2 versus KIR2DL3 differential HLA-C1 recognition through distinct docking modalities over HLA-C*07:02.

    Evidence Crystal structures of both receptor/HLA-C*07:02 complexes with mutagenesis and primary NK cell functional validation

    PMID:33846289

    Open questions at the time
    • Single HLA-C1 allotype crystallized
    • Hinge-angle predictions from earlier work not directly correlated to these structures
  11. 2025 High

    Extended structural understanding to non-canonical and infection-relevant ligands, defining skewed KIR2DL2 docking on HLA-B*73:01 and recognition of an HIV-1 Pol escape peptide, linking T cell and NK cell immune control.

    Evidence Crystal structures of KIR2DL2/HLA-B*73:01 and KIR2DL2/HLA-C*12:02-Pol-mutant complexes with immunopeptidome profiling and NK suppression assays

    PMID:40749828 PMID:41198628

    Open questions at the time
    • Functional significance of HLA-B*73:01 recognition in vivo not established
    • Breadth of HLA-B allotypes recognized unknown

Open questions

Synthesis pass · forward-looking unresolved questions
  • How the allelic hinge-angle modulations, peptide identity, and receptor expression level integrate quantitatively to set the NK cell inhibitory threshold in vivo remains unresolved.
  • No unified structure-function model spanning hinge geometry, peptide gating, and expression
  • In vivo physiological thresholds for inhibition not defined

Mechanism profile

Synthesis pass · controlled-vocabulary classification · explore literature graph →
Molecular activity
GO:0060089 molecular transducer activity 2 GO:0098772 molecular function regulator activity 1
Localization
GO:0005886 plasma membrane 3
Pathway
R-HSA-168256 Immune System 3 R-HSA-162582 Signal Transduction 1
Partners
HLA-CKIR2DS2PLCG1SHP1SHP2

Evidence

Reading pass · 17 per-paper findings extracted from the source corpus
Year Finding Method Journal Conf PMIDs
1999 Crystal structure of KIR2DL2 extracellular ligand-binding domains was determined at 2.9–3.0 Å resolution in two crystal forms, revealing K-type Ig topology with cis-proline residues in both domains, a hinge angle ~80° (14° larger than KIR2DL1), and a putative ligand-binding site formed by variable loops with charge distribution complementary to HLA-C. The interdomain hinge angle was found to vary by ~5° between crystal forms, suggesting it is not fixed. X-ray crystallography (two crystal forms: orthorhombic P212121 and trigonal P3221) Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America High 10097129
2008 The higher HLA-C binding avidity of KIR2DL2*001 compared to KIR2DL3*001 was mapped by site-directed mutagenesis to a synergistic combination of arginine at position 16 (D1 domain) and cysteine at position 148 (D2 domain); neither residue individually conferred the avidity difference, and neither is at the ligand-binding site. Their juxtaposition near the D1–D2 hinge suggests they alter the interdomain hinge angle and relative domain orientation to strengthen ligand binding. Recombinant mutant protein generation, site-directed mutagenesis, binding assays to 93 HLA-A/B/C isoforms, functional analysis Journal of immunology (Baltimore, Md. : 1950) High 18322206
2002 KIR2DL2 (encoded by the cl43/KIR2DL2 gene) inhibits CD28-mediated natural cytotoxicity in the p56(lck)-negative NK cell line YT-Indy. Upon HLA-Cw3 engagement, KIR2DL2 becomes tyrosine-phosphorylated and recruits SHP1/SHP2 phosphatases, which dephosphorylate PLC-γ1, thereby suppressing CD28-triggered cytotoxic signaling. p56(lck) is not required for KIR2DL2-mediated inhibitory signaling. Stable transfection of KIR2DL2 into YT-Indy cells, pervanadate phosphorylation assay, SHP1/SHP2 co-immunoprecipitation, anti-KIR2DL2/anti-HLA class I antibody blocking, PLC-γ1 tyrosine phosphorylation assay, cytotoxicity assay Molecular immunology High 11750651
2021 Crystal structures of KIR2DL2 and KIR2DL3 in complex with HLA-C*07:02 presenting a self-epitope revealed that KIR2DL2 adopts a different docking modality over HLA-C*07:02 compared to KIR2DL3. Mutagenesis assays demonstrated that these structural differences underlie differential recognition of HLA-C1 allotypes by the two receptors. HLA-C1 allotypes also differed markedly in their capacity to inhibit primary NK cell activation, and KIR2DS2 contributed to distinguishing KIR2DL2 and KIR2DL3 functional recognition. X-ray crystallography of KIR2DL2/HLA-C*07:02 and KIR2DL3/HLA-C*07:02 complexes, site-directed mutagenesis, primary NK cell functional assays Nature communications High 33846289
2012 Peptide sequence variations within HLA-Cw*0102-restricted HIV-1 p24 Gag epitopes modulate binding of KIR2DL2 to HLA-Cw*0102. Only one of 11 HLA-Cw*0102-stabilizing peptides (p24 Gag209–218 AAEWDRLHPV) enabled KIR2DL2 binding, and this interaction caused significant inhibition of degranulation specifically in KIR2DL2+ primary NK cells. Sequence variations at position 7 of this epitope, observed in natural HIV-1 sequences, modulated KIR2DL2 binding affinity. KIR2DL2-IgG fusion protein binding assay, HLA-Cw*0102 stabilization assay on TAP-deficient T2 cells, primary NK cell degranulation assay by flow cytometry, 217-peptide panel screen PLoS pathogens High 22807681
2014 Naturally occurring sequence variations within HLA-C*03:04-restricted HIV-1 p24 Gag epitopes (Gag144–152, Gag163–171, Gag295–304) enabled KIR2DL2 binding to HLA-C*03:04 and resulted in inhibition of KIR2DL2+ primary NK cells. Minor variants of Gag295–304 found in natural HIV-1 sequences enhanced KIR2DL2 binding to HLA-C*03:04 beyond consensus levels. KIR2DL2-Fc binding construct assay, HLA-C*03:04 stabilization assay on 721.220 tapasin-deficient cells, primary NK cell degranulation assay, HIV-1 p24 Gag overlapping peptide panel AIDS (London, England) High 24785948
2013 KIR2DL2+ and KIR2DL3+ NK cells exhibited a broader spectrum of HLA-C recognition than KIR2DL1+ NK cells, reacting against both C1 and C2 allele-expressing target cells. When KIR2DL2 and KIR2DS2 were co-expressed, KIR2DL2-mediated inhibition overrode KIR2DS2-mediated activation, whereas co-expression of KIR2DL1 and KIR2DS2 had an additive activating effect on NK responses against C1C1 targets. NK cell functional assays against HLA-C+ target cells from 159 KIR/HLA-genotyped individuals, NK cell clone analysis, KIR2DL2-/KIR2DS2-single vs. co-expressing NK cell comparison Journal of immunology (Baltimore, Md. : 1950) Medium 24078689
2013 Allelic variation in KIR2DL3 at residues 11 (arginine) and 35 (glutamic acid) — both distal to the KIR/HLA-C interface — synergistically increases HLA-C binding affinity and avidity of KIR2DL3*005 to KIR2DL2-like levels. Site-directed mutagenesis confirmed that both substitutions together (not individually) are required. Molecular modeling suggested the mechanism involves alteration of the interdomain hinge angle toward that of KIR2DL2*001. Surface plasmon resonance, KIR binding to HLA allotype panel, flow cytometry (surface expression), IFN-γ inhibition assay in KHYG-1 NK cell line, site-directed mutagenesis, molecular modeling Journal of immunology (Baltimore, Md. : 1950) High 23686481
2004 KIR2DL2 and KIR2DL3 differ in HLA class I specificity at the NK clone level, revealed using a novel KIR2DL3-specific monoclonal antibody (ECM41) that distinguishes KIR2DL3 from KIR2DL2 and KIR2DS2 on cell transfectants. Simultaneous engagement of KIR2DL3 and KIR2DS2 in NK clones co-expressing both receptors was functionally assessed by redirected killing assays. Monoclonal antibody generation, cell transfectant surface expression analysis, NK clone HLA specificity analysis, redirected killing assay International immunology Medium 15314042
2016 KIR2DL2+ NK cells suppressed HIV-1 replication in HLA-C*14:03+ or HLA-C*12:02+ cells to a significantly greater extent than KIR2DL2- NK cells in vitro. The mechanism involved reduced surface expression of peptide-HLA complexes (reduced KIR2DL2 ligand) on HIV-1-infected cells rather than altered binding affinity of KIR2DL2 to pHLA complexes, thereby disinhibiting KIR2DL2+ NK cells. In vitro viral suppression assay comparing KIR2DL2+ vs KIR2DL2- NK cells, KIR2DL2 binding affinity measurements, HLA-C surface expression analysis on HIV-infected cells Cell reports Medium 27880898
2016 KIR2DL2/L3 alleles carrying glutamic acid at position 35 (E35) are functionally stronger than those with glutamine (Q35). NK cells from HLA-C1+ donors with E35 alleles killed more target cells lacking HLA-C1 ligand, indicating better NK cell licensing. Molecular modeling showed that glutamic acid at position 35 interacts with histidine at position 55, stabilizing the KIR2DL2/L3 dimer and reducing entropy loss upon HLA-C ligand binding. NK cell cytotoxicity assay, allele genotyping, molecular modeling Scientific reports Medium 27030405
2018 Decitabine (DAC) upregulated KIR2DL2/3 expression in KIR2DL2/3-negative γδ T cells by inhibiting methylation of the KIR2DL2/3 promoter, which enhanced binding of the transcription factor Sp-1 to the promoter and activated KIR2DL2/3 gene expression. KIR2DL2/3-positive γδ T cells were less cytotoxic than KIR2DL2/3-negative γδ T cells, and DAC treatment thereby reduced γδ T cell cytotoxicity. Flow cytometry (KIR2DL2/3 surface expression), promoter methylation analysis, Sp-1 binding assay (chromatin immunoprecipitation/EMSA-type), γδ T cell cytotoxicity assay Frontiers in immunology Medium 29632540
2025 A crystal structure of HLA-B*73:01 in complex with KIR2DL2 was determined, revealing differences from previously solved KIR2DL2/HLA-C structures. KIR2DL2 engagement of HLA-B*73:01 was described as 'skewed' relative to HLA-C complexes, providing a structural basis for KIR2DL2 recognition of an HLA-B allotype. X-ray crystallography of KIR2DL2/HLA-B*73:01 complex, mass spectrometry-based immunopeptidome profiling The Journal of biological chemistry High 40749828
2025 Crystal structure of KIR2DL2 in complex with HLA-C*12:02 presenting an HIV-1 Pol escape mutant epitope was determined, providing the molecular basis for how the Pol mutant peptide-HLA complex is recognized by KIR2DL2. KIR2DL2+ NK cells showed enhanced ability to recognize HIV-1-infected cells after selection of the Pol mutant virus by T cells, demonstrating coordinated immune control by CD8+ T cells and KIR2DL2+ NK cells. Crystal structure determination (TCR- and KIR2DL2-HLA-C*12:02-peptide complexes), mass spectrometry immunopeptidome profiling, in vitro NK cell suppression assay Nature communications High 41198628
2016 KIR2DL2-positive MS patients exhibited increased susceptibility to HSV-1 infection, with decreased NK cell degranulation and cytotoxicity and upregulated KIR2DL2 surface expression after CpG treatment. Direct CpG treatment of purified NK cells modulated KIR2DL2 expression and NK cell activation, suggesting KIR2DL2 is directly regulatable on NK cells and functionally links to suppressed antiviral responses. In vitro PBMC infection with HSV-1, flow cytometry (NK cell activation markers and KIR2DL2 expression), NK cell cytotoxicity and degranulation assay, purified NK cell treatment with CpG Journal of neuroimmunology Medium 27138091
2014 KIR2DL2-positive NK cells are more sensitive to changes in MHC class I peptide content (peptide selectivity) compared to KIR2DL3-positive NK cells. KIR2DL3+ NK cells were more responsive to a weakly inhibitory peptide (VAPWNSRAL) than KIR2DL2+ NK cells, demonstrating that the two closely related receptors confer qualitatively different responses to the peptide landscape presented by MHC class I. NK cell functional assays using defined inhibitory, weak inhibitory, and antagonist peptides; donors homozygous for KIR2DL2 or KIR2DL3; mathematical modeling of experimental data European journal of immunology Medium 25359276
2019 LASV nucleoprotein and glycoprotein epitopes presented by HLA-C molecules bound to KIR2DL2 and strongly inhibited degranulation of KIR2DL2+ NK cells. A viral glycoprotein variant (vGP420) detected in 28.1% of LASV sequences showed increased inhibition via KIR2DL2, consistent with a mechanism of NK cell escape through enhanced engagement of KIR2DL2 on the inhibitory receptor. In silico epitope screening of LASV NP and GP, peptide-HLA stabilization assay, KIR2DL2 binding assay, NK cell polyfunction assay (degranulation measurement) EBioMedicine Medium 30711514

Source papers

Stage 0 corpus · 71 papers · ranked by NIH iCite citations
Year Title Journal Citations PMID
2008 Synergistic polymorphism at two positions distal to the ligand-binding site makes KIR2DL2 a stronger receptor for HLA-C than KIR2DL3. Journal of immunology (Baltimore, Md. : 1950) 324 18322206
2001 Human natural killer cells with polyclonal lectin and immunoglobulinlike receptors develop from single hematopoietic stem cells with preferential expression of NKG2A and KIR2DL2/L3/S2. Blood 164 11468170
1999 Crystal structure of the HLA-Cw3 allotype-specific killer cell inhibitory receptor KIR2DL2. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 98 10097129
2012 Diverse functionality among human NK cell receptors for the C1 epitope of HLA-C: KIR2DS2, KIR2DL2, and KIR2DL3. Frontiers in immunology 93 23189078
2013 Large spectrum of HLA-C recognition by killer Ig-like receptor (KIR)2DL2 and KIR2DL3 and restricted C1 SPECIFICITY of KIR2DS2: dominant impact of KIR2DL2/KIR2DS2 on KIR2D NK cell repertoire formation. Journal of immunology (Baltimore, Md. : 1950) 85 24078689
1993 Purification and characterization of a bovine serum lectin (CL-43) with structural homology to conglutinin and SP-D and carbohydrate specificity similar to mannan-binding protein. The Journal of biological chemistry 84 8486682
2011 KIR2DL2 enhances protective and detrimental HLA class I-mediated immunity in chronic viral infection. PLoS pathogens 66 22022261
2013 Allelic variation in KIR2DL3 generates a KIR2DL2-like receptor with increased binding to its HLA-C ligand. Journal of immunology (Baltimore, Md. : 1950) 61 23686481
2012 HLA-Cw*0102-restricted HIV-1 p24 epitope variants can modulate the binding of the inhibitory KIR2DL2 receptor and primary NK cell function. PLoS pathogens 59 22807681
2010 Natural-killer cell amplification for adoptive leukemia relapse immunotherapy: comparison of three cytokines, IL-2, IL-15, or IL-7 and impact on NKG2D, KIR2DL1, and KIR2DL2 expression. Experimental hematology 56 20172016
2009 Killer immunoglobulin-like receptors (KIR2DL2 and/or KIR2DS2) in presence of their ligand (HLA-C1 group) protect against chronic myeloid leukaemia. Tissue antigens 51 19493232
2021 Structural plasticity of KIR2DL2 and KIR2DL3 enables altered docking geometries atop HLA-C. Nature communications 48 33846289
2012 Altered natural killer cells' response to herpes virus infection in multiple sclerosis involves KIR2DL2 expression. Journal of neuroimmunology 43 22871633
1994 Primary structure of bovine collectin-43 (CL-43). Comparison with conglutinin and lung surfactant protein-D. The Journal of biological chemistry 41 8163480
2014 Sequence variations in HIV-1 p24 Gag-derived epitopes can alter binding of KIR2DL2 to HLA-C*03:04 and modulate primary natural killer cell function. AIDS (London, England) 38 24785948
2007 Influence of KIR gene diversity on the course of HSV-1 infection: resistance to the disease is associated with the absence of KIR2DL2 and KIR2DS2. Tissue antigens 37 17559579
2021 Natural Killer Cells Generated From Human Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells Mature to CD56brightCD16+NKp80+/-In-Vitro and Express KIR2DL2/DL3 and KIR3DL1. Frontiers in immunology 34 34017328
2002 Lung surfactant protein D (SP-D) and the molecular diverted descendants: conglutinin, CL-43 and CL-46. Immunobiology 34 12396011
2019 KIR2DS2/KIR2DL2/HLA-C1 Haplotype Is Associated with Alzheimer's Disease: Implication for the Role of Herpesvirus Infections. Journal of Alzheimer's disease : JAD 30 30689576
2016 HIV-1 Control by NK Cells via Reduced Interaction between KIR2DL2 and HLA-C∗12:02/C∗14:03. Cell reports 30 27880898
2012 KIR2DL2/S2 and HLA-C C1C1 genotype is associated with better response to treatment and prolonged survival of patients with non-small cell lung cancer in a Polish Caucasian population. Human immunology 30 22836042
2014 Peptide selectivity discriminates NK cells from KIR2DL2- and KIR2DL3-positive individuals. European journal of immunology 29 25359276
2011 Enrichment of variations in KIR3DL1/S1 and KIR2DL2/L3 among H1N1/09 ICU patients: an exploratory study. PloS one 26 22216211
2004 The genes encoding bovine SP-A, SP-D, MBL-A, conglutinin, CL-43 and CL-46 form a distinct collectin locus on Bos taurus chromosome 28 (BTA28) at position q.1.8-1.9. Animal genetics 21 15265076
2019 Killer Immunoglobulin-Like Receptor 2DS2 (KIR2DS2), KIR2DL2-HLA-C1, and KIR2DL3 as Genetic Markers for Stratifying the Risk of Cytomegalovirus Infection in Kidney Transplant Recipients. International journal of molecular sciences 20 30696053
2018 Decitabine Inhibits Gamma Delta T Cell Cytotoxicity by Promoting KIR2DL2/3 Expression. Frontiers in immunology 20 29632540
2019 Follicular lymphoma patients with KIR2DL2 and KIR3DL1 and their ligands (HLA-C1 and HLA-Bw4) show improved outcome when receiving rituximab. Journal for immunotherapy of cancer 17 30871628
2009 Lack of killer immunoglobulin-like receptor 2DS2 (KIR2DS2) and KIR2DL2 is associated with poor responses to therapy of recurrent hepatitis C virus in liver transplant recipients. Liver transplantation : official publication of the American Association for the Study of Liver Diseases and the International Liver Transplantation Society 17 19877200
2020 Decreased HLA-C1 alleles in couples of KIR2DL2 positive women with recurrent pregnancy loss. Journal of reproductive immunology 16 32846355
2019 HLA-C-restricted viral epitopes are associated with an escape mechanism from KIR2DL2+ NK cells in Lassa virus infection. EBioMedicine 15 30711514
2016 KIR2DL2/2DL3-E(35) alleles are functionally stronger than -Q(35) alleles. Scientific reports 15 27030405
2016 KIR2DL2 and KIR2DS2 as genetic markers to the methotrexate response in rheumatoid arthritis patients. Immunopharmacology and immunotoxicology 15 27251940
2014 Conjunctival scarring in trachoma is associated with the HLA-C ligand of KIR and is exacerbated by heterozygosity at KIR2DL2/KIR2DL3. PLoS neglected tropical diseases 15 24651768
2018 KIR2DL2 combined with HLA-C1 confers risk of hepatitis C virus-related hepatocellular carcinoma in younger patients. Oncotarget 14 29731972
2016 KIR2DL2 inhibitory pathway enhances Th17 cytokine secretion by NK cells in response to herpesvirus infection in multiple sclerosis patients. Journal of neuroimmunology 14 27138091
2006 Conglutinin, CL-43 and CL-46--three bovine collectins. Polish journal of veterinary sciences 14 17203746
2014 Diversity of killer cell immunoglobulin-like receptor (KIR) genotypes and KIR2DL2/3 variants in HCV treatment outcome. PloS one 13 24927414
2009 Association of KIR2DL2 polymorphism rs2756923 with type 1 diabetes and preliminary evidence for lack of inhibition through HLA-C1 ligand binding. Tissue antigens 13 19392800
2006 Influence of interleukin IL-2 and IL-12 + IL-18 on surface expression of immunoglobulin-like receptors KIR2DL1, KIR2DL2, and KIR3DL2 in natural killer cells. Mediators of inflammation 13 17047292
2004 Isolation of a novel KIR2DL3-specific mAb: comparative analysis of the surface distribution and function of KIR2DL2, KIR2DL3 and KIR2DS2. International immunology 13 15314042
2022 The KIR2DL2/HLA-C1C1 Gene Pairing Is Associated With an Increased Risk of SARS-CoV-2 Infection. Frontiers in immunology 12 35874712
2015 Increased frequencies of the killer immunoglobulin-like receptor genes KIR2DL2 and KIR2DS2 are associated with neuroblastoma. Tissue antigens 12 26202659
2014 Evaluation of the implication of KIR2DL2 receptor in multiple sclerosis and herpesvirus susceptibility. Journal of neuroimmunology 12 24735502
2008 Investigation of killer cell immunoglobulin-like receptor (KIR) gene diversity: KIR2DL2, KIR2DL5 and KIR2DS5. Tissue antigens 12 18498296
2021 Large-Scale Imputation of KIR Copy Number and HLA Alleles in North American and European Psoriasis Case-Control Cohorts Reveals Association of Inhibitory KIR2DL2 With Psoriasis. Frontiers in immunology 11 34177931
1993 The genomics of soluble proteins with collagenous domains: C1q, MBL, SP-A, SP-D, conglutinin, and CL-43. Behring Institute Mitteilungen 11 8172588
2010 Identification of four novel KIR2DL2 alleles and two novel KIR2DL3 alleles in an East African population. Human immunology 10 20875478
2022 The Interaction of HLA-C1/KIR2DL2/L3 Promoted KIR2DL2/L3 Single-Positive/NKG2C-Positive Natural Killer Cell Reconstitution, Raising the Incidence of aGVHD after Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation. Frontiers in immunology 9 35572602
2003 Genomic and molecular characterization of CL-43 and its proximal promoter. Biochimica et biophysica acta 9 12527419
2002 Inhibition of CD28-mediated natural cytotoxicity by KIR2DL2 does not require p56(lck) in the NK cell line YT-Indy. Molecular immunology 9 11750651
2020 Inhibitory KIR2DL2 Gene: Risk for Deep Endometriosis in Euro-descendants. Reproductive sciences (Thousand Oaks, Calif.) 8 32661880
2016 KIR Gene Content Diversity in a Zimbabwean Population: Does KIR2DL2 Have a Role in Protection Against Human Immunodeficiency Virus Infection? Omics : a journal of integrative biology 8 27930093
2019 KIR2DS4, KIR2DL2, and KIR2DS4del are linked with basaloid tumors, lymph node metastasis, advanced stage and metastatic risk in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma. Experimental and molecular pathology 6 31751561
2024 KIR2DL2/DL3+NKs and Helios+Tregs in Peripheral Blood Predict Nivolumab Response in Patients with Metastatic Renal Cell Cancer. Clinical cancer research : an official journal of the American Association for Cancer Research 5 39167621
2022 Herpesvirus Infections in KIR2DL2-Positive Multiple Sclerosis Patients: Mechanisms Triggering Autoimmunity. Microorganisms 5 35336070
2021 Increased Susceptibility of the CD57- NK Cells Expressing KIR2DL2/3 and NKG2C to iCasp9 Gene Retroviral Transduction and the Relationships with Proliferative Potential, Activation Degree, and Death Induction Response. International journal of molecular sciences 5 34948123
2019 KIR2DL2/S2 and KIR2DS5 in alcoholic cirrhotic patients undergoing liver transplantation. Archives of medical science : AMS 5 34025847
2022 Inhibitory KIR2DL2 receptor and HHV-8 in classic or endemic Kaposi sarcoma. Clinical and experimental medicine 3 35169985
2019 Association of KIR2DL2 gene with anti-cyclic citrullinated protein antibodies for serodiagnosis in rheumatoid arthritis. Medicina 3 31284249
2002 Novel characterisation of the gene encoding conglutinin reveals that previously characterised promoter corresponds to the CL-43 promoter. Molecular immunology 3 12213326
2015 Allelic polymorphism of KIR2DL2/2DL3 in a southern Chinese population. Tissue antigens 2 26423800
2025 Molecular characterization of the archaic HLA-B∗73:01 allele reveals presentation of a unique peptidome and skewed engagement by KIR2DL2. The Journal of biological chemistry 1 40749828
2025 Molecular basis for selection and inhibition of HIV-1 escape virus by T cells and KIR2DL2+NK cells. Nature communications 1 41198628
2024 Day 100 Recovery of Absolute Number of Inhibitory KIR2DL2 and Activating NKp30 Natural Killer Cells Predicts Survival Post-Autologous Stem Cell Transplantation in Lymphomas. Biomedicines 1 39200272
2021 HIV-1 evades a Gag mutation that abrogates killer cell immunoglobulin-like receptor binding and disinhibits natural killer cells in infected individuals with KIR2DL2+/HLA-C*03: 04+ genotype. AIDS (London, England) 1 33273184
2015 Investigation of killer cell immunoglobulin-like receptors KIR2DL2 and KIR2DL3 diversity and identification of ten novel KIR2DL3 alleles in the Chinese Han population. Scandinavian journal of immunology 1 25651940
2026 SARS-CoV-2 Infection Associated with HHV-6A Reactivation and an Inhibitory KIR2DL2/HLA-C1 Immunogenetic Profile. Microorganisms 0 41597753
2024 Molecular characterization of the archaic HLA-B*73:01 allele reveals presentation of a unique peptidome and skewed engagement by KIR2DL2. bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology 0 39651149
2023 Presence of KIR2DL2/S2, KIR2DL5, and KIR3DL1 Molecules in Liver Transplant Recipients with Alcoholic Cirrhosis Could Be Implicated in Death by Graft Failure. Diagnostics (Basel, Switzerland) 0 37046435
2018 Stable Frequencies of HLA-C*03:04/Peptide-Binding KIR2DL2/3+ Natural Killer Cells Following Vaccination. Frontiers in immunology 0 30386333
2018 HLA-C*18:01 and KIR2DL2+C1 genetic variants are associated with low viral load in cART naïve HIV-infected adult Zimbabweans. Journal of infection in developing countries 0 32027612

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