Affinage

JUP

Junction plakoglobin · UniProt P14923

Round 2 corrected
Length
745 aa
Mass
81.7 kDa
Annotated
2026-04-28
130 papers in source corpus 12 papers cited in narrative 12 extracted findings

Mechanistic narrative

Synthesis pass · prose summary of the discoveries below

Junction plakoglobin (JUP/γ-catenin) is an armadillo-repeat protein that functions as a central structural and signaling component of cell–cell adhesion complexes, linking cadherins and APC to the actin cytoskeleton via α-catenin and maintaining desmosomal integrity in heart and skin (PMID:8207061, PMID:7806582). Its armadillo repeats serve as a competitive binding interface for E-cadherin and APC, paralleling β-catenin, and the two catenins are functionally redundant for embryonic stem cell adhesion (PMID:28943339). Loss-of-function mutations in JUP cause Naxos disease (arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy with palmoplantar keratoderma and woolly hair), while distinct 5′ mutations produce skin fragility without cardiomyopathy, demonstrating tissue-specific functional requirements (PMID:10902626, PMID:20130592). Protein stability is controlled by K48-linked ubiquitination via the XAF1–VCP–RNF114 axis, and subcellular partitioning determines whether JUP suppresses EGFR/AKT signaling at the membrane or cooperates with nuclear β-catenin/TCF4 to drive invasive gene expression (PMID:38095639, PMID:33364056).

Mechanistic history

Synthesis pass · year-by-year structured walk · 10 steps
  1. 1991 Medium

    Establishing JUP as a distinct genetic locus on chromosome 17q21 resolved whether the desmosomal plaque protein plakoglobin was encoded by an independent gene or was a variant of another catenin.

    Evidence Somatic cell hybrid PCR mapping of human–mouse and human–rat panels

    PMID:1889810

    Open questions at the time
    • Single mapping study without independent cytogenetic confirmation
    • No functional characterization at this stage
  2. 1994 High

    Demonstrating that plakoglobin forms complexes with E-cadherin and competes with APC for the armadillo-repeat region of β-catenin, while itself binding α-catenin via its N-terminus, established the molecular logic by which plakoglobin bridges adhesion receptors to the cytoskeleton.

    Evidence Sequential co-immunoprecipitation, direct competition binding assays, pulse-chase fractionation across two independent laboratories

    PMID:7806582 PMID:8207061

    Open questions at the time
    • Structural basis of competitive binding not resolved
    • Relative in vivo stoichiometry of plakoglobin vs. β-catenin at adherens junctions unknown
  3. 2000 High

    Identification of a homozygous 2-bp deletion in JUP as the cause of Naxos disease demonstrated that plakoglobin is essential for desmosomal integrity in the myocardium and skin, linking its loss to fibrofatty replacement of cardiac tissue.

    Evidence RT-PCR sequencing and restriction enzyme validation of patient RNA; Western blot showing truncated protein

    PMID:10902626

    Open questions at the time
    • Mechanism by which plakoglobin loss triggers fibrofatty replacement unresolved
    • Whether heterozygous carriers have subclinical phenotypes not tested
  4. 2010 High

    Discovery that 5′-region JUP mutations cause skin fragility without cardiomyopathy—due to alternative translation producing an N-terminally truncated protein—revealed that plakoglobin has separable tissue-specific functional domains.

    Evidence Patient genetic analysis, Western blot/immunostaining of patient skin, mRNA analysis for alternative AUG usage

    PMID:20130592

    Open questions at the time
    • Which N-terminal residues are specifically required for cardiac desmosome function not mapped
    • Whether the truncated isoform retains partial signaling activity unknown
  5. 2011 Medium

    A missense mutation (p.R265H) causing cardiomyopathy with alopecia and palmoplantar keratoderma expanded the phenotypic spectrum of JUP mutations beyond Naxos disease.

    Evidence Linkage analysis and Sanger sequencing in an affected family

    PMID:21668431

    Open questions at the time
    • Single family study; no functional characterization of the R265H variant
    • Structural impact of R265H on armadillo-repeat folding or partner binding not determined
  6. 2013 High

    Showing that AhR negatively regulates JUP transcription through conserved upstream binding motifs established transcriptional control of plakoglobin levels and linked toxin-responsive signaling to adhesion competence.

    Evidence TCDD treatment across multiple rodent cell lines, AhR siRNA, luciferase reporter assay, Jup siRNA with proliferation/attachment readouts

    PMID:23690540

    Open questions at the time
    • Whether AhR regulation of JUP occurs in human tissues not confirmed
    • Direct ChIP evidence for AhR occupancy at the endogenous JUP promoter not provided
  7. 2017 Medium

    Demonstrating that β-catenin and plakoglobin are functionally redundant for hESC adhesion and embryoid body formation, yet dispensable for pluripotency, defined the boundaries of plakoglobin's requirement in early development.

    Evidence Double β-catenin/γ-catenin knockout, overexpression, and siRNA in hESCs with embryoid body formation assays

    PMID:28943339

    Open questions at the time
    • Single-lab observation; in vivo embryonic consequences of double knockout not tested
    • Whether compensatory mechanisms mask requirements in specific lineages unknown
  8. 2020 Medium

    Revealing that membrane-localized JUP restrains EGFR and suppresses AKT/GSK3β/β-catenin signaling, whereas nuclear JUP cooperates with β-catenin/TCF4 to drive MMP7 expression, resolved how the same protein can act as both a tumor suppressor and a pro-invasive factor depending on compartmentalization.

    Evidence JUP knockdown/overexpression in gastric cancer lines, nuclear co-IP of JUP–β-catenin–TCF4, Western blot for p-AKT pathway, migration/invasion assays

    PMID:33364056

    Open questions at the time
    • Mechanism controlling JUP nuclear import not identified
    • Whether nuclear JUP–TCF4 interaction occurs in non-cancer contexts unknown
    • Single-lab study without in vivo validation
  9. 2023 High

    Elucidation of the XAF1–VCP–RNF114 ubiquitin–proteasome axis as the pathway controlling JUP protein stability explained how post-translational degradation of plakoglobin promotes migration and metastasis in colorectal cancer.

    Evidence Co-IP of XAF1–VCP and RNF114–JUP, K48-linked ubiquitination assays, proteasome inhibitor rescue, knockdown/overexpression with invasion readouts, clinical correlation in CRC specimens

    PMID:38095639

    Open questions at the time
    • Whether other E3 ligases also target JUP for degradation not tested
    • Structural basis of RNF114 recognition of JUP unknown
  10. 2023 Medium

    Identification of a DHT–EPPK1–p38 MAPK–c-Jun axis that transcriptionally upregulates JUP in bladder cancer revealed a non-androgen-receptor hormonal input to plakoglobin expression with pro-tumorigenic consequences.

    Evidence Biotinylated DHT pull-down identifying EPPK1, c-Jun ChIP at JUP promoter, p38 inhibitor treatment, in vivo xenograft tumor growth

    PMID:37328487

    Open questions at the time
    • Single-lab study; direct DHT–EPPK1 binding specificity not confirmed by orthogonal methods
    • Whether c-Jun regulation of JUP occurs in normal urothelium unknown

Open questions

Synthesis pass · forward-looking unresolved questions
  • Key unresolved questions include the structural basis of plakoglobin's competitive binding to cadherins versus APC, the mechanism controlling its nuclear import, and how its tissue-specific N-terminal requirements translate to selective desmosomal versus adherens junction functions.
  • No high-resolution structure of plakoglobin in complex with desmosomal cadherins
  • Nuclear import signal or transport machinery for JUP not identified
  • In vivo conditional knockout studies distinguishing adhesion from signaling roles are lacking

Mechanism profile

Synthesis pass · controlled-vocabulary classification · explore literature graph →
Molecular activity
GO:0005198 structural molecule activity 3 GO:0098631 cell adhesion mediator activity 3 GO:0008092 cytoskeletal protein binding 2
Localization
GO:0005886 plasma membrane 3 GO:0005634 nucleus 1 GO:0005829 cytosol 1
Pathway
R-HSA-1500931 Cell-Cell communication 4 R-HSA-162582 Signal Transduction 3 R-HSA-1643685 Disease 3
Partners
APCCDH1CTNNA1CTNNB1EPPK1RNF114TCF4XAF1
Complex memberships
Cadherin–catenin adhesion complexDesmosomal plaque complex

Evidence

Reading pass · 12 per-paper findings extracted from the source corpus
Year Finding Method Journal Conf PMIDs
1991 The plakoglobin gene (JUP/DPIII) was chromosomally assigned to chromosome 17 (subsequently refined to 17q21) using PCR assays on human-mouse and human-rat somatic cell hybrids, establishing it as a distinct locus encoding a major desmosomal plaque protein. Somatic cell hybrid PCR mapping Genomics Medium 1889810
1994 Plakoglobin (γ-catenin) was shown to form complexes with E-cadherin at adherens junctions and to compete with APC for binding to the armadillo-like repeat region of β-catenin; like β-catenin, plakoglobin links E-cadherin and APC complexes to the cytoskeleton through α-catenin binding at its NH2-terminal domain. Sequential immunoprecipitation, co-immunoprecipitation, competitive binding assays, pulse-chase metabolic labeling with sucrose density gradient fractionation The Journal of cell biology High 7806582 8207061
1994 Plakoglobin mediates identical interactions as β-catenin: E-cadherin and APC directly compete for binding to the internal armadillo-like repeats of plakoglobin, and plakoglobin's NH2-terminal domain binds α-catenin to link these complexes to the cytoskeleton. Direct binding competition assays, co-immunoprecipitation, domain mapping The Journal of cell biology High 7806582
2000 A homozygous 2 bp deletion in the plakoglobin gene (JUP) causes Naxos disease (arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy with palmoplantar keratoderma and woolly hair), demonstrating that plakoglobin is essential for maintaining myocyte integrity at desmosomes; loss causes fibrofatty replacement of myocardium. Reverse transcriptase PCR sequencing of patient RNA, restriction enzyme analysis for mutation confirmation, Western blot demonstrating premature protein termination Lancet High 10902626
2000 The human plakoglobin gene (JUP) comprises 13 exons spanning approximately 17 kb on chromosome 17q21, as determined by characterizing the intron-exon organization. Genomic sequencing, PCR-based exon mapping Experimental dermatology Medium 11016852
2010 Homozygous nonsense (p.S24X) and splice-site (c.468G>A) mutations in the 5' region of JUP cause skin fragility, palmoplantar keratoderma, and woolly hair without cardiomyopathy; JUP protein is barely detectable in patient skin. An alternative AUG codon in the p.S24X mRNA translates a 42-amino-acid N-terminal truncation, indicating that plakoglobin has distinct and separable roles in skin versus heart. Patient genetic analysis, Western blot/immunostaining of patient skin sections, mRNA analysis for alternative translation initiation The Journal of investigative dermatology High 20130592
2011 A homozygous missense mutation p.R265H in JUP causes cardiomyopathy with alopecia and palmoplantar keratoderma (CAPK syndrome), expanding the clinical spectrum of plakoglobin-associated desmosomal disorders. Genetic linkage analysis, Sanger sequencing of JUP in affected family members The British journal of dermatology Medium 21668431
2013 The aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) negatively regulates plakoglobin (Jup) gene expression in a cell-specific manner; TCDD-activated AhR suppresses Jup transcription through evolutionarily conserved AhR binding motifs located ~2.5 kb upstream of the rat Jup gene. siRNA knockdown of Jup impairs proliferation and attachment of liver progenitor cells. TCDD treatment of multiple rodent cell lines, siRNA knockdown of AhR, luciferase reporter assay with cloned AhR binding motifs, siRNA knockdown of Jup with proliferation/attachment readouts Toxicological sciences High 23690540
2017 β-catenin and γ-catenin (Jup/plakoglobin) are functionally redundant in mediating human embryonic stem cell (hESC) adhesion and embryoid body formation. Overexpression of β-catenin induces hESC differentiation through TCF1/GATA6 axis; double deficiency of β-catenin and γ-catenin does not compromise hESC pluripotency maintenance, demonstrating that Jup/plakoglobin participates in adhesion but is dispensable for self-renewal. Gene knockout (double β-catenin/γ-catenin deficiency), overexpression, siRNA knockdown, embryoid body formation assay Developmental biology Medium 28943339
2020 JUP (plakoglobin) function is dependent on its subcellular localization in gastric cancer: membrane/cytoplasmic JUP restrains EGFR at the cell membrane and suppresses p-AKT and AKT/GSK3β/β-catenin signaling. Loss of membrane JUP promotes EMT, migration, and invasion. Nuclear JUP interacts with nuclear β-catenin and TCF4 to synergistically promote TCF4 transcription and MMP7 expression, fueling invasion. JUP knockdown and ectopic expression in GC cell lines, co-immunoprecipitation (nuclear JUP with β-catenin/TCF4), Western blot for p-AKT/AKT/GSK3β/β-catenin, migration/invasion assays Journal of advanced research Medium 33364056
2023 XAF1 acts as an adaptor for VCP, which mediates deubiquitination of the E3 ubiquitin ligase RNF114; stabilized RNF114 then promotes K48-linked ubiquitination and proteasomal degradation of JUP (junction plakoglobin), thereby driving migration and metastasis of colorectal cancer cells. Protein levels of XAF1, RNF114, and JUP are inversely correlated in clinical CRC samples. Co-immunoprecipitation (XAF1-VCP, RNF114-JUP), ubiquitination assays (K48-linked), proteasome inhibitor rescue, migration/invasion assays with knockdown/overexpression, correlation analysis in clinical samples The Journal of cell biology High 38095639
2023 Dihydrotestosterone (DHT) promotes bladder cancer cell proliferation and invasion through a non-androgen receptor pathway: DHT binds EPPK1, which activates p38 MAPK signaling (p38, p-p38, c-Jun); c-Jun binds to the JUP promoter to upregulate JUP expression, and elevated JUP promotes BLCA cell proliferation and invasion. Biotinylated DHT pull-down to identify EPPK1 binding, EPPK1/JUP knockdown, c-Jun ChIP/promoter binding, p38 inhibitor treatment, in vivo tumor growth in nude mice Cell death & disease Medium 37328487

Source papers

Stage 0 corpus · 130 papers · ranked by NIH iCite citations
Year Title Journal Citations PMID
2006 Global, in vivo, and site-specific phosphorylation dynamics in signaling networks. Cell 2861 17081983
2005 Towards a proteome-scale map of the human protein-protein interaction network. Nature 2090 16189514
2005 A human protein-protein interaction network: a resource for annotating the proteome. Cell 1704 16169070
2002 Generation and initial analysis of more than 15,000 full-length human and mouse cDNA sequences. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 1479 12477932
2009 Defining the human deubiquitinating enzyme interaction landscape. Cell 1282 19615732
2015 The BioPlex Network: A Systematic Exploration of the Human Interactome. Cell 1118 26186194
2017 Architecture of the human interactome defines protein communities and disease networks. Nature 1085 28514442
2015 A human interactome in three quantitative dimensions organized by stoichiometries and abundances. Cell 1015 26496610
2014 A proteome-scale map of the human interactome network. Cell 977 25416956
2020 A reference map of the human binary protein interactome. Nature 849 32296183
2018 VIRMA mediates preferential m6A mRNA methylation in 3'UTR and near stop codon and associates with alternative polyadenylation. Cell discovery 829 29507755
2000 Identification of a deletion in plakoglobin in arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy with palmoplantar keratoderma and woolly hair (Naxos disease). Lancet (London, England) 801 10902626
2007 Large-scale mapping of human protein-protein interactions by mass spectrometry. Molecular systems biology 733 17353931
2021 Dual proteome-scale networks reveal cell-specific remodeling of the human interactome. Cell 705 33961781
2012 A census of human soluble protein complexes. Cell 689 22939629
2011 Phylogenetic-based propagation of functional annotations within the Gene Ontology consortium. Briefings in bioinformatics 656 21873635
2001 The structure of the beta-catenin/E-cadherin complex and the molecular basis of diverse ligand recognition by beta-catenin. Cell 653 11348595
2008 An empirical framework for binary interactome mapping. Nature methods 652 19060904
2008 Large-scale proteomics and phosphoproteomics of urinary exosomes. Journal of the American Society of Nephrology : JASN 607 19056867
1994 Dynamics of cadherin/catenin complex formation: novel protein interactions and pathways of complex assembly. The Journal of cell biology 587 8207061
1994 E-cadherin and APC compete for the interaction with beta-catenin and the cytoskeleton. The Journal of cell biology 585 7806582
1997 Three-dimensional structure of the armadillo repeat region of beta-catenin. Cell 580 9298899
2011 Analysis of the myosin-II-responsive focal adhesion proteome reveals a role for β-Pix in negative regulation of focal adhesion maturation. Nature cell biology 490 21423176
2005 Time-resolved mass spectrometry of tyrosine phosphorylation sites in the epidermal growth factor receptor signaling network reveals dynamic modules. Molecular & cellular proteomics : MCP 434 15951569
2015 A Dynamic Protein Interaction Landscape of the Human Centrosome-Cilium Interface. Cell 433 26638075
2022 OpenCell: Endogenous tagging for the cartography of human cellular organization. Science (New York, N.Y.) 432 35271311
2016 Widespread Expansion of Protein Interaction Capabilities by Alternative Splicing. Cell 423 26871637
2010 Global analysis of TDP-43 interacting proteins reveals strong association with RNA splicing and translation machinery. Journal of proteome research 422 20020773
2015 Panorama of ancient metazoan macromolecular complexes. Nature 407 26344197
2000 Crystal structure of a beta-catenin/Tcf complex. Cell 353 11136974
1995 Multiple forms of mouse PG-M, a large chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan generated by alternative splicing. The Journal of biological chemistry 157 7822336
1993 cDNA cloning of PG-M, a large chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan expressed during chondrogenesis in chick limb buds. Alternative spliced multiforms of PG-M and their relationships to versican. The Journal of biological chemistry 156 8314802
2004 Versican/PG-M G3 domain promotes tumor growth and angiogenesis. FASEB journal : official publication of the Federation of American Societies for Experimental Biology 151 14766798
1995 Molecular cloning and immunological characterization of a novel linear-plasmid-encoded gene, pG, of Borrelia burgdorferi expressed only in vivo. Infection and immunity 127 7642261
2000 Avian neural crest cell migration is diversely regulated by the two major hyaluronan-binding proteoglycans PG-M/versican and aggrecan. Development (Cambridge, England) 121 10851128
2003 Distinct interaction of versican/PG-M with hyaluronan and link protein. The Journal of biological chemistry 120 12888576
1983 Isolation and characterization of a third proteoglycan (PG-Lt) from chick embryo cartilage which contains disulfide-bonded collagenous polypeptide. The Journal of biological chemistry 116 6874691
2002 beta 1-Integrin-mediated glioma cell adhesion and free radical-induced apoptosis are regulated by binding to a C-terminal domain of PG-M/versican. The Journal of biological chemistry 112 11805102
2010 (-)-Epigallocatechin-3-gallate downregulates Pg-P and BCRP in a tamoxifen resistant MCF-7 cell line. Phytomedicine : international journal of phytotherapy and phytopharmacology 96 20149610
1995 A specific monoclonal antibody (PG-B6) detects expression of the BCL-6 protein in germinal center B cells. The American journal of pathology 90 7639334
2004 Combined NO and PG inhibition augments alpha-adrenergic vasoconstriction in contracting human skeletal muscle. American journal of physiology. Heart and circulatory physiology 83 15271659
1993 Tissue variation of two large chondroitin sulfate proteoglycans (PG-M/versican and PG-H/aggrecan) in chick embryos. Anatomy and embryology 83 8342790
2021 The Origin of the Legumes is a Complex Paleopolyploid Phylogenomic Tangle Closely Associated with the Cretaceous-Paleogene (K-Pg) Mass Extinction Event. Systematic biology 81 32483631
2013 Use of polyglycerol (PG), instead of polyethylene glycol (PEG), prevents induction of the accelerated blood clearance phenomenon against long-circulating liposomes upon repeated administration. International journal of pharmaceutics 77 23928149
1991 Chromosomal assignment of the human genes coding for the major proteins of the desmosome junction, desmoglein DGI (DSG), desmocollins DGII/III (DSC), desmoplakins DPI/II (DSP), and plakoglobin DPIII (JUP). Genomics 73 1889810
2022 Apoptotic extracellular vesicles alleviate Pg-LPS induced inflammatory responses of macrophages via AMPK/SIRT1/NF-κB pathway and inhibit osteoclast formation. Journal of periodontology 71 35499816
1983 The occurrence of three different proteoglycan species in chick embryo cartilage. Isolation and characterization of a second proteoglycan (PG-Lb) and its precursor form. The Journal of biological chemistry 69 6874690
2004 Triptolide (PG-490) induces apoptosis of dendritic cells through sequential p38 MAP kinase phosphorylation and caspase 3 activation. Biochemical and biophysical research communications 68 15184078
2000 A heparin-binding growth factor, midkine, binds to a chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan, PG-M/versican. European journal of biochemistry 67 10866805
1980 Anti-inflammatory steroids reduce tissue PG synthetase activity and enhance PG breakdown. Nature 65 6776415
2004 PG-M/versican binds to P-selectin glycoprotein ligand-1 and mediates leukocyte aggregation. Journal of cell science 63 15522894
1990 Localization of PGI (biglycan, BGN) and PGII (decorin, DCN, PG-40) genes on human chromosomes Xq13-qter and 12q, respectively. Genomics 60 1968422
1995 A new member of the DP family, DP-3, with distinct protein products suggests a regulatory role for alternative splicing in the cell cycle transcription factor DRTF1/E2F. Oncogene 57 7478568
2004 The globular domains of PG-M/versican modulate the proliferation-apoptosis equilibrium and invasive capabilities of tumor cells. FASEB journal : official publication of the Federation of American Societies for Experimental Biology 56 14977887
2002 Identification of HLA-DP3-restricted peptides from EBNA1 recognized by CD4(+) T cells. Cancer research 54 12499257
1992 Macrophages in normal human bone marrow and in chronic myeloproliferative disorders: an immunohistochemical and morphometric study by a new monoclonal antibody (PG-M1) on trephine biopsies. Virchows Archiv. A, Pathological anatomy and histopathology 53 1636247
2017 t(6;11) renal cell carcinoma: a study of seven cases including two with aggressive behavior, and utility of CD68 (PG-M1) in the differential diagnosis with pure epithelioid PEComa/epithelioid angiomyolipoma. Modern pathology : an official journal of the United States and Canadian Academy of Pathology, Inc 51 29052596
2001 Tenascin glycoproteins and the complementary ligand DSD-1-PG/ phosphacan--structuring the neural extracellular matrix during development and repair. Restorative neurology and neuroscience 51 12082229
2004 Overexpression of the C-terminal PG-M/versican domain impairs growth of tumor cells by intervening in the interaction between epidermal growth factor receptor and beta1-integrin. Journal of cell science 48 15126624
1996 Distinct rat aortic smooth muscle cells differ in versican/PG-M expression. Arteriosclerosis, thrombosis, and vascular biology 48 8640411
1991 Cell adhesion promoting peptide GVKGDKGNPGWPGAP from the collagen type IV triple helix: cis/trans proline-induced multiple 1H NMR conformations and evidence for a KG/PG multiple turn repeat motif in the all-trans proline state. Biochemistry 48 1868097
2006 Identification and characterization of versican/PG-M aggregates in cartilage. The Journal of biological chemistry 47 16648631
2010 Comparison of PG-SGA, SGA and body-composition measurement in detecting malnutrition among newly diagnosed lung cancer patients in stage IIIB/IV and benign conditions. Medical oncology (Northwood, London, England) 45 20422319
1990 Evidence for thromboxane receptor mediated contraction of guinea-pig and human airways in vitro by prostaglandin (PG) D2, 9 alpha,11 beta-PGF2 and PGF2 alpha. Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's archives of pharmacology 45 2142256
1986 Characterization of bone PG II cDNA and its relationship to PG II mRNA from other connective tissues. Nucleic acids research 44 3027667
2003 PG-mediated closure of paracellular pathway and not restitution is the primary determinant of barrier recovery in acutely injured porcine ileum. American journal of physiology. Gastrointestinal and liver physiology 43 12801887
2010 Homozygous mutations in the 5' region of the JUP gene result in cutaneous disease but normal heart development in children. The Journal of investigative dermatology 42 20130592
2009 Versican/PG-M Assembles Hyaluronan into Extracellular Matrix and Inhibits CD44-mediated Signaling toward Premature Senescence in Embryonic Fibroblasts. The Journal of biological chemistry 42 19164294
2019 Bacillus pumilus SE5 originated PG and LTA tuned the intestinal TLRs/MyD88 signaling and microbiota in grouper (Epinephelus coioides). Fish & shellfish immunology 40 30849499
1995 Stimulation of prostaglandin (PG) F2 alpha and PGE2 release by tumour necrosis factor-alpha and interleukin-1 alpha in cultured human luteal phase endometrial cells. Human reproduction (Oxford, England) 39 8567812
2007 Molecular cloning and characterization of prostaglandin (PG) transporter in ovine endometrium: role for multiple cell signaling pathways in transport of PGF2alpha. Endocrinology 38 17901226
2002 Sox-4 is a positive regulator of Hep3B and HepG2 cells' apoptosis induced by prostaglandin (PG)A(2) and delta(12)-PGJ(2). Experimental & molecular medicine 38 12216117
2017 Factors promoting polyploid persistence and diversification and limiting diploid speciation during the K-Pg interlude. Current opinion in plant biology 37 29107221
2012 Comparative study on antioxidative and macrophage-stimulating activities of polyguluronic acid (PG) and polymannuronic acid (PM) prepared from alginate. Carbohydrate research 37 22402099
2010 PG F(2α) Receptor: A Promising Therapeutic Target for Cardiovascular Disease. Frontiers in pharmacology 37 21607067
2009 Porphyromonas gingivalis (Pg) a possible link between impaired oral health and acute myocardial infarction. International journal of cardiology 37 19913930
2021 Metabolic shift to serine biosynthesis through 3-PG accumulation and PHGDH induction promotes tumor growth in pancreatic cancer. Cancer letters 36 34508795
2011 Interleukin-6 synthesis in human chondrocytes is regulated via the antagonistic actions of prostaglandin (PG)E2 and 15-deoxy-Δ(12,14)-PGJ2. PloS one 35 22096605
2001 Identification of dual cyclooxygenase-eicosanoid oxidoreductase inhibitors: NSAIDs that inhibit PG-LX reductase/LTB(4) dehydrogenase. Biochemical and biophysical research communications 32 11688989
2020 NLRP3 inflammasome inhibitor MCC950 attenuates primary dysmenorrhea in mice via the NF-κB/COX-2/PG pathway. Journal of inflammation (London, England) 31 32595419
2018 Mesenchymal COX2-PG secretome engages NR4A-WNT signalling axis in haematopoietic progenitors to suppress anti-leukaemia immunity. British journal of haematology 31 30106181
1997 Transient expression of PG-M/versican, a large chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan in developing chicken retina. Journal of neurochemistry 31 9349562
2009 A systems analysis of the chemosensitivity of breast cancer cells to the polyamine analogue PG-11047. BMC medicine 30 20003408
2021 Genome-Wide Identification of the Xyloglucan endotransglucosylase/Hydrolase (XTH) and Polygalacturonase (PG) Genes and Characterization of Their Role in Fruit Softening of Sweet Cherry. International journal of molecular sciences 29 34830211
2000 Cloning and sequence analysis of a gene (aly PG) encoding poly(alpha-L-guluronate)lyase from Corynebacterium sp. strain ALY-1. Journal of bioscience and bioengineering 29 16232727
2022 Development of Potent and Selective Janus Kinase 2/3 Directing PG-PROTACs. ACS medicinal chemistry letters 27 35300081
2017 MGDG, PG and SQDG regulate the activity of light-dependent protochlorophyllide oxidoreductase. The Biochemical journal 27 28188256
2005 Expression of Catenin family members CTNNA1, CTNNA2, CTNNB1 and JUP in the primate prefrontal cortex and hippocampus. Brain research. Molecular brain research 27 15857685
2008 The effect of tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha), interleukin (IL)-1 beta and IL-6 on chorioamnion secretion of prostaglandins (PG)F 2 alpha and E2 in pigs. Reproductive biology 26 18432307
2020 Effects of differential distributed-JUP on the malignancy of gastric cancer. Journal of advanced research 25 33364056
1981 Prostaglandins in histiocytosis-X. PG synthesis by histiocytosis-X cells. American journal of clinical pathology 25 6970520
2017 Platycodon grandiflorum (PG) reverses angiotensin II-induced apoptosis by repressing IGF-IIR expression. Journal of ethnopharmacology 23 28473244
2014 Intensive nutritional counseling improves PG-SGA scores and nutritional symptoms during and after radiotherapy in Korean cancer patients. Supportive care in cancer : official journal of the Multinational Association of Supportive Care in Cancer 23 24906838
2002 Differential COX localization and PG release in Thy-1(+) and Thy-1(-) human female reproductive tract fibroblasts. American journal of physiology. Cell physiology 23 12107070
2023 Androgen dihydrotestosterone promotes bladder cancer cell proliferation and invasion via EPPK1-mediated MAPK/JUP signalling. Cell death & disease 22 37328487
2021 Visfatin regulates Pg LPS-induced proinflammatory/prodegradative effects in healthy and inflammatory periodontal cells partially via NF-κB pathway. Biochimica et biophysica acta. Molecular cell research 22 33901513
2011 Cardiomyopathy with alopecia and palmoplantar keratoderma (CAPK) is caused by a JUP mutation. The British journal of dermatology 22 21668431
2022 Chlorogenic Acid as a Positive Regulator in LPS-PG-Induced Inflammation via TLR4/MyD88-Mediated NF-κB and PI3K/MAPK Signaling Cascades in Human Gingival Fibroblasts. Mediators of inflammation 21 35437426
2015 Flaxseed reduces the pro-carcinogenic micro-environment in the ovaries of normal hens by altering the PG and oestrogen pathways in a dose-dependent manner. The British journal of nutrition 21 25850566
2014 Prostaglandin (PG) F2 alpha synthesis in human subcutaneous and omental adipose tissue: modulation by inflammatory cytokines and role of the human aldose reductase AKR1B1. PloS one 21 24663124
2002 Inhibitory effect of Carthamus tinctorius L. seed extracts on bone resorption mediated by tyrosine kinase, COX-2 (cyclooxygenase) and PG (prostaglandin) E2. The American journal of Chinese medicine 21 12067102
1999 Expression and localization of PG-Lb/epiphycan during mouse development. Developmental dynamics : an official publication of the American Association of Anatomists 21 10633869
2015 Effect of Porphyromonas gingivalis lipopolysaccharide (Pg-LPS) on the expression of EphA2 in osteoblasts and osteoclasts. In vitro cellular & developmental biology. Animal 19 26559065
1995 Immunochemical characterisation and epitope mapping of a novel fimbrial protein (Pg-II fimbria) of Porphyromonas gingivalis. FEMS immunology and medical microbiology 19 7581276
2020 Phosphatidylserine (PS) and phosphatidylglycerol (PG) enriched mixed micelles (MM): A new nano-drug delivery system with anti-inflammatory potential? European journal of pharmaceutical sciences : official journal of the European Federation for Pharmaceutical Sciences 18 32621969
2012 Investigation of the binding pocket of human hematopoietic prostaglandin (PG) D2 synthase (hH-PGDS): a tale of two waters. Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters 18 22546671
2014 Structural and Thermodynamic Insight into Spontaneous Membrane-Translocating Peptides Across Model PC/PG Lipid Bilayers. The Journal of membrane biology 17 25008278
2023 XAF1 promotes colorectal cancer metastasis via VCP-RNF114-JUP axis. The Journal of cell biology 16 38095639
2019 Organism Engineering for the Bioproduction of the Triaminotrinitrobenzene (TATB) Precursor Phloroglucinol (PG). ACS synthetic biology 16 31750651
2011 In vivo intra-luteal implants of prostaglandin (PG) E1 or E2 (PGE1, PGE2) prevent luteolysis in cows. II: mRNA for PGF2α, EP1, EP2, EP3 (A-D), EP3A, EP3B, EP3C, EP3D, and EP4 prostanoid receptors in luteal tissue. Prostaglandins & other lipid mediators 16 22120546
2010 Large-pore PDS mesh compared to small-pore PG mesh. Journal of investigative surgery : the official journal of the Academy of Surgical Research 16 20690843
2005 Expression of a chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan, versican (PG-M), during development of rat cornea. Current eye research 16 16020278
2000 Genomic organization and amplification of the human plakoglobin gene (JUP). Experimental dermatology 16 11016852
1999 Genetic analysis of steel and the PG-M/versican-encoding gene AxPG as candidates for the white (d) pigmentation mutant in the salamander Ambystoma mexicanum. Development genes and evolution 16 10370116
2022 Proline/Glycine residues of the PG-levels guide conformational changes along the transport cycle in the mitochondrial carnitine/acylcarnitine carrier (SLC25A20). International journal of biological macromolecules 15 36122779
2003 G3 domains of aggrecan and PG-M/versican form intermolecular disulfide bonds that stabilize cell-matrix interaction. Biochemistry 15 12846582
2000 Effects of supraspinal administration of PG-SPI and PG-KII, two amphibian tachykinin peptides, on nociception in the rat. Peptides 15 11090914
1987 Cytolytic activity and immunological similarity of the Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. israelensis and Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. morrisoni isolate PG-14 toxins. Applied and environmental microbiology 15 3300548
2022 Breathable, Moisturizing, Anti-Oxidation SSD-PG-PVA/KGM Fibrous Membranes for Accelerating Diabetic Wound Tissue Regeneration. ACS applied bio materials 14 35593099
2021 Porphyromonas gingivalis lipopolysaccharide (Pg-LPS) influences adipocytes injuries through triggering XBP1 and activating mitochondria-mediated apoptosis. Adipocyte 14 33393852
2021 Mechanical Stress Induce PG-E2 in Murine Synovial Fibroblasts Originating from the Temporomandibular Joint. Cells 14 33535605
2020 A Phase Ib multicenter, dose-escalation study of the polyamine analogue PG-11047 in combination with gemcitabine, docetaxel, bevacizumab, erlotinib, cisplatin, 5-fluorouracil, or sunitinib in patients with advanced solid tumors or lymphoma. Cancer chemotherapy and pharmacology 14 33215270
2000 The term cell epitope PG-2 is expressed in primordial germ cells and in hypoblast cells of the gastrulating rabbit embryo. Anatomy and embryology 14 10926091
2021 The Roles of Type 2 Cytotoxic T Cells in Inflammation, Tissue Remodeling, and Prostaglandin (PG) D2 Production Are Attenuated by PGD2 Receptor 2 Antagonism. Journal of immunology (Baltimore, Md. : 1950) 13 34011519
2019 HBcrAg, pg RNA and HBsAg dynamically supervise the seroconversion of HBsAg with anti-viral therapy: "Loss of HBsAg" maybe not a good end-point of anti-viral therapy. Clinica chimica acta; international journal of clinical chemistry 13 31730814
2017 Synthesis and immunogenicity of PG-tb1 monovalent glycoconjugate. European journal of medicinal chemistry 13 28411454
2013 Aryl hydrocarbon receptor negatively regulates expression of the plakoglobin gene (jup). Toxicological sciences : an official journal of the Society of Toxicology 13 23690540
1993 Differential regulation of group A streptococcal peptidoglycan-polysaccharide (PG-APS)-stimulated macrophage production of IL-1 by rat strains susceptible and resistant to PG-APS-induced arthritis. Cellular immunology 13 8513508
2022 Anticancer Effect of Cathelicidin LL-37, Protegrin PG-1, Nerve Growth Factor NGF, and Temozolomide: Impact on the Mitochondrial Metabolism, Clonogenic Potential, and Migration of Human U251 Glioma Cells. Molecules (Basel, Switzerland) 12 35956937
2017 β-catenin coordinates with Jup and the TCF1/GATA6 axis to regulate human embryonic stem cell fate. Developmental biology 12 28943339