Affinage

IL5

Interleukin-5 · UniProt P05113

Length
134 aa
Mass
15.2 kDa
Annotated
2026-06-10
100 papers in source corpus 45 papers cited in narrative 45 extracted findings
Cross-family judge vs UniProt: Affinage preferred faithfulness: 8/8 claims corpus-supported (100%)

Mechanistic narrative

Synthesis pass · prose summary of the discoveries below

IL-5 is a homodimeric glycoprotein cytokine that orchestrates the eosinophil lineage and Th2 immune effector responses (PMID:3284812, PMID:38776917). It signals through a heterodimeric receptor composed of an IL-5-specific α chain required for ligand binding and a common β chain (βc) shared with the IL-3 and GM-CSF receptors that confers high-affinity binding and signal transduction (PMID:1613263, PMID:7950399); crystallographic analysis shows IL-5 contacts all three fibronectin-III domains of IL-5Rα in a pre-formed wrench-like architecture and, despite its symmetry, binds only one receptor at a time, while the intertwined βc homodimer presents a domain 1–4 interface as the functional signaling epitope (PMID:17027509, PMID:22153509). Receptor engagement activates JAK2 as the initiating event, with JAK2 coupling to STAT1, and operates through parallel Lyn→Syk→JAK2→Ras-MAPK/ERK and JAK-STAT arms; these enzymes partition functional outputs, with Lyn/Syk/JAK2/SHP-2 supporting survival and Raf-1 driving degranulation and adhesion (PMID:7602114, PMID:9730944). In eosinophils, IL-5 promotes survival by upregulating Bcl-2 (PMID:9010276), enhances cysteinyl-leukotriene synthesis by inducing FLAP and translocating 5-lipoxygenase to the nucleus (PMID:10384149), and induces CysLT1 receptor expression to amplify leukotriene responsiveness (PMID:11046055). At the developmental level, IL-5 acts on committed progenitors via transit amplification rather than maturation, downstream of IL-33-driven precursor expansion (PMID:27683753, PMID:38776917). Beyond eosinophils, IL-5 drives terminal B-cell differentiation into Ig-secreting cells and sustains B-1 cell IgM output (PMID:3284812, PMID:15286809), and directly primes human bronchial smooth muscle for hyperresponsiveness through IL-5Rα (PMID:11897983). IL-5 transcription is governed by GATA-3 binding an inverted GATA repeat in the promoter (PMID:9780145), opposed by the repressors SATB1 (promoter) and Bcl6 (binding the IL5BS element in the 3'-UTR) (PMID:12097386, PMID:20522714), and the PARP-1→STAT-6→GATA-3 axis sustains its expression (PMID:21276008). Receptor levels are controlled by JAK2-dependent K27-linked ubiquitination of βc at K566/K603 targeting proteasomal degradation and by MARCH2/3-mediated ubiquitination of IL-5Rα at K379/K383 targeting lysosomal degradation (PMID:17227823, PMID:35982175).

Mechanistic history

Synthesis pass · year-by-year structured walk · 16 steps
  1. 1988 High

    Established the molecular identity of IL-5 as a homodimeric glycoprotein and its first effector function as a B-cell terminal differentiation factor, distinguishing differentiation from proliferation.

    Evidence cDNA cloning, recombinant expression, and B-cell differentiation/proliferation assays with purified cell subsets

    PMID:3258891 PMID:3284812 PMID:3348775

    Open questions at the time
    • Receptor identity and signaling mechanism not yet defined
    • Eosinophil role not yet addressed in these studies
  2. 1991 High

    Defined the IL-5 receptor on eosinophils as a single high-affinity specific binding entity, opening the question of its subunit composition.

    Evidence Radiolabeled IL-5 binding, Scatchard analysis, and affinity cross-linking on human eosinophils

    PMID:2015632

    Open questions at the time
    • Subunit architecture and shared components unresolved
    • Downstream signaling not characterized
  3. 1992 High

    Resolved the receptor as an α/βc heterodimer sharing a common β subunit with IL-3R and GM-CSFR, explaining functional overlap and high-affinity binding requirements.

    Evidence Receptor subunit cloning, high-affinity reconstitution, and signaling assays across the cytokine receptor family

    PMID:1613263 PMID:7950399

    Open questions at the time
    • Identity of the receptor-associated kinases not yet known
    • Mechanism of receptor triggering unresolved
  4. 1995 High

    Identified JAK2-STAT1 as a proximal signaling axis and revealed mast cells as a non-T-cell cellular source of IL-5.

    Evidence Co-IP of JAK2 with βc, kinase and phosphorylation assays, EMSA in eosinophils; RT-PCR/ISH/ELISA in FcεRI-activated lung mast cells

    PMID:7543533 PMID:7602114

    Open questions at the time
    • Full branching of downstream pathways not yet mapped
    • Functional contribution of mast cell IL-5 in vivo undefined here
  5. 1997 High

    Dissected the effector mechanism for eosinophil survival (Bcl-2 upregulation) and established GATA-3 as the master transcriptional activator binding the IL-5 promoter.

    Evidence Antisense Bcl-2 knockdown in eosinophils; GATA-3 gain/loss-of-function with promoter-reporter and EMSA in T cells

    PMID:9010276 PMID:9780145

    Open questions at the time
    • Repressive transcriptional control not yet identified
    • Connection between survival signaling and apoptosis machinery beyond Bcl-2 incomplete
  6. 1998 High

    Mapped IL-5 signaling into two functional arms and assigned distinct kinases to survival versus degranulation/adhesion outputs.

    Evidence Immunoprecipitation, kinase assays, pharmacological inhibitors, and functional eosinophil assays; receptor mutagenesis of βc

    PMID:9730944 PMID:9766809

    Open questions at the time
    • Precise adaptor recruitment events partly inferred
    • βc phosphotyrosine-independent motif effectors not fully defined
  7. 1999 High

    Connected IL-5 signaling to eosinophil lipid-mediator output via FLAP induction, 5-LO nuclear translocation, and selective p38-dependent IL-5 synthesis control in Th cells.

    Evidence Immunostaining, immunoblot, LTC4 assays with transcription/translation inhibitors; p38 inhibitor SB203580 with cytokine ELISA in Th clones

    PMID:10384149 PMID:10528175 PMID:8099937

    Open questions at the time
    • Whether p38 acts at the IL-5 promoter directly not shown
    • Physiological relevance of IL-2-induced IL-5 outside parasitic infection unclear
  8. 2000 Medium

    Linked IL-5 to amplified leukotriene responsiveness through CysLT1R upregulation and refined the receptor-triggering model around βc dimerization and JAK2 as the initiating event.

    Evidence CysLT1R mRNA/protein, Ca2+ flux and chemotaxis in differentiated HL-60; activated βc mutants and phosphorylation analysis

    PMID:10720688 PMID:11046055

    Open questions at the time
    • CysLT1R findings in HL-60 model not confirmed in primary eosinophils here
    • Stoichiometry of active receptor states inferred from mutants
  9. 2002 High

    Established IL-5 as both necessary and sufficient for tissue eosinophilia and identified direct, eosinophil-independent action on bronchial smooth muscle, plus dual transcriptional repressors.

    Evidence IL-5 transgenic/KO and IL-13 challenge models; human bronchus contractility assays with antibody blockade; Bcl6 EMSA/ChIP/reporter and KO mice

    PMID:11590387 PMID:11859139 PMID:11897983 PMID:11943672 PMID:12097386

    Open questions at the time
    • Mechanism of direct smooth muscle priming not molecularly defined
    • Mucus production shown to be IL-5-independent at effector level
  10. 2007 High

    Defined IL-5 receptor turnover via JAK-dependent βc ubiquitination at K566/K603 and proteasomal degradation, integrating signaling with receptor downregulation.

    Evidence Site-directed mutagenesis of βc lysines, ubiquitination assays, JAK inhibition, and flow cytometry

    PMID:17227823

    Open questions at the time
    • E3 ligase for βc ubiquitination not identified
    • Relationship between proteasomal and lysosomal arms incomplete
  11. 2008 High

    Showed receptor internalization through clathrin- versus raft-dependent routes is required for optimal signaling, coupling endocytic sorting to signal output.

    Evidence Deconvolution microscopy, co-IP, endocytosis inhibitors and fractionation in TF1 cells and eosinophils

    PMID:18511572

    Open questions at the time
    • Specific signaling complexes assembled on internalized receptor not fully enumerated
  12. 2011 High

    Provided atomic-resolution receptor recognition mechanisms and elaborated the transcriptional and epigenetic logic of IL-5 expression including the PARP-1→STAT-6→GATA-3 axis and competitive SATB1/GATA-3 control.

    Evidence X-ray structures of βc and IL-5/IL-5Rα with mutagenesis; ChIP for GATA-3/H3K4me3/H3K27me3; PARP-1 KO with calpain/proteasome inhibitors and ChIP

    PMID:17027509 PMID:20522714 PMID:21276008 PMID:21849680 PMID:21986312 PMID:22153509

    Open questions at the time
    • Full assembly of the active higher-order receptor complex from these isolated structures not resolved
    • How epigenetic marks are set in IL-5+ versus IL-5- Th2 subsets mechanistically unclear
  13. 2016 High

    Positioned IL-33 upstream of IL-5 in eosinophil lineage commitment and identified LZTFL1/NFAT as a positive modulator of IL-5 production in T cells.

    Evidence IL-33/ST2 KO and IL-5 transgenic crosses with anti-IL-5 neutralization and bone marrow culture; LZTFL1 imaging, knockdown/overexpression, NFAT reporter

    PMID:26700766 PMID:27683753

    Open questions at the time
    • Molecular link between IL-33 sensing and IL-5 transcription not defined
    • LZTFL1 mechanism single-lab
  14. 2019 Medium

    Broadened the IL-5 target-cell repertoire to bronchial epithelium and neutrophils while clarifying that direct small-airway smooth muscle hyperresponsiveness is IL-5-independent in human tissue.

    Evidence Human small bronchi/ASM organ bath and RNA-seq; IL-5R expression and signaling on HBEC and on neutrophils with influenza KO model

    PMID:31415658 PMID:31805312 PMID:32246831

    Open questions at the time
    • Apparent discordance with earlier bronchial hyperresponsiveness finding unresolved within the corpus
    • Functional consequence of epithelial/neutrophil IL-5R signaling not fully established
  15. 2022 High

    Identified MARCH2/3 as the E3 ligases driving K27-linked ubiquitination of IL-5Rα at K379/K383 and lysosomal degradation, completing the receptor-downregulation picture and demonstrating its in vivo control of eosinophilic inflammation.

    Evidence Co-IP, K27-linkage-specific ubiquitination, site-directed mutagenesis, MARCH2/3 KO mice, and OVA airway inflammation with IL-5 neutralization

    PMID:35982175

    Open questions at the time
    • Signals regulating MARCH2/3 recruitment to IL-5Rα unknown
    • Interplay between βc proteasomal and IL-5Rα lysosomal degradation arms not jointly dissected
  16. 2024 High

    Precisely placed IL-5 action at the transit-amplification stage of committed eosinophil progenitors rather than at maturation, refining its developmental role.

    Evidence Single-cell proteomics/transcriptomics, IL-5Rα reporter mice, and IL-5 deletion/neutralization across maturation stages

    PMID:38776917

    Open questions at the time
    • Molecular effectors distinguishing amplification from maturation not defined
    • Whether this developmental logic extends to human eosinophilopoiesis untested here

Open questions

Synthesis pass · forward-looking unresolved questions
  • It remains unresolved how the diverse non-eosinophil IL-5 targets (epithelium, neutrophils, smooth muscle, B/Breg cells, tumor cells) and the apparently divergent human small-airway findings integrate into a unified mechanistic model of IL-5 action.
  • No reconciliation of direct bronchial smooth muscle effects across human tissue studies
  • Signaling outputs in non-eosinophil targets incompletely characterized

Mechanism profile

Synthesis pass · controlled-vocabulary classification · explore literature graph →
Molecular activity
GO:0048018 receptor ligand activity 4 GO:0060089 molecular transducer activity 3 GO:0005198 structural molecule activity 2
Localization
GO:0005576 extracellular region 3 GO:0005886 plasma membrane 3
Pathway
R-HSA-168256 Immune System 4 R-HSA-162582 Signal Transduction 3 R-HSA-1266738 Developmental Biology 2
Partners
CSF2RBIL5RAJAK2LYNMARCH2MARCH3STAT1SYK
Complex memberships
IL-5 receptor (IL-5Rα/βc heterodimer)

Evidence

Reading pass · 45 per-paper findings extracted from the source corpus
Year Finding Method Journal Conf PMIDs
1988 Murine IL-5/TRF cDNA encodes a 133-amino-acid precursor; the secreted form is a homodimeric glycoprotein (~46 kDa, comprising ~25–30 kDa subunits) that triggers activated B cells for terminal differentiation into Ig-secreting cells (IgM, IgG1, IgA) and promotes B cell growth and IL-2 receptor induction. cDNA cloning, recombinant protein expression, functional B-cell differentiation assays, immunoprecipitation with specific mAbs Immunological reviews High 3284812
1988 IL-5 acts specifically on mIgA-positive Peyer's patch B cells to promote terminal differentiation into IgA-secreting cells without driving cell proliferation, establishing that IL-5 is a differentiation (not proliferation) factor acting downstream of IgA isotype switching. Cell sorting of mIgA+ vs mIgA- B cells, rIL-5 stimulation, ELISPOT assay, [3H]thymidine incorporation Journal of immunology High 3258891
1988 Recombinant EDF (IL-5) expressed in CHO cells retains its dimeric structure and biological activity identical to natural EDF, confirming the homodimeric architecture is sufficient for function. Recombinant expression in CHO DHFR- cells, methotrexate selection, biochemical characterization of secreted protein Biochemical and biophysical research communications Medium 3348775
1991 Human eosinophils express a single class of high-affinity IL-5 receptor (Kd ~170–330 pM; ~260–380 sites/cell) with a molecular mass of 55–60 kDa identified by affinity cross-linking; IL-5 binding is inhibited by excess unlabeled IL-5 or anti-IL-5 mAb but not by other cytokines, demonstrating receptor specificity. Radiolabeled IL-5 binding assay, Scatchard analysis, affinity cross-linking, competition binding Cellular immunology High 2015632
1992 The high-affinity receptors for IL-5, IL-3, and GM-CSF are heterodimers composed of a cytokine-specific α subunit and a shared common β subunit; the β subunit is required both for high-affinity ligand binding and for signal transduction, including tyrosine phosphorylation and Ras protein activation. In humans, a single common β subunit is shared among all three receptors. Molecular cloning of receptor subunits, reconstitution of high-affinity receptors, signal transduction assays International journal of cell cloning High 1613263
1994 IL-5 is a homodimeric glycoprotein that signals through a heterodimeric receptor comprising a unique IL-5-specific α chain (required for ligand binding) and a common β chain shared with IL-3R and GM-CSFR (required for high-affinity binding and signaling). Biochemical characterization, receptor reconstitution studies International archives of allergy and immunology Medium 7950399
1995 IL-5 activates the JAK2–STAT1 signaling pathway in human eosinophils: JAK2 is tyrosine-phosphorylated within 1–3 min of IL-5 stimulation, physically associates (co-precipitates) with the β subunit of the IL-5 receptor, and STAT1 (p91) is subsequently tyrosine-phosphorylated and translocates to the nucleus to bind the gamma-activating sequence. Immunoprecipitation, immunoblotting for tyrosine phosphorylation, JAK2 autophosphorylation assay, co-IP of JAK2 with IL-5Rβ, EMSA with anti-STAT1 supershift Journal of immunology High 7602114
1995 IgE-dependent activation of human lung mast cells (via FcεRI crosslinking) induces IL-5 mRNA expression within 2 h (persisting 48–72 h) and release of immunoreactive IL-5 protein (~731 pg/10^6 cells over 48 h), identifying mast cells as a non-T-cell source of IL-5. RT-PCR, in situ hybridization, double in situ hybridization-immunocytochemistry, ELISA; purified mast cells (>93% purity) challenged with anti-IgE Journal of immunology High 7543533
1996 Schistosome egg-induced IL-5 is required to recruit eosinophils to the peritoneum, and these recruited eosinophils are themselves a direct source of early IL-4 production (shown by immunocytochemistry), linking IL-5 to downstream IL-4-driven Th2 responses. Cytokine/mast cell-deficient mouse models (IL-4-/-, IL-5-/-, mast cell-deficient), immunocytochemical detection of IL-4 in eosinophils, cytokine measurement in peritoneal exudate The Journal of experimental medicine High 8920874
1997 IL-5 inhibits eosinophil apoptosis by upregulating Bcl-2 protein and mRNA expression; antisense oligonucleotide against Bcl-2 blocks the IL-5-mediated eosinophil survival effect, demonstrating that Bcl-2 upregulation is the mechanism of IL-5-promoted eosinophil survival. In vitro eosinophil culture with rIL-5, apoptosis assay, immunoblot and RT-PCR for Bcl-2, antisense oligonucleotide inhibition Clinical and experimental immunology High 9010276
1997 The transcription factor GATA-3 is sufficient to drive IL-5 gene expression in T cells and is required for IL-5 promoter activation; GATA-3 binds with high affinity to an inverted GATA repeat in the IL-5 promoter. By contrast, GATA-3 is not sufficient to drive IL-4 gene expression, revealing differential regulation of these two Th2 cytokine genes. Ectopic GATA-3 expression in T cells, antisense GATA-3 RNA in Th2 cells, IL-5 promoter-reporter assay, electrophoretic mobility shift assay (EMSA) for GATA-3 binding to IL-5 promoter Journal of immunology High 9780145
1997 The cytokine IL-5 possesses a functional nuclear localization signal and co-transports the extracellular domains of both its α and β receptor subunits to the nucleus in vitro via a 'piggy-back' mechanism, suggesting a nuclear signaling role for IL-5. Baculovirus expression of receptor extracellular domains, fluorescent labeling, in vitro nuclear import assay FEBS letters Medium 9237664
1998 IL-5 signaling in eosinophils proceeds through two major pathways downstream of its heterodimeric receptor (α-specific, β-common): (1) Lyn → Syk → JAK2 → Ras-MAPK/ERK pathway and (2) JAK-STAT pathway. Lyn, Syk, JAK2, and SHP-2 promote eosinophil survival; Raf-1 (but not Lyn or JAK2) is critical for eosinophil degranulation and adhesion molecule expression. Btk is involved in IL-5-stimulated B cell function but not eosinophil function. Immunoprecipitation, kinase assays, pharmacological inhibitors, functional assays (survival, degranulation, adhesion) in human eosinophils The American journal of physiology High 9730944
1998 High-affinity binding of IL-5 to its receptor induces receptor oligomerization, tyrosine kinase activation (primarily JAK2), receptor phosphorylation, and recruitment of SH2/PTB domain-containing adaptor proteins; a phosphotyrosine-independent signaling motif in the cytoplasmic domain of βc mediates survival and differentiation signals. Receptor reconstitution, mutagenesis of βc, phosphorylation and co-immunoprecipitation assays Stem cells Medium 9766809
1999 IL-5 increases expression of FLAP (5-lipoxygenase-activating protein) in human blood eosinophils (by ~51% at protein level) and translocates 5-lipoxygenase to the nucleus, thereby enhancing cysteinyl-leukotriene C4 synthesis ~4-fold; these effects are blocked by cycloheximide and actinomycin D, indicating new gene expression is required. Immunostaining for FLAP and 5-LO, immunoblotting, leukotriene C4 synthesis assay, immunofluorescence microscopy, cycloheximide/actinomycin D inhibition Journal of immunology High 10384149
1999 p38 MAP kinase selectively regulates IL-5 synthesis in human Th cells: the p38 inhibitor SB203580 dose-dependently suppresses IL-5 production without affecting IL-2, IL-4, or IFN-γ production or T-cell proliferation. p38 MAP kinase inhibitor (SB203580) treatment of allergen-specific human Th clones, cytokine ELISA, [3H]thymidine proliferation assay Journal of immunology Medium 10528175
1999 IL-2 specifically induces IL-5 mRNA expression (peaking at 24 h) in PBMC from onchocerciasis patients; this induction is abolished by neutralizing anti-IL-2 antibodies. IL-2 does not induce IL-4, IFN-γ, IL-10, or GM-CSF mRNA, and the primary source of IL-5 mRNA is CD4+ T cells. RT-PCR for cytokine mRNA, anti-IL-2 neutralizing antibody blocking, CD4+ T cell identification Journal of immunology Medium 8099937
2000 IL-5 upregulates cysteinyl leukotriene 1 receptor (CysLT1R) mRNA (2–15-fold within 2–4 h) and protein on eosinophil-differentiated HL-60 cells, resulting in enhanced LTD4-induced Ca2+ mobilization and chemotaxis; this effect requires eosinophil differentiation and is absent in undifferentiated HL-60 cells. Northern/RT-PCR for CysLT1R mRNA, flow cytometry for surface protein, Ca2+ flux assay, chemotaxis assay Journal of immunology Medium 11046055
2000 Activated mutants of the βc (common β) subunit reveal that IL-5R activation can occur via multiple states differing in receptor stoichiometry; JAK2 activation is the initiating signaling event, and βc dimerization serves as a receptor trigger; β subunit tyrosine phosphorylation generates proliferative and survival signals. Site-directed mutagenesis, activated βc mutant isolation, functional assays in cell lines and primary cells, receptor phosphorylation analysis Experimental hematology Medium 10720688
2001 IL-5 is necessary and sufficient for eosinophil trafficking to the esophagus: IL-5-transgenic mice (T cell- or enterocyte-driven) show markedly elevated esophageal eosinophils, pharmacological IL-5 administration induces esophageal eosinophilia, and IL-5-deficient mice are resistant to allergen-induced eosinophilic esophagitis. IL-5-driven esophageal eosinophilia is eotaxin-dependent in part. IL-5-transgenic mice, IL-5 knockout mice, miniosmotic pump IL-5 delivery, allergen challenge model, genetic cross with eotaxin-deficient mice, histological quantification Journal of immunology High 11859139
2001 IL-5 deficiency leads to decreased titers of atheroprotective T15/EO6 natural IgM (anti-phosphorylcholine) and accelerated atherosclerosis; IL-5 provides non-cognate stimulation to innate B-1 cells to secrete T15/EO6 IgM, linking adaptive Th2 IL-5 production to innate B-1 cell antibody output. Bone marrow transplant model, IL-5-deficient mice, antibody titer measurement, atherosclerosis quantification The Journal of clinical investigation High 15286809
2001 IL-5 overexpression mediates ectopic bone formation in the spleen (ossification) and perturbs skeletal bone metabolism through mobilization of marrow-derived osteogenic progenitors; this effect is transferable by adoptive engraftment of transgenic marrow. IL-5-transgenic mouse (NJ.1638), histology (osteoid/osteocyte characterization), morphometric assessment, bone marrow adoptive transfer to wild-type recipients The Journal of clinical investigation Medium 11306598
2002 The IL-5 receptor α (IL-5Rα) is selectively expressed on bronchial smooth muscle (but not on saphenous vein or jejunum smooth muscle), and IL-5 directly primes human bronchus for hyperresponsiveness to acetylcholine (17–20-fold reduction in EC50) independent of eosinophils; this effect is blocked by anti-IL-5 and anti-IL-5Rα antibodies. Human bronchus organ bath contractility assay, RT-PCR for IL-5Rα and CCR3, antibody neutralization The Journal of allergy and clinical immunology High 11897983
2002 IL-13-induced airway eosinophilia (throughout the lung parenchyma) is IL-5-dependent: IL-5 KO mice show markedly attenuated lung eosinophilia in response to intranasal IL-13, while IL-5-transgenic mice show greatly amplified eosinophilia. IL-13-induced mucus production is not affected by IL-5 or eotaxin, dissociating mucus secretion mechanistically from eosinophilia. IL-5 KO mice, IL-5 transgenic mice, eotaxin KO mice, double-deficient mice, recombinant murine IL-13 intranasal delivery, histological quantification of BAL and tissue eosinophils, mucus staining The Journal of allergy and clinical immunology High 11590387
2002 Pulmonary IL-5 expression induces airway mucus production through a CD4+ T cell-dependent, IL-4Rα-mediated pathway; mucus accumulation in IL-5-transgenic mice is abolished by deficiency of CD4+ cells, αβ TCR+ cells, or anti-IL-4Rα treatment, even though eosinophilia and IL-5 levels remain elevated. IL-5-transgenic mice crossed with CD4-/- and αβTCR-/- knockout mice, anti-IL-4Rα antagonist treatment, mucus quantification American journal of physiology. Lung cellular and molecular physiology High 11943672
2002 Bcl6 binds to a specific sequence (IL5BS) in the 3'-UTR of the murine and human IL-5 genes and acts as a transcriptional repressor; Bcl6-deficient mice overproduce IL-5 specifically among Th2 cytokines, and mutation of the IL5BS abolishes Bcl6-mediated repression in reporter assays. Gel retardation assay, chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP), reporter gene assays with wild-type and mutant IL5BS, Bcl6-deficient and lck-Bcl6-transgenic mice Journal of immunology High 12097386
2006 IL-5 augments liver fibrosis in Schistosoma mansoni infection by regulating IL-13 activity: IL-5 KO mice show >40% reduction in hepatic fibrosis and loss of alternative macrophage activation markers (arginase-1, Fizz-1, YM-1) despite similar IL-13 production. Granuloma eosinophils are themselves a significant source of IL-13, revealing both direct (eosinophil IL-13 production) and indirect (Th2 polarization) roles for IL-5 in fibrosis. IL-5 knockout mice, S. mansoni infection model, histomorphometric fibrosis quantification, gene expression analysis (arginase-1, Fizz-1, YM-1), cytokine measurement Infection and immunity High 16495517
2007 In IL-5-transgenic mice with greatly expanded circulating eosinophils, MCA-induced fibrosarcoma incidence and growth are significantly attenuated; histology shows massive eosinophil infiltration in tumors; anti-IL-5Rα and anti-asialo GM1 antibodies reverse the protective effect, implicating eosinophils (and NK cells) as effectors; eosinophils directly kill MCA-induced fibrosarcoma cells in vitro. IL-5-transgenic mice, eotaxin-1-deficient mice, eosinophil-deficient strains (IL-5/CCL11-/-, DeltadblGATA), carcinogen-induced tumor model, antibody depletion, in vitro cytotoxicity assay Journal of immunology High 17371978
2007 JAK kinase activity is required for ubiquitination of the βc cytoplasmic domain (at lysine residues K566 and K603) and subsequent proteasomal degradation but only partially required for IL-5R internalization; ubiquitination begins at the plasma membrane, increases after internalization, and proteasomal degradation of βc occurs after internalization, followed by terminal lysosomal degradation. Flow cytometry, biochemical ubiquitination assays, site-directed mutagenesis of K566/K603, JAK inhibitor treatment, immunoprecipitation Journal of leukocyte biology High 17227823
2008 IL-5Rs internalize via two distinct endocytic pathways — clathrin-dependent and lipid raft-dependent; activated (tyrosine-phosphorylated, ubiquitinated, proteasome-targeted) IL-5Rs partition selectively to the clathrin/non-raft fraction; optimal IL-5-induced signaling requires receptor internalization, as blocking either endocytic pathway inhibits co-immunoprecipitation of key signaling molecules with IL-5R. Deconvolution microscopy, co-immunoprecipitation, endocytosis inhibitors, transferrin (clathrin) and cholera toxin-B (lipid raft) markers, biochemical fractionation in TF1 cells and human eosinophils Journal of leukocyte biology High 18511572
2010 SATB1 directly represses IL-5 transcription during early human Th2 cell differentiation by binding to the IL-5 promoter; SATB1 knockdown increases IL-5 expression, and this up-regulation is partly counteracted by GATA-3 knockdown, indicating a competitive mechanism between SATB1 and GATA-3 at the IL-5 promoter. SATB1 ChIP on IL-5 promoter, RNAi knockdown of SATB1 and GATA3, IL-5 mRNA measurement in differentiating human Th2 cells Blood High 20522714
2011 IL-5(+) Th2 cells (a minority ~20% subpopulation of Th2 cells) show greater GATA-3 and H3K4me3 binding to the IL-5 promoter, while IL-5(-) Th2 cells show greater H3K27me3 at the IL-5 promoter, demonstrating that hierarchical, epigenetic regulation governs IL-5 gene accessibility within Th2 subsets. Intracellular cytokine staining, ChIP for GATA-3/H3K4me3/H3K27me3 at IL-5 promoter, in vitro serial Th2 differentiation, surface marker phenotyping Journal of immunology High 21849680
2011 IL-5Rα expression in activated B cells is regulated by a complex of transcription factors including E12, E47, Sp1, c/EBPβ, and Oct-2; IL-5 signals through JAK-STAT, Btk, and Ras/Raf-ERK pathways in B cells and eosinophils to maintain survival and function. Transcription factor binding studies, signaling pathway analyses (cited as part of a comprehensive mechanistic review integrating original research data) Proceedings of the Japan Academy. Series B Medium 21986312
2011 PARP-1 is required for STAT-6 protein integrity downstream of IL-4R activation; in PARP-1-/- mice, STAT-6 is degraded by calpain (not proteasomes), leading to reduced GATA-3 and consequently reduced IL-5 mRNA and protein in allergen-stimulated conditions. PARP-1 enzymatic activity (not just its presence) is required for STAT-6 stability. PARP-1 knockout mice, allergen-induced asthma model, IL-5 ELISA, STAT-6 and GATA-3 immunoblotting, calpain/proteasome inhibitor experiments, ChIP for GATA-3 at IL-5 promoter, IL-5 replenishment experiments Allergy High 21276008
2011 Crystal structure of the βc ectodomain reveals an intertwined homodimer with four fibronectin type-III-like domains per chain; domain 1 of one subunit swaps β-strands with domain 3 of the other. Site-directed mutagenesis identifies the interface between domains 1 and 4 as the functional signaling epitope required for IL-5/IL-3/GM-CSF signaling. X-ray crystallography, site-directed mutagenesis Vitamins and hormones High 17027509
2011 Crystal structure of IL-5 bound to the extracellular domain of IL-5Rα reveals a wrench-like architecture in which IL-5 contacts all three fibronectin III-like domains of IL-5Rα. Mutagenesis confirms the wrench is likely pre-formed. Structural analysis demonstrates that homodimeric IL-5 can bind only one receptor molecule at a time due to steric constraints, even though two equivalent receptor-binding sites exist. X-ray crystallography of IL-5/IL-5Rα ectodomain complex, site-directed mutagenesis Structure High 22153509
2015 LZTFL1 (upregulated by all-trans retinoic acid in CD4+ T cells) localizes to the plasma membrane, redistributes to the immunological synapse during T cell activation, and promotes IL-5 production: LZTFL1 knockdown reduces IL-5 levels, while overexpression enhances TCR-mediated NFAT signaling. Live-cell imaging, siRNA knockdown, overexpression, NFAT reporter assay, IL-5 ELISA in CD4+ T cells Journal of immunology Medium 26700766
2016 IL-33 supports eosinophil homeostasis upstream of IL-5: IL-33 drives expansion of IL-5Rα-expressing eosinophil precursor cells in vitro (an effect not produced by IL-5 itself), and the IL-33-induced expansion of mature eosinophils in vivo requires IL-5 (blocked by anti-IL-5 antibody). ST2 deficiency reduces the hypereosinophilia seen in IL-5-transgenic mice despite similar IL-5 levels, positioning IL-33 upstream of IL-5 in eosinophil lineage commitment. IL-33-/- and ST2-/- mice, IL-5 transgenic mice crossed with ST2-/-, IL-5-neutralizing antibody, in vitro bone marrow culture with IL-33 or IL-5, flow cytometry for precursor populations Journal of immunology High 27683753
2019 IL-5, but not IL-13 or IL-4, directly induces hyperresponsiveness of human small airway smooth muscle: IL-5 does not induce hyperresponsiveness in isolated human small bronchi or human airway smooth muscle cells, in contrast to IL-13 and IL-4 (negative finding mechanistically informative for IL-5). Ex vivo human small bronchi organ bath assay, human airway smooth muscle cell culture, contractility measurements, Ca2+ mobilization, RNA sequencing The Journal of allergy and clinical immunology High 31805312
2019 Human airway bronchial epithelial cells (HBEC) express a functional IL-5 receptor that triggers intracellular signaling and changes gene expression upon IL-5 stimulation, identifying a direct non-eosinophil target for IL-5 in the airway. IL-5 receptor expression on HBEC, signaling assays, gene expression analysis Allergy Medium 32246831
2019 Neutrophils infiltrating mouse and human (pediatric asthma BAL) inflamed lungs express IL-5Rα (CD125), and the IL-5 receptor on neutrophils is capable of signal transduction; IL-5-mediated protection from influenza A virus infection is independent of eosinophils in mice, suggesting neutrophils as an alternative cellular target. Flow cytometry for IL-5Rα on neutrophils from mouse lungs and human BAL, IL-5R signal transduction assay, IL-5-deficient mice, influenza infection model PloS one Medium 31415658
2019 Mast cell-derived IL-5 is important for maintaining the population of IL-10-producing regulatory B cells (IL-10+ Breg) in peripheral lymphoid tissues, which in turn suppress IL-13-producing ILC2s in oxazolone-induced contact hypersensitivity; this reveals a MC → IL-5 → Breg → ILC2 immunoregulatory axis. Mast cell-specific models, IL-5 neutralization, flow cytometric characterization of Breg and ILC2 populations, contact hypersensitivity model in mice Science advances Medium 31328158
2020 IL-5 stimulates migration and activation of pancreatic tumor cells through STAT5 signaling via IL-5Rα expressed on tumor cells; IL-5Rα expression increases during pancreatic tumor progression in mice and is detectable in human pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (7/7 cases by IHC). Mouse pancreatic tumor progression models (Akt1Myr/KRasG12D), immunohistochemistry, STAT5 signaling analysis, cell migration assay Cell communication and signaling Medium 32552827
2022 The E3 ubiquitin ligases MARCH2 and MARCH3 associate with IL-5Rα, mediate K27-linked polyubiquitination of IL-5Rα at K379 (MARCH2) and K383 (MARCH3), and target it for lysosomal degradation; double knockout of MARCH2/3 enhances IL-5-induced signaling, increases eosinophil numbers in bone marrow and blood, and aggravates OVA-induced eosinophilic airway inflammation. Co-immunoprecipitation, ubiquitination assays with K27-linkage specificity, site-directed mutagenesis (K379/K383), MARCH2/3 knockout mice (single and double), OVA airway inflammation model, IL-5 neutralization in vivo Cellular & molecular immunology High 35982175
2024 IL-5 promotes eosinophil-lineage expansion specifically through transit amplification of committed progenitors, but deletion or neutralization of IL-5 does not compromise eosinophil maturation per se; IL-5Rα reporter mice and single-cell proteomics/transcriptomics define the precise stage of IL-5 action in eosinophilopoiesis. Single-cell proteomics, single-cell transcriptomics, transgenic IL-5Rα reporter mice, IL-5 deletion/neutralization, cell-surface immunophenotyping across eosinophil maturation stages Immunity High 38776917

Source papers

Stage 0 corpus · 100 papers · ranked by NIH iCite citations
Year Title Journal Citations PMID
2001 IL-25 induces IL-4, IL-5, and IL-13 and Th2-associated pathologies in vivo. Immunity 931 11754819
2008 IL-33 induces antigen-specific IL-5+ T cells and promotes allergic-induced airway inflammation independent of IL-4. Journal of immunology (Baltimore, Md. : 1950) 386 18802081
2004 IL-5 links adaptive and natural immunity specific for epitopes of oxidized LDL and protects from atherosclerosis. The Journal of clinical investigation 345 15286809
2009 IL-5- and eosinophil-mediated inflammation: from discovery to therapy. International immunology 341 19819937
2006 Nasal IL-5 levels determine the response to anti-IL-5 treatment in patients with nasal polyps. The Journal of allergy and clinical immunology 341 17088140
2010 Presence of IL-5 protein and IgE antibodies to staphylococcal enterotoxins in nasal polyps is associated with comorbid asthma. The Journal of allergy and clinical immunology 305 20810157
1998 Immunostimulatory DNA sequences inhibit IL-5, eosinophilic inflammation, and airway hyperresponsiveness in mice. Journal of immunology (Baltimore, Md. : 1950) 298 9862743
2003 Biology of common beta receptor-signaling cytokines: IL-3, IL-5, and GM-CSF. The Journal of allergy and clinical immunology 297 14564341
2002 IL-5 promotes eosinophil trafficking to the esophagus. Journal of immunology (Baltimore, Md. : 1950) 278 11859139
1997 IL-5 synthesis is upregulated in human nasal polyp tissue. The Journal of allergy and clinical immunology 275 9215253
2008 IL-5 and eosinophilia. Current opinion in immunology 267 18511250
2001 IL-13 induces eosinophil recruitment into the lung by an IL-5- and eotaxin-dependent mechanism. The Journal of allergy and clinical immunology 249 11590387
2000 Integrated signals between IL-13, IL-4, and IL-5 regulate airways hyperreactivity. Journal of immunology (Baltimore, Md. : 1950) 243 10861042
1988 T cell-replacing factor (TRF)/interleukin 5 (IL-5): molecular and functional properties. Immunological reviews 229 3284812
1988 The role of IL-5 in IgA B cell differentiation. Journal of immunology (Baltimore, Md. : 1950) 224 3258891
2011 Interleukin-5 and IL-5 receptor in health and diseases. Proceedings of the Japan Academy. Series B, Physical and biological sciences 209 21986312
2007 Regulation of carcinogenesis by IL-5 and CCL11: a potential role for eosinophils in tumor immune surveillance. Journal of immunology (Baltimore, Md. : 1950) 180 17371978
1997 Relationship between IL-4 and IL-5 mRNA expression and disease severity in atopic asthma. American journal of respiratory and critical care medicine 177 9309982
2006 Interleukin-5 (IL-5) augments the progression of liver fibrosis by regulating IL-13 activity. Infection and immunity 167 16495517
1998 Differential responsiveness of the IL-5 and IL-4 genes to transcription factor GATA-3. Journal of immunology (Baltimore, Md. : 1950) 167 9780145
1996 Schistosoma mansoni egg-induced early IL-4 production is dependent upon IL-5 and eosinophils. The Journal of experimental medicine 154 8920874
1998 The mechanism of IL-5 signal transduction. The American journal of physiology 152 9730944
1998 Mechanism of activation of the GM-CSF, IL-3, and IL-5 family of receptors. Stem cells (Dayton, Ohio) 141 9766809
1992 GM-CSF, IL-3 and IL-5: cross-competition on human haemopoietic cells. Immunology today 140 1463582
2016 IL-33 Precedes IL-5 in Regulating Eosinophil Commitment and Is Required for Eosinophil Homeostasis. Journal of immunology (Baltimore, Md. : 1950) 127 27683753
1995 IgE-dependent expression of mRNA for IL-4 and IL-5 in human lung mast cells. Journal of immunology (Baltimore, Md. : 1950) 127 7543533
2019 IL-13 and IL-4, but not IL-5 nor IL-17A, induce hyperresponsiveness in isolated human small airways. The Journal of allergy and clinical immunology 118 31805312
1995 The activation of the Jak-STAT 1 signaling pathway by IL-5 in eosinophils. Journal of immunology (Baltimore, Md. : 1950) 110 7602114
1992 Parallel regulation of IL-4 and IL-5 in human helminth infections. Journal of immunology (Baltimore, Md. : 1950) 109 1350292
2011 Hierarchical IL-5 expression defines a subpopulation of highly differentiated human Th2 cells. Journal of immunology (Baltimore, Md. : 1950) 96 21849680
2012 Increased production of IL-5 and dominant Th2-type response in airways of Churg-Strauss syndrome patients. Rheumatology (Oxford, England) 90 22772323
2004 IL-4, IL-5 and IFN-gamma mRNA expression in pulmonary lymphocytes in equine heaves. Veterinary immunology and immunopathology 89 14700540
1999 IL-5 increases expression of 5-lipoxygenase-activating protein and translocates 5-lipoxygenase to the nucleus in human blood eosinophils. Journal of immunology (Baltimore, Md. : 1950) 87 10384149
1993 A model for the interaction of the GM-CSF, IL-3 and IL-5 receptors with their ligands. Growth factors (Chur, Switzerland) 83 8466757
2019 Synergy of Interleukin (IL)-5 and IL-18 in eosinophil mediated pathogenesis of allergic diseases. Cytokine & growth factor reviews 78 31126874
1992 Aberrant interleukin (IL)-4 and IL-5 production in vitro by CD4+ helper T cells from atopic subjects. European journal of immunology 76 1350983
2004 Antitumor activity of eosinophils activated by IL-5 and eotaxin against hepatocellular carcinoma. DNA and cell biology 75 15383175
2001 Serum levels of interleukins (IL)-4, IL-5, IL-13, and interferon-gamma in acute asthma. The Journal of asthma : official journal of the Association for the Care of Asthma 72 11758895
1993 Regulation of IL-5 in onchocerciasis. A critical role for IL-2. Journal of immunology (Baltimore, Md. : 1950) 72 8099937
2017 Anti-Interleukin 5 (IL-5) and IL-5Ra Biological Drugs: Efficacy, Safety, and Future Perspectives in Severe Eosinophilic Asthma. Frontiers in medicine 69 28913336
2013 Sputum cytokine mapping reveals an 'IL-5, IL-17A, IL-25-high' pattern associated with poorly controlled asthma. Clinical and experimental allergy : journal of the British Society for Allergy and Clinical Immunology 69 23957336
2001 Active vaccination against IL-5 bypasses immunological tolerance and ameliorates experimental asthma. Journal of immunology (Baltimore, Md. : 1950) 69 11564796
2000 IL-10 deficiency prevents IL-5 overproduction and eosinophilic inflammation in a murine model of asthma-like reaction. European journal of immunology 69 10671193
1997 IL-5 but not interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma) inhibits eosinophil apoptosis by up-regulation of bcl-2 expression. Clinical and experimental immunology 69 9010276
2010 SATB1 dictates expression of multiple genes including IL-5 involved in human T helper cell differentiation. Blood 66 20522714
2016 Essential Mechanisms of Differential Activation of Eosinophils by IL-3 Compared to GM-CSF and IL-5. Critical reviews in immunology 65 28605348
1991 Characterization of the human IL-5 receptors on eosinophils. Cellular immunology 65 2015632
2006 IL-3, IL-5, and GM-CSF signaling: crystal structure of the human beta-common receptor. Vitamins and hormones 64 17027509
1997 Expression of interleukin (IL)-4 and IL-5 proteins in asthma induced by toluene diisocyanate (TDI). Clinical and experimental allergy : journal of the British Society for Allergy and Clinical Immunology 64 9420133
1993 The influence of IL-3, IL-5, and GM-CSF on normal human eosinophil and neutrophil C3b-induced degranulation. Allergy 64 8238799
2021 Treating severe asthma: Targeting the IL-5 pathway. Clinical and experimental allergy : journal of the British Society for Allergy and Clinical Immunology 62 33887082
2000 IL-5 up-regulates cysteinyl leukotriene 1 receptor expression in HL-60 cells differentiated into eosinophils. Journal of immunology (Baltimore, Md. : 1950) 62 11046055
1998 The role of IL-5 in bleomycin-induced pulmonary fibrosis. Journal of leukocyte biology 60 9823772
2020 Human airway epithelial cells express a functional IL-5 receptor. Allergy 59 32246831
1996 Detection of IL-5 and IL-1 receptor antagonist in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid in acute eosinophilic pneumonia. The Journal of allergy and clinical immunology 58 8648034
2018 Treating insect-bite hypersensitivity in horses with active vaccination against IL-5. The Journal of allergy and clinical immunology 56 29627082
2001 Expression of IL-5 alters bone metabolism and induces ossification of the spleen in transgenic mice. The Journal of clinical investigation 56 11306598
1998 Cytokines and migraine: increase of IL-5 and IL-4 plasma levels. Headache 55 9664752
1994 IL-5 and its receptor: which role do they play in the immune response? International archives of allergy and immunology 54 7950399
1997 High IL-5 production by human drug-specific T cell clones. International archives of allergy and immunology 53 9130515
2016 Serum IL-5 and IL-13 consistently serve as the best predictors for the blood eosinophilia phenotype in adult asthmatics. Allergy 52 27060452
2011 PARP-1 deficiency blocks IL-5 expression through calpain-dependent degradation of STAT-6 in a murine asthma model. Allergy 52 21276008
1988 Expression of erythroid differentiation factor (EDF) in Chinese hamster ovary cells. Biochemical and biophysical research communications 52 3348775
2011 IL-5 receptor α levels in patients with marked eosinophilia or mastocytosis. The Journal of allergy and clinical immunology 51 21762978
1997 IL-5 and IL-5 receptor in asthma. Memorias do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz 51 9698919
2001 Murine B1 B cells require IL-5 for optimal T cell-dependent activation. Journal of immunology (Baltimore, Md. : 1950) 50 11160193
1999 Role of IL-5 in the development of allergen-induced airway hyperresponsiveness. International archives of allergy and immunology 49 10529584
2001 New anti-asthma therapies: suppression of the effect of interleukin (IL)-4 and IL-5. The European respiratory journal 48 11405532
2019 Expression of IL-5 receptor alpha by murine and human lung neutrophils. PloS one 47 31415658
1999 IL-4 and IL-5 mRNA expression in induced sputum of asthmatic subjects: comparison with bronchial wash. The Journal of allergy and clinical immunology 47 9949314
2000 A model for assembly and activation of the GM-CSF, IL-3 and IL-5 receptors: insights from activated mutants of the common beta subunit. Experimental hematology 46 10720688
1998 Increased serum levels of interleukin (IL)-5, IL-6 and IL-8 in bullous pemphigoid. Journal of dermatological science 46 9459128
2007 IL-5 and IL-5 receptor alpha polymorphisms are associated with atopic dermatitis in Koreans. Allergy 44 17620072
1997 The cytokine interleukin-5 (IL-5) effects cotransport of its receptor subunits to the nucleus in vitro. FEBS letters 44 9237664
2002 The IL-5 receptor on human bronchus selectively primes for hyperresponsiveness. The Journal of allergy and clinical immunology 43 11897983
2007 JAK kinases control IL-5 receptor ubiquitination, degradation, and internalization. Journal of leukocyte biology 42 17227823
1999 IL-5 contributes to worm expulsion and muscle hypercontractility in a primary T. spiralis infection. The American journal of physiology 42 10444455
1997 IL-5 production by bronchoalveolar lavage and peripheral blood mononuclear cells in asthma and atopy. The European respiratory journal 42 9072996
2003 Regulation of eosinophil migration and Th2 cell function by IL-5 and eotaxin. Current drug targets. Inflammation and allergy 41 14561170
2001 IL-5 induces proliferation and activation of microglia via an unknown receptor. Neurochemical research 41 11523538
1998 Nasal eosinophilia and IL-5 mRNA expression in seasonal allergic rhinitis induced by natural allergen exposure: effect of topical corticosteroids. The Journal of allergy and clinical immunology 41 9802369
1992 Molecular structure of the IL-3, GM-CSF and IL-5 receptors. International journal of cell cloning 41 1613263
1999 p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase regulates human T cell IL-5 synthesis. Journal of immunology (Baltimore, Md. : 1950) 38 10528175
2002 CD4(+) T cell-dependent airway mucus production occurs in response to IL-5 expression in lung. American journal of physiology. Lung cellular and molecular physiology 37 11943672
2020 Switch from IL-5 to IL-5-Receptor α Antibody Treatment in Severe Eosinophilic Asthma. Journal of asthma and allergy 36 33204117
2019 Targeting IL-5 in COPD. International journal of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease 36 31190789
2011 Structure analysis of the IL-5 ligand-receptor complex reveals a wrench-like architecture for IL-5Rα. Structure (London, England : 1993) 35 22153509
2004 STAT6-dependent differentiation and production of IL-5 and IL-13 in murine NK2 cells. Journal of immunology (Baltimore, Md. : 1950) 35 15470039
2024 Single-cell proteomics and transcriptomics capture eosinophil development and identify the role of IL-5 in their lineage transit amplification. Immunity 34 38776917
1996 Production of IL-5 and IL-6 by peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) from patients with Echinococcus granulosus infection. Clinical and experimental immunology 34 8809134
2002 A putative silencer element in the IL-5 gene recognized by Bcl6. Journal of immunology (Baltimore, Md. : 1950) 33 12097386
2008 TARC and IL-5 expression correlates with tissue eosinophilia in peripheral T-cell lymphomas. Leukemia research 32 18395252
2019 Comparison of IL-33 and IL-5 family mediated activation of human eosinophils. PloS one 30 31490928
2005 IL-5 and thromboxane A2 receptor gene polymorphisms are associated with decreased pulmonary function in Korean children with atopic asthma. The Journal of allergy and clinical immunology 30 15805995
2001 IL-16 inhibits IL-5 production by antigen-stimulated T cells in atopic subjects. The Journal of allergy and clinical immunology 30 11240948
2019 The regulatory B cell-mediated peripheral tolerance maintained by mast cell IL-5 suppresses oxazolone-induced contact hypersensitivity. Science advances 29 31328158
2008 Separate endocytic pathways regulate IL-5 receptor internalization and signaling. Journal of leukocyte biology 29 18511572
2022 The membrane-associated ubiquitin ligases MARCH2 and MARCH3 target IL-5 receptor alpha to negatively regulate eosinophilic airway inflammation. Cellular & molecular immunology 27 35982175
2020 Identification of a novel IL-5 signaling pathway in chronic pancreatitis and crosstalk with pancreatic tumor cells. Cell communication and signaling : CCS 27 32552827
2015 LZTFL1 Upregulated by All-Trans Retinoic Acid during CD4+ T Cell Activation Enhances IL-5 Production. Journal of immunology (Baltimore, Md. : 1950) 27 26700766

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