Affinage

IL34

Interleukin-34 · UniProt Q6ZMJ4

Length
242 aa
Mass
27.5 kDa
Annotated
2026-06-10
100 papers in source corpus 43 papers cited in narrative 45 extracted findings
Cross-family judge vs UniProt: Affinage preferred faithfulness: 5/6 claims corpus-supported (83%)

Mechanistic narrative

Synthesis pass · prose summary of the discoveries below

IL-34 is a secreted helical-fold cytokine that controls the development, maintenance, and functional polarization of mononuclear phagocytes by serving as an alternative ligand for CSF-1R (Fms), selectively required in vivo for the generation of epidermal Langerhans cells and CNS microglia (PMID:22729249, PMID:20504948). Although IL-34 and CSF-1 share CSF-1R, crystallographic and SAXS/EM studies show IL-34 forms a structurally analogous but more thermodynamically stable receptor complex dominated by hydrophobic interface contacts, with a flexible D2-D3 receptor linker permitting degenerate ligand recognition and a glycosylated, proteolytically removable C-terminus that underlies functional non-redundancy (PMID:22483114, PMID:22579672, PMID:23478061); consistent with this, IL-34 elicits stronger but more transient CSF-1R phosphorylation, distinct chemokine and trafficking outputs, and a partially divergent monocyte transcriptional program from CSF-1 (PMID:20489731, PMID:23684409). IL-34 and CSF-1 occupy non-overlapping tissue niches—IL-34 maintains gray-matter microglia and steady-state keratinocyte-driven Langerhans cells while CSF-1 supports white-matter and inflammatory regeneration—and in lower vertebrates IL-34 is the primary driver of early macrophage seeding and chemoattraction to the brain (PMID:26634935, PMID:30205037, PMID:30765415, PMID:31616414). Through CSF-1R signaling (engaging AKT, AMPK/ULK1-dependent autophagy, and MAPK routes) IL-34 drives differentiation of immunosuppressive M2-like and Kupffer-cell macrophages, osteoclasts, and specialized monocytic cells, and supports Treg-mediated suppression and transplant tolerance via an IL-34→macrophage→Treg circuit (PMID:23409120, PMID:29321503, PMID:29570162, PMID:24052571, PMID:30782613, PMID:26389674, PMID:36030499). Beyond CSF-1R, IL-34 binds two additional receptors: the phosphatase PTP-ζ/PTPRZ1, expressed on injured epithelium and on macrophages, B and T cells in autoimmune renal disease (PMID:26121749, PMID:30622154), and TREM2, through which IL-34 phosphorylates RASAL3 and inactivates ERK1/2 to restrain AML cell proliferation (PMID:37001042). IL-34 also exists as a GRP78-dependent membrane-anchored form that signals by juxtacrine cell-cell contact (PMID:30573681), and its expression is transcriptionally controlled by NF-κB, VDR, and TGF-β/BMP-ALK pathways and post-transcriptionally by miR-28-5p and miR-31 (PMID:24339952, PMID:28816551, PMID:27865758, PMID:26754294, PMID:31332295).

Mechanistic history

Synthesis pass · year-by-year structured walk · 10 steps
  1. 2010 High

    Established that IL-34 is a functional CSF-1R ligand biochemically and physiologically, answering whether a second cytokine besides CSF-1 could drive the same receptor.

    Evidence In vitro macrophage proliferation and CSF-1R phosphorylation assays plus transgenic rescue of Csf1op/op mice; parallel signaling-kinetics and antibody-competition study

    PMID:20489731 PMID:20504948

    Open questions at the time
    • Did not define tissue-specific non-redundancy with CSF-1
    • Structural basis of distinct binding/kinetics unresolved
    • No second receptor identified
  2. 2012 High

    Defined the unique in vivo developmental requirement for IL-34, showing it is selectively needed for Langerhans cell and microglial development rather than being merely redundant with CSF-1.

    Evidence IL-34-deficient (Il34LacZ/LacZ) reporter mice with phenotypic analysis of immune cell populations; CSF-1R conditional ablation and clonal corticogenesis cultures

    PMID:22542597 PMID:22729249

    Open questions at the time
    • Did not establish the inflammatory vs steady-state division of labor with CSF-1
    • Mechanism of regional specificity unknown
  3. 2012 High

    Solved the structural basis for how IL-34 engages CSF-1R distinctly from CSF-1, explaining degenerate receptor recognition and differentiated signaling.

    Evidence X-ray crystallography of human and mouse IL-34 alone and bound to CSF-1R D1-D3, with interface mutagenesis, thermodynamic analysis, and a neutralizing Fab; SAXS/EM with glycan modeling

    PMID:22483114 PMID:22579672 PMID:23478061

    Open questions at the time
    • Did not address binding to alternative receptors PTPRZ1 or TREM2
    • Functional role of C-terminal glycosylation/cleavage in vivo untested
  4. 2013 High

    Showed IL-34 and CSF-1 produce overlapping but distinct monocyte/macrophage outputs through the same receptor, demonstrating that shared receptor use does not equal identical function.

    Evidence Genome-wide microarray of IL-34- vs CSF-1-differentiated CD14+ monocytes with CSF-1R inhibitor confirmation; M2-like macrophage differentiation assays; IL-34-specific FDMC differentiation by neutralizing antibody and RNAi

    PMID:23409120 PMID:23684409 PMID:24052571

    Open questions at the time
    • Molecular basis for ligand-specific transcriptional differences unresolved
    • Did not separate receptor-proximal events from downstream divergence
  5. 2015 High

    Extended IL-34 function into adaptive immune regulation and tissue injury, identifying a second receptor (PTP-ζ) and an IL-34→macrophage→Treg amplification circuit.

    Evidence IL-34-deficient mouse renal ischemia/reperfusion model; rat cardiac allograft tolerance with Treg functional assays and human macrophage-Treg co-culture; context-dependent LC maintenance in inducible knockouts; M-CSF/IL-34 heteromer SPR/PLA

    PMID:26095744 PMID:26121749 PMID:26389674 PMID:26634935

    Open questions at the time
    • Did not separate PTP-ζ-specific signaling from CSF-1R signaling
    • Heteromeric cytokine physiological relevance untested in vivo
  6. 2018 High

    Defined a membrane-anchored, juxtacrine mode of IL-34 action and its chaperone dependence, distinguishing it from the secreted cytokine.

    Evidence CRISPR knockout, Transwell separation, mass spectrometry and pulldown identifying GRP78, and GRP78-heterozygous cells in FDMC differentiation assays

    PMID:30573681

    Open questions at the time
    • Whether membrane-anchored IL-34 signals via CSF-1R or another receptor unclear
    • GRP78-IL-34 interaction interface undefined
  7. 2019 High

    Resolved the division of labor between IL-34 and CSF-1 in microglial maintenance regionally and developmentally, and established IL-34 as the primary early brain-seeding factor in zebrafish.

    Evidence Function-blocking antibody depletion across mouse brain regions; zebrafish CRISPR/morpholino loss-of-function with live imaging and automated microglia quantification

    PMID:30205037 PMID:30765415 PMID:31616414

    Open questions at the time
    • Molecular cause of gray- vs white-matter ligand partitioning unknown
    • Chemoattraction mechanism not molecularly dissected
  8. 2019 Medium

    Mapped IL-34's pathogenic role in autoimmune and malignant settings, including expression of PTPRZ1 on immune cells and CSF-1R-dependent osteoclastogenesis.

    Evidence IL-34 knockout in MRL-Fas lupus mice with receptor localization; IL-34 siRNA knockdown and neutralizing antibody in multiple myeloma osteolysis models; muscle regeneration epistasis via miR-31

    PMID:30622154 PMID:30782613 PMID:31332295

    Open questions at the time
    • PTPRZ1-specific immune signaling not separated from CSF-1R
    • Receptor identity for individual downstream effects often inferred
  9. 2023 High

    Identified TREM2 as a third IL-34 receptor with a defined signaling output, demonstrating receptor-context-dependent control of proliferation versus differentiation.

    Evidence Direct IL-34-TREM2 binding assay, TREM2 knockout AML cells, RASAL3/ERK1/2 phosphoanalysis, and preclinical AML models with IL-34-deficient mice

    PMID:37001042

    Open questions at the time
    • Structural basis of IL-34-TREM2 binding undefined
    • Whether TREM2 engagement contributes to microglial/macrophage physiology beyond AML unknown
  10. 2024 Medium

    Linked IL-34 to autophagy-dependent microglial programs with a neuroprotective role in the aging brain, connecting CSF-1R-proximal AMPK/ULK1 signaling to function.

    Evidence Ulk1 conditional knockout in microglia, IL-34-specific microglial expansion, EAE neuroinflammation, and phospho-signaling/transcriptome analysis

    PMID:38195627

    Open questions at the time
    • Receptor mediating the autophagy-dependent program not formally isolated
    • Single-lab finding

Open questions

Synthesis pass · forward-looking unresolved questions
  • How IL-34's three receptors (CSF-1R, PTP-ζ/PTPRZ1, TREM2) are differentially engaged in vivo to produce distinct cellular outcomes, and how secreted versus membrane-anchored forms are functionally partitioned, remains unresolved.
  • No structure of IL-34 bound to PTPRZ1 or TREM2
  • PTPRZ1-specific signaling never cleanly separated from CSF-1R in vivo
  • Regulation choosing secreted vs juxtacrine IL-34 in tissues unknown

Mechanism profile

Synthesis pass · controlled-vocabulary classification · explore literature graph →
Molecular activity
GO:0048018 receptor ligand activity 4 GO:0060089 molecular transducer activity 3 GO:0098772 molecular function regulator activity 3
Localization
GO:0005576 extracellular region 3 GO:0005886 plasma membrane 2
Pathway
R-HSA-168256 Immune System 5 R-HSA-1266738 Developmental Biology 4 R-HSA-162582 Signal Transduction 4
Partners
CSF1CSF1RHSPA5PTPRZ1TREM2

Evidence

Reading pass · 45 per-paper findings extracted from the source corpus
Year Finding Method Journal Conf PMIDs
2012 IL-34 is an alternative ligand for CSF-1R (Fms) expressed by keratinocytes and neurons, and is selectively required for the development of Langerhans cells in skin epidermis and microglia in the CNS, as demonstrated by IL-34-deficient (Il34LacZ/LacZ) reporter mice that specifically lacked LCs and microglia. IL-34 knockout/reporter mouse model (Il34LacZ/LacZ); in vivo phenotypic analysis of immune cell populations Nature immunology High 22729249
2010 IL-34 signals through CSF-1R (Fms) to stimulate macrophage proliferation, CSF-1R tyrosine phosphorylation, and downstream signaling, and can rescue bone, osteoclast, tissue macrophage, and fertility defects of CSF-1-deficient (Csf1op/op) mice when transgenically expressed, demonstrating functional overlap with CSF-1 through the same receptor. In vitro macrophage proliferation assays; CSF-1R tyrosine phosphorylation assays; transgenic rescue of Csf1op/op mice; whole-mount IL34 in situ hybridization; QRT-PCR Journal of leukocyte biology High 20504948
2010 IL-34 and M-CSF share CSF-1R (Fms) as receptor but differ in biological activity and signaling kinetics: IL-34 induces stronger but more transient tyrosine phosphorylation of Fms and downstream molecules, rapidly downregulates Fms, and differs from M-CSF in chemokine induction (MCP-1, eotaxin-2), morphological changes, and cell migration. Different anti-Fms antibodies block binding of IL-34 vs. M-CSF differentially, indicating they bind distinct receptor domains. Cell-based signaling assays (tyrosine phosphorylation); anti-receptor monoclonal antibody competition binding assays; chemokine production assays; migration assays Cell death and differentiation High 20489731
2012 Crystal structure of dimeric IL-34 reveals a helical cytokine fold homologous to CSF-1. The IL-34:CSF-1R complex architecture is similar to CSF-1:CSF-1R but with unique conformational adaptations in receptor domain geometry; hydrophobic interactions at the IL-34:CSF-1R interface dominate biological activity. IL-34 forms a more thermodynamically stable complex with CSF-1R than CSF-1 does, and a neutralizing Fab fragment reveals the mechanism of antibody-mediated neutralization. X-ray crystallography of IL-34 alone and in complex with CSF-1R D1-D3; functional mutagenesis of the interface; Fab-bound crystal structure Structure (London, England : 1993) High 22483114 22579672
2012 Mouse IL-34 crystal structure shows it contains two additional helices beyond the four conserved in helical hematopoietic cytokines; it recruits two CSF-1R copies on the sides of the helical bundles. The flexible linker between CSF-1R D2 and D3 allows these domains to clamp IL-34 and CSF-1 at different angles, explaining degenerate recognition. Hydrophobic interactions (not salt bridges) dominate IL-34 biological activity, and relative thermodynamic independence of the two IL-34:CSF-1R sites (vs. negative cooperativity for CSF-1) accounts for differentiated signaling. X-ray crystallography of mouse IL-34 alone and in complex with mouse CSF-1R D1-D3; interface mutagenesis; thermodynamic analysis Biochimica et biophysica acta High 22579672
2013 Human IL-34 bound to CSF-1R forms an extracellular assembly with striking structural similarities to the CSF-1:CSF-1R complex, including homotypic receptor-receptor interactions. The C-terminal region of IL-34 is heavily glycosylated and can be proteolytically cleaved from the IL-34:CSF-1R complex, providing a mechanism for functional non-redundancy between IL-34 and CSF-1. Small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS); negative-stain electron microscopy; systematic glycan modeling Structure (London, England : 1993) High 23478061
2012 IL-34 exhibits broader regional brain expression than CSF-1 (mostly without overlap), with maximal expression during early postnatal development. CSF-1R-deficient mice (but not ligand-deficient mice) show defects in neural progenitor cell maintenance including increased proliferation and apoptosis of neocortical progenitors. Addition of IL-34 or CSF-1 to microglia-free CSF-1R-expressing dorsal forebrain clonal cultures suppressed progenitor self-renewal and enhanced neuronal differentiation, indicating a direct role for IL-34/CSF-1R signaling in corticogenesis independent of microglia. CSF-1R knockout mouse phenotyping; Nestin-Cre conditional CSF-1R ablation; microglia-free clonal culture assays with IL-34 and CSF-1 addition Developmental biology High 22542597
2015 IL-34 is expressed by tubular epithelial cells (TECs) in the kidney after ischemia/reperfusion injury and promotes macrophage-mediated tubular cell destruction via two distinct mechanisms: enhanced intrarenal macrophage proliferation and elevated bone marrow myeloid cell proliferation that increases circulating monocytes recruited by chemokines into the kidney. A second IL-34 receptor, protein-tyrosine phosphatase ζ (PTP-ζ/PTPRZ1), is upregulated alongside c-FMS in the injured kidney. CSF-1 expression did not compensate for IL-34 deficiency. IL-34-deficient mouse model of renal ischemia/reperfusion injury; flow cytometry; bone marrow proliferation analysis; chemokine measurements; immunohistochemistry in human transplant kidneys The Journal of clinical investigation High 26121749
2015 IL-34 is expressed by CD8+CD45RClo Tregs and human FOXP3+CD45RCloCD8+ and CD4+ Tregs, contributes to their suppressive function, and is required for transplant tolerance induction in a rat cardiac allograft model. IL-34-primed macrophages potentiate the immune-suppressive capacity of Tregs, establishing an IL-34→macrophage→Treg amplification circuit. Rat cardiac allograft tolerance model; IL-34 protein treatment; Treg functional assays; human macrophage-Treg co-culture expansion The Journal of clinical investigation High 26389674
2015 IL-34 is required for keratinocyte-derived LC renewal in steady-state adult skin, whereas during UV-induced inflammation, LC regeneration depends on neutrophil-derived CSF1. These ligands play nonredundant roles in LC maintenance depending on tissue context. Inducible IL-34 knockout mice; Il34LacZ reporter mice; in vivo skin damage model; cell-type-specific analysis European journal of immunology High 26634935
2015 IL-34 and M-CSF form a novel heteromeric cytokine; BIAcore experiments demonstrated M-CSF binds directly to IL-34, and molecular docking and proximity ligation assay confirmed heterodimer formation. The heteromeric M-CSF/IL-34 cytokine causes higher phosphorylation of M-CSFR tyrosine residues at low concentrations and additive effects on cell proliferation/viability. Co-expression of M-CSFR and its ligands differentially regulates M-CSFR trafficking into the cell. BIAcore binding assay; molecular docking; proximity ligation assay; M-CSFR phosphorylation assay; receptor trafficking analysis Cytokine Medium 26095744
2013 IL-34 induces differentiation of human monocytes into CD14high CD163high immunosuppressive M2-like macrophages via the M-CSF receptor, independent of endogenous M-CSF consumption. This effect is potentiated by IL-6 and inhibited by IFNγ and GM-CSF. IFNγ can also switch established IL-34-macrophages into immunostimulatory macrophages. Human primary monocyte differentiation assays; flow cytometry; LPS stimulation; T cell co-culture suppression assays; cytokine ELISA; CSF-1R blocking experiments PloS one High 23409120
2018 In zebrafish, Il34-Csf1ra signaling is required for microglial precursor attraction to proximal brain regions prior to neuronal apoptosis. In il34- and csf1ra-deficient larvae, embryonic macrophages fail to migrate to the anterior head and colonize the CNS, while peripheral tissue colonization is unaffected. Activation of the Il34-Csf1ra pathway alone is sufficient to attract embryonic macrophages to the CNS independent of neuronal apoptosis. Zebrafish il34 and csf1ra mutants/morpholinos; live imaging of macrophage migration; rescue/overexpression experiments Developmental cell High 30205037
2019 In zebrafish, il34 loss-of-function causes reduced microglia numbers and impairs yolk sac macrophage (YSM) distribution to the brain and other target organs, while csf1 loss does not reduce microglia numbers at early stages (though overexpression increases them). This establishes il34 as the primary driver of early brain seeding by YSMs. CRISPR/Cas9 in vivo reverse genetic screen in zebrafish; automated microglia quantification (SpotNGlia); Neutral Red vital staining Disease models & mechanisms High 30765415
2019 CSF1 and IL-34 play distinct roles in microglia maintenance: peripheral antibody-mediated blockade of IL-34 depletes microglia preferentially in gray matter brain regions, while CSF1 blockade depletes white matter microglia. These regional patterns correspond to the differential expression of each ligand. CSF1 is required to establish microglia in the developing embryo, while both ligands are required beginning in early postnatal development. Function-blocking antibody administration in adult mice; microglia depletion quantification across brain regions; developmental time-course analysis Frontiers in immunology High 31616414
2019 IL-34 promotes lupus nephritis in MRL-Fas mice via two mechanisms: intrarenal macrophage proliferation and bone marrow myeloid cell proliferation that increases circulating monocytes recruited into the kidney. PTPRZ1 (PTP-ζ), a second IL-34 receptor, is expressed by macrophages, B cells, and T cells. IL-34 deficiency also suppresses circulating autoantibodies and glomerular antibody deposits, associated with fewer activated/proliferating intrarenal and splenic B cells. IL-34 knockout in MRL-Fas lupus mice; flow cytometry; immunohistochemistry; bone marrow and intrarenal macrophage proliferation analysis; autoantibody ELISA Journal of the American Society of Nephrology : JASN High 30622154
2023 IL-34 binds directly to TREM2 (triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells 2) as a novel receptor, independent of CSF-1R and PTP-ζ. IL-34-TREM2 binding rapidly phosphorylates RASAL3 (Ras protein activator-like 3) and inactivates ERK1/2 signaling, preventing AML cell proliferation and stimulating differentiation. TREM2-deficient AML cells are resistant to IL-34 treatment. Direct binding assay (IL-34 to TREM2); TREM2 knockout AML cells; phosphoproteomic/signaling analysis (RASAL3 phosphorylation, ERK1/2 inactivation); preclinical AML mouse models; IL-34-deficient mice showing accelerated AML Blood High 37001042
2013 IL-34 produced by follicular dendritic cells (FDCs), but not CSF-1 from the same cells, is selectively responsible for the differentiation of a new CD11b+ monocytic cell type (FDMCs) with B cell-stimulating activity, as demonstrated by neutralizing antibodies and RNAi. This differentiation depends strictly on CSF-1R, establishing a CSF-1R-mediated differentiation pathway intrinsically specific to IL-34. Neutralizing antibody experiments; RNAi knockdown; CSF-1R dependence assays; B cell co-culture proliferation assays Journal of leukocyte biology High 24052571
2018 IL-34 cell-surface localization on follicular dendritic cells (FL-Y) requires the molecular chaperone GRP78 (78-kDa glucose-regulated protein): GRP78 associates with IL-34 in the plasma membrane fraction (identified by mass spectrometry and pulldown), and GRP78-heterozygous FL-Y cells show reduced surface IL-34 and impaired FDMC differentiation. FDMC differentiation requires a membrane-anchored form of IL-34 via direct cell-cell contact, not secreted IL-34. CRISPR/Cas9 IL-34 knockout; Transwell culture experiments; mass spectrometry; pulldown assay; flow cytometry with anti-IL-34 antibody; GRP78-heterozygous cells The Journal of biological chemistry High 30573681
2012 Vitamin D analog (2MD) induces IL-34 expression in vascular endothelial cells of spleen and bone through a vitamin D receptor (VDR)-mediated mechanism. IL-34 in splenic vascular endothelium maintains a reservoir of osteoclast precursors (OCPs) in the spleen of CSF-1-deficient (Csf1op/op) mice. Splenectomy or siRNA-mediated knockdown of IL-34 suppressed vitamin D-induced osteoclastogenesis. Vitamin D analog injection in Csf1op/op mice; splenectomy; siRNA knockdown of IL-34; osteoclast precursor analysis; VDR-mediated transcription assay Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America High 22670054
2013 IL-34 expression in gingival fibroblasts is enhanced by TNF-α and IL-1β through NF-κB transcription factor and JNK activation. IL-34 can substitute for M-CSF in RANKL-induced osteoclastogenesis of bone marrow macrophages. Real-time PCR of gingival fibroblasts after cytokine stimulation; pharmacological inhibitors of NF-κB and JNK; TRAP staining of osteoclasts PloS one Medium 24339952
2018 CSF-1R engagement by IL-34 (vs. CSF-1) leads to AKT and caspase activation, autophagy induction through AMPK and ULK1 expression and activation, during human monocyte differentiation. IL-34-differentiated macrophages show striking increases in IL-10 (M1) and CCL17 (M2) secretion compared to CSF-1-differentiated macrophages, and differentially polarize naïve T cells toward Th1. Human primary monocyte differentiation assays; phosphorylation analysis of AKT, AMPK, ULK1; autophagy measurement; cytokine secretome ELISA; T cell polarization assay Scientific reports Medium 29321503
2017 IL-34 interaction with CSF-1R on rheumatoid arthritis fibroblast-like synoviocytes (FLS) promotes dramatic IL-6 production via JNK/P38/NF-κB signaling, which in turn upregulates Th17 cell numbers. IL-6R antagonist attenuates Th17 production mediated by IL-34-stimulated FLS. CSF-1R expression analysis on FLS; IL-6 production assays; JNK/P38/NF-κB pathway inhibitor experiments; Th17 cell quantification; IL-6R antagonist treatment Mediators of inflammation Medium 28659662
2018 IL-34 regulates IL-6 and IL-8 production in human lung fibroblasts via MAPK (p38), PI3K-Akt, JAK, and NF-κB signaling pathways, as demonstrated by reversal with specific pathway inhibitors and western-blot confirmation of phosphorylation events. Primary lung fibroblast assays; pathway-specific pharmacological inhibitors (JAK, NF-κB, Akt, p38); western blotting for phosphorylation; cytokine ELISA International immunopharmacology Medium 29857241
2018 IL-34 promotes Kupffer cell M2 polarization in rat liver transplantation via activation of the PI3K/Akt pathway, and this M2 KC polarization is required for IL-34-mediated inhibition of acute rejection (demonstrated by KC depletion and adoptive transfer experiments). Adeno-associated virus-expressing IL-34 in rat liver transplant model; KC depletion (clodronate); adoptive transfer of KCs; PI3K/Akt pathway analysis in vitro; in vivo/in vitro M1-to-M2 polarization assays Transplantation Medium 29570162
2016 miR-28-5p directly targets IL-34 mRNA (identified by gene expression profiles and bioinformatics, confirmed functionally), and miR-28-5p deficiency promotes HCC tumor growth and metastasis via IL-34-mediated tumor-associated macrophage (TAM) infiltration. TAMs induced by IL-34 inhibit miR-28-5p expression in HCC cells via TGF-β1, forming a positive feedback loop. miRNA sequencing; bioinformatics target identification; nude mouse tumor models; gene expression profiling; TAM infiltration analysis; TGF-β1 mechanistic experiments Hepatology (Baltimore, Md.) Medium 26754294
2019 In satellite cells, miR-31 posttranscriptionally suppresses IL-34 mRNA. IL-34 protein activates JAK-STAT3 signaling required for myogenic progression. miR-31 knockout causes impaired myoblast expansion and enhanced myogenic commitment; IL-34 inhibition rescues the regenerative deficiency of miR-31 knockout mice, placing IL-34/JAK-STAT3 downstream of miR-31 in muscle regeneration. miR-31 knockout mice; muscle regeneration assays; IL-34 inhibition rescue experiment; JAK-STAT3 signaling analysis Cell death and differentiation Medium 31332295
2017 1α,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 (vitamin D3) strongly induces IL-34 expression in SH-SY5Y neural cells via the vitamin D receptor (VDR). A core IL-34 gene promoter and a VDR binding site (CGCCCT) required for this induction were identified by reporter assays. Dose- and time-response gene expression analysis; VDR knockdown/inhibition; promoter reporter assay; VDR binding site mutagenesis Innate immunity Medium 28816551
2017 mHTTx1 aggregates in post-mitotic dopaminergic neurons induce IL-34 production selectively, mediated by IKKβ. IKKβ knockdown or inhibition prevents mHTTx1 aggregation and subsequent IL-34 production. Elevated neuronal IL-34 exacerbates mHTTx1-induced degeneration of striatal neurons via non-cell-autonomous microglial expansion, and an IL-34 receptor inhibitor reduces microglial numbers and ameliorates neurodegeneration in brain slice models. Human embryonic stem cell-derived dopaminergic neurons; IKKβ knockdown/inhibition; brain slice model with intact neuron-microglial networks; IL-34 receptor inhibitor Human molecular genetics Medium 28973132
2024 An autophagy-dependent microglia population in aging mouse cortex is promoted by IL-34 (not CSF1). Deletion of the core autophagy gene Ulk1 in microglia reduces this population. IL-34-mediated microglial expansion is neuroprotective when aging mice are exposed to autoimmune neuroinflammation, with loss of autophagy-dependent microglia leading to neural/glial cell death and increased mortality. Ulk1 conditional knockout in microglia; IL-34-mediated microglial expansion assays; autoimmune neuroinflammation model (EAE); ERK1/2, Akt, AMPK phosphorylation analysis; transcriptome analysis Nature communications Medium 38195627
2018 IL-34 promotes foam cell formation in bone marrow-derived macrophages by increasing CD36 expression via the p38 MAPK signaling pathway, enhancing oxLDL uptake and intracellular cholesterol accumulation without affecting cholesterol efflux. Bone marrow-derived macrophage assays; oxLDL uptake measurement; cholesterol content assay; CD36 expression analysis; p38 MAPK pathway inhibitors Scientific reports Medium 30478377
2015 IL-34 suppresses Candida albicans-induced TNFα production by M1 macrophages by downregulating expression of key pattern recognition receptors TLR2 and Dectin-1, providing a molecular mechanism for skin macrophage tolerance to commensal fungi. M1 macrophage stimulation with heat-killed Candida; TNFα measurement; flow cytometry/expression analysis of TLR2 and Dectin-1 after IL-34 treatment Journal of immunology research Medium 26146640
2021 Low-dose IL-34 promotes osteogenesis of human bone marrow stromal cells (hBMSCs) via activation of PI3K/AKT and ERK signaling pathways, as demonstrated by reversal with specific AKT and ERK inhibitors. Low-dose IL-34 has no effect on osteoclastogenesis of mouse bone marrow macrophages in vitro or on osteoporosis in OVX rats in vivo. In vitro hBMSC osteogenic differentiation assays; ALP and ARS staining; PI3K/AKT and ERK inhibitors; western blotting; rat tibial osteotomy model; OVX model Stem cell research & therapy Medium 33947456
2016 TGF-β1 and BMP-2 inhibit IL-34 expression in rheumatoid arthritis synovial fibroblasts through ALK5 and ALK1 receptor pathways, respectively, and antagonize TNF-α-induced IL-34 gene expression. These signaling routes are established as upstream regulators of IL-34 expression. Pharmacological inhibition of ALK1 and ALK5 in RA synovial fibroblasts and murine mesenchymal stem cells; dose- and time-response real-time qPCR; ELISA for IL-34, TGF-β1, BMP-2 in synovial fluids The American journal of pathology Medium 27865758
2024 SAMHD1 dysfunction in neuronal SH-SY5Y cells induces IL-34 expression via the canonical NF-κB pathway: SAMHD1 knockdown upregulates NF-κB p65 expression, phosphorylates IKKα/β and IκBα, and promotes nuclear translocation of NF-κB p65, leading to increased IL-34 transcription. SAMHD1 siRNA knockdown in SH-SY5Y cells; qRT-PCR and western blot for IL-34 and NF-κB components; IKK and IκBα phosphorylation analysis; NF-κB nuclear translocation assay; transcriptional activity assay Molecular immunology Medium 38367301
2019 Schwann cells in ALS peripheral nerves express CSF1 and IL-34 and closely interact with CSF-1R-expressing endoneurial monocyte/macrophages, suggesting a paracrine mechanism of myeloid cell expansion. Pharmacological inhibition of CSF-1R (with masitinib) reduces Schwann cell reactivity and immune cell infiltration in peripheral nerves of SOD1G93A rats. Immunohistochemistry of ALS patient and SOD1G93A rat sciatic nerves; CSF-1R inhibitor (masitinib) treatment; quantification of SC phenotypes and macrophage numbers Glia Medium 31859421
2019 In Huntington's disease, RUNX1 mediates further upregulation of CSF-1R and its ligand IL-34 following rebound ERK activation after BRAF inhibition. The autocrine IL-34/CSF-1R signaling axis in melanoma cells promotes 3D growth and invasiveness; CSF-1R inhibition or knockdown reduces these phenotypes, and coinhibition of CSF-1R and BRAF shows synergistic efficacy in vivo. RUNX1-mediated CSF-1R and IL-34 upregulation analysis; RNAi and pharmacological CSF-1R inhibition; 3D growth and invasion assays; in vivo combinatorial treatment JCI insight Medium 30046005
2021 In esophageal squamous cell carcinoma, 5-fluorouracil/cisplatin treatment preferentially increases IL-34 mRNA expression on tumor cells, and IL-34 expression drives CD163+ TAM polarization via CSF-1R. Human monocytes co-cultured with chemotherapy-treated ESCC cells increase CD163 expression, which is attenuated by CSF-1R inhibitors. In vitro ESCC cell line chemotherapy treatment; mRNA expression analysis; monocyte co-culture assays; CSF-1R inhibitor experiments; immunohistochemistry of patient specimens Molecular cancer research : MCR Medium 33674443
2013 Transcriptional profiling of human CD14+ monocytes differentiated with IL-34 vs. CSF-1 through CSF-1R revealed ~75% similarity in gene expression, but notable differences including differential repression of CCR2 mRNA and protein by IL-34. This CCR2 differential was abolished by CSF-1R inhibitor GW2580, confirming CSF-1R mediation. Agilent whole-genome microarray; FACS for CCR2 protein; CSF-1R inhibitor (GW2580) experiments Cytokine Medium 23684409
2018 IL-34 expressed on the surface of follicular dendritic cells (FL-Y) requires direct cell-cell contact with precursor cells for FDMC differentiation (membrane-anchored form, not secreted), as demonstrated by Transwell culture showing abrogation of differentiation when cells were separated. Transwell culture experiments; CRISPR/Cas9 IL-34 knockout confirmation; flow cytometric surface IL-34 detection The Journal of biological chemistry Medium 30573681
2019 In lupus nephritis (MRL-Fas) mice, PTPRZ1 (PTP-ζ) is expressed on macrophages, B cells, and T cells in addition to its known epithelial expression, identifying it as a functional IL-34 receptor on immune cells mediating autoimmune pathology. Flow cytometry and immunohistochemistry for PTPRZ1 on sorted immune cell populations from MRL-Fas mice; validated in human lupus nephritis tissue Journal of the American Society of Nephrology : JASN Medium 30622154
2019 In osteolytic multiple myeloma, tumor cell-derived IL-34 promotes osteoclast formation from mouse BM cells and human CD14+ monocytes via CSF-1R; siRNA-mediated IL-34 knockdown in MM cells impaired osteoclast formation in vitro and attenuated osteolytic disease in vivo. A neutralizing anti-IL-34 antibody blocked osteoclast formation from human monocytes. IL-34 siRNA knockdown in MM cells; in vitro osteoclast formation assays; in vivo MM osteolysis model; anti-IL-34 neutralizing antibody Blood advances Medium 30782613
2022 In the absence of IL-34 (Il34-/- rats/mice), CD4+ Tregs fail to protect immunodeficient rats from wasting disease induced by transfer of pathogenic cells, demonstrating that IL-34 is required for CD4+ Treg suppressive function. IL-34 deficiency leads to unstable immune phenotype with multiple autoantibodies and exacerbated colitis. Il34-/- rat and mouse generation; DSS- and TNBS-induced colitis; pathogenic cell transfer model; Treg adoptive transfer in Il2rg-/- rats; GVHD and skin allograft models in humanized NSG mice Clinical and translational medicine Medium 36030499
2018 IL-34 expression in SH-SY5Y neural cells is reduced by TNF-α-induced NF-κB activation in hepatic stellate cells; schistosome soluble egg antigen (SEA) inhibits TNF-α-induced IL-34 expression by decreasing phosphorylation and degradation of IκBα, thus preventing NF-κB canonical activation and downstream IL-34 transcription. Reporter assays; qPCR; western blot for IκBα phosphorylation and degradation; NF-κB activation assays in hepatic stellate cells Parasitology research Low 30499009
2019 In zebrafish, ectopically expressed IL-34 in hepatocytes attracts macrophages (but not neutrophils) to the liver in vivo via direct migration, as demonstrated by live imaging. IL-34-mediated macrophage migration occurs through syndecan-1 or focal adhesion kinase (FAK) and ERK1/2 pathways (referenced from prior studies). Zebrafish transgenic ectopic IL-34 expression in hepatocytes/epidermal cells; live imaging of macrophage and neutrophil migration Zebrafish Low 30724719

Source papers

Stage 0 corpus · 100 papers · ranked by NIH iCite citations
Year Title Journal Citations PMID
2012 IL-34 is a tissue-restricted ligand of CSF1R required for the development of Langerhans cells and microglia. Nature immunology 782 22729249
2010 Functional overlap but differential expression of CSF-1 and IL-34 in their CSF-1 receptor-mediated regulation of myeloid cells. Journal of leukocyte biology 289 20504948
2012 The CSF-1 receptor ligands IL-34 and CSF-1 exhibit distinct developmental brain expression patterns and regulate neural progenitor cell maintenance and maturation. Developmental biology 279 22542597
2016 miR-28-5p-IL-34-macrophage feedback loop modulates hepatocellular carcinoma metastasis. Hepatology (Baltimore, Md.) 180 26754294
2010 IL-34 and M-CSF share the receptor Fms but are not identical in biological activity and signal activation. Cell death and differentiation 180 20489731
2018 IL-34 and CSF-1 display an equivalent macrophage differentiation ability but a different polarization potential. Scientific reports 157 29321503
2013 IL-34 induces the differentiation of human monocytes into immunosuppressive macrophages. antagonistic effects of GM-CSF and IFNγ. PloS one 150 23409120
2019 Function of CSF1 and IL34 in Macrophage Homeostasis, Inflammation, and Cancer. Frontiers in immunology 149 31552020
2012 Structural basis for the dual recognition of helical cytokines IL-34 and CSF-1 by CSF-1R. Structure (London, England : 1993) 143 22483114
2010 Pivotal Advance: Avian colony-stimulating factor 1 (CSF-1), interleukin-34 (IL-34), and CSF-1 receptor genes and gene products. Journal of leukocyte biology 143 20051473
2019 CSF1R Ligands IL-34 and CSF1 Are Differentially Required for Microglia Development and Maintenance in White and Gray Matter Brain Regions. Frontiers in immunology 141 31616414
2015 IL-34 mediates acute kidney injury and worsens subsequent chronic kidney disease. The Journal of clinical investigation 127 26121749
2013 IL-34 and CSF-1: similarities and differences. Journal of bone and mineral metabolism 112 23740288
2014 IL-34 and macrophage colony-stimulating factor are overexpressed in hepatitis C virus fibrosis and induce profibrotic macrophages that promote collagen synthesis by hepatic stellate cells. Hepatology (Baltimore, Md.) 110 25066464
2018 Il34-Csf1r Pathway Regulates the Migration and Colonization of Microglial Precursors. Developmental cell 100 30205037
2015 IL-34 is a Treg-specific cytokine and mediates transplant tolerance. The Journal of clinical investigation 99 26389674
2020 Emerging roles of IL-34 in health and disease. The Journal of experimental medicine 91 31940023
2013 IL-34 is overexpressed in the inflamed salivary glands of patients with Sjogren's syndrome and is associated with the local expansion of pro-inflammatory CD14(bright)CD16+ monocytes. Rheumatology (Oxford, England) 91 23392590
2012 The mechanism of shared but distinct CSF-1R signaling by the non-homologous cytokines IL-34 and CSF-1. Biochimica et biophysica acta 91 22579672
2017 Immunoregulatory properties of the cytokine IL-34. Cellular and molecular life sciences : CMLS 87 28258292
2014 IL-34 is associated with obesity, chronic inflammation, and insulin resistance. The Journal of clinical endocrinology and metabolism 84 24712570
2013 The newly discovered cytokine IL-34 is expressed in gingival fibroblasts, shows enhanced expression by pro-inflammatory cytokines, and stimulates osteoclast differentiation. PloS one 77 24339952
2012 Identification of IL-34 in teleost fish: differential expression of rainbow trout IL-34, MCSF1 and MCSF2, ligands of the MCSF receptor. Molecular immunology 68 23099477
2013 Human IL-34 and CSF-1 establish structurally similar extracellular assemblies with their common hematopoietic receptor. Structure (London, England : 1993) 63 23478061
2012 Spleen serves as a reservoir of osteoclast precursors through vitamin D-induced IL-34 expression in osteopetrotic op/op mice. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 60 22670054
2015 Nonredundant roles of keratinocyte-derived IL-34 and neutrophil-derived CSF1 in Langerhans cell renewal in the steady state and during inflammation. European journal of immunology 54 26634935
2019 Schwann cells orchestrate peripheral nerve inflammation through the expression of CSF1, IL-34, and SCF in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Glia 51 31859421
2013 Interleukin newcomers creating new numbers in rheumatology: IL-34 to IL-38. Joint bone spine 50 23849463
2014 Targeting IL-34 in chronic inflammation. Drug discovery today 49 24906044
2021 Hippo/YAP signaling choreographs the tumor immune microenvironment to promote triple negative breast cancer progression via TAZ/IL-34 axis. Cancer letters 48 34929335
2018 IL-34 Inhibits Acute Rejection of Rat Liver Transplantation by Inducing Kupffer Cell M2 Polarization. Transplantation 47 29570162
2020 Involvement of the M-CSF/IL-34/CSF-1R pathway in malignant pleural mesothelioma. Journal for immunotherapy of cancer 46 32581053
2018 IL-34 regulates IL-6 and IL-8 production in human lung fibroblasts via MAPK, PI3K-Akt, JAK and NF-κB signaling pathways. International immunopharmacology 44 29857241
2021 IL-34 and CSF-1, deciphering similarities and differences at steady state and in diseases. Journal of leukocyte biology 43 33600012
2019 Reverse genetic screen reveals that Il34 facilitates yolk sac macrophage distribution and seeding of the brain. Disease models & mechanisms 43 30765415
2016 Bone Morphogenetic Protein 2 and Transforming Growth Factor β1 Inhibit the Expression of the Proinflammatory Cytokine IL-34 in Rheumatoid Arthritis Synovial Fibroblasts. The American journal of pathology 41 27865758
2013 Transcriptional profiling and pathway analysis of CSF-1 and IL-34 effects on human monocyte differentiation. Cytokine 39 23684409
2019 IL-34-Dependent Intrarenal and Systemic Mechanisms Promote Lupus Nephritis in MRL-Fas Mice. Journal of the American Society of Nephrology : JASN 38 30622154
2014 Grouper (Epinephelus coioides) IL-34/MCSF2 and MCSFR1/MCSFR2 were involved in mononuclear phagocytes activation against Cryptocaryon irritans infection. Fish & shellfish immunology 36 25543034
2018 Enhanced IL-34 expression in Nivolumab-resistant metastatic melanoma. Inflammation and regeneration 35 29515691
2018 M-CSF and IL-34 expression as indicators for growth in sporadic vestibular schwannoma. Virchows Archiv : an international journal of pathology 34 30580386
2017 IL-34 Upregulated Th17 Production through Increased IL-6 Expression by Rheumatoid Fibroblast-Like Synoviocytes. Mediators of inflammation 34 28659662
2015 IL-34 and M-CSF form a novel heteromeric cytokine and regulate the M-CSF receptor activation and localization. Cytokine 34 26095744
2024 The aging mouse CNS is protected by an autophagy-dependent microglia population promoted by IL-34. Nature communications 33 38195627
2023 TREM2 acts as a receptor for IL-34 to suppress acute myeloid leukemia in mice. Blood 33 37001042
2018 The RUNX1/IL-34/CSF-1R axis is an autocrinally regulated modulator of resistance to BRAF-V600E inhibition in melanoma. JCI insight 33 30046005
2016 IL-34 is associated with the presence and severity of renal dysfunction and coronary artery disease in patients with heart failure. Scientific reports 31 27982136
2022 IL-34 Downregulation‒Associated M1/M2 Macrophage Imbalance Is Related to Inflammaging in Sun-Exposed Human Skin. JID innovations : skin science from molecules to population health 30 35521044
2020 Effects of IL-34 on Macrophage Immunological Profile in Response to Alzheimer's-Related Aβ42 Assemblies. Frontiers in immunology 27 32765504
2018 IL-34 promotes foam cell formation by enhancing CD36 expression through p38 MAPK pathway. Scientific reports 27 30478377
2013 CSF-1 receptor-mediated differentiation of a new type of monocytic cell with B cell-stimulating activity: its selective dependence on IL-34. Journal of leukocyte biology 27 24052571
2020 IL-34 Actions on FOXP3+ Tregs and CD14+ Monocytes Control Human Graft Rejection. Frontiers in immunology 26 32849510
2019 A role for IL-34 in osteolytic disease of multiple myeloma. Blood advances 26 30782613
2017 Increased IL-6 expression on THP-1 by IL-34 stimulation up-regulated rheumatoid arthritis Th17 cells. Clinical rheumatology 26 28812210
2017 IKKβ and mutant huntingtin interactions regulate the expression of IL-34: implications for microglial-mediated neurodegeneration in HD. Human molecular genetics 26 28973132
2021 Neoadjuvant Chemotherapy Induces IL34 Signaling and Promotes Chemoresistance via Tumor-Associated Macrophage Polarization in Esophageal Squamous Cell Carcinoma. Molecular cancer research : MCR 25 33674443
2020 IL-34, IL-36 and IL-38 in colorectal cancer-key immunoregulators of carcinogenesis. Biophysical reviews 25 32638330
2024 Stigmasterol alleviates neuropathic pain by reducing Schwann cell-macrophage cascade in DRG by modulating IL-34/CSF1R. CNS neuroscience & therapeutics 24 38572785
2021 Low-dose IL-34 has no effect on osteoclastogenesis but promotes osteogenesis of hBMSCs partly via activation of the PI3K/AKT and ERK signaling pathways. Stem cell research & therapy 24 33947456
2020 Inhibition of IL-34 Unveils Tissue-Selectivity and Is Sufficient to Reduce Microglial Proliferation in a Model of Chronic Neurodegeneration. Frontiers in immunology 24 33162994
2019 Comparative analysis of the expression patterns of IL-1β, IL-11, and IL-34 in golden pompano (Trachinotus ovatus) following different pathogens challenge. Fish & shellfish immunology 24 31422178
2019 IL-34 causes inflammation and beta cell apoptosis and dysfunction in gestational diabetes mellitus. Endocrine connections 24 31648183
2015 IL-34 Suppresses Candida albicans Induced TNFα Production in M1 Macrophages by Downregulating Expression of Dectin-1 and TLR2. Journal of immunology research 24 26146640
2016 Chronicity following ischaemia-reperfusion injury depends on tubular-macrophage crosstalk involving two tubular cell-derived CSF-1R activators: CSF-1 and IL-34. Nephrology, dialysis, transplantation : official publication of the European Dialysis and Transplant Association - European Renal Association 22 27190368
2019 Fate decision of satellite cell differentiation and self-renewal by miR-31-IL34 axis. Cell death and differentiation 21 31332295
2017 1α,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D3 up-regulates IL-34 expression in SH-SY5Y neural cells. Innate immunity 21 28816551
2023 Single-cell transcriptome sequencing reveals spatial distribution of IL34+ cancer-associated fibroblasts in hepatocellular carcinoma tumor microenvironment. NPJ precision oncology 18 38081923
2021 IL-34, the rationale for its expression in physiological and pathological conditions. Seminars in immunology 18 34774392
2022 IL-34 Aggravates Steroid-Induced Osteonecrosis of the Femoral Head via Promoting Osteoclast Differentiation. Immune network 17 35799706
2021 Age-dependent effects of the recombinant spike protein/SARS-CoV-2 on the M-CSF- and IL-34-differentiated macrophages in vitro. Biochemical and biophysical research communications 17 33578295
2018 IL-34 Expression Is Reduced in Hashimoto's Thyroiditis and Associated With Thyrocyte Apoptosis. Frontiers in endocrinology 17 30405534
2022 IL-34 deficiency impairs FOXP3+ Treg function in a model of autoimmune colitis and decreases immune tolerance homeostasis. Clinical and translational medicine 16 36030499
2021 IL-34 affects fibroblast-like synoviocyte proliferation, apoptosis and function by regulating IL-17. Scientific reports 16 34385542
2020 Effect of IL-34 on T helper 17 cell proliferation and IL-17 secretion by peripheral blood mononuclear cells from rheumatoid arthritis patients. Scientific reports 15 33335239
2019 CSF-1 and IL-34 levels in peri-implant crevicular fluid and saliva from patients having peri-implant diseases. Clinical oral investigations 15 31102043
2012 Cloning and expression of feline colony stimulating factor receptor (CSF-1R) and analysis of the species specificity of stimulation by colony stimulating factor-1 (CSF-1) and interleukin-34 (IL-34). Cytokine 15 23260168
2022 IL-34 in hepatoblastoma cells potentially promote tumor progression via autocrine and paracrine mechanisms. Cancer medicine 14 35132816
2020 IL-34 is a potential biomarker for the treatment of papillary thyroid cancer. Journal of clinical laboratory analysis 13 32573824
2023 IL-34 exacerbates pathogenic features of Alzheimer's disease and calvaria osteolysis in triple transgenic (3x-Tg) female mice. Biomedicine & pharmacotherapy = Biomedecine & pharmacotherapie 12 37666180
2019 Ectopically Expressed IL-34 Can Efficiently Induce Macrophage Migration to the Liver in Zebrafish. Zebrafish 12 30724719
2019 Targeting IL-34 in inflammatory autoimmune diseases. Journal of cellular physiology 12 31173370
2022 Combination of IL-34 and AFP improves the diagnostic value during the development of HBV related hepatocellular carcinoma. Clinical and experimental medicine 11 35347503
2022 Targeting IL-34/MCSF-1R Axis in Colon Cancer. Frontiers in immunology 11 35837402
2020 IL-34 regulates the inflammatory response and anti-bacterial immune defense of Japanese flounder Paralichthys olivaceus. Fish & shellfish immunology 11 32502613
2020 Impact of IL-34, IFN-α and IFN-λ1 on activity of systemic lupus erythematosus in Egyptian patients. Reumatologia 11 32921829
2018 Enhanced expression of IL-34 in an inflammatory cyst of the submandibular gland: a case report. Inflammation and regeneration 11 30002743
2018 Interleukin 34 (IL-34) cell-surface localization regulated by the molecular chaperone 78-kDa glucose-regulated protein facilitates the differentiation of monocytic cells. The Journal of biological chemistry 11 30573681
2024 IL-34 attenuates acute T cell-mediated rejection following renal transplantation by upregulating M2 macrophages polarization. Heliyon 10 38230243
2022 Il-34 regulates MAPKs, PI3K/Akt, JAK and NF-κB pathways and induces the expression of inflammatory factors in RA-FLS. Clinical and experimental rheumatology 10 35200127
2020 The differentiation of prehypertrophic into hypertrophic chondrocytes drives an OA-remodeling program and IL-34 expression. Osteoarthritis and cartilage 10 33301945
2019 Effects of IL-34 on the secretion of RANKL/OPG by fibroblast-like synoviocytes and peripheral blood mononuclear cells in rheumatoid arthritis. European cytokine network 9 31486401
2018 Schistosoma japonicum soluble egg antigen inhibits TNF-α-induced IL-34 expression in hepatic stellate cells. Parasitology research 9 30499009
2023 Sox13 and M2-like leukemia-associated macrophages contribute to endogenous IL-34 caused accelerated progression of acute myeloid leukemia. Cell death & disease 8 37149693
2022 Gingival crevicular fluid CSF-1 and IL-34 levels in patients with stage III grade C periodontitis and uncontrolled type 2 diabetes mellitus. Journal of periodontal & implant science 8 36468466
2020 Increased Levels of IL-34 in Acquired Immune-Mediated Neuropathies. Journal of molecular neuroscience : MN 8 32588399
2016 [Expression of IL-34 in chronic periapical lesions and its clinical significance]. Shanghai kou qiang yi xue = Shanghai journal of stomatology 8 27063309
2015 Transplant tolerance: a new role for IL-34. The Journal of clinical investigation 8 26389671
2024 SAMHD1 dysfunction induces IL-34 expression via NF-κB p65 in neuronal SH-SY5Y cells. Molecular immunology 7 38367301
2023 (+)-Catechin Alleviates CCI-Induced Neuropathic Pain in Rats by Modulating the IL34/CSFIR Axis and Attenuating the Schwann Cell-Macrophage Cascade Response in the DRG. Molecular neurobiology 7 38159197
2019 Wnt pathway regulates IL-34 level in lupus nephritis. European review for medical and pharmacological sciences 7 31298388

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