Affinage

HPS5

BLOC-2 complex member HPS5 · UniProt Q9UPZ3

Length
1129 aa
Mass
127.4 kDa
Annotated
2026-06-10
57 papers in source corpus 14 papers cited in narrative 14 extracted findings
Cross-family judge vs UniProt: Affinage preferred faithfulness: 4/5 claims corpus-supported (80%)

Mechanistic narrative

Synthesis pass · prose summary of the discoveries below

HPS5 is a core structural subunit of BLOC-2 (Biogenesis of Lysosome-related Organelles Complex-2), a stable ~340–350 kDa peripheral membrane complex that also contains HPS3 and HPS6 and that governs the cargo-selective trafficking required for biogenesis of lysosome-related organelles (PMID:15030569, PMID:14718540). Within BLOC-2 the three subunits mutually stabilize one another, such that loss of any one destabilizes the others, and patient mutations in HPS5 or HPS6 destabilize the complex as a whole (PMID:14718540, PMID:30387913); the N-terminal WD40 repeat domain of HPS5 is specifically required for the HPS5–HPS6 stabilizing interaction and for complex function (PMID:23893484). Functionally, BLOC-2 directs the cargo-selective delivery of tyrosinase and TYRP1—but not Pmel17—to maturing melanosomes, and its loss arrests melanosomes at early stages with mislocalized melanogenic cargo (PMID:17301833). Beyond melanocytes, HPS5/BLOC-2 is required for peripheral distribution of acidified endo-lysosomal compartments in fibroblasts (PMID:15296495, PMID:28296950), for platelet dense-granule biogenesis upstream of delivery of the zinc transporter TMEM163 (PMID:33513603), and for biogenesis of other lysosome-related organelles including Drosophila eye pigment granules and zebrafish iridosomes, where it acts in a pathway that genetically interacts with AP-3, VPS33A, and Rab38/Rab32 (PMID:17156100, PMID:41950095). A frameshift loss-of-function allele impairs melanocyte differentiation by reducing tyrosinase activity, a defect rescuable by excess L-tyrosine (PMID:22035301).

Mechanistic history

Synthesis pass · year-by-year structured walk · 10 steps
  1. 2004 High

    Established that HPS5 is not an isolated protein but a stable subunit of a defined tripartite complex, BLOC-2, defining its molecular context.

    Evidence Reciprocal co-immunoprecipitation, size-exclusion chromatography and density gradient centrifugation in human HeLa cells, with parallel co-IP and size-fractionation in mouse tissues

    PMID:14718540 PMID:15030569

    Open questions at the time
    • Stoichiometry and atomic-level architecture of BLOC-2 not resolved
    • No structural data on how subunits contact the membrane
  2. 2004 Medium

    Showed that BLOC-2 subunits mutually stabilize each other and that HPS3/HPS5/HPS6 act in a single genetic pathway, distinguishing BLOC-2 as a non-redundant complex among the HPS-associated complexes.

    Evidence Protein stability analysis in mouse mutant tissues, double-mutant epistasis on coat color/melanosome/platelet serotonin, and comparative genetic analysis of mouse HPS mutant classes

    PMID:14718540 PMID:15265785

    Open questions at the time
    • Molecular basis of mutual stabilization not defined
    • Functional distinction between BLOC-1, BLOC-2, BLOC-3 and AP-3 steps not mechanistically mapped
  3. 2004 Medium

    Linked HPS5 loss to a cellular trafficking defect by showing restricted perinuclear distribution of lysosomal-lineage organelles in patient fibroblasts.

    Evidence Immunocytochemistry/confocal imaging of LAMP-3/CD63 in HPS-5 patient fibroblasts

    PMID:15296495

    Open questions at the time
    • Single localization method
    • Trafficking step blocked by HPS5 loss not identified
  4. 2006 Medium

    Placed HPS5/BLOC-2 in an LRO-biogenesis pathway that genetically interacts with AP-3, VPS33A and Rab38, identifying upstream/parallel machinery.

    Evidence Genetic epistasis with double mutants and pigment-granule phenotyping in Drosophila (pink/HPS5 ortholog)

    PMID:17156100

    Open questions at the time
    • Genetic interactions do not establish direct physical or biochemical coupling
    • Order of action relative to AP-3 unresolved
  5. 2007 Medium

    Defined the cargo selectivity of BLOC-2 by showing it is required for trafficking of tyrosinase and TYRP1, but not Pmel17, to mature melanosomes.

    Evidence Immunofluorescence and immunoelectron microscopy with ultrastructural analysis of HPS5-deficient patient melanocytes

    PMID:17301833

    Open questions at the time
    • Mechanism of cargo recognition/selection by BLOC-2 unknown
    • Single lab
  6. 2011 Medium

    Demonstrated that HPS5 loss impairs melanocyte differentiation through reduced tyrosinase activity, connecting BLOC-2 function to substrate availability.

    Evidence Hps5 frameshift mouse model with primary melanocyte culture, enzymatic assays, and L-tyrosine pharmacological rescue

    PMID:22035301

    Open questions at the time
    • Why tyrosine rescues a trafficking-complex defect mechanistically unclear
    • Effect on Kit/Tyrp expression not mechanistically dissected
  7. 2013 Medium

    Mapped a structural determinant of BLOC-2 stability to the HPS5 N-terminal WD40 domain, showing it is needed for HPS5–HPS6 stabilization but not for initial subunit binding.

    Evidence In vitro co-expression binding assay plus a zebrafish Hps5(I76N) missense model with melanosome phenotyping

    PMID:23893484

    Open questions at the time
    • How WD40 mediates stabilization vs. binding not structurally defined
    • Single lab
  8. 2017 Medium

    Confirmed in additional patients that HPS5 supports peripheral distribution of acidified endo-lysosomal compartments, generalizing the fibroblast trafficking role.

    Evidence RNA splicing analysis of a cryptic-splice-site mutation and immunofluorescence of acidified organelles in patient fibroblasts

    PMID:28296950

    Open questions at the time
    • Molecular driver of peripheral positioning not identified
    • Link between acidified-compartment dynamics and LRO cargo delivery unresolved
  9. 2021 Medium

    Identified a specific platelet dense-granule cargo, the zinc transporter TMEM163, that depends on BLOC-2, placing HPS5 upstream of its delivery.

    Evidence Quantitative mass-spectrometry proteomics with Western blot validation in Hps6ru mice and HPS5/HPS6 patient samples

    PMID:33513603

    Open questions at the time
    • Direct vs. indirect dependence of TMEM163 on BLOC-2 not distinguished
    • BLOC-2 was one of several complexes tested
  10. 2026 Medium

    Extended HPS5 function to a distinct LRO class, the guanine-crystal-forming iridosome, showing it regulates organelle biogenesis alongside Rab32a and Ap3m2.

    Evidence CRISPR-Cas9 hps5 knockout with cryo-EM and transcriptomic profiling of zebrafish iridophores

    PMID:41950095

    Open questions at the time
    • Whether iridosome role uses the same BLOC-2 complex unconfirmed
    • Cargo trafficked to iridosomes by HPS5 not identified

Open questions

Synthesis pass · forward-looking unresolved questions
  • The molecular activity of BLOC-2 itself—how it recognizes selective cargo and physically couples to AP-3, VPS33A and Rab GTPases to drive carrier delivery—remains undefined.
  • No biochemical activity assigned to HPS5 or BLOC-2
  • No high-resolution structure of the complex
  • Direct cargo-binding determinant unknown

Mechanism profile

Synthesis pass · controlled-vocabulary classification · explore literature graph →
Localization
GO:0005764 lysosome 2 GO:0005829 cytosol 1 GO:0005886 plasma membrane 1
Pathway
R-HSA-1852241 Organelle biogenesis and maintenance 3 R-HSA-9609507 Protein localization 3 R-HSA-5653656 Vesicle-mediated transport 2
Partners
HPS3HPS6
Complex memberships
BLOC-2

Evidence

Reading pass · 14 per-paper findings extracted from the source corpus
Year Finding Method Journal Conf PMIDs
2004 HPS5 protein is a subunit of BLOC-2 (Biogenesis of Lysosome-related Organelles Complex-2), a stable ~340 kDa complex also containing HPS3 and HPS6. Endogenous HPS3, HPS5, and HPS6 co-immunoprecipitate from HeLa cell extracts and co-fractionate by size-exclusion chromatography and density gradient centrifugation. BLOC-2 exists in both soluble and peripheral membrane-associated pools. Co-immunoprecipitation, size-exclusion chromatography, density gradient centrifugation Traffic (Copenhagen, Denmark) High 15030569
2004 In mouse tissues, Hps3, Hps5, and Hps6 co-immunoprecipitate and form a ~350 kDa complex (BLOC-2). Hps5 protein is destabilized in tissues of Hps3 and Hps6 mutants, and vice versa, demonstrating mutual stabilization within the complex. The three-amino-acid deletion in the Hps6(ru) mutant allele abolishes Hps5–Hps6 interaction within BLOC-2. Double-mutant mice (Hps5/Hps6 and Hps3/Hps6) phenocopy single mutants in coat color, melanosome ultrastructure, and platelet dense granule serotonin levels, indicating that these proteins act in the same pathway. Co-immunoprecipitation, sucrose gradient sedimentation, gel filtration, double-mutant epistasis analysis, biochemical quantification of platelet serotonin The Journal of biological chemistry High 14718540
2004 Loss of HPS5 in patient fibroblasts causes LAMP-3 (CD63/LAMP-3) distribution to be restricted to the perinuclear region rather than extending to the cell periphery, indicating a role for HPS5/BLOC-2 in trafficking of lysosomal lineage organelles to the cell periphery. Immunocytochemistry/confocal microscopy of patient-derived fibroblasts Traffic (Copenhagen, Denmark) Medium 15296495
2007 In HPS5-deficient melanocytes, TYRP1 abundance is reduced and its delivery to melanosomes is impaired, particularly in dendritic tips. Tyrosinase also fails to reach melanosome tips. In contrast, Pmel17 trafficking is unaffected. Ultrastructural analysis reveals predominantly early-stage melanosomes and many small 3,4(OH)2-phenylalanine-positive vesicles, indicating that HPS5/BLOC-2 is specifically required for trafficking of tyrosinase and TYRP1—but not Pmel17—to mature melanosomes. Immunofluorescence, immunoelectron microscopy, ultrastructural analysis of patient-derived melanocytes The Journal of investigative dermatology Medium 17301833
2006 The Drosophila gene pink (p) encodes the ortholog of human HPS5 and is a subunit of BLOC-2. pink mutants display defects in eye pigment granule biogenesis (lysosome-related organelles), and the pink phenotype is exacerbated by mutations in AP-3 subunits or orthologs of VPS33A and Rab38, placing HPS5/BLOC-2 in a pathway that genetically interacts with AP-3, VPS33A, and Rab38 in lysosome-related organelle biogenesis. Genetic epistasis analysis (double mutants), phenotypic characterization of Drosophila eye pigment granules Traffic (Copenhagen, Denmark) Medium 17156100
2013 A missense mutation in the N-terminal WD40 repeat domain of zebrafish Hps5 (Hps5I76N) disrupts melanosome biogenesis, causing hypopigmentation, reduced melanosome number and maturity, and ectopic multi-melanosome clusters. In vitro co-expression assays show that Hps5I76N retains binding to Hps3 and Hps6, but the mutual protein stabilization between Hps5 and Hps6 is disrupted by this mutation, demonstrating that the WD40 domain is required for proper BLOC-2 stability and function. In vitro co-expression assay (protein binding), zebrafish genetic model characterization, phenotypic analysis of melanosome number/size/maturity Genetics Medium 23893484
2004 HPS5 is one component of BLOC-2 (alongside HPS3 and HPS6), and HPS-associated protein complexes (BLOC-1, BLOC-2, BLOC-3, and AP-3) are non-redundant in organelle biogenesis: defects in all five known BLOC-1 subunits cause severe HPS in mice, whereas BLOC-2 (HPS3, HPS5, HPS6) mutations lead to a distinct phenotypic class, establishing pathway hierarchy among these complexes. Genetic analysis of mouse HPS mutants, protein complex characterization Blood Medium 15265785
2017 An intronic mutation in HPS5 that activates a cryptic acceptor splice site causes in-frame nine-nucleotide insertion and reduces HPS5 transcript and protein levels. In HPS-5 patient skin fibroblasts, acidified organelles show a perinuclear distribution compared to controls, indicating that HPS5 is required for normal endo-lysosomal dynamics and peripheral distribution of acidified compartments in fibroblasts. RNA splicing analysis, immunofluorescence of acidified organelles in patient-derived fibroblasts PloS one Medium 28296950
2014 Galectin-3 colocalizes predominantly with the HPS5 component of BLOC-2 in normal human melanocytes, and its expression in dendrites mimics the defective expression of tyrosinase cargo in HPS-5 (but not HPS-1 or HPS-2) melanocytes, suggesting galectin-3 participates in the BLOC-2-dependent trafficking step for melanogenic cargo. Immunofluorescence colocalization, shRNA knockdown of galectin-3 in melanocytes, patient-derived HPS melanocyte comparisons The Journal of investigative dermatology Low 25054620
2018 BLOC-2 (containing HPS5/HPS6) is required for the stability of the BLOC-2 complex; mutations in HPS5 or HPS6 genes in Chinese patients destabilize the BLOC-2 complex as a whole, consistent with mutual stabilization of subunits within BLOC-2. Western blot analysis of BLOC-2 protein levels in patient-derived cells Pigment cell & melanoma research Medium 30387913
2021 TMEM163, a platelet zinc transporter critical for dense granule (DG) biogenesis, is significantly reduced in BLOC-2 (Hps6ru)-deficient mice and in HPS patients including HPS5 and HPS6, as identified by quantitative proteomics. This places HPS5/BLOC-2 upstream of TMEM163 delivery to DG precursor compartments. Quantitative proteomics (mass spectrometry), Western blotting of mouse and patient samples Blood Medium 33513603
2026 In zebrafish iridophores, Hps5 is essential for iridosome (guanine crystal-forming LRO) biogenesis. CRISPR-Cas9 knockout of hps5 causes reduced crystal number, altered crystal morphology, and distinct maturation defects, establishing Hps5 as a key regulator of iridosome biogenesis alongside Rab32a and Ap3m2. CRISPR-Cas9 gene disruption, cryogenic transmission electron microscopy, transcriptomic profiling of zebrafish iridophores Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America Medium 41950095
2009 Phylogenetic footprinting identified conserved upstream regions of HPS5, and luciferase reporter assays confirmed in vitro transcriptional activation activity of these regions, providing the first experimental evidence for putative HPS5 promoter elements. Seven transcription factor binding sites (including Pax-5, AIRE, E2F, and others) were identified as shared among HPS3, HPS5, and HPS6 promoter regions. Phylogenetic footprinting, luciferase reporter assay Annals of human genetics Low 19523149
2011 The Hps5(ru2-d) frameshift mutation in mice inhibits melanocyte differentiation by reducing tyrosinase (Tyr) activity and expression of Tyr, Tyrp1, Tyrp2, and Kit, and decreasing stage IV melanosomes. Impaired differentiation is rescued by excess L-tyrosine treatment, demonstrating that Hps5 function influences the tyrosinase substrate availability pathway in melanocyte differentiation. Mouse genetic model, primary melanocyte culture, enzymatic assay, L-tyrosine rescue experiment Zoological science Medium 22035301

Source papers

Stage 0 corpus · 57 papers · ranked by NIH iCite citations
Year Title Journal Citations PMID
2016 The Molecular Mechanism of Ethylene-Mediated Root Hair Development Induced by Phosphate Starvation. PLoS genetics 102 27427911
2004 Characterization of BLOC-2, a complex containing the Hermansky-Pudlak syndrome proteins HPS3, HPS5 and HPS6. Traffic (Copenhagen, Denmark) 87 15030569
2004 The Hermansky-Pudlak syndrome 3 (cocoa) protein is a component of the biogenesis of lysosome-related organelles complex-2 (BLOC-2). The Journal of biological chemistry 66 14718540
2004 Cellular, molecular and clinical characterization of patients with Hermansky-Pudlak syndrome type 5. Traffic (Copenhagen, Denmark) 50 15296495
2004 Reduced pigmentation (rp), a mouse model of Hermansky-Pudlak syndrome, encodes a novel component of the BLOC-1 complex. Blood 43 15265785
2016 Super-resolution microscopy as a potential approach to diagnosis of platelet granule disorders. Journal of thrombosis and haemostasis : JTH 42 26806224
2009 Clinical and cellular characterisation of Hermansky-Pudlak syndrome type 6. Journal of medical genetics 39 19843503
2007 Improper trafficking of melanocyte-specific proteins in Hermansky-Pudlak syndrome type-5. The Journal of investigative dermatology 34 17301833
2006 The Drosophila pigmentation gene pink (p) encodes a homologue of human Hermansky-Pudlak syndrome 5 (HPS5). Traffic (Copenhagen, Denmark) 32 17156100
2016 NGS-based 100-gene panel of hypopigmentation identifies mutations in Chinese Hermansky-Pudlak syndrome patients. Pigment cell & melanoma research 29 27593200
2004 Hermansky-Pudlak syndrome type 4 in a patient from Sri Lanka with pulmonary fibrosis. American journal of medical genetics. Part A 29 15108212
2012 A homolog of the human Hermansky-Pudluck syndrome-5 (HPS5) gene is responsible for the oa larval translucent mutants in the silkworm, Bombyx mori. Genetica 27 23250771
2011 Clinical, molecular, and cellular features of non-Puerto Rican Hermansky-Pudlak syndrome patients of Hispanic descent. The Journal of investigative dermatology 27 21833017
2013 snow white, a zebrafish model of Hermansky-Pudlak Syndrome type 5. Genetics 26 23893484
2020 Current landscape of Oculocutaneous Albinism in Japan. Pigment cell & melanoma research 25 32969595
2021 A zinc transporter, transmembrane protein 163, is critical for the biogenesis of platelet dense granules. Blood 21 33513603
2010 Genome-wide association study identifies two novel regions at 11p15.5-p13 and 1p31 with major impact on acute-phase serum amyloid A. PLoS genetics 21 21124955
2019 Haemophilus parasuis infection in 3D4/21 cells induces autophagy through the AMPK pathway. Cellular microbiology 20 30977277
2006 A new genetic isolate with a unique phenotype of syndromic oculocutaneous albinism: clinical, molecular, and cellular characteristics. Human mutation 19 17041891
2022 Glaesserella parasuis serotype 5 breaches the porcine respiratory epithelial barrier by inducing autophagy and blocking the cell membrane Claudin-1 replenishment. PLoS pathogens 18 36228044
2018 Instability of BLOC-2 and BLOC-3 in Chinese patients with Hermansky-Pudlak syndrome. Pigment cell & melanoma research 18 30387913
2007 The pink gene encodes the Drosophila orthologue of the human Hermansky-Pudlak syndrome 5 (HPS5) gene. Genome 16 17632576
2021 Epididymal mRNA and miRNA transcriptome analyses reveal important genes and miRNAs related to sperm motility in roosters. Poultry science 15 34844112
2020 Genetic variants and mutational spectrum of Chinese Hermansky-Pudlak syndrome patients. Pigment cell & melanoma research 14 32725903
2022 Long-lasting effects of lipopolysaccharide on the reproduction and splenic transcriptome of hens and their offspring. Ecotoxicology and environmental safety 13 35453024
2022 Triphenyltin exposure induced abnormal morphological colouration in adult male guppies (Poecilia reticulata). Ecotoxicology and environmental safety 13 35905627
2021 Deletion of the crp gene affects the virulence and the activation of the NF-κB and MAPK signaling pathways in PK-15 and iPAM cells derived from G. parasuis serovar 5. Veterinary microbiology 13 34411995
2017 Clinico-molecular analysis of eleven patients with Hermansky-Pudlak type 5 syndrome, a mild form of HPS. Pigment cell & melanoma research 13 28640947
2017 Sequence-Based Mapping and Genome Editing Reveal Mutations in Stickleback Hps5 Cause Oculocutaneous Albinism and the casper Phenotype. G3 (Bethesda, Md.) 11 28739598
2022 Hermansky-Pudlak Syndrome: Identification of Novel Variants in the Genes HPS3, HPS5, and DTNBP1 (HPS-7). Frontiers in pharmacology 10 35126127
2020 Effect of cAMP Receptor Protein Gene on Growth Characteristics and Stress Resistance of Haemophilus parasuis Serovar 5. Frontiers in cellular and infection microbiology 10 32158699
2023 Targeted long-read sequencing identifies and characterizes structural variants in cases of inherited platelet disorders. Journal of thrombosis and haemostasis : JTH 9 38007062
2019 Novel genetic variant of HPS1 gene in Hermansky-Pudlak syndrome with fulminant progression of pulmonary fibrosis: a case report. BMC pulmonary medicine 9 31619213
2018 Investigating the Molecular Mechanism of Aqueous Extract of Cyclocarya paliurus on Ameliorating Diabetes by Transcriptome Profiling. Frontiers in pharmacology 9 30140229
2017 Cellular and molecular defects in a patient with Hermansky-Pudlak syndrome type 5. PloS one 9 28296950
2017 Hermansky-Pudlak syndrome subtype 5 (HPS-5) novel mutation in a 65 year-old with oculocutaneous hypopigmentation and mild bleeding diathesis: The importance of recognizing a subtle phenotype. Platelets 9 29090612
2016 Autophagy Is Associated with Pathogenesis of Haemophilus parasuis. Frontiers in microbiology 9 27703447
2024 Identification of a Proteomic Signature for Predicting Immunotherapy Response in Patients With Metastatic Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer. Molecular & cellular proteomics : MCP 6 39216661
2014 Melanocytic galectin-3 is associated with tyrosinase-related protein-1 and pigment biosynthesis. The Journal of investigative dermatology 6 25054620
2013 The mouse ruby-eye 2(d) (ru2(d) /Hps5(ru2-d) ) allele inhibits eumelanin but not pheomelanin synthesis. Pigment cell & melanoma research 6 23672590
2025 Blood proteome profiling for biomarker discovery in broilers with necrotic enteritis. Scientific reports 3 40234672
2022 NGS-based targeted sequencing identified two novel variants in Southwestern Chinese families with oculocutaneous albinism. BMC genomics 3 35488210
2011 A novel deletion mutation of mouse ruby-eye 2 named ru2(d)/Hps5(ru2-d) inhibits melanocyte differentiation and its impaired differentiation is rescued by L-tyrosine. Zoological science 3 22035301
2008 Bone marrow ectopic expression of a non-coding RNA in childhood T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia with a novel t(2;11)(q11.2;p15.1) translocation. Molecular cancer 3 18947387
2023 Hermansky-Pudlak Syndrome Type 6 and Renal Failure: A Rare Genetic Disease. Cureus 2 37908700
2022 A genome-wide epistatic network underlies the molecular architecture of continuous color variation of body extremities. Genomics 2 35378242
2022 Expression Analysis of Outer Membrane Protein HPS_06257 in Different Strains of Glaesserella parasuis and Its Potential Role in Protective Immune Response against HPS_06257-Expressing Strains via Antibody-Dependent Phagocytosis. Veterinary sciences 2 35878359
2016 Simple chronic colitis model using hypopigmented mice with a Hermansky-Pudlak syndrome 5 gene mutation. Pigment cell & melanoma research 2 27333462
2012 A new mutation of mouse ruby-eye 2, ru2(d)/Hps5(ru2-d) inhibits eumelanin synthesis but stimulates pheomelanin synthesis in melanocytes. Zoological science 2 23030338
2009 Identifying putative promoter regions of Hermansky-Pudlak syndrome genes by means of phylogenetic footprinting. Annals of human genetics 2 19523149
2026 Lysosome-related organelles orchestrate guanine crystal formation in pigment cells. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 1 41950095
2025 Synonymous but Significant: New Findings of Pathological Variants in Hermansky-Pudlak Syndrome. Pigment cell & melanoma research 1 39988965
2025 Malignancy in Adults with Inborn Errors of Immunity: A Retrospective Single-Center Study. Journal of clinical immunology 1 40993321
2023 [Diagnosis of a case with Hermansky-Pudlak syndrome type 5 through high-throughput sequencing and a literature review]. Zhonghua yi xue yi chuan xue za zhi = Zhonghua yixue yichuanxue zazhi = Chinese journal of medical genetics 1 37906148
2020 Donskoy cats as a new model of oculocutaneous albinism with the identification of a splice-site variant in Hermansky-Pudlak Syndrome 5 gene. Pigment cell & melanoma research 1 32558164
2026 Glaesserella parasuis serotype 5 disrupts the swine respiratory epithelial barrier via NBR1-mediated selective autophagic degradation of Claudin-1. Veterinary microbiology 0 42000398
2025 Senescence-related gene signatures in Crohn's disease: integrating bulk and single-cell RNA sequencing analysis. Scientific reports 0 41286494

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