Affinage

GZMB

Granzyme B · UniProt P10144

Length
247 aa
Mass
27.7 kDa
Annotated
2026-06-10
51 papers in source corpus 15 papers cited in narrative 17 extracted findings
Cross-family judge vs UniProt: tie faithfulness: 5/6 claims corpus-supported (83%)

Mechanistic narrative

Synthesis pass · prose summary of the discoveries below

GZMB encodes a cytotoxic-lymphocyte-specific serine protease whose gene organization places each catalytic-triad residue (His, Asp, Ser) on a separate exon, defining it as a member of a distinct serine protease subfamily (PMID:3264185). Its transcription is restricted to activated cytotoxic T lymphocytes and is driven by 5'-flanking regulatory sequences that respond to both T-cell receptor and IL-2 receptor signaling (PMID:1761544), requiring obligate synergy between an AP-1 element and a CRE held in fixed helical register (PMID:8219227). Once delivered into target cells, GZMB kills primarily through a caspase-3/-7-dependent apoptotic program, with the Bid/Bak/Bax axis serving only a secondary role (PMID:19838298), and it can also activate caspase-3 to cleave Gasdermin E and drive pyroptosis (PMID:37531918). Beyond canonical death pathways, GZMB directly cleaves the extracellular substrate SDC1 at Val225/Asp228, displacing TGM2 from the lysosome surface to block autophagosome-lysosome fusion (PMID:41378763). GZMB is genetically required for CD8+ T cell-mediated immune suppression (PMID:38607279). Its output is heavily constrained at multiple post-transcriptional levels: by miRNAs that bind the GZMB 3'UTR (miR-27a*, miR-518a-5p) to limit cytotoxicity (PMID:21960590, PMID:33994508), by the RNA-binding proteins ZFP36/ZFP36L1 that hold abundant Gzmb mRNA in a translationally poised state in tumor-infiltrating CD4+ T cells, and at the protein level by hypoxia-induced autophagy in target cells that degrades delivered GZMB to evade killing (PMID:24248158).

Mechanistic history

Synthesis pass · year-by-year structured walk · 9 steps
  1. 1988 High

    Established that GZMB is a cytotoxic T-lymphocyte serine protease, with exon organization confirming a catalytic triad and defining a new serine protease subfamily.

    Evidence Gene isolation, sequencing, and structural analysis of active-site exon organization

    PMID:3264185

    Open questions at the time
    • Catalytic mechanism inferred from sequence, not enzymatically reconstituted
    • No substrate identified at this stage
  2. 1993 High

    Resolved the cis-regulatory logic of GZMB induction, showing CTL-restricted transcription requires synergistic, spacing-constrained AP-1 and CRE elements responsive to TCR and IL-2 signaling.

    Evidence Promoter deletion mapping, DNase I hypersensitivity, transgenic reporter, and site-directed mutagenesis with reporter readouts in T-cell lines and mice

    PMID:1761544 PMID:2233710 PMID:8219227

    Open questions at the time
    • Identity of the trans-acting factors binding AP-1/CRE not fixed
    • Does not address post-transcriptional control
  3. 2009 High

    Defined the dominant death pathway downstream of delivered GZMB, showing caspase-3/-7 are required while the Bid/Bak/Bax route is secondary, using viral replication control as readout.

    Evidence Ex vivo CTL assays with GzmAxB-/- and caspase-deficient target cells, viral titer measurement

    PMID:19838298

    Open questions at the time
    • Direct GZMB substrate(s) feeding caspase activation not enumerated here
    • Relative contribution may differ across cell types
  4. 2013 High

    Showed GZMB function is limited not only by expression but by target-cell defenses, as hypoxia-induced autophagy degrades NK-delivered GZMB to block killing.

    Evidence Autophagy inhibition, NK cytotoxicity assays, GZMB detection, and in vivo tumor model in breast cancer cells

    PMID:24248158

    Open questions at the time
    • Molecular machinery selecting GZMB for autophagic degradation not defined
    • Whether other granzymes are similarly degraded unknown
  5. 2021 Medium

    Extended post-transcriptional regulation of GZMB by miRNAs, identifying 3'UTR-binding miR-27a* and miR-518a-5p as direct negative regulators tuning cytotoxic output.

    Evidence 3'UTR luciferase reporter assays, miRNA knockdown/overexpression, NK cytotoxicity and HUVEC viability assays, xenograft model

    PMID:21960590 PMID:33994508

    Open questions at the time
    • Physiological contexts where each miRNA dominates not delineated
    • Combinatorial effects with other regulators untested
  6. 2023 Medium

    Placed GZMB upstream of pyroptosis, showing it activates caspase-3 to cleave Gasdermin E and release inflammatory cytokines in synoviocytes.

    Evidence GZMB siRNA knockdown with caspase-3/GSDME Western blot, LDH and cytokine assays in RA cell lines

    PMID:37531918

    Open questions at the time
    • Direct GZMB-caspase-3-GSDME cleavage not reconstituted
    • Single cell-type, knockdown-based pathway placement
  7. 2024 High

    Demonstrated GZMB is genetically necessary for CD8+ T cell-mediated immune suppression, distinguishing it from non-required effector molecules.

    Evidence CRISPR-Cas9 knockout of GZMB versus control genes in primary human CD8+ T cells with in vitro suppression assays

    PMID:38607279

    Open questions at the time
    • Mechanism by which GZMB enacts suppression not resolved
    • Target cells of suppression not defined
  8. 2025 High

    Identified a direct extracellular substrate, showing GZMB cleaves SDC1 to displace TGM2 and block autophagosome maturation, linking GZMB to autophagy modulation and radiosensitization.

    Evidence In vitro cleavage assay, SDC1 cleavage-site mutagenesis with uncleavable-mutant rescue, NK-GBM co-culture, xenograft, autophagy flux and TGM2 imaging

    PMID:41378763

    Open questions at the time
    • Scope of additional extracellular substrates unknown
    • Generality beyond glioblastoma untested
  9. 2025 Medium

    Revealed a translational checkpoint on GZMB, where ZFP36/ZFP36L1 hold abundant Gzmb mRNA in a protein-null poised state that checkpoint blockade can relieve.

    Evidence Zfp36/Zfp36l1 deletion and constitutive ZFP36L1 expression in mouse T cells, checkpoint blockade, mRNA versus protein quantification (preprint)

    Open questions at the time
    • Preprint, not yet peer-reviewed
    • Direct ZFP36-family binding to Gzmb mRNA not biochemically mapped here

Open questions

Synthesis pass · forward-looking unresolved questions
  • How the multiple layers of GZMB regulation — transcriptional synergy, miRNA control, ZFP36-mediated translational poising, and target-cell autophagic degradation — are integrated to set effective protease delivery in vivo remains unresolved.
  • No unified model linking regulatory layers
  • Full extracellular and intracellular substrate repertoire incomplete

Mechanism profile

Synthesis pass · controlled-vocabulary classification · explore literature graph →
Molecular activity
GO:0140096 catalytic activity, acting on a protein 3 GO:0016787 hydrolase activity 2
Localization
GO:0031410 cytoplasmic vesicle 1
Pathway
R-HSA-5357801 Programmed Cell Death 2 R-HSA-9612973 Autophagy 2 R-HSA-168256 Immune System 1
Partners
CASP3GSDMESDC1
Complex memberships
cytotoxic granule

Evidence

Reading pass · 17 per-paper findings extracted from the source corpus
Year Finding Method Journal Conf PMIDs
1988 GZMB (CCPI/CSP-B) encodes a cytotoxic T lymphocyte-specific serine protease; gene organization reveals each active-site residue (His, Asp, Ser) is contained on a separate exon, consistent with the serine protease catalytic triad architecture. Two introns occur in unusual positions: one within the activation dipeptide and one near the active-site Asp residue in the invariant core region, defining GZMB as a member of a new subfamily of serine protease genes. Gene isolation, sequencing, and structural analysis of coding/noncoding regions Biochemistry High 3264185
1990 The CSP-B/GZMB gene is transcriptionally activated during cytotoxic T-lymphocyte maturation. TPA and bt2cAMP act synergistically to induce transcription; neither agent alone is sufficient. A DNase I-hypersensitive site forms upstream upon activation, and two regulatory regions at -609 to -202 and -202 to -80 relative to the transcriptional start site drive activation. Transient transfection of promoter constructs, DNase I hypersensitivity assay, RNA analysis in PEER T-cell line Molecular and cellular biology High 2233710
1991 The 5'-flanking region of the human CSP-B/GZMB gene is sufficient to target expression specifically to activated T-lymphocytes in vivo; expression is induced by T-cell receptor signaling (concanavalin A) or IL-2 receptor signaling, demonstrating that GZMB regulatory sequences are responsive to both activation pathways. Transgenic mouse reporter assay (human growth hormone driven by CSP-B promoter), T-cell activation experiments The Journal of biological chemistry High 1761544
1993 Transcriptional activation of GZMB requires synergy between a consensus AP-1 element and a consensus CRE located 5' to the transcriptional start site. Single nucleotide substitutions in the AP-1 site abolish activity; point mutations in the CRE substantially reduce activity. Replacing the CRE with a second AP-1 site preserves activity, but replacing the AP-1 site with a CRE abolishes activity. Helical spacing between the two elements must be preserved for full synergism, indicating cooperative protein-DNA or protein-protein interactions. Transient transfection with promoter mutants, luciferase/reporter assays in TPA+bt2cAMP-stimulated PEER cells Blood High 8219227
2009 GzmB controls ectromelia (mousepox) virus replication through a caspase-3/-7-dependent mechanism. GzmB-induced apoptosis in virus-infected cells is completely blocked when caspase-3/-7 are absent. The Bid/Bak/Bax pathway activated by GzmB is only partially inhibited by virus and does not account for viral replication control; inhibition of viral replication in vitro requires caspase-3/-7 activity downstream of GzmB. Ex vivo cytotoxic T cell assays using granzyme-deficient (GzmAxB-/-) and caspase-deficient target cells, viral titer measurement PloS one High 19838298
2011 Human miR-27a* negatively regulates NK-cell cytotoxicity by directly binding to the 3' UTR of both Prf1 and GzmB mRNAs, down-regulating their expression in resting and activated NK cells. Knockdown of miR-27a* dramatically increases NK cytotoxicity in vitro and decreases tumor growth in a xenograft model. 3'UTR reporter assays, miRNA knockdown/overexpression in primary NK cells, in vitro cytotoxicity assays, xenograft tumor model Blood High 21960590
2013 Hypoxia-induced autophagy in breast cancer cells selectively degrades GZMB delivered by NK cells, thereby blocking NK-mediated apoptosis of target cells. Inhibiting autophagy restores susceptibility to NK-mediated lysis and promotes tumor regression in vivo. Autophagy inhibition experiments, in vitro NK cytotoxicity assays, GZMB detection in hypoxic cells, in vivo tumor model Autophagy High 24248158
2015 miR-378 suppresses GzmB expression in NK cells during dengue virus infection. Overexpression of miR-378 in DENV-infected mice inhibited GzmB expression and promoted DENV replication, establishing that suppression of miR-378 is required for GzmB-mediated control of dengue virus. miRNA agomir overexpression in DENV-infected mice, GzmB expression measurement, viral replication assays Cellular & molecular immunology Medium 26166761
2017 GZMB QPY/RAH polymorphism (rs8192917; Q48R) influences NK cell cytotoxicity. R48-GzmB accumulates to similar protein levels as Q48-GzmB in activated NK cells, indicating the functional difference is not due to altered protein stability or expression but affects cytotoxic activity. NK cell cytotoxicity assays, degranulation assays, GzmB protein quantification in human donors stratified by rs8192917 genotype Immunogenetics Medium 28653095
2021 miR-518a-5p binds directly to the 3'UTR of GZMB and negatively regulates GZMB expression. Overexpression of miR-518a-5p mimic reduces GZMB protein levels and attenuates apoptosis in hypoxia/reoxygenation-injured vascular endothelial cells. Luciferase 3'UTR reporter assay, miRNA mimic transfection, Western blot, cell viability (CCK8) assay in HUVEC cells International heart journal Medium 33994508
2022 TCF-1B (Tcf-1) expression in CD8+ T cells restricts acquisition of a GzmB-high state and protects T cells from activation-induced cell death (AICD) associated with elicitation of effector function. Constitutive TCF-1B expression reduced GzmB expression and improved survival of TCR-engineered CD8+ T cells upon tumor engagement. Constitutive Tcf-1B expression in primary CD8+ T cells, in vitro and xenograft tumor models, flow cytometry for GzmB and apoptosis markers Cancer immunology, immunotherapy : CII Medium 35460379
2023 GZMB activates caspase-3, which in turn cleaves Gasdermin E (GSDME), promoting pyroptosis in rheumatoid arthritis fibroblast-like synoviocytes. Silencing GZMB with siRNA reduces caspase-3 activation, GSDME cleavage, LDH release, and inflammatory cytokines IL-1β and IL-18 in HFLS-RA and MH7A cells. GZMB siRNA knockdown in RA cells, Western blot for caspase-3/GSDME/GZMB, LDH assay, ELISA for cytokines, CCK8/EDU proliferation assays Molecular immunology Medium 37531918
2024 CRISPR-Cas9 knockout of GZMB (as well as PRF1, IFNγ, or LYST, but not IL4 or IL5) in primary human CD8+ T cells significantly diminishes their in vitro immune suppressive ability, establishing GZMB as necessary for CD8+ T cell-mediated immune suppression. CRISPR-Cas9 gene knockout in primary human CD8+ T cells, qRT-PCR confirmation, flow cytometry, in vitro suppression assays Journal of immunology High 38607279
2024 Inhibition of GZMB activity with SerpinA3N in diabetic mice reduces endoplasmic reticulum stress (PERK/eIF2α pathway) and pyroptosis (NLRP3/Caspase-1/GSDMD-N/IL-1β/IL-18) in hippocampal oligodendrocytes, reduces demyelination, and ameliorates diabetic cognitive dysfunction. In vivo GZMB inhibitor (SerpinA3N) treatment in diabetic mice, Morris water maze, immunofluorescence, Western blot for ER stress/pyroptosis markers, Luxol Fast Blue staining Free radical biology & medicine Medium 39326683
2025 GZMB directly recognizes and cleaves SDC1 (syndecan-1) at valine 225 and aspartate 228, blocking autophagosome-lysosome fusion in glioblastoma cells. Cleavage of SDC1 by GZMB obstructs localization of TGM2 (a MAP1LC3/LC3 recognizer) on the lysosome surface, impairing autophagosome maturation and thereby radiosensitizing GBM cells. An uncleavable SDC1 mutant reverses GZMB-mediated radiosensitization. In vitro GZMB cleavage assay with SDC1 substrate, site-directed mutagenesis of SDC1 cleavage sites, co-culture NK-GBM experiments, xenograft model, autophagy flux assays, TGM2 localization imaging Autophagy High 41378763
2025 In tumor-infiltrating CD4+ T cells, Gzmb mRNA is abundant but GzmB protein is absent (poised state), indicating a post-transcriptional block to GzmB protein production. The RNA-binding proteins ZFP36 and ZFP36L1 maintain this block. Anti-CTLA-4 or anti-LAG-3 plus anti-PD-1 treatment relieves this block by repressing ZFP36L1 expression. Constitutive ZFP36L1 expression abrogates anti-CTLA-4 effects; deletion of ZFP36 and ZFP36L1 triggers GzmB protein production and promotes tumor control. Genetic deletion of Zfp36/Zfp36l1 in mouse T cells, constitutive ZFP36L1 expression, immune checkpoint blockade experiments, RNA vs. protein quantification in tumor-infiltrating T cells bioRxivpreprint Medium
2025 IFNγ is stored within GzmB-containing cytotoxic granules (CGs) in activated mouse and human CD8+ T cells ('lytic IFNγ') and is co-secreted with GzmB at the immunological synapse in both soluble and SMAP-associated forms. Mouse CD8+ T cells lacking the vesicle priming factor Munc13-4 exhibit impaired co-secretion of both CG contents and early IFNγ at the synapse. Super-resolution imaging, vesicle priming factor knockout (Munc13-4-/- mice), immunological synapse formation assays, co-localization of IFNγ and GzmB in granules bioRxivpreprint Medium

Source papers

Stage 0 corpus · 51 papers · ranked by NIH iCite citations
Year Title Journal Citations PMID
2023 Single-cell atlas of healthy human blood unveils age-related loss of NKG2C+GZMB-CD8+ memory T cells and accumulation of type 2 memory T cells. Immunity 134 37963457
2011 Human microRNA-27a* targets Prf1 and GzmB expression to regulate NK-cell cytotoxicity. Blood 116 21960590
2001 Production of delayed death and neoplastic transformation in CGL1 cells by radiation-induced bystander effects. Radiation research 80 11500134
2013 Autophagic degradation of GZMB/granzyme B: a new mechanism of hypoxic tumor cell escape from natural killer cell-mediated lysis. Autophagy 71 24248158
2003 Re-evaluation of the RBE of 29 kV x-rays (mammography x-rays) relative to 220 kV x-rays using neoplastic transformation of human CGL1-hybrid cells. Radiation and environmental biophysics 46 14551783
1988 Organization of two genes encoding cytotoxic T lymphocyte-specific serine proteases CCPI and CCPII. Biochemistry 46 3264185
2015 Suppressed expression of miR-378 targeting gzmb in NK cells is required to control dengue virus infection. Cellular & molecular immunology 38 26166761
1991 The 5'-flanking region of the human CGL-1/granzyme B gene targets expression of a reporter gene to activated T-lymphocytes in transgenic mice. The Journal of biological chemistry 37 1761544
1993 Consensus AP-1 and CRE motifs upstream from the human cytotoxic serine protease B (CSP-B/CGL-1) gene synergize to activate transcription. Blood 35 8219227
1990 Transcriptional activation of the human cytotoxic serine protease gene CSP-B in T lymphocytes. Molecular and cellular biology 35 2233710
2016 A rare subset of skin-tropic regulatory T cells expressing Il10/Gzmb inhibits the cutaneous immune response. Scientific reports 31 27756896
2021 Long Non-coding RNA LINC02474 Affects Metastasis and Apoptosis of Colorectal Cancer by Inhibiting the Expression of GZMB. Frontiers in oncology 27 33898319
2018 The miRNA 361-3p, a Regulator of GZMB and TNF Is Associated With Therapeutic Failure and Longer Time Healing of Cutaneous Leishmaniasis Caused by L. (viannia) braziliensis. Frontiers in immunology 27 30487794
2018 RETRACTED: GZMB gene silencing confers protection against synovial tissue hyperplasia and articular cartilage tissue injury in rheumatoid arthritis through the MAPK signaling pathway. Biomedicine & pharmacotherapy = Biomedecine & pharmacotherapie 22 29669300
2018 Genetic polymorphisms of GZMB and vitiligo: A genetic association study based on Chinese Han population. Scientific reports 22 30158536
2017 Fine-Mapping and Analysis of Cgl1, a Gene Conferring Glossy Trait in Cabbage (Brassica oleracea L. var. capitata). Frontiers in plant science 21 28265282
2022 Decreased GZMB, NRP1, ITPR1, and SERPINB9 Transcripts Lead to Reduced Regulatory T Cells Suppressive Capacity in Generalized Vitiligo Patients. Journal of immunology research 19 36157881
2023 Exploring the molecular mechanisms of the involvement of GZMB-Caspase-3-GSDME pathway in the progression of rheumatoid arthritis. Molecular immunology 16 37531918
2013 Risk of generalized vitiligo is associated with the common 55R-94A-247H variant haplotype of GZMB (encoding granzyme B). The Journal of investigative dermatology 16 23321921
2021 Association of GZMB polymorphisms and susceptibility to non-segmental vitiligo in a Korean population. Scientific reports 15 33431938
2005 A radiation-induced acute apoptosis involving TP53 and BAX precedes the delayed apoptosis and neoplastic transformation of CGL1 human hybrid cells. Radiation research 15 15913393
2021 Radiosensitizing effect of gold nanoparticle loaded with small interfering RNA-SP1 on lung cancer: AuNPs-si-SP1 regulates GZMB for radiosensitivity. Translational oncology 13 34517158
2017 The CGL1 (HeLa × Normal Skin Fibroblast) Human Hybrid Cell Line: A History of Ionizing Radiation Induced Effects on Neoplastic Transformation and Novel Future Directions in SNOLAB. Radiation research 13 28873027
2000 Loss of chromosome 14 increases the radiosensitivity of CGL1 human hybrid cells but lowers their susceptibility to radiation-induced neoplastic transformation. Mutagenesis 13 10792009
2024 Disruption of IFNγ, GZMB, PRF1, or LYST Results in Reduced Suppressive Function in Human CD8+ T Cells. Journal of immunology (Baltimore, Md. : 1950) 12 38607279
2017 QPY/RAH haplotypes of the GZMB gene are associated with natural killer cell cytotoxicity. Immunogenetics 12 28653095
2019 Transcriptomic profiling of gamma ray induced mutants from the CGL1 human hybrid cell system reveals novel insights into the mechanisms of radiation-induced carcinogenesis. Free radical biology & medicine 11 31580949
2009 Caspase-dependent inhibition of mousepox replication by gzmB. PloS one 11 19838298
2022 Identification of Radiation-Induced miRNA Biomarkers Using the CGL1 Cell Model System. Bioengineering (Basel, Switzerland) 9 35621492
2022 Tcf-1 protects anti-tumor TCR-engineered CD8+ T-cells from GzmB mediated self-destruction. Cancer immunology, immunotherapy : CII 8 35460379
2023 Genomic Loss and Epigenetic Silencing of the FOSL1 Tumor Suppressor Gene in Radiation-induced Neoplastic Transformation of Human CGL1 Cells Alters the Tumorigenic Phenotype In Vitro and In Vivo. Radiation research 7 37141110
2025 Targeting PD-1 and CD85j can restore intratumoral CD4+ GzmB+ T-cell functions to combat MHC-II-expressing tumors. Journal for immunotherapy of cancer 6 40169283
2024 Characteristics and functions of an atypical inflammation-associated GZMK+GZMB+CD8+ T subset in people living with HIV-1. Molecular immunology 6 39053388
2021 MiR-518a-5p Targets GZMB to Extenuate Vascular Endothelial Cell Injury Induced by Hypoxia-Reoxygenation and Thereby Improves Myocardial Ischemia. International heart journal 6 33994508
2024 Inhibition of GZMB activity ameliorates cognitive dysfunction by reducing demyelination in diabetic mice. Free radical biology & medicine 5 39326683
2021 Identification of CD56dim subpopulation marked with high expression of GZMB/PRF1/PI-9 in CD56+ interferon-α-induced dendritic cells. Genes to cells : devoted to molecular & cellular mechanisms 5 33662167
2025 Single-cell profiling reveals immunoregulation of artemisinin on CD8+GZMB+ T cells via JAK2-STAT3 in malaria-infected mice. Innovation (Cambridge (Mass.)) 4 40979296
2024 The Role of Natural Background Radiation in Maintaining Genomic Stability in the CGL1 Human Hybrid Model System. Radiation research 3 39134062
2023 A common genetic variation in GZMB may associate with cancer risk in patients with Lynch syndrome. Frontiers in oncology 3 36890824
2022 Expression of the GZMB Gene Polymorphism, SNP rs8192917, in 990 Han Chinese Patients with Postoperative Keloids. Medical science monitor : international medical journal of experimental and clinical research 3 35733327
2022 Tuberculosis infection related hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis diagnosed in patient with GZMB mutation: A case report and literature review. Medicine 3 36107603
2022 Coprinopsis cinerea Galectin CGL1 Induces Apoptosis and Inhibits Tumor Growth in Colorectal Cancer Cells. International journal of molecular sciences 3 36613681
2025 CXCL8 and GZMB genes promote cartilaginous and synovial lesion formation via NF-κB and MAPK signaling pathways in Kaschin-Beck disease. Biochimica et biophysica acta. Molecular basis of disease 2 40414318
2022 Influences of miR-378a-3p on the Pathogenesis of Allergic Rhinitis via GzmB-Mediated Inflammatory Reaction. Evidence-based complementary and alternative medicine : eCAM 2 36072399
2026 NK cell-derived GZMB (granzyme B) suppresses glioblastoma radioresistance by blocking SDC1-mediated autophagosome maturation. Autophagy 1 41378763
2025 SLC4A10 impedes atherosclerosis by diminishing IFN-γ/GZMB levels of CD8+ T cells via the MAPK pathway. Frontiers in immunology 1 40510365
2024 Immune Rejection Mediated by prf1 and gzmb Affects the Colonization of Fat Greenling (Hexagrammos otakii) Spermatogonia in Heterotransplantation. International journal of molecular sciences 1 38791196
2026 The transcription factor ZNF683 marks an exhaustion-like GZMB+CD8+ T cell in sepsis. Frontiers in immunology 0 41869345
2026 Ferroptosis-STING co-activation drives GzmB+CD38+CD8+ T-cell expansion to overcome lymphoma immunosuppression. Biomaterials 0 42061111
2026 GZMB+CD4+CD8+ T cells in rheumatoid arthritis: a potential therapeutic target for IL-27 intervention. Journal of translational medicine 0 42231345
2023 Mannose oligosaccharide recognition of CGL1, a mannose-specific lectin containing DM9 motifs from Crassostrea gigas, revealed by X-ray crystallographic analysis. Journal of biochemistry 0 37793172

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