Affinage

GPX4

Phospholipid hydroperoxide glutathione peroxidase GPX4 · UniProt P36969

Length
197 aa
Mass
22.2 kDa
Annotated
2026-06-10
100 papers in source corpus 37 papers cited in narrative 37 extracted findings
Cross-family judge vs UniProt: Affinage preferred faithfulness: 7/7 claims corpus-supported (100%)

Mechanistic narrative

Synthesis pass · prose summary of the discoveries below

GPX4 is a selenocysteine-dependent glutathione peroxidase that constitutes the central cellular defense against iron-dependent lipid peroxidation, and its loss precipitates ferroptotic cell death (PMID:24439385, PMID:31634900). It is uniquely capable of reducing esterified phospholipid hydroperoxides within membranes to non-toxic lipid alcohols, a reaction no other enzyme performs in a cellular context (PMID:31634900, PMID:34931062); an electrostatic cationic patch mediates membrane and cardiolipin binding adjacent to the catalytic site (PMID:34492183), and the selenolate active-site catalysis is specifically required to resist irreversible overoxidation, distinguishing GPX4 from a cysteine variant and being essential for neuronal survival in vivo (PMID:29290465). This antioxidant function makes GPX4 a survival dependency in therapy-resistant high-mesenchymal persister cancer cells (PMID:29088702), and a patient-derived R152H active-site loop mutation that abolishes activity links GPX4 dysfunction to human disease (PMID:34931062). Beyond its canonical hydroperoxidase role, GPX4 acts as a protein-thiol peroxidase that cross-links mitochondrial capsule proteins during spermatogenesis (PMID:11568459), and alternative-promoter usage generates cytosolic, mitochondrial, and arginine-rich nuclear isoforms with distinct localizations (PMID:12751792, PMID:14583338). GPX4 abundance is set by a dense post-translational network: stabilizing palmitoylation at C66/C75 (ZDHHC20/ZDHHC8, reversed by APT2) (PMID:39833225, PMID:40108413), R152 symmetric dimethylation by PRMT5 that excludes the Cullin1-FBW7 ligase (PMID:40033101), S104 phosphorylation by CKB that blocks chaperone-mediated autophagy (PMID:37156912), stabilizing deubiquitination (USP8, OTUD5, OTUB1 recruited by CST1) and linear ubiquitination by LUBAC (PMID:36369321, PMID:36279464, PMID:38598341, PMID:38110369), opposed by degradative ubiquitination (STUB1 at K191, NEDD4L, copper-induced modification of C107/C148) and selective/chaperone-mediated autophagy via TAX1BP1, p62/TRAF6, legumain-HSC70, and FUNDC1-mediated mitochondrial import (PMID:36622894, PMID:38110356, PMID:33431801, PMID:36828120, PMID:40394165), with transcriptional and m6A control by STAT3 and the PKA-ALKBH5 axis (PMID:35859150, PMID:39901038). Functionally, GPX4-maintained redox homeostasis sustains follicular helper T cell and germinal center responses (PMID:34413521), enables cGAS-STING innate immunity by preventing lipid-peroxidation-driven STING carbonylation at C88 (PMID:32541831), confers host resistance to Mycobacterium tuberculosis (PMID:36069923), and in adipocytes suppresses metabolic inflammation independently of overt ferroptotic death (PMID:35031697). Direct covalent modification of C66 by itaconate allosterically activates the enzyme to protect neurons (PMID:38719928).

Mechanistic history

Synthesis pass · year-by-year structured walk · 36 steps
  1. 1997 Medium

    Established the catalytic basis for GPX4's distinctive substrate range, answering how a glutathione peroxidase could act on bulky lipid hydroperoxides and protein thiols.

    Evidence Structural and kinetic analysis with protein-binding assays defining a Sec/Gln/Trp catalytic triad and broad donor specificity

    PMID:9315326

    Open questions at the time
    • Did not resolve the membrane-binding mode
    • Protein-thiol substrates not identified at residue level
  2. 1997 Medium

    Showed that selenocysteine incorporation machinery, not the GPX4 coding sequence alone, limits functional enzyme production, framing selenium availability as a control point.

    Evidence Co-transfection of PHGPx with selenophosphate synthase (SelD) in endothelial cells with activity and cytotoxicity readouts

    PMID:9315307

    Open questions at the time
    • Single cell type
    • Did not address endogenous regulation of Sec machinery
  3. 2001 High

    Demonstrated a protein-thiol peroxidase moonlighting activity, explaining the selenium dependency of spermatogenesis beyond simple antioxidant function.

    Evidence In vitro biochemistry with H2O2, thiol labeling and SDS-PAGE of mitochondrial capsule protein cross-linking

    PMID:11568459

    Open questions at the time
    • In vitro only
    • Identity of all physiological thiol substrates incomplete
  4. 2001 Medium

    Connected GPX4 expression to cell survival under cystine/glutathione limitation, an early anti-apoptotic/growth-promoting role.

    Evidence Expression cloning in Burkitt lymphoma cells with overexpression rescue of oxidative apoptosis

    PMID:11568455

    Open questions at the time
    • Predates ferroptosis framework
    • Mechanism of protection not at molecular resolution
  5. 2003 High

    Defined the molecular origin of the nuclear GPX4 isoform, answering how subcellular targeting diversity arises without alternative splicing.

    Evidence 5'-RACE, RT-PCR, S1 nuclease and in situ hybridization identifying an intron-1 alternative promoter generating an Arg-rich N-terminus

    PMID:12751792

    Open questions at the time
    • Regulation of alternative promoter not defined
    • Function of nuclear isoform beyond chromatin binding unclear
  6. 2003 Medium

    Provided direct evidence that mitochondrial GPX4 protects organelle function, linking isoform localization to physiological cardioprotection.

    Evidence Adenoviral mPHGPx/cPHGPx overexpression in cardiomyocytes with MDA/HNE, cytochrome c release and complex IV assays in I/R

    PMID:14583338

    Open questions at the time
    • Overexpression only
    • Endogenous mitochondrial GPX4 contribution not isolated
  7. 2014 High

    Identified GPX4 as the essential regulator of ferroptosis, defining the cell death modality it suppresses.

    Evidence Chemoproteomic target identification of RSL3 plus GPX4 gain/loss-of-function across multiple inducers and cell lines

    PMID:24439385

    Open questions at the time
    • Direct enzymatic inhibition by RSL3 later questioned
    • Endogenous lipid substrate spectrum not fully mapped
  8. 2017 High

    Explained why GPX4 uses selenocysteine rather than cysteine, establishing resistance to overoxidation as the catalytic rationale for an essential enzyme.

    Evidence Gpx4 Sec-to-Cys knock-in mice and conditional neuronal knockouts with peroxide sensitivity assays

    PMID:29290465

    Open questions at the time
    • Mechanism of selenolate regeneration in cells not fully defined
  9. 2017 High

    Revealed GPX4 as a selective vulnerability of drug-tolerant persister cancer cells, giving therapeutic relevance to the ferroptosis dependency.

    Evidence GPX4 inhibition/knockdown in mesenchymal persister cells with ferroptosis assays and in vivo relapse models

    PMID:29088702

    Open questions at the time
    • Why the mesenchymal state imposes GPX4 dependency not fully mechanistic
  10. 2019 High

    Defined GPX4 as the glutathione-dependent lipid hydroperoxidase and positioned FSP1 as a parallel, GPX4-independent antioxidant arm of ferroptosis defense.

    Evidence Synthetic-lethal CRISPR screen, biochemical oxidoreductase assays and xenografts

    PMID:31634900

    Open questions at the time
    • Crosstalk thresholds between GPX4 and FSP1 pathways not quantified
  11. 2020 High

    Linked GPX4 redox control to innate immunity, showing lipid peroxidation carbonylates STING and blocks its trafficking.

    Evidence GPX4 knockdown/knockout with STING C88 carbonylation, ER-to-Golgi trafficking assays and viral infection models

    PMID:32541831

    Open questions at the time
    • Direct lipid species mediating STING carbonylation not pinned down
  12. 2021 High

    Resolved the structural basis of membrane and DNA engagement, explaining how GPX4 reaches membrane lipid substrates and how the nuclear isoform targets chromatin.

    Evidence First NMR assignments of GPX4 with mutagenesis of a cationic patch and lipid/DNA binding assays

    PMID:34492183

    Open questions at the time
    • Membrane orientation during catalysis not directly visualized
  13. 2021 High

    Established GPX4 as required for follicular helper T cell survival, extending the selenium-GPX4-ferroptosis axis to adaptive immunity.

    Evidence T cell-specific Gpx4 conditional knockout with immunization, flow cytometry and selenium supplementation

    PMID:34413521

    Open questions at the time
    • Why TFH cells are selectively vulnerable not fully explained
  14. 2021 Medium

    Initiated the degradation arm of GPX4 regulation, showing chaperone-mediated autophagy controls GPX4 turnover in injury.

    Evidence Co-IP of legumain with HSC70/HSP90/GPX4, lysosomal fractionation and legumain-KO IRI model

    PMID:33431801

    Open questions at the time
    • Single lab Co-IP
    • Direct CMA targeting motif on GPX4 not defined
  15. 2021 High

    Established GPX4 as the only enzyme reducing esterified phospholipid hydroperoxides in cells and connected an active-site-loop mutation to human disease.

    Evidence Structure-based analysis, patient fibroblasts and enzymatic/stability assays of R152H

    PMID:34931062

    Open questions at the time
    • Full clinical spectrum of GPX4 mutations not enumerated here
  16. 2022 High

    Identified an allosteric regeneration site distinct from the active site, defining a druggable conformational control point.

    Evidence Six co-crystal structures of inhibitors with biophysical and activity assays

    PMID:36423641

    Open questions at the time
    • Endogenous ligand of the allosteric site unknown
  17. 2022 Medium

    Began assembling the ubiquitin-stabilization network by showing LUBAC adds protective linear ubiquitin chains to GPX4.

    Evidence Co-IP, M1-linkage ubiquitination assays and LUBAC-deficient ferroptosis sensitivity

    PMID:36279464

    Open questions at the time
    • Single lab
    • Site of M1 attachment not mapped
  18. 2022 Medium

    Showed deubiquitinase recruitment stabilizes GPX4, identifying CST1-OTUB1 as a protective module.

    Evidence Co-IP/MS, ubiquitination assays and in vivo metastasis models

    PMID:36369321

    Open questions at the time
    • Single lab
    • Generality across tissues untested
  19. 2022 High

    Extended GPX4's protective role to infection, defining the GPX4/GSH axis as a tuberculosis host-resistance determinant.

    Evidence Gpx4-deficient and -transgenic mice in Mtb infection with ferrostatin-1 rescue

    PMID:36069923

    Open questions at the time
    • Cell-intrinsic vs tissue-level contributions not fully separated
  20. 2022 High

    Revealed a ferroptosis-independent metabolic function of GPX4 in adipocytes restraining inflammation.

    Evidence Two adipocyte-specific Gpx4 KO lines with metabolic phenotyping, cytokine and TUNEL assays

    PMID:35031697

    Open questions at the time
    • Lipid mediators driving inflammation not identified
    • Single lab
  21. 2023 Medium

    Defined copper as a direct trigger of GPX4 autophagic degradation, coupling metal stress to ferroptosis.

    Evidence Co-IP, ubiquitination/aggregation assays mapping Cu binding to C107/C148 and TAX1BP1 receptor in pancreatic cancer models

    PMID:36622894

    Open questions at the time
    • Single lab
    • Stoichiometry of copper binding undefined
  22. 2023 High

    Identified CKB as a non-canonical kinase that phosphorylates GPX4 to block its CMA degradation, linking growth-factor signaling to ferroptosis resistance.

    Evidence In vitro kinase assay, Co-IP, S104 mutagenesis, CMA assays and HCC tumor models

    PMID:37156912

    Open questions at the time
    • Phosphatase reversing S104 not identified
  23. 2023 Medium

    Showed USP8 directly deubiquitinates and stabilizes GPX4, adding a DUB to the protective network.

    Evidence Co-IP, deubiquitination assays and intestinal-epithelial Usp8 conditional KO mice

    PMID:38598341

    Open questions at the time
    • Single lab
    • Linkage type removed not specified
  24. 2023 Medium

    Identified OTUD5 as a stabilizing DUB whose autophagic loss drives GPX4 decay during ischemia-reperfusion.

    Evidence Co-IP, ubiquitination assays, spatial transcriptomics and AAV-OTUD5 rescue in IRI

    PMID:38110369

    Open questions at the time
    • Single lab
    • Ubiquitin site on GPX4 not mapped
  25. 2023 Medium

    Revealed a ubiquitin-linkage switch in which TRIM26 builds stabilizing K63 chains, illustrating linkage-type control of GPX4 fate.

    Evidence Co-IP, K48/K63 linkage assays and K107/K117 mutagenesis in glioma

    PMID:37872147

    Open questions at the time
    • Single lab
    • PLK1-TRIM26 axis generality untested
  26. 2023 Medium

    Identified STUB1 as a degradative E3 ligase ubiquitinating GPX4 at K191, defining a pro-ferroptotic destabilizer.

    Evidence Co-IP, K191 mutagenesis, genetic rescue and in vivo GIST tumor models

    PMID:38110356

    Open questions at the time
    • Single lab
    • Conditions selecting STUB1 over stabilizers unclear
  27. 2023 Medium

    Established direct transcriptional control of GPX4 by STAT3, defining a targetable input to GPX4 abundance.

    Evidence ChIP, dual-luciferase reporter, STAT3 inhibition and xenografts in pancreatic cancer

    PMID:35859150

    Open questions at the time
    • Single lab
    • Other transcription factors at the locus not co-assessed
  28. 2023 Low

    Added NEDD4L as a degradative E3 ligase of GPX4 in a granulosa-cell ferroptosis context.

    Evidence Co-IP and ubiquitination assays with viability and ferroptosis markers

    PMID:36662677

    Open questions at the time
    • Single Co-IP without in vivo validation
    • Ubiquitination site not mapped
  29. 2024 High

    Showed itaconate directly alkylates C66 to allosterically activate GPX4, defining an endogenous metabolite as a positive regulator.

    Evidence Bioorthogonal ITalk probe, phosphatidylcholine-hydroperoxide activity assay and Irg1 mouse models in ICH

    PMID:38719928

    Open questions at the time
    • Structural basis of allosteric activation not solved
  30. 2024 Medium

    Defined an m6A layer of control, with PKA-driven ALKBH5 degradation increasing GPX4 mRNA stability.

    Evidence PKA kinase assays, ALKBH5 degradation, GPX4 mRNA m6A quantification and ALKBH5 KO

    PMID:39901038

    Open questions at the time
    • Single lab
    • m6A reader for GPX4 transcript not identified
  31. 2024 Medium

    Linked tumor suppressor p53 to GPX4 turnover via transcriptional repression of the DUB OTUD5.

    Evidence Co-IP, deubiquitination assay, Otud5 CRISPR KO, p53-OTUD5 luciferase reporter and tumor models

    PMID:40070026

    Open questions at the time
    • Single lab
    • Relation to other p53-ferroptosis routes unresolved
  32. 2025 High

    Identified S-palmitoylation at C66 by ZDHHC20 (reversed by APT2) as a stability switch for GPX4.

    Evidence Acyl-RAC, C66 mutagenesis, ZDHHC20/APT2 perturbation and multiple in vivo tumor models

    PMID:39833225

    Open questions at the time
    • Interplay between C66 palmitoylation and C66 itaconate alkylation not reconciled
  33. 2025 Medium

    Added ZDHHC8-mediated C75 palmitoylation as a second stabilizing acylation and a pharmacological target.

    Evidence Palmitoylation assays, C75 mutagenesis, PF-670462 and xenograft/CD8 T cell co-culture

    PMID:40108413

    Open questions at the time
    • Single lab
    • Relative contribution of C66 vs C75 palmitoylation unclear
  34. 2025 High

    Showed PRMT5-mediated R152 methylation stabilizes GPX4 by excluding the Cullin1-FBW7 ligase, adding arginine methylation to the PTM network.

    Evidence In vitro methylation, Co-IP, R152 mutagenesis, ubiquitination assays and tumor models

    PMID:40033101

    Open questions at the time
    • Demethylase for R152 not identified
    • Relationship of R152 methylation to the R152H disease mutation not addressed
  35. 2025 Medium

    Defined TRAF6-p62 selective autophagy as a route for GPX4 degradation and validated it with a degrader strategy.

    Evidence Co-IP, ubiquitination/autophagy flux assays, AUTAC design, organoids and tumor models

    PMID:40394165

    Open questions at the time
    • Single lab
    • Ubiquitin site engaged by p62 not mapped
  36. 2026 Medium

    Showed FUNDC1 recruits GPX4 into mitochondria for mitophagic degradation, coupling subcellular import to GPX4 turnover.

    Evidence Domain-mapped Co-IP, colocalization, mitochondrial fractionation and FUNDC1-KO liver injury model

    PMID:36828120

    Open questions at the time
    • Single lab
    • How import competes with cytosolic GPX4 function unclear

Open questions

Synthesis pass · forward-looking unresolved questions
  • Whether widely used inhibitors directly inhibit GPX4 enzymatic activity remains unsettled, complicating interpretation of decades of pharmacological ferroptosis data.
  • Need reconciliation of cellular target engagement with recombinant-enzyme data
  • Identity of true cellular targets of these compounds incompletely resolved
  • Whether allosteric/covalent inhibition occurs only on membrane-bound or modified GPX4 untested

Mechanism profile

Synthesis pass · controlled-vocabulary classification · explore literature graph →
Molecular activity
GO:0016491 oxidoreductase activity 5 GO:0016209 antioxidant activity 3 GO:0140098 catalytic activity, acting on RNA 3 GO:0003677 DNA binding 2 GO:0008289 lipid binding 1
Localization
GO:0005634 nucleus 2 GO:0005739 mitochondrion 2 GO:0005829 cytosol 2 GO:0005886 plasma membrane 1
Pathway
R-HSA-392499 Metabolism of proteins 5 R-HSA-9612973 Autophagy 4 R-HSA-168256 Immune System 3 R-HSA-5357801 Programmed Cell Death 3 R-HSA-8953897 Cellular responses to stimuli 3
Partners
CKBOTUD5PRMT5STINGSTUB1TRAF6USP8ZDHHC20

Evidence

Reading pass · 37 per-paper findings extracted from the source corpus
Year Finding Method Journal Conf PMIDs
2014 GPX4 is directly inhibited by a class of ferroptosis-inducing compounds (e.g., RSL3) identified via chemoproteomics; GPX4 overexpression suppresses and knockdown promotes ferroptotic cell death induced by 12 different ferroptosis inducers, establishing GPX4 as an essential regulator of ferroptosis. Chemoproteomics (direct target identification), GPX4 overexpression/knockdown with cell viability readouts, targeted metabolomic profiling Cell High 24439385
2019 GPX4 functions as the glutathione-dependent lipid hydroperoxidase that converts lipid hydroperoxides into non-toxic lipid alcohols, thereby suppressing ferroptosis; FSP1 acts in a parallel non-mitochondrial CoQ antioxidant pathway independent of GPX4. Synthetic lethal CRISPR-Cas9 screen, biochemical oxidoreductase assays, xenograft tumor models Nature High 31634900
2017 Selenocysteine utilization by GPX4 confers exquisite resistance to irreversible overoxidation; cells expressing a cysteine variant of GPX4 (Sec→Cys) are highly sensitive to peroxide-induced ferroptosis, demonstrating that selenolate-based catalysis is specifically required for neuronal survival and prevention of fatal epileptic seizures in vivo. Knock-in mouse models (Gpx4cys/cys), in vitro peroxide sensitivity assays, neuronal cell-specific conditional knockouts Cell High 29290465
2017 Drug-tolerant persister cancer cells in a high mesenchymal therapy-resistant state acquire dependency on GPX4 for survival; loss of GPX4 function causes selective ferroptotic death of persister cells in vitro and prevents tumor relapse in mice. GPX4 genetic knockdown/inhibition, ferroptosis cell death assays, in vivo mouse tumor relapse models Nature High 29088702
2020 GPX4 deficiency enhances cellular lipid peroxidation, which leads to carbonylation of STING at C88 and inhibits STING trafficking from the ER to the Golgi complex, thereby specifically attenuating the cGAS-STING innate immune pathway; GPX4-maintained redox homeostasis is required for STING activation. GPX4 knockdown/knockout, carbonylation assays, subcellular fractionation and trafficking assays (ER-to-Golgi), viral infection models in vivo Nature immunology High 32541831
2001 PHGPx (GPX4) acts as a protein thiol peroxidase in sperm, using its selenocysteine to oxidize specific capsule protein thiols via a peroxide-dependent mechanism, leading to cross-linking of mitochondrial capsule proteins and accounting for the selenium dependency of spermatogenesis. In vitro biochemical assays with H2O2, monobromobimane labeling, SDS-PAGE, mercaptoethanol release of active enzyme BioFactors (Oxford, England) High 11568459
2021 GPX4 is the only enzyme capable of reducing esterified phospholipid hydroperoxides within a cellular context; a patient-derived R152H mutation destabilizes a critical loop adjacent to the active site, causing substantial loss of enzymatic function while paradoxically reducing GPX4 susceptibility to degradation. Structure-based analysis, cell models including patient fibroblasts, enzymatic activity assays, protein stability assays Nature chemical biology High 34931062
2022 An allosteric site on GPX4 (distinct from the active site) is involved in native regeneration of GPX4 under low glutathione conditions; covalent binding of inhibitors to this site causes conformational change, inhibition of activity, and subsequent cellular GPX4 protein degradation. Co-crystal structures of six inhibitors bound in this site were determined. Co-crystal structure determination (X-ray), biophysical binding assays, enzymatic activity assays, compound library screen Cell chemical biology High 36423641
2021 NMR characterization of GPX4 reveals an electrostatic (cationic patch) mechanism for membrane binding; mutagenesis identifies specific cationic patch residues required for membrane and cardiolipin headgroup binding, and a novel lipid binding site adjacent to the catalytic site. The cationic patch also mediates DNA binding, explaining the nuclear isoform's ability to target DNA-bound protamines. NMR spectroscopy (first NMR assignments of GPX4), site-directed mutagenesis, lipid/DNA binding assays Biochemistry High 34492183
2003 Testis-specific nuclear form of GPX4 (PHGPx/snGPx) is generated by transcription initiation from an alternative promoter (not by alternative splicing) located in intron 1, producing an arginine-rich N-terminus responsible for nuclear localization and chromatin binding, with expression restricted to late stages of spermatogenesis. 5'-RACE, RT-PCR, S1 nuclease analysis, in situ hybridization Biological chemistry High 12751792
2023 Copper promotes GPX4 autophagic degradation and ferroptosis by directly binding to GPX4 cysteines C107 and C148, inducing GPX4 ubiquitination and aggregation; TAX1BP1 then acts as the autophagic receptor mediating GPX4 degradation. Co-immunoprecipitation, ubiquitination assays, autophagic flux assays, copper chelation experiments, mouse pancreatic cancer models Autophagy Medium 36622894
2023 Creatine kinase B (CKB), when phosphorylated at T133 by AKT downstream of IGF1R signaling, acts as a non-canonical protein kinase to phosphorylate GPX4 at S104; this phosphorylation prevents HSC70 binding to GPX4 and blocks chaperone-mediated autophagy (CMA)-dependent GPX4 degradation, thereby suppressing ferroptosis. In vitro kinase assay, co-immunoprecipitation, CMA degradation assays, mutagenesis, mouse tumor models, human HCC specimen correlation Nature cell biology High 37156912
2021 Legumain facilitates chaperone-mediated autophagy (CMA) of GPX4 in acute kidney injury: legumain directly interacts with HSC70, HSP90, and GPX4 (shown by immunoprecipitation), and legumain deficiency prevents CMA-dependent GPX4 degradation and tubular ferroptosis. Co-immunoprecipitation, lysosomal fractionation, proteasome/autophagy inhibitor experiments, legumain KO mice with IRI model Cell death & disease Medium 33431801
2022 CST1 interacts with GPX4 (confirmed by Co-IP and mass spectrometry) and recruits the deubiquitinase OTUB1 to relieve GPX4 ubiquitination, thereby stabilizing GPX4 protein and inhibiting ferroptosis. Co-immunoprecipitation combined with mass spectrometry, ubiquitination assays, siRNA knockdown, in vivo mouse metastasis models Oncogene Medium 36369321
2022 LUBAC (via its catalytic subunit HOIP) binds GPX4 and stabilizes it through linear (M1-linked) ubiquitination both under basal conditions and oxidative stress; LUBAC deficiency promotes GPX4 degradation and sensitizes cells to ferroptosis. Co-immunoprecipitation, linear ubiquitination assays, LUBAC genetic deficiency models, lipid peroxidation assays Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America Medium 36279464
2023 USP8 (ubiquitin-specific protease 8) directly interacts with and deubiquitinates GPX4, leading to GPX4 protein stabilization; USP8 inhibition destabilizes GPX4 and sensitizes cancer cells to ferroptosis. Co-immunoprecipitation, deubiquitination assays, intestinal epithelial cell-specific Usp8 knockout mice, in vivo tumor models Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America Medium 38598341
2023 OTUD5 acts as a deubiquitinase that binds GPX4, stabilizes it, and confers ferroptosis resistance; during ischemia-reperfusion, mTORC1-mediated autophagy degrades OTUD5, causing GPX4 decay and subsequent ferroptosis in renal tubular cells. Co-immunoprecipitation, ubiquitination assays, spatial transcriptomics, AAV-mediated OTUD5 delivery, mouse IRI model Nature communications Medium 38110369
2023 TRIM26 directly interacts with GPX4 via its RING domain and catalyzes K63-linked ubiquitination of GPX4 at K107 and K117, switching polyubiquitination from K48 to K63 linkage and thereby enhancing GPX4 protein stability; PLK1-mediated S127 phosphorylation of TRIM26 enhances this interaction. Co-immunoprecipitation, ubiquitin linkage-specific assays (K48 vs K63), mutagenesis of ubiquitination sites, TRIM26 knockdown in glioma Cell death & disease Medium 37872147
2025 GPX4 is S-palmitoylated on cysteine 66 by the acyltransferase ZDHHC20, which increases GPX4 protein stability; APT2 acts as the depalmitoylase of GPX4. Disrupting GPX4 palmitoylation sensitizes cancer cells to ferroptosis in vitro and in vivo. Palmitoylation assays (acyl-RAC), mutagenesis (C66), ZDHHC20/APT2 knockdown/inhibition, xenograft and orthotopic tumor models Nature communications High 39833225
2025 ZDHHC8 palmitoylates GPX4 at Cys75, stabilizing GPX4 and suppressing ferroptosis; pharmacological inhibition of ZDHHC8 with PF-670462 promotes ZDHHC8 degradation, reduces GPX4 palmitoylation, and enhances ferroptosis sensitivity in tumor cells. Palmitoylation assays, mutagenesis (C75), small-molecule drug screening, xenograft tumor models, CD8+ T cell co-culture assays Nature cancer Medium 40108413
2025 PRMT5 catalyzes symmetric dimethylation of GPX4 at arginine 152 (R152), which prevents Cullin1-FBW7 E3 ligase binding to GPX4 and blocks ubiquitination-mediated GPX4 degradation, thereby prolonging GPX4 half-life and suppressing ferroptosis. In vitro methylation assays, Co-immunoprecipitation, ubiquitination assays, PRMT5 inhibition, mutagenesis (R152), mouse tumor models Nature cell biology High 40033101
2023 NEDD4L directly interacts with GPX4 (confirmed by Co-IP) and promotes GPX4 ubiquitination and degradation, facilitating granulosa cell ferroptosis and contributing to PCOS pathology. Co-immunoprecipitation, ubiquitination assays, CCK-8 cell viability, ferroptosis marker assays Endocrine connections Low 36662677
2023 STUB1 is identified as an E3 ubiquitin ligase of GPX4, promoting GPX4 ubiquitination at site K191 and its degradation, thereby inducing ferroptosis in gastrointestinal stromal tumors. Co-immunoprecipitation, ubiquitination assays with site mutagenesis (K191), STUB1 knockdown and GPX4 overexpression, in vivo tumor models Cell death & disease Medium 38110356
2024 OTUD5 deubiquitylates and stabilizes GPX4; p53 suppresses OTUD5 transcription, thereby promoting GPX4 ubiquitination and degradation and inducing ferroptosis in gastric cancer cells. Co-immunoprecipitation, deubiquitination assay, CRISPR-Cas9 Otud5 KO, luciferase reporter for p53-OTUD5 transcription, mouse tumor models Clinical and translational medicine Medium 40070026
2026 FUNDC1 interacts with GPX4 via its 96–133 amino acid domain (shown by Co-IP), facilitating GPX4 recruitment from cytoplasm into mitochondria via the TOM/TIM import complex; within mitochondria, GPX4 is degraded by mitophagy, triggering hepatocyte ferroptosis. Co-immunoprecipitation (domain mapping), immunofluorescence colocalization, FUNDC1 knockout mouse (CCl4 model), mitochondrial fractionation Journal of advanced research Medium 36828120
2023 STAT3 binds to the GPX4 promoter region and promotes its transcription (confirmed by ChIP and dual-luciferase reporter assay); thiostrepton blocks GPX4 expression by inhibiting STAT3, thereby inducing ferroptosis in pancreatic cancer cells. Chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP), dual-luciferase reporter assay, STAT3 inhibition, in vivo xenograft Cell death & disease Medium 35859150
2024 Itaconate (produced by Irg1/aconitate decarboxylase 1) directly alkylates GPX4 at cysteine 66, allosterically enhancing GPX4 enzymatic activity, thereby protecting neurons from ferroptosis after intracerebral hemorrhage. Bioorthogonal itaconate-alkyne (ITalk) probe, GPX4 activity assay using phosphatidylcholine hydroperoxide, Irg1 transgenic/KO mouse models, in vitro cortical neuron ferroptosis assays Cell death and differentiation High 38719928
1997 PHGPx (GPX4) shares an active site catalytic triad (selenocysteine, glutamine, tryptophan) with tetrameric GPXs; its unique ability to accommodate large lipophilic substrates (phospholipid hydroperoxides) is defined by structural and kinetic data. PHGPx also exhibits broad donor-substrate specificity (not restricted to GSH) and binds specific mitochondrial proteins via protein-protein interaction, suggesting a role in oxidizing specific protein thiols. Structural analysis, kinetic assays, protein-protein interaction (protein binding to mitochondrial proteins released by ionic strength and thiols) Biomedical and environmental sciences : BES Medium 9315326
2003 Overexpression of mitochondrial PHGPx (mPHGPx) in neonatal rat cardiac myocytes reduces lipid peroxidation (malondialdehyde/HNE), decreases cytochrome c release from mitochondria, and preserves electron transport chain complex IV function following simulated ischemia/reoxygenation, demonstrating a direct mitochondrial protective role. Adenoviral overexpression of mPHGPx and cPHGPx, MDA/HNE quantification, cytochrome c release assay, complex IV activity assay, simulated I/R in neonatal cardiomyocytes Free radical biology & medicine Medium 14583338
2021 GPX4 is required for follicular helper T (TFH) cell survival; selective deletion of GPX4 in T cells abrogates TFH cells and germinal center responses in immunized mice, establishing the selenium-GPX4-ferroptosis axis as a critical regulator of TFH homeostasis. T cell-specific GPX4 conditional knockout mice, immunization experiments, flow cytometry for TFH and germinal center B cells, selenium supplementation experiments Nature immunology High 34413521
2022 GPX4 deficiency in macrophages and lung tissue results in ferroptotic cell death during Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection; Gpx4-deficient mice show increased lung necrosis and bacterial burden while Gpx4-overexpressing transgenic mice show decreased necrosis, establishing the GPX4/GSH axis as a host-resistance determinant in TB. Gpx4-deficient and Gpx4-transgenic mouse models, Mtb infection, ferrostatin-1 rescue in macrophages, lipid peroxidation assays The Journal of experimental medicine High 36069923
2022 Adipocyte-specific GPX4 knockout spontaneously causes adipocyte hypertrophy, lipid peroxidation, inflammatory cytokine expression (TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6, CXCL1), macrophage infiltration, glucose intolerance, and hepatic insulin resistance independent of ferroptosis-associated cell death. Conditional adipocyte-specific Gpx4 knockout (Adipoq-Cre and Fabp4-Cre), metabolic phenotyping (GTT, ITT), lipid peroxidation assays, cytokine measurement, TUNEL staining International journal of obesity (2005) High 35031697
2024 PKA phosphorylates and promotes degradation of ALKBH5 (an m6A demethylase), thereby increasing m6A modification and stability of GPX4 mRNA; ALKBH5 deletion maintains GPX4 m6A modification and suppresses ferroptotic cell death, establishing a PKA-ALKBH5-GPX4 m6A regulatory axis. PKA kinase assays, ALKBH5 phosphorylation and degradation assays, m6A quantification of GPX4 mRNA, ALKBH5 knockout, ferroptosis cell death assays Cell death and differentiation Medium 39901038
2023 RSL3 and ML162 (commonly used GPX4 inhibitors) completely lack capacity to inhibit recombinant selenoprotein GPX4 enzymatic activity in vitro; instead, they are efficient inhibitors of TXNRD1. This negative result suggests prior mechanistic studies attributing ferroptosis induction by these compounds solely to GPX4 inhibition need re-evaluation. In vitro enzymatic activity assays with recombinant GPX4 and TXNRD1, cell death assays with ferrostatin-1 rescue Redox biology Medium 37087975
2025 TRAF6 ubiquitinates GPX4, promoting its recognition by the autophagic receptor p62 and selective autophagic degradation; a GPX4-targeted AUTAC exploiting this pathway induces GPX4 degradation and ferroptosis in breast cancer. Co-immunoprecipitation, ubiquitination assays, selective autophagy flux assays, AUTAC compound design, patient-derived organoids, in vivo tumor models Cell death and differentiation Medium 40394165
2001 PHGPx (GPX4) was cloned as an anti-apoptotic and growth-promoting gene in Burkitt lymphoma cells, where cystine availability limiting glutathione biosynthesis determines cell susceptibility to oxidative stress-induced apoptosis, and PHGPx overexpression provides protection. Expression cloning in BL cells, overexpression rescue of low-density/low-serum-induced apoptosis BioFactors (Oxford, England) Medium 11568455
1997 Co-transfection of both PHGPx cDNA and selenophosphate synthase (SelD) cDNA into endothelial cells produces significantly higher PHGPx activity than either alone, especially under selenium-limiting conditions, demonstrating that selenocysteine incorporation machinery (SelD) is rate-limiting for GPX4 expression and function. Stable transfection of endothelial cells (ECV304), PHGPx activity assays, hydroperoxide reduction assays, H2O2 cytotoxicity assays Biomedical and environmental sciences : BES Medium 9315307

Source papers

Stage 0 corpus · 100 papers · ranked by NIH iCite citations
Year Title Journal Citations PMID
2014 Regulation of ferroptotic cancer cell death by GPX4. Cell 6113 24439385
2019 The CoQ oxidoreductase FSP1 acts parallel to GPX4 to inhibit ferroptosis. Nature 2993 31634900
2020 Lipid peroxidation and ferroptosis: The role of GSH and GPx4. Free radical biology & medicine 1587 32165281
2017 Drug-tolerant persister cancer cells are vulnerable to GPX4 inhibition. Nature 1388 29088702
2017 Selenium Utilization by GPX4 Is Required to Prevent Hydroperoxide-Induced Ferroptosis. Cell 1355 29290465
2018 Role of GPX4 in ferroptosis and its pharmacological implication. Free radical biology & medicine 1279 30219704
2019 GPX4 at the Crossroads of Lipid Homeostasis and Ferroptosis. Proteomics 844 30888116
2017 Lipid Peroxidation-Dependent Cell Death Regulated by GPx4 and Ferroptosis. Current topics in microbiology and immunology 594 28204974
2023 Ferroptosis surveillance independent of GPX4 and differentially regulated by sex hormones. Cell 587 37267948
2018 RSL3 Drives Ferroptosis Through GPX4 Inactivation and ROS Production in Colorectal Cancer. Frontiers in pharmacology 580 30524291
2003 Biological significance of phospholipid hydroperoxide glutathione peroxidase (PHGPx, GPx4) in mammalian cells. Free radical biology & medicine 577 12521597
2017 GPx4, Lipid Peroxidation, and Cell Death: Discoveries, Rediscoveries, and Open Issues. Antioxidants & redox signaling 574 28462584
2023 Copper-dependent autophagic degradation of GPX4 drives ferroptosis. Autophagy 502 36622894
2023 GPX4 in cell death, autophagy, and disease. Autophagy 475 37272058
2023 GPX4: The hub of lipid oxidation, ferroptosis, disease and treatment. Biochimica et biophysica acta. Reviews on cancer 439 37001616
2022 Contribution of ferroptosis and GPX4's dual functions to osteoarthritis progression. EBioMedicine 379 35101656
2020 Redox homeostasis maintained by GPX4 facilitates STING activation. Nature immunology 351 32541831
2021 Selenium-GPX4 axis protects follicular helper T cells from ferroptosis. Nature immunology 313 34413521
2024 GPX4, ferroptosis, and diseases. Biomedicine & pharmacotherapy = Biomedecine & pharmacotherapie 297 38574617
2022 CST1 inhibits ferroptosis and promotes gastric cancer metastasis by regulating GPX4 protein stability via OTUB1. Oncogene 262 36369321
2021 Legumain promotes tubular ferroptosis by facilitating chaperone-mediated autophagy of GPX4 in AKI. Cell death & disease 256 33431801
2022 GPX4-independent ferroptosis-a new strategy in disease's therapy. Cell death discovery 201 36309489
2023 The ferroptosis inducing compounds RSL3 and ML162 are not direct inhibitors of GPX4 but of TXNRD1. Redox biology 187 37087975
2021 RSL3 Drives Ferroptosis through NF-κB Pathway Activation and GPX4 Depletion in Glioblastoma. Oxidative medicine and cellular longevity 186 34987700
2023 Baicalin induces ferroptosis in osteosarcomas through a novel Nrf2/xCT/GPX4 regulatory axis. Phytomedicine : international journal of phytotherapy and phytopharmacology 169 37209607
2023 FUNDC1 interacts with GPx4 to govern hepatic ferroptosis and fibrotic injury through a mitophagy-dependent manner. Journal of advanced research 164 36828120
2022 Thiostrepton induces ferroptosis in pancreatic cancer cells through STAT3/GPX4 signalling. Cell death & disease 161 35859150
2018 Selenium and GPX4, a vital symbiosis. Free radical biology & medicine 161 29522794
2023 Creatine kinase B suppresses ferroptosis by phosphorylating GPX4 through a moonlighting function. Nature cell biology 160 37156912
2022 Ginkgolide B alleviates oxidative stress and ferroptosis by inhibiting GPX4 ubiquitination to improve diabetic nephropathy. Biomedicine & pharmacotherapy = Biomedecine & pharmacotherapie 153 36411664
2022 EBV infection-induced GPX4 promotes chemoresistance and tumor progression in nasopharyngeal carcinoma. Cell death and differentiation 131 35105963
2023 Resveratrol reduces ROS-induced ferroptosis by activating SIRT3 and compensating the GSH/GPX4 pathway. Molecular medicine (Cambridge, Mass.) 125 37858064
2024 USP8-governed GPX4 homeostasis orchestrates ferroptosis and cancer immunotherapy. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 117 38598341
2022 SHARPIN promotes cell proliferation of cholangiocarcinoma and inhibits ferroptosis via p53/SLC7A11/GPX4 signaling. Cancer science 112 35968603
2025 Palmitoylation-dependent regulation of GPX4 suppresses ferroptosis. Nature communications 107 39833225
2023 Targeting GPX4 in human cancer: Implications of ferroptosis induction for tackling cancer resilience. Cancer letters 101 36893895
2023 SMURF2 predisposes cancer cell toward ferroptosis in GPX4-independent manners by promoting GSTP1 degradation. Molecular cell 98 38016474
2024 Targeting GPX4 in ferroptosis and cancer: chemical strategies and challenges. Trends in pharmacological sciences 97 38866667
2015 GPX4 and GPX7 over-expression in human hepatocellular carcinoma tissues. European journal of histochemistry : EJH 93 26708178
2022 Small-molecule allosteric inhibitors of GPX4. Cell chemical biology 86 36423641
2021 Characterization of a patient-derived variant of GPX4 for precision therapy. Nature chemical biology 81 34931062
2023 The E3 ligase TRIM26 suppresses ferroptosis through catalyzing K63-linked ubiquitination of GPX4 in glioma. Cell death & disease 80 37872147
2025 Palmitoylation of GPX4 via the targetable ZDHHC8 determines ferroptosis sensitivity and antitumor immunity. Nature cancer 78 40108413
2022 GPX4 regulates cellular necrosis and host resistance in Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection. The Journal of experimental medicine 78 36069923
2022 Red ginseng polysaccharide exhibits anticancer activity through GPX4 downregulation-induced ferroptosis. Pharmaceutical biology 74 35575436
2024 Baicalein triggers ferroptosis in colorectal cancer cells via blocking the JAK2/STAT3/GPX4 axis. Acta pharmacologica Sinica 72 38684798
2024 Targeting FTO induces colorectal cancer ferroptotic cell death by decreasing SLC7A11/GPX4 expression. Journal of experimental & clinical cancer research : CR 69 38600610
2003 Overexpression of PHGPx and HSP60/10 protects against ischemia/reoxygenation injury. Free radical biology & medicine 67 14583338
2024 A novel ferroptosis inhibitor, Thonningianin A, improves Alzheimer's disease by activating GPX4. Theranostics 64 39431016
2023 Autophagy of OTUD5 destabilizes GPX4 to confer ferroptosis-dependent kidney injury. Nature communications 64 38110369
2024 Icariin inhibits chondrocyte ferroptosis and alleviates osteoarthritis by enhancing the SLC7A11/GPX4 signaling. International immunopharmacology 63 38636375
1997 Phospholipid hydroperoxide glutathione peroxidase (PHGPx): more than an antioxidant enzyme? Biomedical and environmental sciences : BES 63 9315326
2023 RelB-activated GPX4 inhibits ferroptosis and confers tamoxifen resistance in breast cancer. Redox biology 61 37944384
2023 m6A and m5C modification of GPX4 facilitates anticancer immunity via STING activation. Cell death & disease 61 38065948
2022 Extracellular CIRP Promotes GPX4-Mediated Ferroptosis in Sepsis. Frontiers in immunology 58 35844517
2024 Pharmacological activation of GPX4 ameliorates doxorubicin-induced cardiomyopathy. Redox biology 57 38232458
2023 Mangiferin attenuates osteoporosis by inhibiting osteoblastic ferroptosis through Keap1/Nrf2/SLC7A11/GPX4 pathway. Phytomedicine : international journal of phytotherapy and phytopharmacology 56 38176266
2002 Polyunsaturated fatty acids of germ cell membranes, glutathione and blutathione-dependent enzyme-PHGPx: from basic to clinic. Contraception 56 12020783
2003 Testis-specific expression of the nuclear form of phospholipid hydroperoxide glutathione peroxidase (PHGPx). Biological chemistry 53 12751792
2023 Isoliquiritigenin induces HMOX1 and GPX4-mediated ferroptosis in gallbladder cancer cells. Chinese medical journal 51 37488674
2023 Imatinib induces ferroptosis in gastrointestinal stromal tumors by promoting STUB1-mediated GPX4 ubiquitination. Cell death & disease 47 38110356
2022 MicroRNA-15a promotes prostate cancer cell ferroptosis by inhibiting GPX4 expression. Oncology letters 45 35069876
2022 GPX4: old lessons, new features. Biochemical Society transactions 45 35758268
2022 HOIP modulates the stability of GPx4 by linear ubiquitination. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 44 36279464
2025 circASAP1 induces renal clear cell carcinoma ferroptosis by binding to HNRNPC and thereby regulating GPX4. Molecular cancer 41 39748364
2024 Vitamin K2 ameliorates osteoarthritis by suppressing ferroptosis and extracellular matrix degradation through activation GPX4's dual functions. Biomedicine & pharmacotherapy = Biomedecine & pharmacotherapie 40 38759289
2024 DNMT aberration-incurred GPX4 suppression prompts osteoblast ferroptosis and osteoporosis. Bone research 39 39617773
2024 P21 resists ferroptosis in osteoarthritic chondrocytes by regulating GPX4 protein stability. Free radical biology & medicine 38 38176476
2024 Itaconate protects ferroptotic neurons by alkylating GPx4 post stroke. Cell death and differentiation 38 38719928
2023 KLF11 regulates lung adenocarcinoma ferroptosis and chemosensitivity by suppressing GPX4. Communications biology 38 37248295
2001 PHGPx and spermatogenesis. BioFactors (Oxford, England) 37 11568459
2025 PRMT5-mediated arginine methylation stabilizes GPX4 to suppress ferroptosis in cancer. Nature cell biology 36 40033101
2023 FTO Sensitizes Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma to Ferroptosis via Suppressing ACSL3 and GPX4. International journal of molecular sciences 35 38003537
2022 Adipocyte GPX4 protects against inflammation, hepatic insulin resistance and metabolic dysregulation. International journal of obesity (2005) 35 35031697
2024 HMGA2 alleviates ferroptosis by promoting GPX4 expression in pancreatic cancer cells. Cell death & disease 34 38493165
2023 NEDD4L facilitates granulosa cell ferroptosis by promoting GPX4 ubiquitination and degradation. Endocrine connections 33 36662677
2023 Upregulation of CoQ shifts ferroptosis dependence from GPX4 to FSP1 in acquired radioresistance. Drug resistance updates : reviews and commentaries in antimicrobial and anticancer chemotherapy 33 38198846
2007 Tissue expression and cellular localization of phospholipid hydroperoxide glutathione peroxidase (PHGPx) mRNA in male mice. Journal of molecular histology 32 17503194
2024 Berberine synergises with ferroptosis inducer sensitizing NSCLC to ferroptosis in p53-dependent SLC7A11-GPX4 pathway. Biomedicine & pharmacotherapy = Biomedecine & pharmacotherapie 31 38850659
2023 Matrine disrupts Nrf2/GPX4 antioxidant system and promotes hepatocyte ferroptosis. Chemico-biological interactions 31 37716422
2001 Cloning of phospholipid hydroperoxide glutathione peroxidase (PHGPx) as an anti-apoptotic and growth promoting gene of Burkitt lymphoma cells. BioFactors (Oxford, England) 31 11568455
2024 Sirt6 overexpression relieves ferroptosis and delays the progression of diabetic nephropathy via Nrf2/GPX4 pathway. Renal failure 30 39082470
2006 Failure of phospholipid hydroperoxide glutathione peroxidase expression in oligoasthenozoospermia and mutations in the PHGPx gene. Andrologia 30 16872467
2024 Non-coding RNA: A key regulator in the Glutathione-GPX4 pathway of ferroptosis. Non-coding RNA research 28 39036600
2024 GPX4 restricts ferroptosis of NKp46+ILC3s to control intestinal inflammation. Cell death & disease 28 39300068
2023 Blocking EREG/GPX4 Sensitizes Head and Neck Cancer to Cetuximab through Ferroptosis Induction. Cells 27 36899869
2021 Electrostatic Drivers of GPx4 Interactions with Membrane, Lipids, and DNA. Biochemistry 27 34492183
2025 GPX4-AUTAC induces ferroptosis in breast cancer by promoting the selective autophagic degradation of GPX4 mediated by TRAF6-p62. Cell death and differentiation 25 40394165
2024 Research progress on GPX4 targeted compounds. European journal of medicinal chemistry 25 38838547
2024 Intracellular C5aR1 inhibits ferroptosis in glioblastoma through METTL3-dependent m6A methylation of GPX4. Cell death & disease 24 39368999
2025 GPX4 deficiency-induced ferroptosis drives endometrial epithelial fibrosis in polycystic ovary syndrome. Redox biology 22 40253746
2024 Berberine Inhibits Ferroptosis and Stabilizes Atherosclerotic Plaque through NRF2/SLC7A11/GPX4 Pathway. Chinese journal of integrative medicine 21 39167283
2024 A cell state-specific metabolic vulnerability to GPX4-dependent ferroptosis in glioblastoma. The EMBO journal 21 39192032
2025 p53 inhibits OTUD5 transcription to promote GPX4 degradation and induce ferroptosis in gastric cancer. Clinical and translational medicine 20 40070026
2024 Circ0060467 sponges miR-6805 to promote hepatocellular carcinoma progression through regulating AIFM2 and GPX4 expression. Aging 19 38244593
2024 SEH1L siliencing induces ferroptosis and suppresses hepatocellular carcinoma progression via ATF3/HMOX1/GPX4 axis. Apoptosis : an international journal on programmed cell death 18 39095556
2025 Protein kinase A regulates ferroptosis by controlling GPX4 m6A modification through phosphorylation of ALKBH5. Cell death and differentiation 17 39901038
2025 Ferroptosis and PANoptosis under hypoxia pivoting on the crosstalk between DHODH and GPX4 in corneal epithelium. Free radical biology & medicine 16 39761766
2025 Targeting GPX4 to Induce Ferroptosis Overcomes Chemoresistance Mediated by the PAX8-AS1/GPX4 Axis in Intrahepatic Cholangiocarcinoma. Advanced science (Weinheim, Baden-Wurttemberg, Germany) 16 40391780
1997 Determinants of PHGPx expression in a cultured endothelial cell line. Biomedical and environmental sciences : BES 16 9315307

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