Affinage

GNAT3

Guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(t) subunit alpha-3 · UniProt A8MTJ3

Length
354 aa
Mass
40.4 kDa
Annotated
2026-04-28
87 papers in source corpus 25 papers cited in narrative 25 extracted findings

Mechanistic narrative

Synthesis pass · prose summary of the discoveries below

GNAT3 (alpha-gustducin) is a taste cell-enriched heterotrimeric G protein alpha-subunit that couples chemosensory receptors to intracellular second messenger cascades in lingual taste buds, gut enteroendocrine cells, pancreatic duct brush cells, and airway epithelium. In taste receptor cells, alpha-gustducin forms a heterotrimer with Gβ1/Gγ13 and transduces bitter, sweet, and umami stimuli through a dual signaling mechanism: the alpha-subunit directly activates phosphodiesterase to lower cAMP/cGMP, while the released Gβγ activates PLC-β2 to elevate IP3, together driving calcium-dependent neurotransmitter release (PMID:10570481, PMID:11245589, PMID:8657284). Beyond the tongue, GNAT3 couples gut sweet and fatty acid receptors to GLP-1 secretion and SGLT1 regulation, mediates bitter-agonist-stimulated ghrelin release from gastric cells, tonically suppresses cAMP in pancreatic beta-cells to modulate insulin secretion, and is required for bitter taste receptor-mediated anti-inflammatory NF-κB inhibition in airway epithelium (PMID:17724330, PMID:17724332, PMID:21245306, PMID:31957256, PMID:41596643). Loss of GNAT3 in oncogenic KRAS-driven pancreatic models elevates CXCL1/2 cytokine release and accelerates progression to metastatic carcinoma, identifying GNAT3 as a suppressor of tumor-promoting inflammation through the CXCL1/2–CXCR2 axis (PMID:32882403).

Mechanistic history

Synthesis pass · year-by-year structured walk · 16 steps
  1. 1992 High

    The molecular identity of the taste-specific G protein was unknown; cloning of alpha-gustducin established that taste buds express a dedicated transducin-like Gα subunit, providing the first molecular handle for taste signal transduction.

    Evidence cDNA cloning from rat taste tissue with Northern blot and sequence analysis

    PMID:1608467

    Open questions at the time
    • No functional assay for taste transduction activity
    • Expression in extra-oral tissues not examined
  2. 1995 High

    Whether alpha-gustducin could functionally interact with effector enzymes was untested; reconstitution with rhodopsin and retinal cGMP-PDE demonstrated quantitative equivalence with alpha-transducin, proving gustducin activates phosphodiesterase.

    Evidence Baculovirus-expressed recombinant protein reconstituted with bovine rhodopsin and cGMP-PDE in vitro

    PMID:7626029

    Open questions at the time
    • Taste cell-native PDE target not identified
    • Betagamma subunit identity in taste cells unknown
  3. 1996 High

    The in vivo requirement for gustducin in taste perception was unproven; GNAT3 knockout mice showed severely diminished bitter and sweet responses with normal salty/sour responses, establishing gustducin as essential for these two taste modalities.

    Evidence Gene-targeted GNAT3 knockout mice with behavioral preference tests and electrophysiological nerve recordings

    PMID:8657284

    Open questions at the time
    • Umami role not yet tested
    • Compensatory G proteins not characterized
    • Downstream effector cascade in vivo not resolved
  4. 1996 Medium

    Expression outside taste buds was unknown; immunohistochemistry revealed alpha-gustducin in gut brush cells, opening the possibility that taste-like chemosensory pathways operate in the gastrointestinal tract.

    Evidence Immunohistochemistry with anti-alpha-gustducin antibody in rat stomach and intestine

    PMID:8692869

    Open questions at the time
    • Function in gut cells not demonstrated
    • Receptor partners in gut unidentified
    • Single antibody without independent validation
  5. 1999 High

    The identity of gustducin's betagamma partner and the basis for dual second messenger production were unresolved; identification of the Gβ1/Gγ13 heterotrimer and antibody-blocking experiments demonstrated that alpha-gustducin reduces cyclic nucleotides via PDE while Gβγ activates PLC-β2 to generate IP3.

    Evidence Colocalization immunohistochemistry, G protein activation assays in taste membranes, IP3 measurement with anti-Gγ13 antibody blocking

    PMID:10570481

    Open questions at the time
    • Identity of taste-cell-specific PDE isoform not established
    • Relative contributions of cAMP and IP3 arms to behavioral responses not dissected
  6. 2001 High

    The kinetics and independence of the two signaling arms were unclear; rapid quench-flow experiments showed that bitter stimuli produce simultaneous, fast cAMP/cGMP decreases (alpha-subunit-dependent) and IP3 increases (PLC-β2/Gβγ-dependent) within 50–100 ms.

    Evidence Quench-flow second messenger measurements with specific antibody inhibition in taste tissue

    PMID:11245589

    Open questions at the time
    • Integration of dual signals at the channel level not resolved
    • Whether both arms are required for behavioral output unknown
  7. 2001 High

    The structural determinants of receptor coupling were undefined; a C-terminal G352P dominant-negative mutant abrogated receptor-mediated activation in transgenic mice, pinpointing the C-terminus as the essential receptor interaction surface.

    Evidence Site-directed mutagenesis with transgenic mouse expression, behavioral and nerve recording phenotyping

    PMID:11447270

    Open questions at the time
    • Atomic-level structure of receptor–gustducin interface unknown
    • Which specific receptors are affected differentially not tested
  8. 2004 High

    Gustducin's involvement in umami taste was untested; double knockout of alpha-gustducin and alpha-transducin demonstrated that both contribute to umami (MSG, MPG, IMP) responses, extending gustducin's role to a third taste quality.

    Evidence Alpha-gustducin/alpha-transducin double knockout mice with behavioral preference tests and taste nerve recordings

    PMID:15342734

    Open questions at the time
    • Specific umami receptor (T1R1/T1R3) coupling to gustducin not biochemically shown
    • Relative contributions of gustducin versus transducin in umami not fully quantified
  9. 2007 High

    Whether gut gustducin had physiological function was unknown; two landmark studies showed that alpha-gustducin null mice have deficient GLP-1 secretion in response to sugars and fail to upregulate intestinal SGLT1, establishing gustducin as a critical mediator of nutrient-stimulated gut hormone and transporter regulation.

    Evidence Alpha-gustducin knockout mice with GLP-1 secretion assays, glucose tolerance tests, siRNA in L-cell line, SGLT1 mRNA/protein quantification

    PMID:17724330 PMID:17724332

    Open questions at the time
    • Downstream effectors between gustducin and GLP-1 exocytosis machinery not defined
    • Whether gut gustducin also signals via PDE and PLC-β2 as in taste cells not confirmed
  10. 2008 High

    The functional consequence of gustducin's tonic PDE activity was unclear; measurement of elevated basal cAMP in knockout taste buds and pharmacological rescue by PKA inhibition demonstrated that gustducin tonically suppresses cAMP to maintain signaling competence.

    Evidence cAMP measurement in GNAT3 knockout vs wild-type taste tissue, PKA inhibitor H-89 with calcium imaging

    PMID:18930056

    Open questions at the time
    • Whether tonic cAMP suppression operates similarly in gut or pancreatic cells not tested
  11. 2011 High

    Whether gastric bitter-sensing coupled to appetite-regulating hormones was unknown; intragastric bitter agonists stimulated ghrelin secretion and food intake in wild-type but not GNAT3 knockout mice, placing gustducin upstream of the ghrelin axis in the stomach.

    Evidence Alpha-gustducin knockout mouse crossed with ghrelin receptor knockout, intragastric gavage, plasma ghrelin RIA, food intake monitoring

    PMID:21245306

    Open questions at the time
    • Direct biochemical coupling between gustducin and ghrelin granule exocytosis not shown
    • Human relevance not established
  12. 2013 High

    Gustducin's coupling to fatty acid and bile acid receptors in the colon was untested; colocalization with GPR40/41/43/119/120 and TGR5 in enteroendocrine cells and impaired GLP-1 responses to short- and long-chain fatty acids in GNAT3 knockout colon expanded gustducin's receptor repertoire beyond taste receptors.

    Evidence Alpha-gustducin knockout mice with ex vivo colonic mucosa GLP-1 secretion assay and colocalization immunohistochemistry

    PMID:23341498

    Open questions at the time
    • Mechanism by which gustducin couples to non-taste GPCRs not biochemically defined
    • Whether Gβ1/Gγ13 partners operate in colonic cells unknown
  13. 2020 High

    A role for gustducin in cancer was unsuspected; loss of GNAT3 in KRAS-driven pancreatic organoids and mice elevated CXCL1/2, recruited immunosuppressive MDSCs, and accelerated metastatic progression, revealing GNAT3 as a tumor suppressor acting through the CXCL1/2–CXCR2 axis.

    Evidence GNAT3 knockout crossed with KrasG12D pancreatic cancer model, organoid conditioned media cytokine profiling, mass cytometry, scRNA-seq, tumor progression monitoring

    PMID:32882403

    Open questions at the time
    • Mechanism linking gustducin signaling to CXCL1/2 transcriptional suppression not identified
    • Relevance to human pancreatic cancer not validated
  14. 2020 Medium

    Whether gustducin's tonic cAMP suppression extends to pancreatic beta-cells was unknown; siRNA knockdown in INS-1 cells elevated basal cAMP, calcium, and insulin secretion, demonstrating a taste-receptor-independent tonic role for gustducin in beta-cell signaling.

    Evidence siRNA knockdown in INS-1 beta-cell line with cAMP, calcium, and insulin secretion measurements

    PMID:31957256

    Open questions at the time
    • No in vivo confirmation in beta-cell-specific GNAT3 knockout
    • PDE isoform mediating cAMP suppression in beta-cells not identified
    • Single cell line, not replicated in primary islets
  15. 2024 High

    Whether gustducin mediates anti-inflammatory signaling outside the gut was untested; bitter agonist activation of Tas2r143/GNAT3 in gingival fibroblasts suppressed CXCL1/2/5 in vitro, and the effect was abolished in GNAT3 knockout mice with experimental periodontitis, extending gustducin's immunomodulatory role to oral mucosa.

    Evidence Heterologous expression with calcium imaging, siRNA, and GNAT3 knockout mouse periodontitis model

    PMID:38605968

    Open questions at the time
    • Downstream pathway from gustducin to chemokine transcriptional suppression not characterized
    • Human gingival relevance not shown
  16. 2026 Medium

    A role for gustducin in airway innate immunity was unexplored; GNAT3 knockdown in bronchial epithelial cells attenuated the ability of multiple bitter agonists to suppress LPS-induced NF-κB phosphorylation, establishing GNAT3 as required for T2R-mediated anti-inflammatory signaling in the lung.

    Evidence siRNA knockdown of GNAT3 in BEAS-2B cells with Western blot for p65/IκB phosphorylation

    PMID:41596643

    Open questions at the time
    • Mechanism linking gustducin to NF-κB pathway inhibition not defined
    • No in vivo airway model tested
    • Single cell line study

Open questions

Synthesis pass · forward-looking unresolved questions
  • The structural basis of gustducin's promiscuous receptor coupling (T1Rs, T2Rs, fatty acid GPCRs), the identity of gustducin-activated PDE isoform(s) in taste and extra-oral tissues, and the signal transduction pathway connecting gustducin to CXCL chemokine and NF-κB regulation remain undefined.
  • No crystal or cryo-EM structure of gustducin or gustducin–receptor complex
  • Taste-cell-specific PDE isoform not identified
  • Mechanism from gustducin to NF-κB and CXCL transcriptional suppression unknown
  • Human in vivo validation of extra-oral gustducin functions is limited

Mechanism profile

Synthesis pass · controlled-vocabulary classification · explore literature graph →
Molecular activity
GO:0003924 GTPase activity 3 GO:0060089 molecular transducer activity 3 GO:0098772 molecular function regulator activity 3
Localization
GO:0005829 cytosol 2 GO:0005886 plasma membrane 1
Pathway
R-HSA-162582 Signal Transduction 7 R-HSA-168256 Immune System 4 R-HSA-9709957 Sensory Perception 4 R-HSA-112316 Neuronal System 3
Partners
GNB1GNG13PLCB2TAS1R3TRPM5
Complex memberships
Gustducin heterotrimer (alpha-gustducin/Gβ1/Gγ13)

Evidence

Reading pass · 25 per-paper findings extracted from the source corpus
Year Finding Method Journal Conf PMIDs
1992 Alpha-gustducin (GNAT3) was identified and cloned as a novel G protein alpha-subunit expressed specifically in taste buds of all taste papillae; its sequence most closely resembles the transducins, suggesting a role in taste transduction analogous to transducin in phototransduction. cDNA cloning from taste tissue, Northern blot, sequence analysis Nature High 1608467
1993 Alpha-gustducin was identified as coupling to bitter taste stimuli via G protein-mediated increases in IP3 and to sweet taste via cAMP generation; the sequence shows similarities to transducins in the receptor interaction domain and phosphodiesterase activation site, suggesting gustducin regulates taste cell phosphodiesterase. PCR cloning of G protein alpha subunits from taste cells, sequence analysis, biochemical assays Ciba Foundation symposium Medium 8168377
1995 Recombinant alpha-gustducin expressed in baculovirus is myristoylated and palmitoylated; it reconstitutes with components of the visual system (bovine rhodopsin, retinal cGMP-phosphodiesterase, and G protein betagamma subunits) with quantitatively identical interactions and GTPase activity as alpha-transducin, demonstrating functional equivalence in vitro. Baculovirus expression, protein purification, reconstitution assay with rhodopsin and cGMP-PDE, GTPase activity assay The Biochemical journal High 7626029
1996 Genetic knockout of alpha-gustducin (GNAT3) in mice caused reduced behavioral and electrophysiological responses to both bitter and sweet compounds but not to salty or sour stimuli, establishing gustducin as a principal mediator of both bitter and sweet signal transduction in vivo. Gene knockout mouse model, behavioral preference tests, electrophysiological taste nerve recordings Nature High 8657284
1996 Alpha-gustducin is expressed in brush cells of the stomach and intestine that share structural features with taste receptor cells of the tongue, establishing these gut cells as candidate chemoreceptor cells. Immunohistochemistry of rat gut tissue with anti-alpha-gustducin antibody Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America Medium 8692869
1998 Gustducin and transducin are activated by multiple bitter compounds (denatonium, quinine, strychnine) in the presence of bovine taste membranes; activation depends on the C-terminus of gustducin and requires G protein betagamma subunits for receptor interaction; the interaction is competitively inhibited by peptides derived from the rhodopsin-transducin interaction sites. A solubilized, biologically active bitter-responsive taste receptor was also identified. In vitro GTPgammaS binding assay with taste membranes, C-terminal peptide competition, receptor solubilization Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America High 9671782
1998 Alpha-gustducin is expressed in brush cells of the rat pancreatic duct system, concentrated in apical microvilli and basolateral surfaces, suggesting a role in intraductal chemoreception; immunoblotting confirmed a 42-kDa band comigrating with lingual alpha-gustducin. Immunostaining and immunoblotting of rat pancreatic duct tissue Histochemistry and cell biology Medium 9749964
1999 Ggamma13 colocalizes with alpha-gustducin in taste receptor cells; gustducin heterotrimers (alpha-gustducin/Gbeta1/Ggamma13) are activated by bitter denatonium in taste cell membranes; antibodies against Ggamma13 blocked denatonium-induced IP3 increases. This established a dual signaling mechanism: alpha-gustducin regulates phosphodiesterase (reducing cyclic nucleotides) while Gbetagamma activates phospholipase C (increasing IP3). Colocalization immunohistochemistry, G protein activation assay with taste membranes, IP3 measurement, antibody blocking experiments Nature neuroscience High 10570481
1999 AMP and related compounds inhibit bitter-responsive taste receptor activation of gustducin/transducin in vitro, and also inhibit behavioral and electrophysiological responses to bitter tastants in mice, but not to NaCl, HCl, or sucrose; GMP had no such effect, indicating specificity of competitive receptor-G protein coupling inhibition. In vitro GTPgammaS binding assay, behavioral preference tests, taste nerve electrophysiology Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America High 10449792
2000 Immunogold electron microscopy localized gustducin immunoreactivity predominantly in the microvilli (approximately 2.5-fold more than cytoplasm) of type II taste cells in rat circumvallate papilla, consistent with its proposed role in initial events of sensory transduction at the apical membrane. Immunogold electron microscopy with quantitative analysis The Journal of comparative neurology Medium 10940948
2001 Bitter stimuli (denatonium, strychnine) induce rapid (50–100 ms) and transient reductions in cAMP and cGMP via alpha-gustducin (blocked by anti-alpha-gustducin antibodies), and simultaneous increases in IP3 via PLC-beta2 activated by Gbetagamma (blocked by anti-PLC-beta2 antibodies but not anti-alpha-gustducin antibodies), demonstrating dual second messenger systems in bitter taste transduction through a gustducin heterotrimer. Quench-flow technique for rapid second messenger measurement, antibody inhibition of cyclic nucleotides and IP3 production American journal of physiology. Cell physiology High 11245589
2001 A G352P mutation in the C-terminal receptor interaction domain of alpha-gustducin renders it unresponsive to activation by taste receptors but leaves other functions intact; transgenic expression of this dominant-negative form in wild-type mice inhibited bitter and sweet taste responses, and failed to rescue responses in alpha-gustducin null mice, demonstrating that receptor coupling via the C-terminus is essential for gustducin's function in taste. Site-directed mutagenesis, transgenic mouse expression, behavioral taste tests, gustatory nerve recordings Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America High 11447270
2002 Transgenic expression of rod alpha-transducin in the alpha-gustducin lineage of taste cells in alpha-gustducin null mice partially rescued behavioral and electrophysiological responses to bitter and sweet tastants, demonstrating that alpha-transducin can functionally substitute for alpha-gustducin in taste cells for some, but not all, taste stimuli. Transgenic rescue with alpha-transducin under alpha-gustducin promoter, two-bottle preference tests, gustatory nerve recordings, immunohistochemistry Chemical senses High 12379596
2003 Ca2+ imaging in taste bud slices combined with alpha-gustducin immunolabeling showed that many, but not all, bitter-responsive taste cells expressed alpha-gustducin; alpha-gustducin knockout reduced the incidence of bitter-stimulated cells by 70%; Galphai2 was found in most bitter-responsive cells including those lacking alpha-gustducin, suggesting it compensates in those cells. Ca2+ imaging in lingual slices, post-hoc immunofluorescence, alpha-gustducin knockout comparison The Journal of neuroscience High 14586025
2004 Behavioral tests and taste nerve recordings in alpha-gustducin and alpha-transducin single and double knockout mice demonstrated that alpha-gustducin mediates umami responses (MSG, MPG, IMP) in addition to bitter and sweet, and that rod alpha-transducin participates in umami responses to MSG and MPG but not IMP in anteriorly placed taste buds. Double knockout mouse generation, behavioral preference tests, taste nerve recordings The Journal of neuroscience High 15342734
2007 Gut L cells express sweet taste receptors, alpha-gustducin, and other taste transduction elements; alpha-gustducin null mice showed deficient GLP-1 secretion and impaired regulation of plasma insulin and glucose in response to oral glucose; siRNA knockdown of alpha-gustducin in NCI-H716 cells blocked GLP-1 release stimulated by sugars and sucralose. Immunohistochemistry, alpha-gustducin knockout mouse model with GLP-1 secretion assay, siRNA knockdown in L cell line, glucose tolerance testing Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America High 17724330
2007 Alpha-gustducin and the sweet taste receptor subunit T1R3, expressed in enteroendocrine cells, underlie intestinal sugar sensing and regulation of SGLT1 mRNA and protein expression; knockout mice lacking T1R3 or alpha-gustducin failed to upregulate SGLT1 in response to dietary sugar or artificial sweeteners. Knockout mouse models (T1R3-/- and alpha-gustducin-/-), measurement of SGLT1 mRNA and protein, glucose absorption assays, enteroendocrine cell line stimulation Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America High 17724332
2008 In alpha-gustducin knockout taste buds, basal (unstimulated) cAMP levels are elevated compared to wild-type; inhibition of cAMP-dependent protein kinase with H-89 dramatically unmasked bitter responses in knockout gus-lineage cells, indicating that alpha-gustducin tonically maintains low cAMP levels to ensure adequate Ca2+ signaling for taste transduction. cAMP measurement in taste tissue from knockout vs wild-type mice, pharmacological PKA inhibition (H-89) with Ca2+ imaging FEBS letters High 18930056
2011 Bitter taste receptors (T2R) and alpha-gustducin expressed in gastric ghrelin cells mediate T2R agonist-stimulated octanoyl ghrelin secretion; the effect was partially blunted in alpha-gustducin null mice. Intragastric bitter agonists increased food intake in wild-type but not alpha-gustducin knockout or ghrelin receptor knockout mice, placing alpha-gustducin upstream of ghrelin release in the stomach. Alpha-gustducin knockout mouse model, intragastric bitter agonist gavage, plasma ghrelin measurement by RIA, food intake monitoring, immunohistochemistry Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America High 21245306
2013 Alpha-gustducin is coexpressed with fatty acid GPCRs (GPR40, GPR41, GPR43, GPR119, GPR120) and bile acid receptor TGR5 in colonic enteroendocrine cells; GLP-1 secretion in response to acetate, butyrate, oleic acid, oleoylethanolamide, and lithocholic acid was impaired in colonic tissue from alpha-gustducin knockout mice, establishing alpha-gustducin as coupling fatty acid receptors to GLP-1 release in colon. Alpha-gustducin knockout mice, colonic mucosa GLP-1 secretion assay, colocalization immunohistochemistry American journal of physiology. Endocrinology and metabolism High 23341498
2018 Alpha-gustducin knockout mice subjected to DSS-induced colitis exhibited aggravated weight loss, diarrhea, intestinal bleeding, and inflammation with increased TNF and IFN-γ but decreased IL-13 and IL-5, demonstrating that alpha-gustducin signaling in the intestinal epithelium regulates gut mucosal immune balance. Alpha-gustducin knockout mouse model, DSS colitis induction, cytokine expression analysis, histological assessment of inflammation Brain, behavior, and immunity Medium 29678794
2020 Ablation of GNAT3 (Gnat3-/-) in oncogenic KRAS-expressing pancreatic organoids increased release of tumor-promoting cytokines CXCL1 and CXCL2; Gnat3-/- pancreata showed increased granulocytic MDSCs (CXCR2-expressing) and elevated CXCL1/2 expression; aged Gnat3-/-;KC mice progressed more rapidly to metastatic carcinoma than KC controls, establishing GNAT3 as a suppressor of pancreatic cancer progression via the CXCL1/2–CXCR2 axis. Gnat3 knockout mouse crossed with KRAS-driven pancreatic cancer model, ex vivo organoid conditioned media cytokine analysis, mass cytometry, single-cell RNA sequencing, tumor progression monitoring Cellular and molecular gastroenterology and hepatology High 32882403
2020 Alpha-gustducin knockdown in pancreatic beta-cell line INS-1 significantly enhanced basal cAMP levels, intracellular Ca2+, and insulin secretion independently of taste receptor signaling, establishing a role for alpha-gustducin in tonically suppressing cAMP and Ca2+ signaling in beta-cells. siRNA knockdown in INS-1 cells, cAMP measurement, intracellular Ca2+ measurement, insulin secretion assay Journal of diabetes investigation Medium 31957256
2024 Bitter agonist salicin activates Tas2r143 in mouse gingival fibroblasts expressing Tas2r143, Gnat3, Plcb2, and TrpM5, eliciting taste signaling and inhibiting LPS-induced CXCL1/2/5 chemokine expression; effects were abolished in Gnat3-/- mice in a ligature-induced periodontitis model, placing GNAT3 downstream of bitter taste receptor activation in periodontal inflammation suppression. RNA silencing, heterologous expression of taste receptor/Gα-gustducin, calcium imaging, Gnat3 knockout mouse model, periodontitis model Frontiers in immunology High 38605968
2026 In BEAS-2B lung epithelial cells, bitter taste receptor agonists (PTC, quinine, carisoprodol, chloroquine) suppress LPS-induced NF-κB activation (reduced p-p65 and p-IκB); siRNA-mediated GNAT3 knockdown significantly attenuated the inhibitory effects of all agonists on NF-κB phosphorylation, establishing GNAT3 as specifically required for T2R agonist-mediated anti-inflammatory NF-κB inhibition in airway epithelium. siRNA knockdown of GNAT3, Western blot for p65/IκB phosphorylation, qRT-PCR for inflammatory cytokines, CCK-8 cytotoxicity assay International journal of molecular sciences Medium 41596643

Source papers

Stage 0 corpus · 87 papers · ranked by NIH iCite citations
Year Title Journal Citations PMID
2007 Gut-expressed gustducin and taste receptors regulate secretion of glucagon-like peptide-1. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 766 17724330
2007 T1R3 and gustducin in gut sense sugars to regulate expression of Na+-glucose cotransporter 1. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 672 17724332
1992 Gustducin is a taste-cell-specific G protein closely related to the transducins. Nature 518 1608467
1996 Transduction of bitter and sweet taste by gustducin. Nature 512 8657284
1996 Taste receptor-like cells in the rat gut identified by expression of alpha-gustducin. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 316 8692869
1999 Ggamma13 colocalizes with gustducin in taste receptor cells and mediates IP3 responses to bitter denatonium. Nature neuroscience 278 10570481
2011 Bitter taste receptors and α-gustducin regulate the secretion of ghrelin with functional effects on food intake and gastric emptying. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 262 21245306
2006 Colocalization of the alpha-subunit of gustducin with PYY and GLP-1 in L cells of human colon. American journal of physiology. Gastrointestinal and liver physiology 222 16728727
2006 Taste receptors in the gastrointestinal tract. I. Bitter taste receptors and alpha-gustducin in the mammalian gut. American journal of physiology. Gastrointestinal and liver physiology 167 16710053
2004 Umami taste responses are mediated by alpha-transducin and alpha-gustducin. The Journal of neuroscience : the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience 123 15342734
2003 Regional expression patterns of taste receptors and gustducin in the mouse tongue. Biochemical and biophysical research communications 122 14637165
1997 Differential expression of alpha-gustducin in taste bud populations of the rat and hamster. The Journal of neuroscience : the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience 119 9092606
2000 Ultrastructural localization of gustducin immunoreactivity in microvilli of type II taste cells in the rat. The Journal of comparative neurology 115 10940948
1998 Identification of the taste cell G-protein, alpha-gustducin, in brush cells of the rat pancreatic duct system. Histochemistry and cell biology 103 9749964
2001 Bitter taste transduced by PLC-beta(2)-dependent rise in IP(3) and alpha-gustducin-dependent fall in cyclic nucleotides. American journal of physiology. Cell physiology 102 11245589
2008 Colocalization of GPR120 with phospholipase-Cbeta2 and alpha-gustducin in the taste bud cells in mice. Neuroscience letters 82 19071193
2005 Contribution of alpha-gustducin to taste-guided licking responses of mice. Chemical senses 80 15800219
1998 Characterization and solubilization of bitter-responsive receptors that couple to gustducin. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 77 9671782
2003 Behavioral evidence for a role of alpha-gustducin in glutamate taste. Chemical senses 71 14578119
2005 Co-expression patterns of the neuropeptides vasoactive intestinal peptide and cholecystokinin with the transduction molecules alpha-gustducin and T1R2 in rat taste receptor cells. Neuroscience 70 15561439
2003 Role of the G-protein subunit alpha-gustducin in taste cell responses to bitter stimuli. The Journal of neuroscience : the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience 69 14586025
2007 A cluster of gustducin-expressing cells in the mouse stomach associated with two distinct populations of enteroendocrine cells. Histochemistry and cell biology 66 17874119
2008 Tonic activity of Galpha-gustducin regulates taste cell responsivity. FEBS letters 65 18930056
2001 Dominant loss of responsiveness to sweet and bitter compounds caused by a single mutation in alpha -gustducin. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 56 11447270
2004 alpha-Gustducin immunoreactivity in the airways. Cell and tissue research 55 15654652
1999 Blocking taste receptor activation of gustducin inhibits gustatory responses to bitter compounds. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 54 10449792
1998 The timing of alpha-gustducin expression during cell renewal in rat vallate taste buds. Chemical senses 54 9915120
1995 Functional expression of the taste specific G-protein, alpha-gustducin. The Biochemical journal 47 7626029
2002 Partial rescue of taste responses of alpha-gustducin null mice by transgenic expression of alpha-transducin. Chemical senses 44 12379596
1994 Human taste cells express the G protein alpha-gustducin and neuron-specific enolase. Brain research. Molecular brain research 44 8015379
1999 alpha-Gustducin expression in the vomeronasal organ of the mouse. The European journal of neuroscience 39 10594676
2007 Expression of T1Rs and gustducin in palatal taste buds of mice. Chemical senses 37 17229761
2002 The neural differentiation gene Mash-1 has a distinct pattern of expression from the taste reception-related genes gustducin and T1R2 in the taste buds. Chemical senses 34 12052781
2018 Aggravated gut inflammation in mice lacking the taste signaling protein α-gustducin. Brain, behavior, and immunity 32 29678794
2010 Enhanced expression of the sweet taste receptors and alpha-gustducin in reactive astrocytes of the rat hippocampus following ischemic injury. Neurochemical research 32 20596769
2020 The Gustatory Sensory G-Protein GNAT3 Suppresses Pancreatic Cancer Progression in Mice. Cellular and molecular gastroenterology and hepatology 31 32882403
2013 Gustducin couples fatty acid receptors to GLP-1 release in colon. American journal of physiology. Endocrinology and metabolism 31 23341498
2007 Expression of gustducin overlaps with that of type III IP3 receptor in taste buds of the rat soft palate. Chemical senses 31 17566068
2006 Expression of the G-protein alpha-subunit gustducin in mammalian spermatozoa. Journal of comparative physiology. A, Neuroethology, sensory, neural, and behavioral physiology 31 17021831
2023 Necroptosis of macrophage is a key pathological feature in biliary atresia via GDCA/S1PR2/ZBP1/p-MLKL axis. Cell death & disease 30 36859525
2012 Metabolic syndrome is linked to chromosome 7q21 and associated with genetic variants in CD36 and GNAT3 in Mexican Americans. Obesity (Silver Spring, Md.) 27 22456541
2008 Gurmarin sensitivity of sweet taste responses is associated with co-expression patterns of T1r2, T1r3, and gustducin. Biochemical and biophysical research communications 27 18174025
1993 Gustducin and transducin: a tale of two G proteins. Ciba Foundation symposium 27 8168377
1999 Differential expression of carbohydrate blood-group antigens on rat taste-bud cells: relation to the functional marker alpha-gustducin. The Journal of comparative neurology 23 10545162
2000 Synaptic proteins in rat taste bud cells: appearance in the Golgi apparatus and relationship to alpha-gustducin and the Lewis(b) and A antigens. The Journal of comparative neurology 22 11054686
2015 Expression patterns of taste receptor type 1 subunit 3 and α-gustducin in the mouse testis during development. Acta histochemica 21 26589384
2011 Gα-gustducin is extensively coexpressed with sweet and bitter taste receptors in both the soft palate and fungiform papillae but has a different functional significance. Chemical senses 21 22016481
1998 Gustducin and its role in taste. Journal of dental research 20 9539456
2016 Distribution of α-Gustducin and Vimentin in premature and mature taste buds in chickens. Biochemical and biophysical research communications 19 27639649
2001 Differentiation of the lingual and palatal gustatory epithelium of the rat as revealed by immunohistochemistry of alpha-gustducin. Archives of histology and cytology 18 11757909
2010 Gustducin is expressed in the taste buds of the chicken. Animal science journal = Nihon chikusan Gakkaiho 17 21108686
2017 Bitter Taste Responses of Gustducin-positive Taste Cells in Mouse Fungiform and Circumvallate Papillae. Neuroscience 16 29113930
2016 Supplementation of oligofructose, but not sucralose, decreases high-fat diet induced body weight gain in mice independent of gustducin-mediated gut hormone release. Molecular nutrition & food research 16 27800650
2008 Expression of alpha-gustducin in the circumvallate papillae of taste buds of diabetic rats. Acta histochemica 15 18824257
2003 Bovine circumvallate taste buds: taste cell structure and immunoreactivity to alpha-gustducin. The anatomical record. Part A, Discoveries in molecular, cellular, and evolutionary biology 15 12552638
2013 Effects of early intraoral acesulfame-K stimulation to mice on the adult's sweet preference and the expression of α-gustducin in fungiform papilla. Chemical senses 14 23537561
2018 Morphology of GNAT3-immunoreactive chemosensory cells in the rat larynx. Journal of anatomy 11 30467855
2006 Developmental change of alpha-gustducin expression in the mouse fungiform papilla. Anatomy and embryology 11 16933139
2006 Distribution of different taste buds and expression of alpha-gustducin in the barbells of yellow catfish (Pelteobagrus fulvidraco). Fish physiology and biochemistry 11 20035479
2014 Expression of α-gustducin and α-transducin, G proteins coupled with taste receptors, in boar sperm. Theriogenology 10 24751294
2008 Regional differences in taste bud distribution and alpha-gustducin expression patterns in the mouse fungiform papilla. Chemical senses 10 18296428
2021 Intestinal alteration of α-gustducin and sweet taste signaling pathway in metabolic diseases is partly rescued after weight loss and diabetes remission. American journal of physiology. Endocrinology and metabolism 9 34338041
2016 Regulation of α-Transducin and α-Gustducin Expression by a High Protein Diet in the Pig Gastrointestinal Tract. PloS one 9 26871573
2009 Genetically-increased taste cell population with G(alpha)-gustducin-coupled sweet receptors is associated with increase of gurmarin-sensitive taste nerve fibers in mice. BMC neuroscience 9 20028519
1999 Cellular expression of alpha-gustducin and the A blood group antigen in rat fungiform taste buds cross-reinnervated by the IXth nerve. The Journal of comparative neurology 8 10363715
2024 Salicin alleviates periodontitis via Tas2r143/gustducin signaling in fibroblasts. Frontiers in immunology 7 38605968
2007 Existence of subtypes of gustducin-immunoreactive cells in the vallate taste bud of guinea pigs. Archives of histology and cytology 7 18431029
2020 Characterization of the taste receptor-related G-protein, α-gustducin, in pancreatic β-cells. Journal of diabetes investigation 6 31957256
2019 Dietary Verbascoside Influences Gut Morphology and the Expression of α-Transducin and α-Gustducin in the Small Intestine of Weaned Piglets Exposed to n-6 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids-Induced Oxidative Stress. Animals : an open access journal from MDPI 6 30634572
2016 Distribution of α-transducin and α-gustducin immunoreactive cells in the chicken (Gallus domesticus) gastrointestinal tract. Poultry science 5 26957624
2015 α-Transducin and α-gustducin immunoreactive cells in the stomach of common sole (Solea solea) fed with mussel meal. Fish physiology and biochemistry 5 25673424
2014 Non-specific immunostaining by a rabbit antibody against gustducin α subunit in mouse brain. The journal of histochemistry and cytochemistry : official journal of the Histochemistry Society 5 25411190
2012 Chimeric yeast G-protein α subunit harboring a 37-residue C-terminal gustducin-specific sequence is functional in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Bioscience, biotechnology, and biochemistry 5 22451393
2010 Gustation genetics: sweet gustducin! Chemical senses 5 20660058
2007 Differentiation of alpha-gustducin in taste buds of the mouse soft palate and fungiform papillae. Acta histochemica 5 17698174
2018 Enteroendocrine profile of α-transducin and α-gustducin immunoreactive cells in the chicken (Gallus domesticus) gastrointestinal tract. Poultry science 4 29955800
2011 Expression of α-gustducin in mammalian retinas. Neuroreport 4 21200350
2022 Worldwide diversity, association potential, and natural selection in the superimposed taste genes, CD36 and GNAT3. Chemical senses 3 34972209
2018 LPAR5, GNAT3 and partial amino acid transporters messenger RNA expression patterns in digestive tracts, metabolic organs and muscle tissues of growing goats. Animal : an international journal of animal bioscience 3 30378518
2006 Age-related expression of alpha-gustducin in the rat larynx. The Annals of otology, rhinology, and laryngology 3 16739672
2021 Morphology of GNAT3-immunoreactive chemosensory cells in the nasal cavity and pharynx of the rat. Journal of anatomy 2 33677835
2013 Occurrence of gustducin-immunoreactive cells in von Ebner's glands of guinea pigs. Histochemistry and cell biology 2 23604549
2011 Patterns of immunoreactivity specific for gustducin and for NCAM differ in developing rat circumvallate papillae and their taste buds. Acta histochemica 2 21703667
2010 Fixation conditions affect the immunoreactivity of gustducin in rat vallate taste buds. Archives of histology and cytology 2 21566335
2006 Structure of bovine fungiform taste buds and their immunoreactivity for gustducin. The Journal of veterinary medical science 2 17019065
2026 Defining the Critical Role of α-Gustducin for NF-κB Inhibition and Anti-Inflammatory Signal Transduction by Bitter Agonists in Lung Epithelium. International journal of molecular sciences 0 41596643
2025 Gut microbiota drives the metabolic dysregulation in obesity-prone individuals by impairing GDCA-mediated activation of brown adipose thermogenesis and ileal GLP-1 secretion. Acta pharmaceutica Sinica. B 0 41685140