Affinage

GBP3

Guanylate-binding protein 3 · UniProt Q9H0R5

Length
595 aa
Mass
68.1 kDa
Annotated
2026-04-28
45 papers in source corpus 15 papers cited in narrative 15 extracted findings

Mechanistic narrative

Synthesis pass · prose summary of the discoveries below

GBP3 is an interferon-γ–inducible dynamin-superfamily GTPase that functions as a critical effector in cell-autonomous innate immunity against cytosolic Gram-negative bacteria and as a positive regulator of inflammasome-driven pyroptosis. Within the hierarchical GBP signaling platform assembled on intracellular bacteria, GBP3 is recruited in a GBP1-dependent manner and specifically governs caspase-4 activation, leading to gasdermin-D cleavage, pyroptosis, and IL-18 processing; its GTPase domain structural divergence in the Switch II/α3 helix renders it resistant to the Shigella E3 ligase IpaH9.8, preserving its antimicrobial function (PMID:32541830, PMID:29233899, PMID:31216343). In mouse macrophages, GBP3 directly kills select bacteria such as Francisella novicida through an N-terminal bactericidal domain, releasing pathogen contents for inflammasome sensing, and is itself transcriptionally dependent on the STING–IFN axis (PMID:35906252, PMID:29203515). GBP3 also physically interacts with STING via its GTPase domain to stabilize STING protein, participating in a STAT1–GBP3–STING positive feedback loop that amplifies inflammatory and DNA-damage signaling in contexts including glioblastoma chemoresistance and vascular inflammation (PMID:35780181, PMID:40714274).

Mechanistic history

Synthesis pass · year-by-year structured walk · 12 steps
  1. 1994 Medium

    Establishing GBP3 as a member of the interferon-inducible guanylate-binding protein family on human chromosome 1 provided the foundational gene identification needed for functional studies.

    Evidence Genomic library cloning and hybrid cell chromosome mapping

    PMID:7518790

    Open questions at the time
    • No protein-level characterization or functional assay performed
    • Human GBP3 enzymatic activity not measured
  2. 1998 High

    Demonstrating that mouse GBP3 possesses intrinsic GTPase activity, binds guanine nucleotides, and resides in the cytosol established its biochemical identity as a catalytically active cytosolic GTPase lacking the CAAX prenylation motif present in other family members.

    Evidence Baculovirus-expressed recombinant protein; GTPase kinetic assay, nucleotide-agarose pulldown, immunofluorescence in murine cells

    PMID:9659399

    Open questions at the time
    • Human GBP3 enzymatic parameters not determined
    • No identification of cellular targets or binding partners
    • Absence of CAAX motif's functional consequence not tested
  3. 2017 High

    Showing that GBP1 recruits GBP3 to cytosolic Gram-negative bacteria via GBP1's C-terminal triple-arginine motif established the hierarchical assembly of the GBP defense platform and positioned GBP3 as a downstream effector dependent on GBP1 nucleation.

    Evidence Immunofluorescence colocalization with GBP1 mutants during Shigella and Burkholderia infection in human cells

    PMID:29233899

    Open questions at the time
    • The specific function of GBP3 once recruited was not determined
    • Direct GBP1–GBP3 protein interaction not biochemically demonstrated
  4. 2017 Medium

    Placing GBP3 expression downstream of STING (but not cGAS) during Brucella infection, and showing GBP3-dependent caspase-1 activation and IL-1β secretion, linked GBP3 to the STING–IFN transcriptional axis and inflammasome engagement in vivo.

    Evidence STING/cGAS knockout macrophages, GBPchr3 knockout mice infected with Brucella abortus, siRNA knockdown with IL-1β and caspase-1 readouts

    PMID:29203515

    Open questions at the time
    • GBPchr3 locus encodes multiple GBPs; individual gene contributions not fully separated
    • Mechanism connecting GBP3 to caspase-1 activation not defined
  5. 2017 Medium

    Identifying GBP3 as a driver of glioma proliferation upstream of the SQSTM1/p62–ERK1/2 signaling axis revealed a non-canonical, proliferation-promoting role for GBP3 outside of canonical antimicrobial immunity.

    Evidence GBP3 overexpression/knockdown, SQSTM1 epistasis, MEK inhibitor, xenograft model in glioma cells

    PMID:29128363

    Open questions at the time
    • Mechanism by which GBP3 induces SQSTM1 expression unknown
    • Relevance to normal (non-malignant) physiology untested
  6. 2019 High

    Structural resolution of the GBP1–IpaH9.8 interface revealed that GBP3's Switch II/α3 helix divergence prevents IpaH9.8 engagement, explaining why GBP3 is refractory to Shigella-mediated ubiquitination and proteasomal degradation — a key evasion mechanism sparing GBP3's antimicrobial role.

    Evidence Crystal structure of GBP1–IpaH9.8 LRR complex, structure-guided sequence comparison, ubiquitination and degradation assays

    PMID:31216343

    Open questions at the time
    • Whether other bacterial E3 ligases target GBP3 remains unknown
    • GBP3's own crystal structure not solved
  7. 2020 High

    Genetic epistasis across individual GBP knockouts demonstrated that GBP3 specifically controls caspase-4 activation (not recruitment) on cytosolic bacteria, placing it as the rate-limiting step for gasdermin-D cleavage, pyroptosis, and IL-18 processing within the GBP platform.

    Evidence Systematic GBP knockout/knockdown in human epithelial cells, Gram-negative bacterial infection, caspase-4 activation and GSDMD cleavage assays

    PMID:32541830

    Open questions at the time
    • The biochemical mechanism by which GBP3 activates caspase-4 (direct interaction, conformational change, or cofactor) is unknown
    • Whether GBP3 GTPase activity is required for caspase-4 activation not shown
  8. 2022 High

    Discovery that the N-terminal domain of mouse GBP3 (and GBP1) directly kills Francisella novicida by rupturing pathogen membranes established a bactericidal effector function for GBP3 that liberates microbial ligands for inflammasome sensing.

    Evidence GBP1/GBP3 knockout macrophages, direct bacterial killing and membrane permeability assays, domain-mapping mutagenesis

    PMID:35906252

    Open questions at the time
    • Killing is selective for certain bacteria; determinants of susceptibility unknown
    • Whether human GBP3 possesses the same direct bactericidal activity not tested
  9. 2022 Medium

    Demonstrating that GBP3 physically binds STING through its GTPase domain and stabilizes STING protein revealed a direct molecular link between GBP3 and the cGAS–STING axis, with downstream effects on DNA-damage repair (MGMT, NRF2) and temozolomide resistance in glioblastoma.

    Evidence Co-immunoprecipitation with domain deletions, siRNA knockdown, xenograft tumor model, western blot for STING/p62/NRF2/MGMT

    PMID:35780181

    Open questions at the time
    • Reciprocal Co-IP from endogenous STING not shown
    • Whether GBP3 GTPase activity modulates STING binding/stabilization unknown
    • Structural basis of GBP3–STING interaction not resolved
  10. 2023 Medium

    Showing that GBP3 is not recruited to Francisella novicida in human macrophages (unlike Shigella) demonstrated that GBP platform composition is pathogen-selective and depends on bacterial surface determinants, refining the model of GBP3 targeting.

    Evidence Immunofluorescence colocalization with GBP1 mutagenesis panel in human macrophages infected with F. novicida versus S. flexneri

    PMID:37012222

    Open questions at the time
    • Bacterial surface factor(s) that determine GBP3 recruitment specificity not identified
    • Whether human GBP3 exerts bactericidal activity against F. novicida independent of recruitment unknown
  11. 2023 Medium

    Epistasis between IpaH9.8 and GBP knockouts showed that GBP3 contributes to caspase-4 activation and LPS sensing even when GBP1 is absent, indicating partially redundant GBP-mediated pathways for cytosolic LPS detection.

    Evidence IpaH9.8/OspC3 bacterial mutants, GBP knockdown/knockout in epithelial cells, cytosolic LPS quantification, caspase-4 activation

    PMID:37014865

    Open questions at the time
    • Quantitative contribution of GBP3 alone to LPS release not isolated
    • Mechanism by which GBP3 promotes LPS access without GBP1 unknown
  12. 2025 Medium

    Identification of STAT1 directly binding the GBP3 promoter and GBP3 reciprocally stabilizing STING established a STAT1→GBP3→STING positive feedback circuit amplifying inflammation, oxidative stress, and DNA damage in vascular smooth muscle cells during aortic dissection.

    Evidence ChIP-PCR for STAT1 at GBP3 promoter, Co-IP for GBP3–STING, ATAC-seq/RNA-seq, scRNA-seq, mouse aortic dissection model with STAT1 inhibitor

    PMID:40714274

    Open questions at the time
    • Whether the feedback loop operates in immune cells beyond vascular smooth muscle not tested
    • Quantitative contribution of GBP3 versus other STAT1 targets to STING stabilization unclear

Open questions

Synthesis pass · forward-looking unresolved questions
  • The biochemical mechanism by which GBP3 activates caspase-4 — whether through direct binding, GTPase-dependent conformational change, or facilitated LPS presentation — remains the central unresolved question for GBP3 innate immune function.
  • No direct GBP3–caspase-4 binding demonstrated
  • GBP3 crystal structure not solved
  • Whether GBP3 GTPase catalytic activity is required for any of its effector functions untested

Mechanism profile

Synthesis pass · controlled-vocabulary classification · explore literature graph →
Molecular activity
GO:0098772 molecular function regulator activity 2 GO:0003924 GTPase activity 1 GO:0016787 hydrolase activity 1
Localization
GO:0005829 cytosol 3
Pathway
R-HSA-168256 Immune System 4 R-HSA-162582 Signal Transduction 3 R-HSA-5357801 Programmed Cell Death 3
Partners
CASP4GBP1SQSTM1STING

Evidence

Reading pass · 15 per-paper findings extracted from the source corpus
Year Finding Method Journal Conf PMIDs
1998 Mouse GBP3 (mGBP3) is a 71-kDa guanylate-binding protein with intrinsic GTPase activity (Km 77 µM, Vmax 21 pmol/min/µg), binds agarose-immobilized guanine nucleotides (GTP, GDP, GMP), lacks the CAAX isoprenylation motif present in other GBPs, and localizes to the cytosol by immunofluorescence. Its transcript peaks transiently during erythroid progenitor cell differentiation. Baculovirus recombinant protein expression, GTPase activity assay, guanine nucleotide-agarose pulldown, immunofluorescence microscopy, Northern blot Biochimica et biophysica acta High 9659399
1994 GBP3 was identified as a novel gene on human chromosome 1 with high sequence homology to GBP1 and GBP2, establishing it as a third member of the interferon-inducible GBP gene family. Genomic library cloning, hybrid rodent-human cell line chromosome mapping, sequence homology analysis Gene Medium 7518790
2020 In IFN-γ-stimulated human cells, GBP3 governs caspase-4 activation on the surface of cytosol-invading Gram-negative bacteria. GBP1 initiates assembly of the GBP signaling platform on bacteria, GBP2 and GBP4 control caspase-4 recruitment, and GBP3 specifically controls caspase-4 activation, which is required for gasdermin-D cleavage, pyroptosis, and IL-18 processing. Genetic epistasis (GBP knockout/knockdown cells), bacterial infection assays, caspase-4 activation readout, gasdermin-D cleavage assay, IL-18 processing assay, immunofluorescence colocalization Nature immunology High 32541830
2017 Human GBP1 recruits GBP3 (along with GBP2, GBP4, and GBP6) to the surface of cytosolic Gram-negative bacteria (Shigella flexneri and Burkholderia thailandensis) via GBP1's C-terminal triple-arginine motif, establishing GBP3 as a secondary recruiter dependent on GBP1 for bacterial targeting. Immunofluorescence colocalization, GBP1 triple-arginine mutant (loss-of-function), bacterial infection assays, siRNA knockdown mBio High 29233899
2019 GBP3 is resistant to ubiquitination and proteasomal degradation by the Shigella E3 ligase IpaH9.8. Structural analysis revealed that differences in the Switch II and α3 helix regions of the GTPase domain between GBP1 and GBP3/GBP7 prevent IpaH9.8 LRR domain engagement, making GBP3 refractory to this bacterial immune evasion strategy. Crystal structure of GBP1–IpaH9.8 LRR complex, structure-guided sequence comparison, ubiquitination and degradation assays PLoS pathogens High 31216343
2022 Mouse GBP3 (together with mouse GBP1) is specifically required for inflammasome activation during infection with the cytosolic bacterium Francisella novicida. A charged/hydrophobic region within the N-terminal domain of mouse GBP1 and GBP3 directly binds and kills F. novicida and Neisseria meningitidis but not other bacteria or mammalian cells, causing pathogen membrane rupture and release of intracellular content for inflammasome sensing. GBP1/GBP3 knockout macrophages, bacterial infection assays, direct bacterial killing assay, membrane rupture/permeability assay, domain mapping by mutagenesis Nature communications High 35906252
2022 Human GBP3 physically interacts with STING via its N-terminal GTPase domain, stabilizing STING protein levels; this interaction promotes expression of p62/SQSTM1, NRF2, and MGMT, thereby enhancing DNA damage repair and conferring temozolomide resistance in glioblastoma cells. Co-immunoprecipitation, domain deletion constructs, RNA interference knockdown, murine glioblastoma xenograft model, western blot for STING/p62/NRF2/MGMT Oncogene Medium 35780181
2017 GBP3 promotes glioma cell proliferation by inducing SQSTM1/p62 expression and activating ERK1/2; depletion of SQSTM1 abolished GBP3-driven ERK1/2 phosphorylation and cell growth, and MEK inhibition blocked GBP3-induced proliferation, placing GBP3 upstream of the SQSTM1–ERK1/2 axis. GBP3 overexpression and siRNA knockdown, ERK1/2 phosphorylation western blot, SQSTM1 siRNA epistasis, MEK inhibitor treatment, in vivo tumor xenograft Biochemical and biophysical research communications Medium 29128363
2023 GBP3 is not recruited to Francisella novicida (unlike Shigella flexneri) in human macrophages, demonstrating that the repertoire of GBPs assembled on bacteria is pathogen-selective and depends on GBP-intrinsic features and specific bacterial factors. Multiple GBP1 mutagenesis experiments showed that GBP1 targeting to F. novicida requires cooperative engagement of multiple GBP1 domains, whereas targeting to S. flexneri is more permissive. Immunofluorescence colocalization in human macrophages, GBP1 mutagenesis panel, bacterial infection assays Pathogens and disease Medium 37012222
2023 Shigella effector IpaH9.8 promotes shedding of fewer GBPs from Shigella, and in the absence of IpaH9.8, GBP1-dependent LPS release from intracytosolic bacteria is increased, enhancing cytosolic LPS availability for caspase-4 activation. GBP3 (along with other GBPs degraded by IpaH9.8) contributes to caspase-4 activation even in the absence of GBP1. IpaH9.8 and OspC3 bacterial mutants, GBP knockdown/knockout epithelial cells, cytosolic LPS quantification, caspase-4 activation assay, pyroptosis readout Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America Medium 37014865
2017 STING (but not cGAS) is required for GBP3 (GBPchr3 locus in mice) expression in macrophages during Brucella abortus infection; GBPchr3 knockout mice are more susceptible to Brucella infection, and siRNA-mediated knockdown reduces IL-1β secretion and caspase-1 activation, placing GBP3 downstream of the STING–IFN axis and upstream of inflammasome activation. STING/cGAS knockout macrophages, GBPchr3 knockout mice (in vivo infection), siRNA knockdown, IL-1β ELISA, caspase-1 activation assay Journal of immunology (Baltimore, Md. : 1950) Medium 29203515
2025 STAT1 directly binds the GBP3 promoter and drives GBP3 transcription in vascular smooth muscle cells stimulated with IFN-γ. GBP3 protein in the cytoplasm physically interacts with STING, forming a STAT1–GBP3–STING positive feedback loop that amplifies inflammation, oxidative stress, and DNA damage in acute aortic dissection. ChIP-PCR (STAT1 binding to GBP3 promoter), co-immunoprecipitation (GBP3–STING interaction), ATAC-seq/RNA-seq, single-cell RNA sequencing, mouse AAD model with STAT1 inhibitor treatment Cellular signalling Medium 40714274
2024 CRISPR genome-wide knockout screen identified GBP3 as a gene that limits lentiviral vector production; knockout of GBP3 in HEK293T cells increased lentiviral titer, and triple knockout of GBP3, BPIFC, and LDAH achieved ~8.33-fold increase in LV titer, demonstrating GBP3 restricts lentivirus packaging. CRISPR-Cas9 high-throughput screen, single and multi-gene knockout in HEK293T cells, lentiviral titer quantification The CRISPR journal Medium 39387256
2024 Gbp3 knockdown in BV2 microglia reduces expression of NLRP3, caspase-1, and GSDMD (pyroptosis pathway proteins) and decreases inflammatory cytokines after oxygen-glucose deprivation; Gbp3 overexpression has the opposite effect, placing Gbp3 as a positive regulator of the NLRP3/GSDMD pyroptotic pathway in ischemic conditions. siRNA knockdown and plasmid overexpression in BV2 cells, OGD/R model, western blot for NLRP3/GSDMD/caspase-1, ELISA for inflammatory cytokines, rat tMCAO in vivo model International immunopharmacology Medium 39721455
2023 Gbp3 overexpression in a lupus nephritis cell model inhibits cell proliferation and increases levels of inflammatory factors (IL-1β, TNF-α, IL-8) and pyroptosis-related proteins (GSDMD, caspase-1, NLRP3); siRNA knockdown produces the opposite effects, indicating Gbp3 positively regulates inflammation and pyroptosis in renal cells. siRNA knockdown and overexpression, CCK-8 proliferation assay, ELISA for cytokines, western blot for pyroptosis proteins, LN mouse model (pristane injection) Autoimmunity Low 37621179

Source papers

Stage 0 corpus · 45 papers · ranked by NIH iCite citations
Year Title Journal Citations PMID
2020 Guanylate-binding proteins convert cytosolic bacteria into caspase-4 signaling platforms. Nature immunology 230 32541830
2017 Detection of Cytosolic Shigella flexneri via a C-Terminal Triple-Arginine Motif of GBP1 Inhibits Actin-Based Motility. mBio 99 29233899
2017 Brucella abortus Triggers a cGAS-Independent STING Pathway To Induce Host Protection That Involves Guanylate-Binding Proteins and Inflammasome Activation. Journal of immunology (Baltimore, Md. : 1950) 92 29203515
2007 Systemic interferon-alpha regulates interferon-stimulated genes in the central nervous system. Molecular psychiatry 85 17486106
2021 Osteoclast fusion and bone loss are restricted by interferon inducible guanylate binding proteins. Nature communications 77 33479228
2015 EPCR-dependent PAR2 activation by the blood coagulation initiation complex regulates LPS-triggered interferon responses in mice. Blood 72 25733582
2015 In Vitro Evidence Supports Membrane Alanyl Aminopeptidase N as a Receptor for a Plant Virus in the Pea Aphid Vector. Journal of virology 60 26311872
2023 Guanylate-binding proteins: mechanisms of pattern recognition and antimicrobial functions. Trends in biochemical sciences 48 37567806
2019 Structural mechanism for guanylate-binding proteins (GBPs) targeting by the Shigella E3 ligase IpaH9.8. PLoS pathogens 44 31216343
2022 Pathogen-selective killing by guanylate-binding proteins as a molecular mechanism leading to inflammasome signaling. Nature communications 43 35906252
2010 A peptide that binds the pea aphid gut impedes entry of Pea enation mosaic virus into the aphid hemocoel. Virology 36 20223498
2017 A Testis-Specific Long Non-Coding RNA, lncRNA-Tcam1, Regulates Immune-Related Genes in Mouse Male Germ Cells. Frontiers in endocrinology 35 29163367
2023 Shigella IpaH9.8 limits GBP1-dependent LPS release from intracytosolic bacteria to suppress caspase-4 activation. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 31 37014865
2022 GBP3 promotes glioblastoma resistance to temozolomide by enhancing DNA damage repair. Oncogene 29 35780181
2017 GBP3 promotes glioma cell proliferation via SQSTM1/p62-ERK1/2 axis. Biochemical and biophysical research communications 28 29128363
2019 Identification of a systemic interferon-γ inducible antimicrobial gene signature in leprosy patients undergoing reversal reaction. PLoS neglected tropical diseases 26 31600201
2015 Genome-wide association study on progression of carotid artery intima media thickness over 10 years in a Chinese cohort. Atherosclerosis 26 26343869
2017 Interferon regulated gene (IRG) expression-signature in a mouse model of chikungunya virus neurovirulence. Journal of neurovirology 25 29067635
2016 Transcriptional Profiling of Foam Cells Reveals Induction of Guanylate-Binding Proteins Following Western Diet Acceleration of Atherosclerosis in the Absence of Global Changes in Inflammation. Journal of the American Heart Association 22 27091181
1998 Cloning, expression, and characterization of a novel guanylate-binding protein, GBP3 in murine erythroid progenitor cells. Biochimica et biophysica acta 21 9659399
2022 Critical role of guanylate binding protein 5 in tumor immune microenvironment and predictive value of immunotherapy response. Frontiers in genetics 19 36246628
2022 Guanylate Binding Protein 1 (GBP1): A Key Protein in Inflammatory Pyroptosis. Cell biochemistry and biophysics 16 35179710
2022 Evolution of Guanylate Binding Protein (GBP) Genes in Muroid Rodents (Muridae and Cricetidae) Reveals an Outstanding Pattern of Gain and Loss. Frontiers in immunology 16 35222365
2022 The Host CYP1A1-Microbiota Metabolic Axis Promotes Gut Barrier Disruption in Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus-Induced Abdominal Sepsis. Frontiers in microbiology 16 35572636
2021 Evolution of the guanylate binding protein (GBP) genes: Emergence of GBP7 genes in primates and further acquisition of a unique GBP3 gene in simians. Molecular immunology 16 33550067
2021 Increased presence of nuclear DNAJA3 and upregulation of cytosolic STAT1 and of nucleic acid sensors trigger innate immunity in the ClpP-null mouse. Neurogenetics 16 34345994
1994 The interferon-inducible GBP1 gene: structure and mapping to human chromosome 1. Gene 14 7518790
2021 Antiviral effect of a bacteriophage on murine norovirus replication via modulation of the innate immune response. Virus research 13 34555440
2023 Gbp3 is associated with the progression of lupus nephritis by regulating cell proliferation, inflammation and pyroptosis. Autoimmunity 12 37621179
2021 Genome-wide association study identified INSC gene associated with Trail Making Test Part A and Alzheimer's disease related cognitive phenotypes. Progress in neuro-psychopharmacology & biological psychiatry 11 34224794
2023 Comparative study of GBP recruitment on two cytosol-dwelling pathogens, Francisella novicida and Shigella flexneri highlights differences in GBP repertoire and in GBP1 motif requirements. Pathogens and disease 8 37012222
2022 Molecular Mechanism of Sevoflurane Preconditioning Based on Whole-transcriptome Sequencing of Lipopolysaccharide-induced Cardiac Dysfunction in Mice. Journal of cardiovascular pharmacology 8 35266915
2024 RNA-binding protein AZGP1 inhibits epithelial cell proliferation by regulating the genes of alternative splicing in COPD. Gene 5 38950687
2024 Engineering of HEK293T Cell Factory for Lentiviral Production by High-Throughput Selected Genes. The CRISPR journal 5 39387256
2024 Extracellular vesicles of ADSCs inhibit ischemic stroke-induced pyroptosis through Gbp3 regulation: A role for the NLRP3/GSDMD signaling pathway. International immunopharmacology 5 39721455
2017 Whole-exome sequencing to identify novel mutations of nevoid basal cell carcinoma syndrome in a Chinese population. Cancer biomarkers : section A of Disease markers 5 29081410
2024 Evolutionary and functional characterization of lagomorph guanylate-binding proteins: a story of gain and loss and shedding light on expression, localization and innate immunity-related functions. Frontiers in immunology 4 38348040
2023 The function of guanylate binding protein 3 (GBP3) in human cancers by pan-cancer bioinformatics. Mathematical biosciences and engineering : MBE 2 37161254
2024 Investigation of shared genetic features and related mechanisms between diabetes and tuberculosis. International urology and nephrology 1 38512440
2026 Spatial-ZEDNet : a unified spatial transcriptomics framework for detecting differential gene activation and expression. Briefings in bioinformatics 0 42001470
2025 A STAT1-GBP3-STING positive feedback loop governs inflammation, oxidative stress, and DNA damage to trigger acute aortic dissection. Cellular signalling 0 40714274
2025 Microneedle-mediated delivery of hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin-encapsulated Angelica sinensis (Danggui) essential oil for acne treatment: efficacy and mechanisms. Drug delivery and translational research 0 40883577
2025 Polysaccharides isolated from Ganoderma bambusicola: Structural characterization and in vitro bioactivities. International journal of biological macromolecules 0 41067340
2025 Immunogenicity and protective efficacy of Vibrio vulnificus outer membrane vesicles in zebrafish: Implications for fish immunization. Fish & shellfish immunology 0 41205783
2022 [Transcriptional Modification and Potential Intracellular Signaling Mechanisms in Human Macrophages Primed by Interferon-γ]. Zhongguo shi yan xue ye xue za zhi 0 36208271