Affinage

FPR1

N-formyl peptide receptor 1 · UniProt P21462

Length
350 aa
Mass
38.4 kDa
Annotated
2026-06-09
100 papers in source corpus 36 papers cited in narrative 36 extracted findings
Cross-family judge vs UniProt: tie faithfulness: 7/7 claims corpus-supported (100%)

Mechanistic narrative

Synthesis pass · prose summary of the discoveries below

FPR1 is a seven-transmembrane, pertussis-toxin-sensitive Gi2-coupled G-protein-coupled receptor on neutrophils and other leukocytes that detects N-formylated peptides of bacterial and mitochondrial origin and converts that recognition into chemotaxis and antimicrobial effector function (PMID:8040337, PMID:10477558, PMID:20539176). Ligand engagement by fMLF activates a Gi2-Ras-Raf-1-MEK-MAPK cascade, with parallel requirement for p38 MAP kinase, to drive both directional migration and NADPH oxidase-dependent superoxide production (PMID:8040337, PMID:9469462, PMID:12470609). FPR1 is the high-affinity receptor that confers neutrophil responses to low concentrations of N-formylpeptide, including peptides derived from Listeria and from human mitochondria, while a lower-affinity receptor (FPR2) handles high-concentration responses (PMID:10477558, PMID:16025565, PMID:20539176). The receptor recognizes a broad ligand repertoire beyond formyl peptides: the anti-inflammatory protein annexin A1 and its peptides act through FPR1 to modulate leukocyte adhesion and, in keratinocytes, to drive RIP1/RIP3-dependent necroptosis (PMID:12560218, PMID:25031270); FAM19A4/TAFA4 is an agonist that promotes macrophage migration, phagocytosis, and Akt phosphorylation (PMID:25109685); and the uPAR-derived SRSRY peptide engages FPR1 to coordinate cytoskeletal rearrangement and integrin cross-talk (PMID:15866865, PMID:24466048). Mechanistically the receptor is exploited by pathogens — the Staphylococcus aureus protein FLIPr-like antagonizes FPR1, and the Yersinia pestis needle-cap protein LcrV binds FPR1 to enable type III secretion, with loss-of-function variants protecting against plague (PMID:19846866, PMID:31534221). Through its role in recruiting innate immune cells, FPR1 drives neutrophil/macrophage influx underlying cigarette-smoke emphysema, LPS acute lung injury, bleomycin pulmonary fibrosis, and post-ischemic brain inflammation, such that genetic ablation is protective in these settings (PMID:22461430, PMID:23860188, PMID:32102985, PMID:35547761). In tumor and stem-cell contexts FPR1 promotes glioblastoma and neuroblastoma motility, proliferation, and VEGF/IL-8 production and supports anthracycline-induced immunogenic cell death via dendritic-cell ANXA1 sensing (PMID:15928303, PMID:27432059, PMID:33046534).

Mechanistic history

Synthesis pass · year-by-year structured walk · 24 steps
  1. 1994 High

    Established the proximal signaling logic of FPR1 by showing that formyl peptide binding couples through Gi2 to the Ras-Raf-MEK-MAPK module independent of PKC, defining how an immune chemoattractant receptor engages a canonical mitogenic cascade.

    Evidence Raf-1 kinase immunoprecipitation, Ras GTP-loading, pertussis toxin and PKC-inhibitor dissection in human neutrophils

    PMID:8040337

    Open questions at the time
    • Did not map which intracellular receptor regions couple to Gi2
    • Downstream functional consequences (chemotaxis vs. oxidase) not separated at this stage
  2. 1994 High

    Defined receptor architecture by showing the extracellular N-terminus is dispensable for surface trafficking and high-affinity ligand binding, distinguishing FPR1's binding determinants from the related C5a receptor.

    Evidence Chimeric FPR/C5aR receptor mutagenesis with surface expression and radioligand binding assays

    PMID:8106386

    Open questions at the time
    • Did not identify the actual transmembrane/loop residues forming the ligand pocket
    • No structural model of the bound peptide
  3. 1998 High

    Showed that distinct MAPK arms serve distinct effector outputs, with p38 (not p44/42) required for both chemotaxis and superoxide generation, refining which kinase branch drives FPR1 functional responses.

    Evidence Selective kinase inhibitors (SB20358, PD98059) with chemotaxis and superoxide readouts in human neutrophils

    PMID:9469462

    Open questions at the time
    • Did not resolve how Gi2-Ras output integrates with p38 activation
    • Upstream p38 activators downstream of FPR1 unidentified
  4. 1999 High

    Genetic knockout established FPR1 as the high-sensitivity formyl peptide receptor responsible for the low-concentration optimum of neutrophil chemotaxis, with FPR2 covering high-concentration responses.

    Evidence Calcium flux and chemotaxis in transfected HEK293 cells and FPR-knockout versus wild-type mouse neutrophils

    PMID:10477558

    Open questions at the time
    • Did not define the structural basis of the affinity difference between FPR1 and FPR2
    • Biphasic response mechanism only inferred functionally
  5. 2002 High

    Confirmed via knockout that FPR1 transduces fMLF-induced NADPH oxidase activation at low ligand concentrations, linking the high-affinity receptor specifically to respiratory burst.

    Evidence Superoxide assays in FPR+/+ versus FPR-/- mouse neutrophils with pertussis toxin

    PMID:12470609

    Open questions at the time
    • Did not identify the assembly steps connecting FPR1 to the oxidase complex
  6. 2005 High

    Expanded the ligand repertoire and defined receptor selectivity, showing FPR1 strongly prefers bacterial Listeria formyl peptides while mitochondrial formyl peptides activate both FPR1 and FPR2, framing FPR1 as a sensor of both microbial and host-damage signals.

    Evidence Calcium mobilization and chemotaxis in HL-60 lines stably expressing FPR1, FPRL1, or FPRL2 across multiple peptides

    PMID:16025565

    Open questions at the time
    • Did not test these peptides in primary cells or in vivo
    • Physiological source/concentration of mitochondrial peptides not established
  7. 2005 High

    Showed FPR1 mediates non-formyl ligand signaling, including the annexin A1 peptide-driven oxidase activation and the uPAR SRSRY peptide-driven cytoskeletal/integrin cross-talk, broadening the receptor's role beyond pathogen sensing.

    Evidence Receptor-transfected cell lines, antagonist/desensitization studies, superoxide assays, migration on vitronectin, F-actin imaging and αvβ5 co-IP

    PMID:15866865 PMID:15951351

    Open questions at the time
    • Distinct inhibitory annexin A1 receptor remained unidentified
    • Direct binding of SRSRY to FPR1 inferred from competition, not co-crystal
  8. 2005 High

    Identified a pathogenic role for FPR1 in cancer, showing it drives glioblastoma chemotaxis, proliferation, and VEGF production and that tumor cells release endogenous FPR1 agonists, establishing autocrine/necrotic-ligand signaling in tumors.

    Evidence siRNA knockdown, xenograft tumor model, VEGF ELISA, chemotaxis and necrotic-cell agonist assays in U-87 cells

    PMID:15928303

    Open questions at the time
    • Endogenous tumor-derived FPR1 agonist not chemically identified
    • Whether effects are cell-intrinsic versus stroma-mediated not resolved
  9. 2007 Medium

    Extended tumor signaling to angiogenesis by showing FPR1 controls both VEGF and IL-8 output to promote glioblastoma vascularization.

    Evidence FPR1 siRNA, fMLF stimulation, VEGF/IL-8 RT-PCR and ELISA, xenograft angiogenesis assessment

    PMID:17611713

    Open questions at the time
    • Single tumor model (U87)
    • Signaling intermediates linking FPR1 to angiogenic transcription not defined
  10. 2008 Medium

    Linked FPR1 expression control to tumor suppressor regulation, showing p53 directly binds the FPR1 promoter to repress expression in glioblastoma.

    Evidence ChIP for p53 at the FPR1 promoter, methylation-specific PCR, p53 overexpression, xenograft

    PMID:19037090

    Open questions at the time
    • Single lab/cell context
    • Mechanism connecting DNA methylation to p53-dependent repression incompletely resolved
  11. 2009 High

    Defined a bacterial immune-evasion mechanism by identifying FPR1 as the target of the S. aureus FLIPr-like inhibitor and mapping the inhibitor's required N-terminal phenylalanine.

    Evidence Calcium and chemotaxis assays in neutrophils, transfected cell binding, FLIPr-like N-terminal mutagenesis

    PMID:19846866

    Open questions at the time
    • FLIPr-like binding site on FPR1 not mapped
    • In vivo relevance to S. aureus infection not tested here
  12. 2010 Medium

    Established FPR1 cross-talk with growth factor receptors, showing FPR1 is required for EGFR/TrkA phosphorylation and downstream ERK/ROS/MMP-9 responses in monocytes, positioning FPR1 as a signaling integrator.

    Evidence Receptor-specific inhibitors, siRNA of each receptor, phospho-immunoblots, ROS/MMP-9/CD11b readouts

    PMID:20566383

    Open questions at the time
    • Physical basis of FPR1-EGFR/TrkA cross-talk not shown
    • Single cell system
  13. 2010 High

    Confirmed FPR1 as the exclusive high-affinity receptor for mitochondrial damage-associated formyl peptides in human neutrophils, cementing its role as a sensor of host tissue injury.

    Evidence Antibody blockade of FPR1 versus FPRL1 with calcium, chemotaxis, and oxidative burst readouts

    PMID:20539176

    Open questions at the time
    • Did not establish in vivo contribution of mitochondrial peptides to sterile inflammation
  14. 2011 High

    Revealed a developmental/regenerative role by showing FPR1 drives osteoblastic differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells through a PLC/D-Ca2+-CaMKII-ERK-CREB pathway.

    Evidence Cyclosporin H antagonism, phospho-immunoblots, differentiation assays, zebrafish and rabbit bone formation models

    PMID:21372136

    Open questions at the time
    • Endogenous osteogenic FPR1 ligand not identified
    • Connection to immune formyl peptide sensing unclear
  15. 2012 High

    Demonstrated in vivo pathological recruitment function, with Fpr1 ablation protecting against cigarette-smoke emphysema by preventing neutrophil/macrophage influx.

    Evidence Fpr1 knockout mouse, BAL cell counts, histology, expression profiling, cyclosporin H

    PMID:22461430

    Open questions at the time
    • Driving ligand in smoke-induced inflammation not defined
  16. 2013 High

    Distinguished FPR1 from FPR2 in acute lung injury, showing FPR1 is specifically required for neutrophil infiltration across all lung compartments.

    Evidence Fpr1-/- versus Fpr2-/- mice in LPS aerosol ALI, BAL counts, histology, receptor antagonists

    PMID:23860188

    Open questions at the time
    • Relevant endogenous formyl peptide ligand during LPS injury not identified
  17. 2014 High

    Established annexin A1-FPR1 as a death-signaling axis, showing FPR1 on keratinocytes transduces ANXA1 into RIP1/RIP3-dependent necroptosis in SJS/TEN, and identified FAM19A4/TAFA4 as a new FPR1 agonist promoting macrophage function.

    Evidence Mass spectrometry, anti-ANXA1 depletion, RIP1/RIP3 pathway analysis, mouse SJS/TEN model; radioligand competition, internalization, blockade, and Akt/phagocytosis assays for FAM19A4

    PMID:25031270 PMID:25109685

    Open questions at the time
    • How FPR1 selects necroptotic versus chemotactic outputs unresolved
    • FAM19A4 binding site on FPR1 not mapped
  18. 2014 Medium

    Showed a physical FPR1-uPAR-integrin signaling module at the cell surface, with co-IP and co-localization linking uPAR-dependent migration to intact FPR1 interaction.

    Evidence Co-IP, confocal co-localization, uPAR siRNA, antibody blocking, migration in transfected HEK293 cells

    PMID:24466048

    Open questions at the time
    • Single Co-IP system without reciprocal validation in primary cells
    • Stoichiometry of the FPR1/uPAR/integrin complex unknown
  19. 2016 High

    Generalized the tumor-promoting signaling program beyond glioblastoma, showing reciprocal gain/loss-of-function FPR1 control of neuroblastoma tumorigenesis via MAPK/ERK, PI3K/Akt, and p38 pathways.

    Evidence Calcium flux, phospho-immunoblots, cyclosporin H, shRNA and overexpression with xenografts in neuroblastoma cells

    PMID:27432059

    Open questions at the time
    • Endogenous tumor ligand source not defined
  20. 2016 Medium

    Identified a regulatory route for receptor desensitization, showing exogenous CO promotes FPR1 internalization through p38 MAPK rather than GRK2 to suppress neutrophil recruitment.

    Evidence Migration assays, FPR1 internalization studies, p38 versus GRK2 inhibition in neutrophils

    PMID:27144520

    Open questions at the time
    • Molecular target of CO upstream of FPR1 internalization unclear
    • Single lab
  21. 2019 High

    Revealed FPR1 as a pathogen-exploited entry portal and a beneficial commensal sensor, with Y. pestis LcrV binding FPR1 to enable T3SS translocation (loss-of-function protective) and gut FPR1 transducing commensal LGG signals into neuronal ROS and motility.

    Evidence LcrV-FPR1 binding, Fpr1-/- infection and survival, human FPR1R190W neutrophil assay; Fpr1-KO mouse gut model with FISH, ROS/p-MAPK1 readouts and GI motility

    PMID:30930024 PMID:31534221

    Open questions at the time
    • LcrV binding site on FPR1 not structurally mapped
    • Commensal-derived formyl peptide ligand in gut not chemically defined
  22. 2020 High

    Demonstrated cell-intrinsic, tissue-specific recruitment roles in fibrosis and immunosurveillance, with FPR1 required for neutrophil-driven bleomycin lung fibrosis and for dendritic-cell ANXA1 sensing in anthracycline-induced immunogenic cell death.

    Evidence Fpr1-/- bleomycin model with neutrophil adoptive transfer and multi-organ comparison; Fpr1-/- tumor models, DC/T-cell assays, pIC rescue, carcinogenesis model

    PMID:32102985 PMID:33046534

    Open questions at the time
    • Opposing protective (anticancer immunity) versus pathogenic (fibrosis) roles not mechanistically reconciled
    • Determinants of tissue specificity unknown
  23. 2020 Medium

    Characterized pharmacological tractability and biased signaling, with the FPR1-specific agonist RE-04-001 activating PLC-Ca2+ and ERK while minimally recruiting β-arrestin, demonstrating that FPR1 effector arms can be selectively engaged.

    Evidence Ca2+ flux, superoxide, ERK, and β-arrestin recruitment assays in FPR1/FPR2 cells and neutrophils

    PMID:33040403

    Open questions at the time
    • Structural basis of biased agonism not defined
    • In vivo consequences of arrestin-sparing signaling untested
  24. 2022 Medium

    Linked FPR1 dysfunction to disease pathophysiology, showing high glucose impairs FPR-mediated chemotaxis to delay diabetic wound neutrophil trafficking, and FPR1 promotes post-stroke leukocyte brain infiltration and worse outcomes.

    Evidence Diabetic Lepr db/db model with in vitro glucose exposure and CCL3 rescue; focal ischemia in Fpr1-/- mice with cFLFLF antagonist and migration assays

    PMID:35112667 PMID:35547761

    Open questions at the time
    • Molecular mechanism of glucose-induced FPR signaling impairment incompletely defined
    • Single labs

Open questions

Synthesis pass · forward-looking unresolved questions
  • How FPR1 selects between divergent functional outputs — chemotaxis, oxidase activation, necroptosis, tumor growth, and protective anticancer immunity — from the same Gi-coupled receptor remains unresolved.
  • No structural model of agonist-bound FPR1 in the corpus
  • Determinants of ligand-biased and tissue-specific output not established
  • Identity of many endogenous tumor and tissue agonists unknown

Mechanism profile

Synthesis pass · controlled-vocabulary classification · explore literature graph →
Molecular activity
GO:0060089 molecular transducer activity 3 GO:0001618 virus receptor activity 1
Localization
GO:0005886 plasma membrane 2
Pathway
R-HSA-1643685 Disease 4 R-HSA-168256 Immune System 4 R-HSA-162582 Signal Transduction 3 R-HSA-5357801 Programmed Cell Death 2
Partners
ANXA1EGFRFAM19A4ITGAVLCRVNTRK1PLAUR

Evidence

Reading pass · 36 per-paper findings extracted from the source corpus
Year Finding Method Journal Conf PMIDs
1994 FMLP binding to FPR1 (a seven-transmembrane G-protein-coupled receptor) activates Ras and Raf-1 in human neutrophils through a pertussis toxin-sensitive Gi2 protein linkage, independent of protein kinase C, leading to MEK and MAP kinase activation. Immunoprecipitation of Raf-1 kinase activity, [32P]GTP-labeling of Ras in intact and electropermeabilized neutrophils, pertussis toxin inhibition, dibutyryl cAMP inhibition studies The Journal of Clinical Investigation High 8040337
1994 The NH2-terminal extracellular region of FPR is NOT required for plasma membrane trafficking or high-affinity N-formylpeptide binding (in contrast to C5aR); replacing FPR's NH2-terminus with C5aR sequence still permitted normal surface expression and ligand binding. Chimeric receptor mutagenesis, cell surface expression assays, radioligand binding assays The Journal of Biological Chemistry High 8106386
1998 FMLP-stimulated FPR1 activation in human neutrophils requires p38 MAP kinase for chemotaxis and superoxide generation; pharmacological inhibition of p38 (SB20358) markedly suppressed both responses, whereas p44/42 MAP kinase inhibition (PD98059) did not. Kinase phosphorylation analysis, selective kinase inhibitors (SB20358, PD98059), superoxide generation assay, chemotaxis assay in human neutrophils Journal of Immunology High 9469462
1999 Mouse FPR1 and a second lower-affinity receptor (FPR2) together account for the biphasic fMLF concentration-chemotaxis curve in mouse neutrophils; FPR knockout neutrophils lose the high-sensitivity optimum, establishing that FPR1 mediates responses to low concentrations of N-formylpeptide. Calcium flux and chemotaxis assays in HEK293 cells transfected with FPR or FPR2, comparison of wild-type versus FPR-knockout mouse neutrophils The Journal of Experimental Medicine High 10477558
2001 Amyloid-β42 acts as a chemotactic agonist at FPRL1 (FPR2/ALX), not FPR1; FPR1-expressing cells do not respond, establishing receptor selectivity for this ligand. Chemotaxis assays in HL-60 cells stably expressing FPR1 or FPRL1; receptor-specific functional readouts The Journal of Neuroscience Medium 11160457
2002 FPR1 mediates fMLF-induced NADPH oxidase-dependent superoxide production in mouse neutrophils; FPR1-deficient neutrophils show markedly reduced superoxide at low fMLF concentrations, but a second Gi-coupled receptor (likely FPR2) maintains oxidase activation at high concentrations. Superoxide production assay comparing FPR+/+ and FPR−/− mouse neutrophils; pharmacological inhibition with pertussis toxin Cellular Immunology High 12470609
2003 Annexin A1 (AnxA1) and its mimetic peptide Ac2-26 exert anti-adhesive effects on leukocytes partly through FPR1 and partly through ALXR (FPR2); in FPR-deficient mice, Ac2-26 retains ~50% inhibitory activity blocked by the pan-FPR antagonist Boc2, and FPR-deficient neutrophils express functional ALXR. In vivo ischemia/reperfusion intravital microscopy in FPR-knockout mice; in vitro neutrophil activation at high fMLP concentrations; RT-PCR and protein detection for ALXR Blood High 12560218
2005 Listeria monocytogenes-derived N-formylpeptides preferentially activate FPR1 (~100-fold more potent than FPRL1), whereas human mitochondria-derived N-formylpeptides (fMLKLIV, fMMYALF, fMFADRW) are equally potent agonists of both FPR1 and FPRL1, with EC50 values in the 10–160 nM range. Intracellular calcium mobilization (Fura-2) in HL-60 cell lines stably expressing FPR1, FPRL1, or FPRL2; chemotaxis assays European Journal of Immunology High 16025565
2005 The uPAR-derived SRSRY peptide activates FPR1 to induce cell migration, F-actin polarization, and cross-talk with the vitronectin receptor αvβ5; fMLP competition experiments and FPR1 pathway dependence established FPR1 as the transducing receptor for SRSRY-stimulated cytoskeletal rearrangement. Competitive ligand binding, migration assays on vitronectin-coated filters, F-actin immunostaining, PKC activity and ERK1/2 phosphorylation, αvβ5 co-immunoprecipitation The Journal of Biological Chemistry Medium 15866865
2005 Formylpeptide receptor FPR1 mediates chemotaxis, proliferation, and VEGF production in human glioblastoma cells (U-87); FPR1 siRNA knockdown substantially reduced xenograft tumor volume, and necrotic glioblastoma cells release endogenous FPR1 agonist(s). RT-PCR, chemotaxis assay, siRNA knockdown, xenograft nude mouse model, VEGF ELISA, basophil leukemia cell FPR activation assay Journal of the National Cancer Institute High 15928303
2005 An annexin AI peptide (Ac9-25) activates neutrophil NADPH oxidase through FPR1 (not FPRL1); the inhibitory signal generated by the same peptide on oxidase activity is transduced by a separate, unidentified receptor distinct from FPR1 and FPRL1. Receptor antagonists/inhibitors, receptor desensitization experiments, FPR1/FPRL1-transfected cell lines, superoxide anion release assay Journal of Leukocyte Biology High 15951351
2007 FPR1 activation by fMLF in glioblastoma cells (U87) drives production of both VEGF and IL-8 (CXCL8); FPR1 siRNA abolished production of both angiogenic factors and reduced tumor angiogenesis in vivo. FPR1 siRNA transfection, fMLF stimulation, RT-PCR and ELISA for VEGF and IL-8, nude mouse xenograft angiogenesis assessment Journal of Neuro-oncology Medium 17611713
2008 FPR1 expressed on glioblastoma stem cells (CD133+ GSCs from U87) mediates calcium flux and VEGF production in response to fMLF stimulation. Flow cytometry for CD133, calcium flux assay, VEGF measurement, xenograft tumor formation The Journal of Pathology Medium 18523971
2008 p53 binds to the FPR1 promoter region and suppresses FPR1 expression in glioblastoma cells; DNA methyltransferase inhibition (5-Aza-2'-deoxycytidine) promotes glioblastoma differentiation and reduces FPR1 expression via a p53-dependent mechanism. Chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) for p53 binding to FPR1 promoter, methylation-specific PCR, p53 overexpression, flow cytometry, nude mouse xenograft Carcinogenesis Medium 19037090
2009 FPR1 is identified as the receptor for the Staphylococcus aureus protein FLIPr-like, which inhibits FPR1-mediated neutrophil calcium mobilization and chemotaxis; the second N-terminal phenylalanine of FLIPr-like is required specifically for FPR1 inhibition. Neutrophil calcium mobilization assay, chemotaxis assay, transfected cell binding studies, mutagenesis of FLIPr-like N-terminal residues Journal of Immunology High 19846866
2010 FPR1 expression confers increased motility and invasive tumor phenotype to glioblastoma cells; FPR1-overexpressing clones formed more rapidly growing and invasive xenograft tumors, and serum-derived FPR1 agonist activity stimulated FPR1-dependent cell motility. Single-cell cloning, flow cytometry, RT-PCR, wound-healing motility assay, calcium flux, nude mouse xenograft with subcutaneous implantation British Journal of Cancer Medium 20197768
2010 FPR1 cross-talks with EGFR and TrkA in monocytes: FPR1 inhibition (cyclosporin H) prevents EGFR and TrkA phosphorylation by their own ligands, and FPR1 siRNA suppresses EGF- and NGF-mediated ERK phosphorylation, ROS production, MMP-9 production, and CD11b upregulation. Receptor-specific inhibitors, siRNA knockdown of each receptor, immunoblotting for receptor phosphorylation and ERK, ROS and MMP-9 measurements, CD11b expression by flow cytometry Cellular Signalling Medium 20566383
2010 Mitochondrial degradation products (formylated mitochondrial peptides) activate human neutrophils exclusively through FPR1 (high-affinity receptor); anti-FPR1 antibody completely blocked calcium responses, whereas anti-FPRL1 antibody did not. Cytosolic calcium ([Ca]i) assay with antibody blockade of FPR1 and FPRL1, chemotaxis in trans-wells, oxidative burst assay The Journal of Trauma High 20539176
2011 FPR1 mediates fMLP-induced osteoblastic differentiation of human bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells via a phospholipase C/D–Ca2+–CaMKII–ERK–CREB signaling pathway; FPR1 expression is specifically upregulated during osteogenesis, and the FPR1-selective antagonist cyclosporin H blocks fMLP-stimulated osteogenesis. qPCR, flow cytometry, cyclosporin H antagonism, phospho-specific immunoblotting, osteogenic/adipogenic differentiation assays, zebrafish and rabbit in vivo bone formation models The Journal of Biological Chemistry High 21372136
2012 Genetic ablation of Fpr1 in mice protects against cigarette smoke-induced lung emphysema by preventing neutrophil and macrophage recruitment to the lung; the FPR1 antagonist cyclosporin H similarly attenuated acute inflammatory responses. Fpr1 knockout mouse model, histological assessment, inflammatory cell counts in BAL, gene expression profiling, pharmacological antagonism with cyclosporin H American Journal of Respiratory Cell and Molecular Biology High 22461430
2012 FPR1 activation by annexin A1 (ANXA1) transactivates EGFR in glioblastoma cells to promote chemotaxis, invasion, growth, and angiogenic factor production. Cited in review context (PMID 22863814); mechanistic support from referenced experimental work showing FPR1-EGFR transactivation International Immunopharmacology Low 22863814
2013 In acute lung injury (ALI) induced by aerosolized LPS, FPR1 (but not FPR2) is required for neutrophil infiltration into all lung compartments; Fpr1-/- mice and pharmacological FPR1 blockade reduced alveolar, interstitial, and intravascular neutrophil counts and attenuated lung edema. Fpr1-/- and Fpr2-/- mouse comparison, LPS aerosol ALI model, BAL cell counts, histology, specific receptor antagonists Journal of Innate Immunity High 23860188
2014 FPR1 is the receptor for annexin A1 on SJS/TEN keratinocytes; annexin A1 secreted by drug-stimulated PBMCs binds FPR1 (overexpressed in SJS/TEN keratinocytes) to induce necroptosis via RIP1/RIP3 complex formation. Mass spectrometry identification of annexin A1, anti-annexin A1 antibody depletion, FPR1 expression by immunostaining, RIP1/RIP3 pathway analysis, mouse SJS/TEN model with necroptosis inhibitor Science Translational Medicine High 25031270
2014 FAM19A4 (TAFA4) is a novel agonist ligand of FPR1; binding established by receptor internalization assays, radioligand competition binding, and receptor blockade; FAM19A4/FPR1 signaling promotes macrophage migration, phagocytosis, and Akt phosphorylation. Receptor internalization assay, radioligand binding assay, receptor blockade, macrophage chemotaxis, phagocytosis assay, Akt phosphorylation by immunoblot Cellular & Molecular Immunology High 25109685
2014 uPAR co-localizes and co-immunoprecipitates with FPR1 at the cell surface; uPAR expression drives FPR1/β1-integrin co-localization that is further enhanced by the FPR1 ligand WKYMVm, and uPAR-dependent cell migration requires intact uPAR–FPR1 interaction. Co-immunoprecipitation, confocal co-localization, siRNA knockdown of uPAR, antibody blocking, migration assays in uPAR-transfected HEK293 cells PLoS ONE Medium 24466048
2016 FPR1 activation by fMLP in neuroblastoma cells induces intracellular calcium mobilization and activates MAPK/Erk, PI3K/Akt, and p38-MAPK pathways; FPR1 shRNA knockdown delays xenograft tumor development, while FPR1 overexpression promotes augmented tumorigenesis. Calcium mobilization assay, phospho-specific immunoblotting, cyclosporin H antagonism, shRNA knockdown and FPR1 cDNA overexpression with nude mouse xenograft BMC Cancer High 27432059
2016 Exogenous CO (CORM-2) inhibits FPR1-mediated neutrophil infiltration by promoting FPR1 internalization through inhibition of p38 MAPK, but not through GRK2. Affymetrix gene chip analysis, under-agarose migration assay, FPR1 internalization studies, p38 MAPK inhibition vs. GRK2 inhibition comparisons Oncotarget Medium 27144520
2019 FPR1 is the direct receptor on immune cells exploited by Yersinia pestis for type III secretion system effector translocation; the Y. pestis needle cap protein LcrV binds FPR1, and Fpr1-deficient mice show increased survival; the FPR1R190W allele in humans protects neutrophils from Y. pestis destruction. Direct binding of LcrV to FPR1, Fpr1-/- mouse infection model (survival, antibody responses), ex vivo neutrophil translocation assay with FPR1R190W variant cells Nature High 31534221
2019 FPR1 in the gut mediates commensal bacterium (LGG)-induced ROS production and MAPK1 phosphorylation in myenteric neurons; FPR1-knockout mice fail to show LGG-induced ROS production, ChAT upregulation, or increased GI motility. FPR1-KO mouse model, fluorescence in situ hybridization for FPR1 in myenteric plexi, immunostaining/immunoblots for ROS and p-MAPK1, GI transit/motility measurements, LGG gavage Gastroenterology High 30930024
2020 FPR1 on dendritic cells is required for ANXA1-mediated immunogenic cell death signaling after anthracycline chemotherapy; tumors lacking ANXA1 or growing in Fpr1-/- mice show deficient DC- and T-lymphocyte-mediated anticancer immunity, and FPR1 loss-of-function is associated with earlier breast cancer onset. Fpr1-/- mouse tumor models, DC/T-cell functional assays, pIC (TLR3 ligand) rescue experiments, carcinogen-induced tumor model in Fpr1-/- mice Cancer Discovery High 33046534
2020 FPR1 deficiency (fpr1-/-) protects mice from bleomycin-induced pulmonary fibrosis by preventing neutrophil recruitment to the lung; adoptive transfer established that the neutrophil recruitment defect is intrinsic to fpr1-/- neutrophils. FPR1 deficiency did not affect renal or hepatic fibrosis, demonstrating tissue-specific function. Fpr1-/- mouse bleomycin model, neutrophil adoptive transfer, histology, cell counts, gene expression analysis JCI Insight High 32102985
2020 FPR1 modulates NLRP3 inflammasome signaling and NF-κB nuclear translocation in bronchiolitis obliterans syndrome; Fpr1 KO mice show greater reduction in NF-κB, NLRP3, and MAPK pathway activation than IL-1β/IL-18 or Casp-1 KO mice. Transgenic KO mouse model of allogeneic heterotopic tracheal transplantation BOS, molecular pathway analysis (NF-κB, NLRP3, MAPK), TUNEL apoptosis assay, immunohistochemistry International Journal of Molecular Sciences Medium 32244997
2022 High glucose conditions impair FPR-mediated chemotaxis signaling in diabetic neutrophils, delaying neutrophil trafficking in wounds of Lepr(db/db) type 2 diabetic mice; auxiliary CCL3 receptor engagement overrides the FPR signaling impairment. Diabetic mouse model (Lepr db/db), in vitro glucose exposure of neutrophils, chemotaxis assays, in vivo neutrophil wound trafficking measurement, CCL3 rescue experiment eLife Medium 35112667
2022 FPR1 facilitates splenocyte migration into ischemic brain tissue and promotes proinflammatory cytokine production after stroke; Fpr1-/- mice showed reduced peripheral monocyte/neutrophil infiltration into ischemic brain and improved neurological outcomes. Transient focal brain ischemia in Fpr1-/- mice, splenocyte migration assays in vivo and in vitro, cFLFLF FPR1 antagonist treatment, cytokine measurements, neurological scoring Theranostics Medium 35547761
2013 FPR1 pepducins (lipidated peptides based on the third intracellular loop of FPR1) do not activate FPR1 but instead potently inhibit FPR2-mediated neutrophil superoxide production and granule mobilization; the FPR2-specific K231 residue (vs. FPR1's Q231) determines pepducin activity. Pepducin receptor selectivity assay in FPR1/FPR2-transfected cells and human neutrophils, amino acid substitution studies of third intracellular loop, superoxide production and granule mobilization assays Biochimica et Biophysica Acta Medium 23562731
2020 The small compound RE-04-001 is a highly potent FPR1-specific agonist (EC50 ~1 nM for NADPH oxidase activation) that displays biased signaling: strongly activates PLC-PIP2-Ca2+ and ERK1/2 pathways but shows minimal β-arrestin recruitment compared to fMLF. FPR1/FPR2 receptor-expressing cells and human neutrophils, Ca2+ flux assay, superoxide production, ERK phosphorylation, β-arrestin recruitment assay, chemotaxis assay, receptor-selective antagonist confirmation Journal of Leukocyte Biology Medium 33040403

Source papers

Stage 0 corpus · 100 papers · ranked by NIH iCite citations
Year Title Journal Citations PMID
2009 International Union of Basic and Clinical Pharmacology. LXXIII. Nomenclature for the formyl peptide receptor (FPR) family. Pharmacological reviews 660 19498085
1998 p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase activation is required for human neutrophil function triggered by TNF-alpha or FMLP stimulation. Journal of immunology (Baltimore, Md. : 1950) 289 9469462
1998 Neutrophils emigrate from venules by a transendothelial cell pathway in response to FMLP. The Journal of experimental medicine 281 9500793
2001 Amyloid (beta)42 activates a G-protein-coupled chemoattractant receptor, FPR-like-1. The Journal of neuroscience : the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience 221 11160457
2003 Leukocyte antiadhesive actions of annexin 1: ALXR- and FPR-related anti-inflammatory mechanisms. Blood 175 12560218
2005 Human mitochondria-derived N-formylated peptides are novel agonists equally active on FPR and FPRL1, while Listeria monocytogenes-derived peptides preferentially activate FPR. European journal of immunology 169 16025565
1995 Expression of the receptors for the C5a anaphylatoxin, interleukin-8 and FMLP by human astrocytes and microglia. Journal of neuroimmunology 160 7560015
1996 The Caenorhabditis elegans gene unc-89, required fpr muscle M-line assembly, encodes a giant modular protein composed of Ig and signal transduction domains. The Journal of cell biology 157 8603916
1994 FMLP activates Ras and Raf in human neutrophils. Potential role in activation of MAP kinase. The Journal of clinical investigation 154 8040337
1999 Cellular responses to FMLP challenging: a mini-review. Immunopharmacology and immunotoxicology 117 10466071
1993 Escherichia coli ferredoxin NADP+ reductase: activation of E. coli anaerobic ribonucleotide reduction, cloning of the gene (fpr), and overexpression of the protein. Journal of bacteriology 112 8449868
2010 Mitochondrial peptides are potent immune activators that activate human neutrophils via FPR-1. The Journal of trauma 110 20539176
2005 Formylpeptide receptor FPR and the rapid growth of malignant human gliomas. Journal of the National Cancer Institute 110 15928303
2014 An annexin A1-FPR1 interaction contributes to necroptosis of keratinocytes in severe cutaneous adverse drug reactions. Science translational medicine 107 25031270
1989 The PEP: fructose phosphotransferase system in Salmonella typhimurium: FPr combines enzyme IIIFru and pseudo-HPr activities. Molecular & general genetics : MGG 97 2546043
1999 N-formylpeptides induce two distinct concentration optima for mouse neutrophil chemotaxis by differential interaction with two N-formylpeptide receptor (FPR) subtypes. Molecular characterization of FPR2, a second mouse neutrophil FPR. The Journal of experimental medicine 95 10477558
2009 Ficolin-1 is present in a highly mobilizable subset of human neutrophil granules and associates with the cell surface after stimulation with fMLP. Journal of leukocyte biology 92 19741154
2020 FPR-1 is an important regulator of neutrophil recruitment and a tissue-specific driver of pulmonary fibrosis. JCI insight 89 32102985
2019 Interactions Between Commensal Bacteria and Enteric Neurons, via FPR1 Induction of ROS, Increase Gastrointestinal Motility in Mice. Gastroenterology 77 30930024
2014 FAM19A4 is a novel cytokine ligand of formyl peptide receptor 1 (FPR1) and is able to promote the migration and phagocytosis of macrophages. Cellular & molecular immunology 71 25109685
1994 The NH2-terminal region of C5aR but not that of FPR is critical for both protein transport and ligand binding. The Journal of biological chemistry 65 8106386
2020 Modulation of NLRP3 Inflammasome through Formyl Peptide Receptor 1 (Fpr-1) Pathway as a New Therapeutic Target in Bronchiolitis Obliterans Syndrome. International journal of molecular sciences 64 32244997
2005 Cross-talk between fMLP and vitronectin receptors triggered by urokinase receptor-derived SRSRY peptide. The Journal of biological chemistry 63 15866865
1996 Activation of MAP kinase-activated protein kinase 2 in human neutrophils after phorbol ester or fMLP peptide stimulation. Blood 62 8652844
2012 G protein-coupled receptor FPR1 as a pharmacologic target in inflammation and human glioblastoma. International immunopharmacology 61 22863814
2009 A homolog of formyl peptide receptor-like 1 (FPRL1) inhibitor from Staphylococcus aureus (FPRL1 inhibitory protein) that inhibits FPRL1 and FPR. Journal of immunology (Baltimore, Md. : 1950) 61 19846866
2008 Glioblastoma stem cells produce vascular endothelial growth factor by activation of a G-protein coupled formylpeptide receptor FPR. The Journal of pathology 61 18523971
2012 Genetic ablation of the fpr1 gene confers protection from smoking-induced lung emphysema in mice. American journal of respiratory cell and molecular biology 58 22461430
2019 FPR1 is the plague receptor on host immune cells. Nature 57 31534221
2010 The G-protein-coupled formylpeptide receptor FPR confers a more invasive phenotype on human glioblastoma cells. British journal of cancer 56 20197768
1986 Characterization of C1q receptor expression on human phagocytic cells: effects of PDBu and fMLP. Journal of immunology (Baltimore, Md. : 1950) 54 3486907
2018 Inhibition of the AnxA1/FPR1 autocrine axis reduces MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cell growth and aggressiveness in vitro and in vivo. Biochimica et biophysica acta. Molecular cell research 53 29932988
2003 Evaluation of human leukocyte N-formylpeptide receptor (FPR1) SNPs in aggressive periodontitis patients. Genes and immunity 53 12595898
2016 The role of formyl peptide receptor 1 (FPR1) in neuroblastoma tumorigenesis. BMC cancer 52 27432059
2013 CCR5 and FPR1 mediate neutrophil recruitment in endotoxin-induced lung injury. Journal of innate immunity 52 23860188
2001 Systematic mutagenesis of the DNA binding sites for SoxS in the Escherichia coli zwf and fpr promoters: identifying nucleotides required for DNA binding and transcription activation. Molecular microbiology 52 11401718
1998 Chemotaxins C5a and fMLP induce release of calprotectin (leucocyte L1 protein) from polymorphonuclear cells in vitro. Molecular pathology : MP 50 9850337
2018 FPR1 gene silencing suppresses cardiomyocyte apoptosis and ventricular remodeling in rats with ischemia/reperfusion injury through the inhibition of MAPK signaling pathway. Experimental cell research 48 30031130
1987 Platelet-leukocyte interaction: activation of rabbit platelets by FMLP-stimulated neutrophils. British journal of pharmacology 47 3118996
2022 Overriding impaired FPR chemotaxis signaling in diabetic neutrophil stimulates infection control in murine diabetic wound. eLife 46 35112667
2020 A TLR3 Ligand Reestablishes Chemotherapeutic Responses in the Context of FPR1 Deficiency. Cancer discovery 46 33046534
2014 Development of small molecule non-peptide formyl peptide receptor (FPR) ligands and molecular modeling of their recognition. Current medicinal chemistry 43 24350845
1996 Unidirectional heterologous receptor desensitization between both the fMLP and C5a receptor and the IL-8 receptor. Journal of leukocyte biology 43 8699129
2007 Production of angiogenic factors by human glioblastoma cells following activation of the G-protein coupled formylpeptide receptor FPR. Journal of neuro-oncology 41 17611713
2012 Regulation of the formyl peptide receptor 1 (FPR1) gene in primary human macrophages. PloS one 40 23185575
1992 FMLP causes eicosanoid-dependent vasoconstriction and edema in lungs from endotoxin-primed rats. The American review of respiratory disease 39 1546853
2015 fMLP-Induced IL-8 Release Is Dependent on NADPH Oxidase in Human Neutrophils. Journal of immunology research 38 26634216
2013 The leukocyte chemotactic receptor FPR2, but not the closely related FPR1, is sensitive to cell-penetrating pepducins with amino acid sequences descending from the third intracellular receptor loop. Biochimica et biophysica acta 38 23562731
2010 Crosstalks between the receptors tyrosine kinase EGFR and TrkA and the GPCR, FPR, in human monocytes are essential for receptors-mediated cell activation. Cellular signalling 38 20566383
2007 Biochemical and structural characterization of Pseudomonas aeruginosa Bfd and FPR: ferredoxin NADP+ reductase and not ferredoxin is the redox partner of heme oxygenase under iron-starvation conditions. Biochemistry 37 17915950
2001 Contrasting evolution of the human leukocyte N-formylpeptide receptor subtypes FPR and FPRL1R. Genes and immunity 37 11607790
1987 Human monocyte and polymorphonuclear leukocyte chemotactic and chemokinetic responses to leukotriene B4 and FMLP. Acta pathologica, microbiologica, et immunologica Scandinavica. Section C, Immunology 37 3037849
2017 Dipeptide HCH6-1 inhibits neutrophil activation and protects against acute lung injury by blocking FPR1. Free radical biology & medicine 36 28232203
2011 N-formyl-methionyl-leucyl-phenylalanine (fMLP) promotes osteoblast differentiation via the N-formyl peptide receptor 1-mediated signaling pathway in human mesenchymal stem cells from bone marrow. The Journal of biological chemistry 36 21372136
2001 Propofol inhibits FMLP-stimulated phosphorylation of p42 mitogen-activated protein kinase and chemotaxis in human neutrophils. British journal of anaesthesia 36 11573595
1990 Physiological consequences of the complete loss of phosphoryl-transfer proteins HPr and FPr of the phosphoenolpyruvate:sugar phosphotransferase system and analysis of fructose (fru) operon expression in Salmonella typhimurium. Journal of bacteriology 35 2203752
2005 Neutrophil NADPH-oxidase activation by an annexin AI peptide is transduced by the formyl peptide receptor (FPR), whereas an inhibitory signal is generated independently of the FPR family receptors. Journal of leukocyte biology 34 15951351
1997 FMLP actions and its binding sites in isolated human coronary arteries. Journal of molecular and cellular cardiology 34 9152849
1983 FMLP-induced enzyme release from neutrophils: a role for intracellular calcium. The American journal of physiology 34 6412560
2016 Exogenous carbon monoxide inhibits neutrophil infiltration in LPS-induced sepsis by interfering with FPR1 via p38 MAPK but not GRK2. Oncotarget 33 27144520
2006 Expression analysis of the fpr (ferredoxin-NADP+ reductase) gene in Pseudomonas putida KT2440. Biochemical and biophysical research communications 33 16360643
2020 Functional selective FPR1 signaling in favor of an activation of the neutrophil superoxide generating NOX2 complex. Journal of leukocyte biology 32 33040403
2014 The intricate role of mast cell proteases and the annexin A1-FPR1 system in abdominal wall endometriosis. Journal of molecular histology 31 25201101
2018 Mitochondrial peptides cause proinflammatory responses in the alveolar epithelium via FPR-1, MAPKs, and AKT: a potential mechanism involved in acute lung injury. American journal of physiology. Lung cellular and molecular physiology 30 30188748
2011 Polymorphisms of the formylpeptide receptor gene (FPR1) and susceptibility to stomach cancer in 1531 consecutive autopsy cases. Biochemical and biophysical research communications 30 21216225
2002 Cyclosporins: structure-activity relationships for the inhibition of the human FPR1 formylpeptide receptor. Journal of medicinal chemistry 30 12361388
2006 fMLP induces Hsp27 expression, attenuates NF-kappaB activation, and confers intestinal epithelial cell protection. American journal of physiology. Gastrointestinal and liver physiology 29 17185631
2015 TRPC1 regulates fMLP-stimulated migration and chemotaxis of neutrophil granulocytes. Biochimica et biophysica acta 28 25595528
2006 Pharmacophore model for bile acids recognition by the FPR receptor. Journal of computer-aided molecular design 28 16972170
2007 MAPKAPK2-mediated LSP1 phosphorylation and FMLP-induced neutrophil polarization. Biochemical and biophysical research communications 27 17481585
1996 Tumor necrosis factor-alpha and FMLP receptors are functionally linked during FMLP-stimulated activation of adherent human neutrophils. Blood 27 8695817
2014 The urokinase receptor takes control of cell migration by recruiting integrins and FPR1 on the cell surface. PloS one 26 24466048
2010 The cross-talk between the urokinase receptor and fMLP receptors regulates the activity of the CXCR4 chemokine receptor. Cellular and molecular life sciences : CMLS 26 20972812
2022 Critical role of FPR1 in splenocyte migration into brain to worsen inflammation and ischemic brain injury in mice. Theranostics 25 35547761
2022 Molecular Structure, Expression and Role of TAFA4 and its Receptor FPR1 in the Spinal Cord. Frontiers in cell and developmental biology 25 35712659
2019 Elevated FPR confers to radiochemoresistance and predicts clinical efficacy and outcome of metastatic colorectal cancer patients. Aging 24 30897064
2014 FPR1 interacts with CFH, HTRA1 and smoking in exudative age-related macular degeneration and polypoidal choroidal vasculopathy. Eye (London, England) 24 25277308
2000 Studies on fMLP-receptor interaction and signal transduction pathway by means of fMLP-OMe selective analogues. Cellular signalling 24 10889468
2019 Estradiol inhibits fMLP-induced neutrophil migration and superoxide production by upregulating MKP-2 and dephosphorylating ERK. International immunopharmacology 23 31401382
2009 Absence of proteinase-activated receptor-1 signaling in mice confers protection from fMLP-induced goblet cell metaplasia. American journal of respiratory cell and molecular biology 23 19307611
2009 Discovery of selective probes and antagonists for G-protein-coupled receptors FPR/FPRL1 and GPR30. Current topics in medicinal chemistry 23 19807662
2001 Mechanisms and modulation of formyl-methionyl-leucyl-phenylalanine (fMLP)-induced Ca2+ mobilization in human neutrophils. International immunopharmacology 23 11460314
1988 Purification and characterization of the fructose-inducible HPr-like protein, FPr, and the fructose-specific enzyme III of the phosphoenolpyruvate: sugar phosphotransferase system of Salmonella typhimurium. The Journal of biological chemistry 23 3281935
2024 FPR1: A critical gatekeeper of the heart and brain. Pharmacological research 22 38438091
2018 Involvement of the annexin A1-Fpr anti-inflammatory system in the ocular allergy. European journal of pharmacology 22 30419240
2015 A neutrophil inhibitory pepducin derived from FPR1 expected to target FPR1 signaling hijacks the closely related FPR2 instead. FEBS letters 22 26071379
2021 Formyl Peptide Receptor (FPR)1 Modulation by Resveratrol in an LPS-Induced Neuroinflammatory Animal Model. Nutrients 21 33922475
2014 MLK3 regulates fMLP-stimulated neutrophil motility. Molecular immunology 21 24389043
2014 Antagonism of human formyl peptide receptor 1 (FPR1) by chromones and related isoflavones. Biochemical pharmacology 21 25450672
2009 The pyrazolone originally reported to be a formyl peptide receptor (FPR) 2/ALX-selective agonist is instead an FPR1 and FPR2/ALX dual agonist. Journal of pharmacological sciences 21 19926937
2008 Regulation of the leucocyte chemoattractant receptor FPR in glioblastoma cells by cell differentiation. Carcinogenesis 21 19037090
2017 4-Aroyl-3-hydroxy-5-phenyl-1H-pyrrol-2(5H)-ones as N-formyl peptide receptor 1 (FPR1) antagonists. Biochemical pharmacology 20 28690139
2002 The N-formylpeptide receptor (FPR) and a second G(i)-coupled receptor mediate fMet-Leu-Phe-stimulated activation of NADPH oxidase in murine neutrophils. Cellular immunology 20 12470609
2020 Novel formyl peptide receptor (FPR) agonists with pyridinone and pyrimidindione scaffolds that are potentially useful for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis. Bioorganic chemistry 19 32388428
2007 Role of different protein tyrosine kinases in fMLP-induced neutrophil transmigration. Immunobiology 19 18207024
2024 Probiotic bacteria-released extracellular vesicles enhance macrophage phagocytosis in polymicrobial sepsis by activating the FPR1/2 pathway. Molecular medicine (Cambridge, Mass.) 18 39543493
2023 Acute-serum amyloid A and A-SAA-derived peptides as formyl peptide receptor (FPR) 2 ligands. Frontiers in endocrinology 18 36817589
2012 Neutrophil infiltration of the colon is independent of the FPR1 yet FPR1 deficient mice show differential susceptibilities to acute versus chronic induced colitis. Digestive diseases and sciences 18 22383080
2012 Role of formyl peptide receptors (FPR) in abnormal inflammation responses involved in neurodegenerative diseases. Anti-inflammatory & anti-allergy agents in medicinal chemistry 18 22934745
2007 Functional polymorphisms of the FPR1 gene and aggressive periodontitis in Japanese. Biochemical and biophysical research communications 18 17927965

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