Affinage

FOXC2

Forkhead box protein C2 · UniProt Q99958

Length
501 aa
Mass
53.7 kDa
Annotated
2026-06-09
100 papers in source corpus 45 papers cited in narrative 45 extracted findings
Cross-family judge faithfulness: 9/9 claims corpus-supported (100%)

Mechanistic narrative

Synthesis pass · prose summary of the discoveries below

FOXC2 is a forkhead/winged-helix transcription factor that binds DNA through its forkhead domain and acts predominantly as a transcriptional activator across mesenchymal, endothelial, and metabolic programs (PMID:8325367, PMID:9169153, PMID:30722065). Crystal structures of its DNA-binding domain in complex with DNA establish that helix H3 makes all base-specific contacts while the N-terminus, wing 1, and C-terminus contribute phosphate contacts (PMID:30722065). In development, FOXC2 acts cooperatively with the paralog FOXC1 to specify paraxial mesoderm and drive somitogenesis through targets including paraxis, Mesp1/2, Hes5, and Notch1 (PMID:11562355, PMID:15196959), and its loss causes interrupted aortic arch and skeletal defects in mice (PMID:9409679). In humans, FOXC2 haploinsufficiency causes lymphedema-distichiasis syndrome, defining it as a dosage-sensitive regulator of lymphatic development (PMID:11078474), and disease mutations alter transactivation or sequester the protein into nuclear aggregates (PMID:27276711, PMID:32698337). FOXC2 is a central regulator of lymphatic valve formation and endothelial quiescence, operating through PROX1/connexin37/calcineurin-NFAT signaling under shear stress (PMID:22306086, PMID:26079578), through ROCK/cytoskeletal control of cell junctions (PMID:32510325), and through restraint of TAZ-driven cell cycle entry and ERK hyperactivation (PMID:26389677, PMID:27214551). It functions downstream of Notch in hemogenic endothelium to support definitive hematopoiesis (PMID:25587036) and downstream of BMP signaling to promote osteoblastic differentiation (PMID:10722840, PMID:11585339) via Wnt-β-catenin and Wnt4 induction (PMID:24122419, PMID:30633332, PMID:23645207). In adipocytes FOXC2 reprograms β-adrenergic/cAMP/PKA signaling by altering PKA holoenzyme composition to produce a lean, insulin-sensitive phenotype (PMID:11551504), directly activating the PKA RIα 1b promoter (PMID:11943768) and blocking PPARγ-dependent adipogenesis (PMID:15277530). In cancer FOXC2 is induced by EMT-triggering signals and drives metastasis, cancer stem cell properties, and mesenchymal gene programs by directly occupying target promoters—activating MET, ITGB3, DLL4, and N-cadherin, and repressing p120-catenin (PMID:17537911, PMID:20460685, PMID:25381815, PMID:25216525, PMID:29216867). FOXC2 activity is tuned post-translationally by CK2 phosphorylation at Ser124 (controlling cytoplasmic versus nuclear localization) (PMID:25486430), proline-directed phosphorylation that governs chromatin recruitment (PMID:23878394), ERK-dependent phosphorylation linking TLR4 signaling to DLL4 activation (PMID:29380370), and SENP3-mediated de-SUMOylation that enhances its transcriptional output (PMID:25216525).

Mechanistic history

Synthesis pass · year-by-year structured walk · 24 steps
  1. 1993 Medium

    Established the foundational molecular identity of FOXC2 as a sequence-specific DNA-binding forkhead protein, answering what class of factor it is.

    Evidence Recombinant protein DNA-binding to the HNF3 site and embryonic expression analysis

    PMID:8325367

    Open questions at the time
    • No in vivo targets identified
    • Transactivation versus repression not resolved
  2. 1997 Medium

    Defined FOXC2 as a positive transactivator with high mouse/human conservation, framing it as a functional transcription factor rather than merely a DNA binder.

    Evidence Transfection-based reporter assays and gene structure determination

    PMID:9169153

    Open questions at the time
    • No endogenous promoter targets defined
    • Regulatory inputs unknown
  3. 1997 High

    Demonstrated an essential developmental role by showing knockout causes aortic arch and skeletal defects, placing FOXC2 in neural-crest-derived remodeling.

    Evidence Constitutive mouse knockout with histological/anatomical phenotyping

    PMID:9409679

    Open questions at the time
    • Direct target genes mediating the phenotype not identified
    • Cell-autonomy not resolved
  4. 2000 High

    Linked FOXC2 to human disease, establishing it as a dosage-sensitive transcription factor required for lymphatic development.

    Evidence Mutation sequencing in lymphedema-distichiasis families

    PMID:11078474

    Open questions at the time
    • Lymphatic target genes not yet defined
    • Mechanism of dosage sensitivity unresolved
  5. 2000 Medium

    Positioned FOXC2 downstream of BMP signaling in skeletal differentiation, answering how it contributes to osteogenesis.

    Evidence Antisense suppression in C2C12 with osteoblast marker readouts; BMP treatment and limb bud organ culture

    PMID:10722840 PMID:11585339

    Open questions at the time
    • Direct osteogenic target promoters not mapped
    • Single lineage model
  6. 2001 High

    Revealed FOXC2 as a metabolic regulator that reprograms β-adrenergic/PKA signaling, explaining its lean/insulin-sensitive phenotype and identifying a direct promoter target.

    Evidence Transgenic overexpression with PKA holoenzyme biochemistry; PKA RIα 1b promoter mapping and EMSA

    PMID:11551504 PMID:11943768

    Open questions at the time
    • Identity of the released repressor not defined
    • Physiological signal controlling FOXC2 in adipose unknown
  7. 2001 High

    Established cooperative, dose-dependent FOXC1/FOXC2 control of paraxial mesoderm specification and somitogenesis, defining downstream transcriptional targets.

    Evidence Compound mouse mutants and chick gain-of-function with in situ readouts for paraxis, Mesp1/2, Hes5, Notch1, Pax7

    PMID:11562355 PMID:15196959

    Open questions at the time
    • Direct versus indirect target regulation not distinguished
    • Functional redundancy mechanism unresolved
  8. 2004 Medium

    Defined how FOXC2 blocks adipogenesis, showing it inhibits PPARγ-dependent gene expression without affecting PPARγ binding.

    Evidence Overexpression in 3T3-L1 with PPARγ transactivation and DNA-binding assays

    PMID:15277530

    Open questions at the time
    • Mechanism of selective PPARγ target inhibition unknown
    • Direct DNA binding not shown
  9. 2007 High

    Connected FOXC2 to EMT and metastasis, establishing it as an effector induced by multiple EMT triggers and required for metastatic dissemination.

    Evidence Expression profiling, shRNA knockdown, overexpression, and in vivo lung metastasis assay

    PMID:17537911

    Open questions at the time
    • Direct mesenchymal targets not yet identified
    • Mechanism of metastatic enhancement unresolved
  10. 2008 High

    Identified the first direct vascular and adhesion target genes (Ang-2, Itgb3) of FOXC2 with functional rescue, explaining its angiogenic activity.

    Evidence Transgenic models, promoter reporter/forkhead-element mapping, antagonist/neutralizing-antibody rescue, ex vivo aortic ring assay

    PMID:18579532 PMID:18621714

    Open questions at the time
    • Full target repertoire not defined
    • Upstream signals controlling these targets in vivo unclear
  11. 2010 High

    Showed FOXC2 directly represses p120-catenin and operates within a podocyte specification network, broadening its repressor function and developmental scope.

    Evidence Promoter deletion/EMSA with RNAi in lung cancer cells; morpholino and gain-of-function epistasis in Xenopus

    PMID:20431116 PMID:20460685

    Open questions at the time
    • Determinants of activation versus repression not defined
    • Cofactors at repressed promoters unknown
  12. 2012 High

    Defined the FOXC2 lymphatic valve mechanism, linking it with PROX1, shear stress, connexin37, and calcineurin/NFAT signaling.

    Evidence Shear stress assays on LECs with PROX1/FOXC2 knockdown and mouse developmental genetics

    PMID:22306086

    Open questions at the time
    • Direct FOXC2 targets in valve program incompletely mapped
    • Mechanotransduction-to-FOXC2 link not molecular
  13. 2013 High

    Established post-translational control of FOXC2 chromatin recruitment by proline-directed phosphorylation, and de-SUMOylation by SENP3 as an activity switch.

    Evidence Genome-wide ChIP-seq with phospho-mutants and in vivo remodeling assay; SENP3 substrate biochemistry with N-cadherin reporter and xenograft

    PMID:23878394 PMID:25216525

    Open questions at the time
    • Kinases responsible for the eight sites not all identified
    • How modifications direct site selection unresolved
  14. 2013 High

    Placed FOXC2 within mTORC2-Akt and Wnt signaling axes and expanded its cancer stem cell and osteogenic roles via PDGFR-β and Wnt4.

    Evidence Gene-trap ESCs with BSTA-Akt1 co-IP; ChIP/reporter for Wnt4 and PDGFR-β with differentiation and CSC assays

    PMID:23300339 PMID:23378344 PMID:23645207

    Open questions at the time
    • Direct versus indirect PDGFR-β regulation not fully resolved
    • Integration of signaling inputs unclear
  15. 2014 High

    Resolved subcellular localization control by CK2 phosphorylation at Ser124 and identified MET as a direct target, mechanistically connecting FOXC2 to invasion.

    Evidence In vitro kinase assay, co-IP, S124 mutagenesis, fractionation; ChIP/luciferase for MET with metastasis model and PKCα-FOXC2-p120ctn axis

    PMID:25381815 PMID:25486430 PMID:29216867

    Open questions at the time
    • Phosphatase opposing CK2 not identified
    • Crosstalk between CK2 and proline-directed phosphorylation unknown
  16. 2015 High

    Defined FOXC2 as a maintenance factor for lymphatic endothelial quiescence, acting through TAZ/Hippo and ERK to restrain proliferation and preserve junctions.

    Evidence Inducible endothelial Foxc2 deletion with TAZ pathway analysis and ERK activation/inhibition; Cx37 compound mutants

    PMID:26079578 PMID:26389677 PMID:27214551

    Open questions at the time
    • Direct FOXC2 targets controlling TAZ/ERK not defined
    • Quiescence versus differentiation roles not fully separated
  17. 2015 Medium

    Situated FOXC2 within upstream regulatory circuits in cancer (FOXF2 repression, p38MAPK induction), explaining context-dependent FOXC2 levels and EMT/therapy resistance.

    Evidence Promoter reporter and overexpression/knockdown with EMT/drug-resistance phenotyping; p38 inhibitor in vivo

    PMID:26210254 PMID:26804168

    Open questions at the time
    • Direct versus indirect regulation by p38 unresolved
    • Single tumor-type models
  18. 2016 High

    Detailed cytoskeletal and cell-cycle control by FOXC2, including ROCK-dependent junction regulation and PLK1-dependent protein stability.

    Evidence siRNA/inducible deletion with ROCK inhibitor rescue and cytoskeletal imaging; cell-cycle-resolved protein quantification with PLK1 inhibition

    PMID:27064522 PMID:32510325

    Open questions at the time
    • Mechanism of PLK1-dependent stabilization not defined
    • Transcriptional targets driving cytoskeletal effects unmapped
  19. 2016 Medium

    Provided molecular basis for lymphedema-distichiasis by showing disease mutations alter transactivation and can form lethal nuclear aggregates.

    Evidence Patient-derived mutation panels with reporter, localization, and viability assays

    PMID:27276711 PMID:32698337

    Open questions at the time
    • Genotype-phenotype correlation incomplete
    • Aggregate clearance pathway unknown
  20. 2017 Medium

    Identified FOXC2 protein-protein partnerships with YAP/TEAD and roles in metabolic reprogramming and adipose inflammation, expanding its interactome.

    Evidence Co-IP of FOXC2 with YAP/TEAD and glycolysis assays; STAT3-PRDM16 complex and leptin/JAK2-STAT3 axis with browning model

    PMID:28433696 PMID:28925407

    Open questions at the time
    • Direct DNA targets of FOXC2-YAP complex not mapped
    • Single-lab interaction data
  21. 2019 High

    Resolved the FOXC2 DNA-recognition mechanism at atomic resolution and connected its osteogenic Wnt4 program to lncRNA H19 binding.

    Evidence Two crystal structures of the DBD-DNA complex with biochemistry; RIP/pull-down and ChIP for H19/Foxc2/Wnt4 with Wnt-β-catenin reporter

    PMID:24122419 PMID:30633332 PMID:30722065

    Open questions at the time
    • Structural basis for cofactor selectivity not addressed
    • Functional role of H19-FOXC2 binding in vivo unclear
  22. 2021 High

    Extended FOXC2 function to adult lymphatic homeostasis, gut barrier integrity, and LEC subtype identity using single-cell resolution.

    Evidence Inducible adult Foxc2 deletion with single-cell atlas and microbiota-depletion rescue

    PMID:34272244

    Open questions at the time
    • Direct targets defining LEC subtype identity not identified
    • Mechanism linking FOXC2 loss to barrier defect unresolved
  23. 2022 Medium

    Established RNA-mediated regulation of FOXC2 stability/localization and a coherent set of angiogenic promoter targets in tumor endothelium.

    Evidence circKIF18A-FOXC2 co-IP and ChIP on ITGB3/CXCR4/DLL4 promoters with PI3K/AKT readout and in vivo tumorigenicity

    PMID:35637250

    Open questions at the time
    • Mechanism of circRNA-mediated stabilization not detailed
    • Single-lab data
  24. 2023 High

    Defined cell-type-specific FOXC1/FOXC2 target loci (CXCL12, RSPO3) regulating intestinal stem cell Wnt signaling, and a FOXC2-driven vasculogenic mimicry program conferring anti-angiogenic resistance.

    Evidence EC/LEC-specific knockouts with ChIP on CXCL12/RSPO3 and ligand rescue; VM channel assays under hypoxia with anti-angiogenic combination in vivo

    PMID:37154714 PMID:37499655

    Open questions at the time
    • Full endothelial target network not defined
    • Determinants of FOXC1 versus FOXC2 target selectivity unresolved

Open questions

Synthesis pass · forward-looking unresolved questions
  • It remains unresolved how the combinatorial code of FOXC2 post-translational modifications and partner proteins selects context-specific target genes and the activation-versus-repression decision across its many tissue programs.
  • No unified model linking phosphorylation/SUMOylation state to genome-wide site selection
  • Cofactor determinants of activation versus repression not defined
  • Tissue-specific target hierarchies incompletely mapped

Mechanism profile

Synthesis pass · controlled-vocabulary classification · explore literature graph →
Molecular activity
GO:0140110 transcription regulator activity 8 GO:0003677 DNA binding 3 GO:0003723 RNA binding 2
Localization
GO:0005634 nucleus 4 GO:0005829 cytosol 1
Pathway
R-HSA-1266738 Developmental Biology 5 R-HSA-1430728 Metabolism 5 R-HSA-162582 Signal Transduction 5 R-HSA-1643685 Disease 5 R-HSA-74160 Gene expression (Transcription) 5
Partners
AKT1CK2ERKFOXC1PROX1SENP3TEADYAP

Evidence

Reading pass · 45 per-paper findings extracted from the source corpus
Year Finding Method Journal Conf PMIDs
1993 MFH-1 (FOXC2) encodes a forkhead domain protein that binds the HNF3 binding site, acting as a DNA-binding transcription factor expressed in developing mesenchyme. Recombinant protein DNA-binding assay (HNF3 binding site); expression analysis in embryos FEBS letters Medium 8325367
1997 FOXC2 (MFH-1) protein acts as a positive transactivator; both mouse and human MFH-1 proteins have transcriptional activation activity. The gene has no introns and mouse/human proteins share 94% amino acid identity. Transcriptional activity assay (transfection-based reporter); gene structure determination Genomics Medium 9169153
1997 Loss of FOXC2 (MFH-1) in mice causes interrupted aortic arch and craniofacial/vertebral skeletal defects, establishing an essential role in neural-crest-derived aortic arch remodeling and skeletogenesis. Targeted gene knockout in mice; histological and anatomical phenotype analysis Development (Cambridge, England) High 9409679
2000 Haploinsufficiency of FOXC2 (via nonsense and frameshift mutations) causes lymphedema-distichiasis syndrome in humans, establishing FOXC2 as a dosage-sensitive transcription factor required for lymphatic development. Human mutation analysis (sequencing of FOXC2 coding region in LD families); functional inference from loss-of-function mutations American journal of human genetics High 11078474
2000 FOXC2 (MFH-1) is required for BMP-2-induced osteoblastic differentiation of C2C12 myoblasts; antisense suppression of MFH-1 reduced BMP-2-induced alkaline phosphatase activity and osteocalcin production. Antisense stable transfection in C2C12 cells; alkaline phosphatase assay; osteocalcin measurement FEBS letters Medium 10722840
2001 Overexpression of FOXC2 in adipocytes increases sensitivity of the beta-adrenergic–cAMP–PKA signaling pathway by altering adipocyte PKA holoenzyme composition, leading to a lean and insulin-sensitive phenotype in transgenic mice. Transgenic mouse overexpression; biochemical PKA holoenzyme composition analysis; metabolic phenotyping Cell High 11551504
2001 Foxc1 and Foxc2 have dose-dependent cooperative roles in somitogenesis; compound homozygous Foxc1;Foxc2 mutants show complete absence of segmented paraxial mesoderm and require both genes for transcription of paraxis, Mesp1, Mesp2, Hes5, and Notch1 in anterior presomitic mesoderm. Compound genetic knockout in mice; in situ hybridization for downstream target genes; genetic epistasis analysis Genes & development High 11562355
2001 FOXC2 and FOXD1 specifically activate the 1b promoter of the PKA RIα subunit gene in adipocytes; FOXC2 acts by releasing a transcriptional repressor from an upstream region, and protein kinase B alpha/Akt1 cooperates to enhance this activation. Promoter deletion mapping; bandshift (EMSA) assays; co-transfection reporter assays in 3T3-L1 adipocytes and Sertoli cells The Journal of biological chemistry Medium 11943768
2001 BMP-2 and BMP-4/7 treatment of mesodermal progenitor C1 cells and limb mesenchyme upregulates Mfh1/Foxc2 expression; BMP-7 implantation in limb bud organ culture induces Mfh1 expression, placing FOXC2 downstream of BMP signaling in skeletal precursors. In vitro BMP treatment of cell lines; in situ hybridization; limb bud organ culture with BMP protein implantation Journal of bone and mineral research Medium 11585339
2004 FoxC2 blocks adipogenesis in 3T3-L1 preadipocytes by inhibiting PPARγ-mediated expression of a subset of adipogenic genes (C/EBPα, adiponectin, perilipin) without affecting PPARγ DNA binding or transactivation from a PPARγ response element. Overexpression in 3T3-L1 cells and Swiss fibroblasts; immunoblotting; PPARγ transactivation reporter assay; PPARγ DNA-binding assay The Journal of biological chemistry Medium 15277530
2004 Foxc1 and Foxc2 negatively regulate intermediate mesoderm formation and drive paraxial mesoderm cell fate specification; their misexpression in prospective intermediate mesoderm causes cells to acquire paraxial (somite) fate markers Pax7 and Paraxis. Mouse double knockout phenotyping; chick gain-of-function electroporation; in situ hybridization for lineage markers Developmental biology High 15196959
2007 FOXC2 is induced downstream of EMT-triggering signals (TGF-β1, Snail, Twist, Goosecoid) and is required for metastasis of murine mammary carcinoma cells to the lung; overexpression of FOXC2 enhances metastatic ability. Gene expression profiling; shRNA knockdown; FOXC2 overexpression in mammary carcinoma cells; in vivo lung metastasis assay Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America High 17537911
2008 Foxc2 directly activates the Ang-2 (angiopoietin-2) promoter in adipocytes; transgenic overexpression of FOXC2 in adipose tissue causes altered vascular patterning that is almost completely reversed by an Ang-2-specific antagonist. Transgenic mouse model; promoter luciferase reporter assay (direct activation of Ang-2 promoter); pharmacological antagonist rescue Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America High 18621714
2008 Foxc2 directly regulates integrin beta3 (Itgb3) expression through multiple forkhead-binding elements within the Itgb3 promoter; Foxc2 overexpression enhances endothelial cell migration and adhesion, an effect blocked by Itgb3 neutralizing antibody, and promotes microvessel outgrowth in ex vivo aortic ring assay. Gene expression profiling; promoter reporter assay with forkhead-binding element mapping; Itgb3 neutralizing antibody; Foxc2 heterozygous mutant mouse endothelial cells; ex vivo aortic ring assay The Journal of biological chemistry High 18579532
2010 FOXC2 transcriptionally represses p120-catenin (CTNND1) in non-small cell lung cancer cells by directly binding the p120ctn promoter between positions +267 and +282, as shown by EMSA; FOXC2 knockdown increases p120ctn expression and E-cadherin levels. Luciferase reporter assay with serial promoter deletions; EMSA (electrophoretic mobility shift assay); RNAi knockdown; immunoblotting Molecular cancer research : MCR High 20460685
2010 In Xenopus, foxc2 functions in a transcriptional network for podocyte specification; combined knockdown of wt1 and foxc2 abolishes all podocyte marker gene expression, and co-expression of wt1 and foxc2 increases podocyte gene expression, with Notch signaling required for ectopic induction. Antisense morpholino knockdown in Xenopus; gain-of-function overexpression; in situ hybridization; genetic epistasis analysis Development (Cambridge, England) High 20431116
2012 PROX1 and FOXC2 cooperate with shear stress/mechanotransduction to control expression of connexin37 and activation of calcineurin/NFAT signaling during lymphatic valve formation; connexin37 and calcineurin are required for valve territory assembly. In vitro shear stress assay on lymphatic endothelial cells; knockdown of PROX1 and FOXC2; analysis of connexin37 expression and calcineurin/NFAT signaling; mouse developmental genetics Developmental cell High 22306086
2013 FOXC2 induces Wnt4 expression by directly interacting with the Wnt4 promoter region, leading to elevated BMP4 and RhoA-GTP, which inhibits myoblast fusion; sustained FOXC2 expression redirects myoblast commitment toward osteogenesis. Chromatin immunoprecipitation; promoter reporter assay; gain- and loss-of-function in C2C12 myoblasts; osteogenic differentiation assay Cell death and differentiation Medium 23645207
2013 FOXC2 expression confers cancer stem cell (CSC) properties and spontaneous metastasis; FOXC2 transcriptionally regulates PDGFR-β, and PDGFR inhibition with sunitinib reduces CSC and metastatic properties of FOXC2-expressing tumor cells. Lentiviral shRNA knockdown; FOXC2 overexpression; mammosphere-forming assay; tumor initiation assay; gene expression profiling; pharmacological inhibition Cancer research Medium 23378344
2013 BSTA promotes mTORC2-mediated phosphorylation of Akt1 at Ser473, which suppresses FoxC2 expression to promote adipocyte differentiation; BSTA-Akt1 interaction is required for this mTORC2-BSTA-Akt1-FoxC2 signaling mechanism. Gene-trap murine embryonic stem cells; co-immunoprecipitation (BSTA-Akt1 complex); phosphorylation assays; FoxC2 expression analysis; adipocyte differentiation assay Science signaling High 23300339
2013 SENP3-mediated de-SUMOylation of FOXC2 enhances its transcriptional activity; FOXC2 is a substrate of the SUMO2/3-specific protease SENP3, and a SUMO-less FOXC2 transcriptionally activates N-cadherin expression to promote EMT in gastric cancer. Co-immunoprecipitation; SUMO substrate biochemical assay; SENP3 overexpression/knockdown; N-cadherin promoter reporter; cell migration assay; nude mouse xenograft Oncotarget High 25216525
2013 FOXC2 phosphorylation on eight evolutionarily conserved proline-directed serine/threonine residues regulates its transcriptional activity in lymphatic endothelial cells; phosphorylation controls selective FOXC2 recruitment to chromatin, and a phosphorylation-deficient mutant fails to induce vascular remodeling in vivo. Genome-wide ChIP-seq (location analysis) in lymphatic endothelial cells; phospho-mutant FOXC2 constructs; in vivo vascular remodeling assay Molecular and cellular biology High 23878394
2014 FOXC2 directly binds the MET promoter to increase its transcriptional activity, activating the HGF-MET signaling pathway to promote colorectal cancer invasion and metastasis. Luciferase reporter assay; chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP); FOXC2 overexpression; MET inhibition rescue; orthotopic mouse metastasis model Oncogene High 25381815
2014 Casein kinase 2 (CK2) associates with FOXC2 and phosphorylates it at serine 124, retaining FOXC2 in the cytoplasm of normal epithelial cells; CK2 inhibition or downregulation of CK2β causes nuclear accumulation of FOXC2 and mesenchymal gene expression. In vitro kinase assay (CK2 phosphorylation of FOXC2 at S124); co-immunoprecipitation (CK2-FOXC2 association); site-directed mutagenesis (S124L and S124D); CK2β knockdown; subcellular fractionation/immunofluorescence; cell migration assay Oncogene High 25486430
2014 FOXC2 directly binds the p120-catenin promoter and transcriptionally represses it, with PKCα acting upstream of FOXC2 in this signaling axis; loss of p120-catenin destabilizes E-cadherin at adherens junctions and promotes cell migration. Chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP); dual luciferase promoter assay; PKCα and FOXC2 knockdown; immunofluorescence of E-cadherin/p120-catenin localization; transwell migration/invasion assays BMC cancer High 29216867
2015 FOXC2 inactivation in lymphatic endothelial cells causes abnormal shear stress sensing, promotes junction disassembly and cell cycle entry; loss of FOXC2-dependent quiescence is mediated by the Hippo pathway transcriptional coactivator TAZ, leading to cell death and vascular lumen collapse. Inducible endothelial-specific Foxc2 deletion in mice; in vitro shear stress assay; TAZ pathway analysis; cell junction and cytoskeleton imaging; cell cycle analysis The Journal of clinical investigation High 26389677
2015 FOXC2 and FOXC1 regulate ERK signaling in lymphatic vessel growth; LEC-specific deletion of Foxc1, Foxc2, or both results in increased LEC proliferation and aberrant expression of Ras regulators leading to ERK hyperactivation; pharmacological ERK inhibition rescues the enlarged lymphatic vessel phenotype. LEC-specific conditional knockout in mice; embryonic phenotyping; ERK activation assays; pharmacological ERK inhibition in utero The Journal of clinical investigation High 27214551
2015 FOXF2 directly targets the FOXC2 promoter to negatively regulate FOXC2 transcription in basal-like breast cancer cells; FOXC2 mediates FOXF2-regulated EMT phenotype and multidrug resistance. Promoter reporter assay; FOXF2 overexpression/knockdown with FOXC2 expression readout; EMT and drug resistance phenotyping Cancer letters Medium 26210254
2015 p38MAPK signaling promotes FOXC2 expression in prostate cancer; inhibition of p38 using a p38 inhibitor reduces FOXC2 levels, restores epithelial attributes and androgen deprivation therapy sensitivity, and reduces circulating tumor cells in vivo. p38 inhibitor treatment; FOXC2 expression analysis; in vivo tumor model with drug treatment; flow cytometry for circulating tumor cells Oncogene Medium 26804168
2015 Foxc2 and Connexin37 function in a common developmental pathway for lymphatic valve formation; Foxc2(+/-); Cx37(-/-) compound mutant mice display severe lymphatic defects not seen in single mutants, including absence of lymphatic valves. Compound genetic knockout in mice (Foxc2+/-;Cx37-/-); lymphatic vascular phenotyping; quantitative morphometry Developmental biology High 26079578
2015 Notch signaling acts upstream of Foxc2 in hemogenic endothelial cells to promote definitive hematopoiesis; Foxc2 is a highly upregulated Notch target in hemogenic endothelium, and loss of Foxc2 orthologs in zebrafish and mice impairs definitive hematopoiesis. Mouse embryonic stem cell differentiation with Notch induction; zebrafish morpholino knockdown; mouse embryo analysis; transcriptional profiling identifying Foxc2 as Notch target Blood High 25587036
2016 FOXC2 disease-causing mutations outside the forkhead domain cause either loss or gain of transactivation activity at FOXC1/FOXC2 response elements; a frameshift mutant protein is sequestered in nuclear aggregates while all mutants retain nuclear localization. Subcellular localization (immunofluorescence); transactivation reporter assay on FOXC1/FOXC2 response elements; analysis of six patient-derived mutations Oncotarget Medium 27276711
2016 FOXC1 and FOXC2 differentially regulate cytoskeletal activity in lymphatic valves: FOXC1 knockdown increases focal adhesions and actin stress fibers, while FOXC2 knockdown increases focal adherens and disrupts cell junctions via increased ROCK activation; ROCK inhibition rescues these defects. siRNA knockdown of FOXC1 and FOXC2 in human lymphatic endothelial cells; inducible endothelial-specific deletion in mice; ROCK inhibitor treatment; cytoskeletal imaging; valve phenotyping eLife High 32510325
2016 TLR4 signaling induces ERK phosphorylation, which leads to FOXC2-ERK protein interaction, ERK-dependent phosphorylation of FOXC2 on serine/threonine residues, and subsequent FOXC2 binding to the DLL4 promoter to activate DLL4 transcription and inflammatory angiogenesis. Co-immunoprecipitation (FOXC2-ERK); ChIP (FOXC2 binding to DLL4 promoter); ERK dominant-negative transfection; FOXC2-siRNA; pharmacological ERK inhibition; in vivo LPS mouse model The Journal of physiology High 29380370
2017 FOXC2 interacts with YAP and TEAD to activate YAP signaling, and this FOXC2-YAP pathway positively regulates expression of Hexokinase 2 (HK2) to promote glycolysis in nasopharyngeal carcinoma cells. Co-immunoprecipitation (FOXC2 with YAP and TEAD); HK2 expression analysis; FOXC2/YAP knockdown; metabolic (glycolysis) assay; in vivo xenograft Experimental cell research Medium 28433696
2017 Foxc2 inhibits LPS-induced inflammation in white adipose tissue via the leptin-JAK2/STAT3 pathway; STAT3 physically interacts with PRDM16 to form a complex that promotes WAT browning; Foxc2 overexpression ameliorates inflammation and promotes adipose browning in obese mice. Co-immunoprecipitation (STAT3-PRDM16 complex); ChIP (Foxc2 binding to CREB/leptin promoter region); Foxc2 overexpression in vivo; LPS-induced inflammatory model International journal of obesity Medium 28925407
2019 Crystal structures of the FOXC2 DNA-binding domain (DBD) in complex with DNA revealed that helix H3 makes all base-specific contacts, while the N-terminus, wing 1, and C-terminus make additional phosphate contacts; structural and biochemical analyses revised the previously proposed DNA recognition mechanism. X-ray crystallography (two crystal structures with different DNA sites); biochemical DNA-binding assays; bioinformatics analysis of disease mutations Nucleic acids research High 30722065
2019 Foxc2 overexpression in BMSCs promotes osteogenesis and represses adipogenesis via activation of canonical Wnt-β-catenin signaling; XAV939 (Wnt-β-catenin pathway inhibitor) suppresses Foxc2-mediated differentiation. Lentiviral Foxc2 overexpression in rabbit BMSCs; osteogenic/adipogenic differentiation assays; β-catenin/TCF-LEF reporter assay; pharmacological inhibitor (XAV939) Molecular and cellular biochemistry Medium 24122419
2019 H19 lncRNA binds to Foxc2 protein (RNA-protein interaction); H19/Foxc2 synergistically regulate Wnt4 promoter expression; Foxc2 binds to the Wnt4 promoter and promotes its transcription to drive BMSC osteogenic differentiation via Wnt-β-catenin pathway. RNA immunoprecipitation; RNA pull-down; ChIP (Foxc2 binding to Wnt4 promoter); overexpression/knockdown; osteogenic differentiation assays Journal of cellular physiology Medium 30633332
2020 FOXC2 disease mutations cause loss or gain of transactivation function and some mutant proteins are sequestered into nuclear aggregates causing cell death, providing molecular basis for lymphedema distichiasis pathogenesis. Subcellular localization (immunofluorescence); transactivation reporter assay; cell viability assay; analysis of nine patient-derived mutations International journal of molecular sciences Medium 32698337
2021 Foxc2 inactivation in adult lymphatic endothelium compromises gut epithelial barrier, promotes dysbiosis and bacterial translocation, increases angiopoietin-2, and skews lymphatic endothelial subset specialization toward pro-fibrotic identities; commensal microbiota depletion rescues systemic inflammation and improves survival. Inducible adult-specific Foxc2 deletion in mice; single-cell atlas of lymphatic endothelial subtypes; microbiome analysis; microbiota depletion rescue experiment Science advances High 34272244
2022 CircKIF18A (exosomal circRNA) binds to FOXC2 protein in brain endothelial cells, stabilizes FOXC2 and promotes its nuclear translocation; nuclear FOXC2 directly binds promoters of ITGB3, CXCR4, and DLL4 to upregulate their expression and activate PI3K/AKT signaling to promote glioblastoma angiogenesis. Co-immunoprecipitation (circKIF18A-FOXC2 RNA-protein interaction); ChIP (FOXC2 binding to ITGB3, CXCR4, DLL4 promoters); promoter reporter assays; gain/loss-of-function; in vivo tumorigenicity Oncogene Medium 35637250
2023 FOXC1 and FOXC2 in blood and lymphatic endothelial cells directly bind regulatory elements of CXCL12 and RSPO3 loci, respectively; loss of endothelial Foxc2 impairs RSPO3 expression in LECs, reducing Wnt signaling in intestinal stem cells and worsening ischemia-reperfusion injury; RSPO3 treatment rescues the damage. EC- and LEC-specific conditional Foxc2 knockout mice; ChIP (FOXC2 binding to CXCL12 and RSPO3 regulatory elements); rescue with recombinant CXCL12 and RSPO3; intestinal stem cell Wnt signaling assay EMBO reports High 37154714
2023 FOXC2 promotes vasculogenic mimicry (VM) in solid tumors by driving ectopic expression of endothelial genes in tumor cells; this process is stimulated by hypoxia and VM-proficient tumors are resistant to anti-angiogenic therapy; suppression of Foxc2 augments anti-angiogenic response. FOXC2 overexpression/knockdown in diverse tumor cell lines; VM channel formation assay; hypoxia treatment; anti-angiogenic therapy combination in vivo Cell reports Medium 37499655
2016 FOXC2 regulates G2/M cell cycle transition in cancer stem cell-enriched breast cancer cells; FOXC2 protein levels accumulate in G2 and decrease during mitosis; PLK1 activity is required for FOXC2 protein stability, and PLK1 inhibition reduces FOXC2 protein levels and sensitizes FOXC2-expressing CSC-enriched cells to PLK1 inhibitors. Cell cycle synchronization; FOXC2 protein level quantification at cell cycle stages; FOXC2 knockdown with cell cycle analysis; PLK1 inhibitor treatment; flow cytometry Scientific reports Medium 27064522

Source papers

Stage 0 corpus · 100 papers · ranked by NIH iCite citations
Year Title Journal Citations PMID
2007 Mesenchyme Forkhead 1 (FOXC2) plays a key role in metastasis and is associated with aggressive basal-like breast cancers. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 489 17537911
2000 Mutations in FOXC2 (MFH-1), a forkhead family transcription factor, are responsible for the hereditary lymphedema-distichiasis syndrome. American journal of human genetics 456 11078474
2001 FOXC2 is a winged helix gene that counteracts obesity, hypertriglyceridemia, and diet-induced insulin resistance. Cell 439 11551504
2012 Mechanotransduction, PROX1, and FOXC2 cooperate to control connexin37 and calcineurin during lymphatic-valve formation. Developmental cell 337 22306086
2001 The murine winged helix transcription factors, Foxc1 and Foxc2, are both required for cardiovascular development and somitogenesis. Genes & development 294 11562355
2013 FOXC2 expression links epithelial-mesenchymal transition and stem cell properties in breast cancer. Cancer research 235 23378344
2015 FOXC2 and fluid shear stress stabilize postnatal lymphatic vasculature. The Journal of clinical investigation 207 26389677
1997 Essential roles of the winged helix transcription factor MFH-1 in aortic arch patterning and skeletogenesis. Development (Cambridge, England) 207 9409679
2017 Antisense lncRNA FOXC2-AS1 promotes doxorubicin resistance in osteosarcoma by increasing the expression of FOXC2. Cancer letters 171 28323030
2003 Reduced expression of FOXC2 and brown adipogenic genes in human subjects with insulin resistance. Obesity research 119 14569043
2008 FOXC2 controls Ang-2 expression and modulates angiogenesis, vascular patterning, remodeling, and functions in adipose tissue. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 94 18621714
1993 MFH-1, a new member of the fork head domain family, is expressed in developing mesenchyme. FEBS letters 90 8325367
2004 The forkhead genes, Foxc1 and Foxc2, regulate paraxial versus intermediate mesoderm cell fate. Developmental biology 87 15196959
1996 Clustered arrangement of winged helix genes fkh-6 and MFH-1: possible implications for mesoderm development. Development (Cambridge, England) 84 8674414
2004 Foxc2 is expressed in developing lymphatic vessels and other tissues associated with lymphedema-distichiasis syndrome. Gene expression patterns : GEP 79 15465483
2022 Stanniocalcin 1 promotes metastasis, lipid metabolism and cisplatin chemoresistance via the FOXC2/ITGB6 signaling axis in ovarian cancer. Journal of experimental & clinical cancer research : CR 78 35392966
2021 FOXC2 controls adult lymphatic endothelial specialization, function, and gut lymphatic barrier preventing multiorgan failure. Science advances 76 34272244
2015 FOXF2 suppresses the FOXC2-mediated epithelial-mesenchymal transition and multidrug resistance of basal-like breast cancer. Cancer letters 76 26210254
2015 FOXC2 promotes chemoresistance in nasopharyngeal carcinomas via induction of epithelial mesenchymal transition. Cancer letters 74 25896630
2016 Inhibition of FOXC2 restores epithelial phenotype and drug sensitivity in prostate cancer cells with stem-cell properties. Oncogene 73 26804168
2008 The Foxc2 transcription factor regulates angiogenesis via induction of integrin beta3 expression. The Journal of biological chemistry 73 18579532
2014 FOXC2 promotes colorectal cancer metastasis by directly targeting MET. Oncogene 70 25381815
2008 Foxc2 transcription factor: a newly described regulator of angiogenesis. Trends in cardiovascular medicine 70 19185813
2016 Foxc1 and Foxc2 deletion causes abnormal lymphangiogenesis and correlates with ERK hyperactivation. The Journal of clinical investigation 66 27214551
2004 The forkhead transcription factor FoxC2 inhibits white adipocyte differentiation. The Journal of biological chemistry 65 15277530
2010 The Foxc2 transcription factor regulates tumor angiogenesis. Biochemical and biophysical research communications 60 20060810
2014 FOXC2 promotes colorectal cancer proliferation through inhibition of FOXO3a and activation of MAPK and AKT signaling pathways. Cancer letters 59 25069037
2014 Prox1 and FOXC2 act as regulators of lymphangiogenesis and angiogenesis in oral squamous cell carcinoma. PloS one 58 24647631
2014 De-SUMOylation of FOXC2 by SENP3 promotes the epithelial-mesenchymal transition in gastric cancer cells. Oncotarget 56 25216525
2009 The cooperative roles of Foxc1 and Foxc2 in cardiovascular development. Advances in experimental medicine and biology 55 20429416
2019 Coactivation of Endogenous Wnt10b and Foxc2 by CRISPR Activation Enhances BMSC Osteogenesis and Promotes Calvarial Bone Regeneration. Molecular therapy : the journal of the American Society of Gene Therapy 54 31882321
2017 Protein kinase C α enhances migration of breast cancer cells through FOXC2-mediated repression of p120-catenin. BMC cancer 53 29216867
2021 YTHDF2 Inhibits Gastric Cancer Cell Growth by Regulating FOXC2 Signaling Pathway. Frontiers in genetics 52 33505426
2020 Circular RNA PVT1 promotes metastasis via regulating of miR-526b/FOXC2 signals in OS cells. Journal of cellular and molecular medicine 51 32249539
2020 Shear stimulation of FOXC1 and FOXC2 differentially regulates cytoskeletal activity during lymphatic valve maturation. eLife 51 32510325
2002 FOXC2 mRNA Expression and a 5' untranslated region polymorphism of the gene are associated with insulin resistance. Diabetes 51 12453913
2018 Emerging roles and mechanisms of FOXC2 in cancer. Clinica chimica acta; international journal of clinical chemistry 50 29341903
2014 Inorganic phosphate induces cancer cell mediated angiogenesis dependent on forkhead box protein C2 (FOXC2) regulated osteopontin expression. Molecular carcinogenesis 50 24700685
2019 H19 and Foxc2 synergistically promotes osteogenic differentiation of BMSCs via Wnt-β-catenin pathway. Journal of cellular physiology 49 30633332
2019 Structural basis for DNA recognition by FOXC2. Nucleic acids research 46 30722065
2010 p120-catenin is transcriptionally downregulated by FOXC2 in non-small cell lung cancer cells. Molecular cancer research : MCR 44 20460685
2022 Glioblastoma-associated microglia-derived exosomal circKIF18A promotes angiogenesis by targeting FOXC2. Oncogene 43 35637250
2020 LncRNA FOXC2-AS1 enhances FOXC2 mRNA stability to promote colorectal cancer progression via activation of Ca2+-FAK signal pathway. Cell death & disease 42 32513911
2017 Foxc1 and Foxc2 in the Neural Crest Are Required for Ocular Anterior Segment Development. Investigative ophthalmology & visual science 42 28253399
2017 FOXC2 positively regulates YAP signaling and promotes the glycolysis of nasopharyngeal carcinoma. Experimental cell research 42 28433696
2015 Foxc2 enhances proliferation and inhibits apoptosis through activating Akt/mTORC1 signaling pathway in mouse preadipocytes. Journal of lipid research 42 26113535
2020 FOXC2 Promotes Oxaliplatin Resistance by Inducing Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition via MAPK/ERK Signaling in Colorectal Cancer. OncoTargets and therapy 41 32110058
2015 Combining Foxc2 and Connexin37 deletions in mice leads to severe defects in lymphatic vascular growth and remodeling. Developmental biology 41 26079578
2017 Foxc2 coordinates inflammation and browning of white adipose by leptin-STAT3-PRDM16 signal in mice. International journal of obesity (2005) 40 28925407
2021 FOXC2-AS1 stabilizes FOXC2 mRNA via association with NSUN2 in gastric cancer cells. Human cell 38 34324140
2005 Lymphoedema-distichiasis and FOXC2: unreported mutations, de novo mutation estimate, families without coding mutations. Human genetics 38 15906099
2023 FOXC2 promotes vasculogenic mimicry and resistance to anti-angiogenic therapy. Cell reports 37 37499655
2016 Segregated Foxc2, NFATc1 and Connexin expression at normal developing venous valves, and Connexin-specific differences in the valve phenotypes of Cx37, Cx43, and Cx47 knockout mice. Developmental biology 37 26953188
2015 Notch1 acts via Foxc2 to promote definitive hematopoiesis via effects on hemogenic endothelium. Blood 37 25587036
2013 BSTA promotes mTORC2-mediated phosphorylation of Akt1 to suppress expression of FoxC2 and stimulate adipocyte differentiation. Science signaling 37 23300339
2013 Foxc2 induces Wnt4 and Bmp4 expression during muscle regeneration and osteogenesis. Cell death and differentiation 37 23645207
2010 Notch signaling, wt1 and foxc2 are key regulators of the podocyte gene regulatory network in Xenopus. Development (Cambridge, England) 37 20431116
2014 Foxc2 over-expression in bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells stimulates osteogenic differentiation and inhibits adipogenic differentiation. Molecular and cellular biochemistry 36 24122419
2012 Generation of conditional alleles for Foxc1 and Foxc2 in mice. Genesis (New York, N.Y. : 2000) 35 22522965
2002 Mechanisms of FOXC2- and FOXD1-mediated regulation of the RI alpha subunit of cAMP-dependent protein kinase include release of transcriptional repression and activation by protein kinase B alpha and cAMP. The Journal of biological chemistry 35 11943768
2013 Phosphorylation regulates FOXC2-mediated transcription in lymphatic endothelial cells. Molecular and cellular biology 34 23878394
2019 FOXC2 expression and epithelial-mesenchymal phenotypes are associated with castration resistance, metastasis and survival in prostate cancer. The journal of pathology. Clinical research 33 31464093
2018 Long noncoding RNA FOXC2-AS1 facilitates the proliferation and progression of prostate cancer via targeting miR-1253/EZH2. Gene 33 30389560
2016 Cyclooxygenase-2 induced β1-integrin expression in NSCLC and promoted cell invasion via the EP1/MAPK/E2F-1/FoxC2 signal pathway. Scientific reports 33 27654511
2009 The forkhead transcription factor Foxc2 stimulates osteoblast differentiation. Biochemical and biophysical research communications 33 19540201
2012 Nuclear localization of GLI1 and elevated expression of FOXC2 in breast cancer is associated with the basal-like phenotype. Histology and histopathology 32 22374725
2011 The Role of FoxC2 Transcription Factor in Tumor Angiogenesis. Journal of oncology 32 22174714
2002 Lymphedema-distichiasis syndrome and FOXC2 gene mutation. American journal of ophthalmology 32 12383817
2017 Human venous valve disease caused by mutations in FOXC2 and GJC2. The Journal of experimental medicine 31 28724617
2013 Foxc2 regulates osteogenesis and angiogenesis of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells. BMC musculoskeletal disorders 31 23815774
2002 FOXC2 truncating mutation in distichiasis, lymphedema, and cleft palate. Clinical genetics 31 12485195
2001 Bone morphogenetic protein regulation of forkhead/winged helix transcription factor Foxc2 (Mfh1) in a murine mesodermal cell line C1 and in skeletal precursor cells. Journal of bone and mineral research : the official journal of the American Society for Bone and Mineral Research 31 11585339
2018 Endothelial immune activation programmes cell-fate decisions and angiogenesis by inducing angiogenesis regulator DLL4 through TLR4-ERK-FOXC2 signalling. The Journal of physiology 30 29380370
2016 Arterialization and anomalous vein wall remodeling in varicose veins is associated with upregulated FoxC2-Dll4 pathway. Laboratory investigation; a journal of technical methods and pathology 30 26808710
2016 Forkhead Box Protein C2 (FOXC2) Promotes the Resistance of Human Ovarian Cancer Cells to Cisplatin In Vitro and In Vivo. Cellular physiology and biochemistry : international journal of experimental cellular physiology, biochemistry, and pharmacology 30 27336949
2015 Downregulation of FoxC2 Increased Susceptibility to Experimental Colitis: Influence of Lymphatic Drainage Function? Inflammatory bowel diseases 28 25822012
2016 FOXC2 disease-mutations identified in lymphedema-distichiasis patients cause both loss and gain of protein function. Oncotarget 27 27276711
2018 FOXC2 promotes epithelial-mesenchymal transition and cisplatin resistance of non-small cell lung cancer cells. Cancer chemotherapy and pharmacology 26 30302523
2016 α-MSH and Foxc2 promote fatty acid oxidation through C/EBPβ negative transcription in mice adipose tissue. Scientific reports 26 27819350
2013 FOXC2 mutations in familial and sporadic spinal extradural arachnoid cyst. PloS one 26 24278289
1997 Isolation of the mouse (MFH-1) and human (FKHL 14) mesenchyme fork head-1 genes reveals conservation of their gene and protein structures. Genomics 26 9169153
2023 Endothelial FOXC1 and FOXC2 promote intestinal regeneration after ischemia-reperfusion injury. EMBO reports 25 37154714
2020 LncRNA FOXC2-AS1 regulated proliferation and apoptosis of vascular smooth muscle cell through targeting miR-1253/FOXF1 axis in atherosclerosis. European review for medical and pharmacological sciences 25 32271448
2014 Casein kinase 2 prevents mesenchymal transformation by maintaining Foxc2 in the cytoplasm. Oncogene 25 25486430
2016 FOXC2 regulates the G2/M transition of stem cell-rich breast cancer cells and sensitizes them to PLK1 inhibition. Scientific reports 23 27064522
2018 Foxc2 is required for proper cardiac neural crest cell migration, outflow tract septation, and ventricle expansion. Developmental dynamics : an official publication of the American Association of Anatomists 22 30376688
2003 Mutation of the FOXC2 gene in familial distichiasis. Journal of AAPOS : the official publication of the American Association for Pediatric Ophthalmology and Strabismus 22 14566319
2016 FOXC2 and CLIP4 : a potential biomarker for synchronous metastasis of ≤7-cm clear cell renal cell carcinomas. Oncotarget 21 27283491
2011 FOXC2 transcription factor: a novel regulator of lymphangiogenesis. Lymphology 21 21667821
2017 Foxc1 and Foxc2 are necessary to maintain glomerular podocytes. Experimental cell research 20 28223138
2000 MFH-1 is required for bone morphogenetic protein-2-induced osteoblastic differentiation of C2C12 myoblasts. FEBS letters 20 10722840
2009 Abnormal Shh and FOXC2 expression correlates with aberrant lymphatic development in human fetuses with increased nuchal translucency. Prenatal diagnosis 18 19548265
2004 Expression of FOXC2 in adipose and muscle and its association with whole body insulin sensitivity. American journal of physiology. Endocrinology and metabolism 18 15198934
2020 Foxc2 Alleviates Ox-LDL-Induced Lipid Accumulation, Inflammation, and Apoptosis of Macrophage via Regulating the Expression of Angptl2. Inflammation 17 32170602
2018 Foxc2 and BMP2 Induce Osteogenic/Odontogenic Differentiation and Mineralization of Human Stem Cells from Apical Papilla. Stem cells international 17 30147726
2013 FOXC2 often overexpressed in glioblastoma enhances proliferation and invasion in glioblastoma cells. Oncology research 17 24406047
2019 FOXC2-AS1 regulates phenotypic transition, proliferation and migration of human great saphenous vein smooth muscle cells. Biological research 16 31801629
2016 Characterization of Kidney and Skeleton Phenotypes of Mice Double Heterozygous for Foxc1 and Foxc2. Cells, tissues, organs 16 27193493
2015 FOXC2 expression is associated with tumor proliferation and invasion potential in oral tongue squamous cell carcinoma. Pathology oncology research : POR 16 25573594
2020 FOXC2 Disease Mutations Identified in Lymphedema Distichiasis Patients Impair Transcriptional Activity and Cell Proliferation. International journal of molecular sciences 15 32698337

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