Affinage

FEZF2

Fez family zinc finger protein 2 · UniProt Q8TBJ5

Length
459 aa
Mass
48.8 kDa
Annotated
2026-04-28
100 papers in source corpus 23 papers cited in narrative 23 extracted findings

Mechanistic narrative

Synthesis pass · prose summary of the discoveries below

FEZF2 is a zinc-finger transcription factor that serves as a master regulator of neuronal subtype identity in the developing cerebral cortex and forebrain, while also functioning independently in immune tolerance. In cortical development, FEZF2 specifies corticospinal motor neuron and subcerebral projection neuron fate by directly activating subtype-appropriate genes (Ctip2, Vglut1, EphB1) and repressing alternative-fate genes (Gad1, Hes5), operating within a mutual cross-repressive network with TBR1, SATB2, and LHX2 that restricts neuronal identities to appropriate cortical layers (PMID:16157277, PMID:18678899, PMID:24997765, PMID:21285371, PMID:28053041). FEZF2 functions both as a transcriptional activator and repressor—the latter through an Eh1 motif that recruits Groucho/TLE co-repressors—and its repressive activity with TLE4 in layer 6 neurons silences layer-5-specific genes to establish corticothalamic identity (PMID:20431123, PMID:34161768). Beyond the cortex, FEZF2 directly regulates tissue-restricted antigen expression in medullary thymic epithelial cells independently of Aire, and mice lacking Fezf2 in mTECs develop autoimmune manifestations (PMID:26544942).

Mechanistic history

Synthesis pass · year-by-year structured walk · 12 steps
  1. 2005 High

    The fundamental question of what controls corticospinal motor neuron identity was answered when three independent studies demonstrated that Fezf2 is both necessary and sufficient for subcerebral projection neuron specification, with Ctip2 placed as a downstream effector.

    Evidence Fezl null mouse showing loss of subcerebral projection neurons without cell death; overexpression and siRNA knockdown with axon tracing in utero electroporation

    PMID:16157277 PMID:16284245 PMID:16314561

    Open questions at the time
    • Mechanism by which Fezf2 activates Ctip2 not yet defined
    • Direct DNA binding site for Fezf2 not characterized
    • Whether Fezf2 acts as activator, repressor, or both was unresolved
  2. 2006 High

    Extending the role of Fezf2 beyond cortex, zebrafish studies established that the ortholog is required upstream of neurogenin 1 for dopaminergic progenitor specification in the ventral forebrain, revealing an evolutionarily conserved role in neuronal fate determination.

    Evidence Zebrafish tof/fezl mutant analysis with epistasis and TH immunostaining

    PMID:16549779

    Open questions at the time
    • Whether the DA neuron specification role is conserved in mammals
    • Direct versus indirect regulation of ngn1 unclear
  3. 2008 High

    Epistasis experiments resolved the binary fate decision controlled by Fezf2: in its absence, neurons adopt callosal identity (expressing Satb2), while Ctip2 was shown to be a major but not sole effector—Fezf2 can promote subcortical fate even without Ctip2.

    Evidence Fezf2 knockout, Fezf2/Ctip2 double mutants, electrophysiology, axon tracing, and ectopic expression

    PMID:18678899

    Open questions at the time
    • Additional Fezf2 effectors besides Ctip2 not identified
    • Molecular basis for context-dependent activation versus repression unknown
  4. 2010 High

    The biochemical mechanism of Fezf2 repression was elucidated: an Eh1 motif mediates interaction with Groucho/TLE co-repressors, and Fezf2 directly binds and represses the Hes5 promoter to control neural stem cell differentiation.

    Evidence Fezf1/Fezf2 double KO mouse, direct promoter binding assay, Hes5 epistasis rescue

    PMID:20431123

    Open questions at the time
    • Whether the Eh1-Groucho interaction is required for all repressive targets
    • Genome-wide direct targets not yet mapped
  5. 2011 High

    A mutual cross-repression circuit between TBR1 and FEZF2 was established: TBR1 directly binds the Fezf2 locus to repress it in layer 6, while Fezf2 suppresses Tbr1 in layer 5, explaining how corticospinal neurons are restricted to layer 5.

    Evidence TBR1 ChIP at Fezf2 locus, Tbr1 KO, Tbr1/Fezf2 compound mutants, Tbr1 misexpression

    PMID:21228164 PMID:21285371

    Open questions at the time
    • Whether intermediate regulators mediate Fezf2's repression of Tbr1
    • Chromatin state changes at these loci not characterized
  6. 2011 High

    The direct DNA binding specificity of Fezf2 was determined by genomic SELEX, and Fezf2 was shown to function as a transcriptional activator (not only repressor) at target genes eomesa/tbr2 and lhx2b.

    Evidence Genomic SELEX, ChIP, luciferase reporters, loss/gain-of-function in zebrafish

    PMID:21471212

    Open questions at the time
    • Whether the same consensus site applies in mammalian targets
    • Structural basis for activator versus repressor switching unknown
  7. 2013 High

    Fate-mapping resolved the progenitor identity of Fezf2-expressing cells: Fezf2-positive radial glial cells are multipotent cortical progenitors that generate all major projection neuron subtypes and glia, not just subcerebral neurons.

    Evidence In vivo genetic fate mapping using Fezf2-Cre/reporter mice

    PMID:24314728

    Open questions at the time
    • How Fezf2 expression transitions from broad progenitor marker to subtype-specific regulator
    • Epigenetic mechanisms controlling Fezf2 locus restriction unclear
  8. 2014 High

    Genome-wide target identification by ChIP-seq revealed that Fezf2 acts as a selector gene: it directly activates Vglut1 for glutamatergic identity and EphB1 for ipsilateral corticospinal axon guidance, while directly repressing Gad1 to suppress GABAergic fate.

    Evidence ChIP-seq for Fezf2 direct targets, loss-of-function validation, axon tracing

    PMID:24997765

    Open questions at the time
    • Full catalog of direct targets not functionally validated
    • Cofactors mediating target-specific activation versus repression at individual loci unknown
  9. 2015 High

    The cross-regulatory network was extended when SATB2 was found to directly activate Fezf2 transcription, enabling context-dependent promotion of subcerebral identity in layer 5 while repressing it in callosal neurons.

    Evidence ChIP showing SATB2 at Fezf2 locus, double mutant epistasis, overexpression

    PMID:26324926

    Open questions at the time
    • How cell context determines whether SATB2 activates or opposes Fezf2 function
    • Whether additional chromatin remodelers are involved
  10. 2015 High

    An unexpected role outside the nervous system was discovered: FEZF2 directly regulates tissue-restricted antigen genes in medullary thymic epithelial cells independently of Aire, and its loss causes organ-specific autoimmunity.

    Evidence Conditional Fezf2 knockout in mTECs, autoimmune phenotyping, comparison with Aire-KO

    PMID:26544942

    Open questions at the time
    • Direct target TRA genes of FEZF2 in mTECs not comprehensively identified
    • Mechanism by which FEZF2 activates TRA expression in non-neuronal cells unknown
    • Whether neuronal and thymic functions share common cofactors
  11. 2017 High

    The chromatin-level mechanism of Fezf2 repression was revealed: LHX2 recruits the NuRD complex (LSD1, HDAC2, RBBP4) to distal regulatory elements of the Fezf2 locus, establishing repressive chromatin marks that limit Fezf2 expression and layer 5 neuron number.

    Evidence LHX2 ChIP-seq at Fezf2 regulatory elements, Co-IP of LHX2 with NuRD subunits, LHX2 KO/OE with histone mark analysis

    PMID:28053041

    Open questions at the time
    • Whether NuRD recruitment is the sole mechanism of LHX2-mediated Fezf2 repression
    • Temporal dynamics of chromatin remodeling at the Fezf2 locus during corticogenesis uncharacterized
  12. 2021 Medium

    FEZF2's repressive function was shown to extend to layer 6 corticothalamic neuron specification: FEZF2 recruits TLE4 as a co-repressor specifically in layer 6 to silence layer-5-specific subcerebral genes, demonstrating layer-dependent cofactor usage.

    Evidence Loss-of-function analysis, gene expression profiling, TLE4 identified as layer-6-specific FEZF2 co-repressor

    PMID:34161768

    Open questions at the time
    • Direct physical interaction between FEZF2 and TLE4 not demonstrated by reciprocal Co-IP or structural methods
    • Whether TLE4 and Groucho/TLE co-repressors identified earlier are the same functional complex
    • How FEZF2 switches between activator and repressor modes in different layers

Open questions

Synthesis pass · forward-looking unresolved questions
  • The structural basis for FEZF2's dual activator/repressor function and how cofactor switching is controlled in a cell-type-specific manner remain unresolved, as does the mechanism by which FEZF2 regulates tissue-restricted antigens in non-neuronal thymic epithelial cells.
  • No crystal or cryo-EM structure of FEZF2 or its complexes
  • Mechanism of activator-to-repressor switching at individual target loci unknown
  • How FEZF2 activates TRA genes in mTECs versus neuronal genes in cortex not compared at the chromatin level

Mechanism profile

Synthesis pass · controlled-vocabulary classification · explore literature graph →
Molecular activity
GO:0140110 transcription regulator activity 7 GO:0003677 DNA binding 3
Localization
GO:0005634 nucleus 4
Pathway
R-HSA-1266738 Developmental Biology 6 R-HSA-112316 Neuronal System 4 R-HSA-74160 Gene expression (Transcription) 4 R-HSA-168256 Immune System 1
Partners
CTIP2FEZF1LHX2SATB2TBR1TLE4

Evidence

Reading pass · 23 per-paper findings extracted from the source corpus
Year Finding Method Journal Conf PMIDs
2005 Fezl (FEZF2) is required for the specification and birth of corticospinal motor neurons and other subcerebral projection neurons in the neocortex; loss-of-function results in absence of subcerebral projection neurons without increased cell death or migration defects, indicating a fate specification role, while overexpression causes excess production of subcerebral projection neurons. Fezl null mutant mouse analysis, overexpression experiments, cell death assays, migration analysis Neuron High 16157277
2005 Fezl (FEZF2), a putative zinc-finger transcriptional repressor, is required for differentiation of layer 5 subcortical projection neurons; in Fezl-deficient mice, corticospinal tract is absent, corticotectal and pontine projections are severely reduced, and Ctip2 expression is lost in the cortex, placing Ctip2 downstream of Fezf2. Fezl knockout mouse, axon tract tracing, molecular marker analysis Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America High 16284245
2005 Zfp312 (FEZF2) misexpression in cortically projecting neurons of layers II/III induces expression of Tbr1 (a deep-layer transcription factor) and formation of ectopic subcortical axonal projections, demonstrating its sufficiency to redirect axonal identity; siRNA knockdown reduces subcortical projections and alters dendritic morphology of deep-layer pyramidal neurons. siRNA knockdown, misexpression by in utero electroporation, axon tracing, immunostaining Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America High 16314561
2008 Fezf2 regulates a binary fate decision between subcortical and callosal projection neuron identities; Fezf2-null neurons adopt callosal projection neuron fate (axonal projections, electrophysiology, Satb2 expression). Ctip2 is identified as a major downstream effector of Fezf2 for subcortical axon extension and can rescue axonal phenotype of Fezf2 mutants. Ectopic expression of either Fezf2 or Ctip2 redirects corticocortical neurons to subcortical targets, but Fezf2 can promote subcortical fate even without Ctip2. Fezf2 knockout mouse, axon tracing, electrophysiology, in utero electroporation for ectopic expression, Fezf2/Ctip2 double mutant epistasis Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America High 18678899
2011 TBR1 directly represses Fezf2 transcription by binding to the Fezf2 locus in layer 6 corticothalamic neurons, restricting corticospinal tract origin to layer 5. In Tbr1 null mutants, corticospinal axons ectopically originate from layer 6 in a Fezf2-dependent manner; misexpression of Tbr1 in layer 5 suppresses Fezf2 and abolishes the corticospinal tract. Tbr1 knockout mouse, Fezf2-dependent epistasis, chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) of TBR1 at Fezf2 locus, Tbr1 misexpression Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America High 21285371
2011 TBR1 promotes corticothalamic (layer 6) identity and represses subcerebral (layer 5) fate by reducing Fezf2 and CTIP2 expression. ChIP showed TBR1 binds a conserved region in the Fezf2 gene. Analysis of Fezf2 mutants and Tbr1/Fezf2 compound mutants shows Fezf2 blocks corticothalamic fate in layer 5 by reducing Tbr1 expression in subcerebral neurons — establishing a mutual repression circuit. Tbr1 knockout, Fezf2 knockout, Tbr1/Fezf2 compound mutants, ChIP with TBR1 antibody, ectopic Tbr1 expression, birthdating The Journal of neuroscience : the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience High 21228164
2010 FEZF1 and FEZF2 encode transcriptional repressors containing an Eh1 repressor motif that interacts with Groucho/TLE co-repressors, and they directly bind and repress the Hes5 promoter. In Fezf1/Fezf2-deficient forebrains, Hes5 is upregulated and neurogenin 2 is downregulated; loss of Hes5 suppresses neurogenesis defects, placing Hes5 downstream of Fezf2 in controlling neural stem cell differentiation. Fezf1/Fezf2 double knockout mouse, promoter binding assay, epistasis with Hes5 mutants Development (Cambridge, England) High 20431123
2014 Fezf2 acts as a selector gene for corticospinal motor neuron (CSMN) identity by directly activating Vglut1 (Slc17a7) to specify glutamatergic identity and repressing Gad1 to inhibit a GABAergic fate. Fezf2 also directly activates the axon guidance receptor EphB1, which is required for ipsilateral extension of the corticospinal tract. ChIP-seq, loss-of-function analysis, gene expression analysis of direct Fezf2 targets, axon tracing Nature neuroscience High 24997765
2015 Fezf2 directly regulates tissue-restricted antigen (TRA) genes in medullary thymic epithelial cells (mTECs) independently of Aire. Mice lacking Fezf2 in mTECs develop autoimmune symptoms distinct from those in Aire-deficient mice. Fezf2 and Aire expression are regulated by distinct signaling pathways and promote expression of different classes of TRA proteins. Conditional Fezf2 knockout in mTECs, autoimmune phenotyping, comparison with Aire-KO mice, gene expression analysis Cell High 26544942
2006 In zebrafish, Tof/Fezl (fezf2 ortholog) is required upstream of neurogenin 1 (ngn1) to establish basal forebrain dopaminergic progenitor domains; loss of Tof/Fezl abolishes ngn1-expressing DA progenitor domains, placing Fezf2 upstream of ngn1 in DA neuron specification. Zebrafish loss-of-function (tof/fezl mutant), ngn1 overexpression, epistasis analysis, TH immunostaining Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America High 16549779
2011 Genomic SELEX identified a core consensus DNA binding site for Fezf2. Fezf2 binds these response elements to activate transcription both in vitro and in vivo. eomesa/tbr2 and lhx2b were validated as direct Fezf2 target genes by loss-of-function, gain-of-function, and chromatin immunoprecipitation, revealing Fezf2 can act as a transcription activator. Genomic SELEX, ChIP, loss-of-function and gain-of-function in zebrafish, luciferase reporter assays The Journal of biological chemistry High 21471212
2013 Fezf2-expressing radial glial cells (RGCs) function as multipotent neocortical progenitors that sequentially generate all major projection neuron subtypes and glia throughout cortical development, as demonstrated by in vivo genetic fate mapping. In vivo genetic fate mapping using Fezf2-Cre/reporter mice Neuron High 24314728
2015 SATB2 directly activates transcription of Fezf2 (and Sox5). Mutual regulation between Satb2 and Fezf2 enables Satb2 to promote subcerebral neuron identity in layer 5 and to repress subcerebral characteristics in callosal neurons in a cell-context-dependent manner. ChIP showing SATB2 binding to Fezf2 locus, loss-of-function and overexpression, double mutant analysis Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America High 26324926
2017 LHX2 binds to distal regulatory elements of the Fezf2 locus and interacts with the NuRD complex subunits LSD1, HDAC2, and RBBP4. Loss of LHX2 increases active histone marks at the Fezf2 locus and increases layer 5 Fezf2/CTIP2-expressing neurons; overexpression decreases them, establishing LHX2 as a repressor of Fezf2 acting through chromatin modification. ChIP-seq, co-immunoprecipitation of LHX2 with NuRD subunits, LHX2 knockout and overexpression, histone mark analysis The Journal of neuroscience : the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience High 28053041
2021 FEZF2 functions as a transcriptional repressor to establish subtype-specific identities of both corticothalamic and subcerebral neurons by selectively repressing genes inappropriate for each neuronal subtype. TLE4, expressed in layer 6 corticothalamic neurons, is recruited by FEZF2 to inhibit layer 5 subcerebral neuronal genes. Loss-of-function analysis, gene expression profiling, identification of TLE4 as FEZF2 co-repressor Cell reports Medium 34161768
2014 Fezf2 is required for activating (but not maintaining) bHLH proneural genes ascl1a/1b and neurog1, and homeodomain genes otpb and dlx2 in distinct forebrain progenitor subpopulations, coordinating specification of dopaminergic, serotonergic, and GABAergic neuronal lineages in the zebrafish ventral forebrain. Zebrafish loss-of-function and gain-of-function (fezf2 morpholino/mutant, overexpression), genetic interaction analysis, cell-type marker immunostaining The Journal of neuroscience : the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience Medium 22875928
2014 Multiple conserved non-coding regulatory regions around the Fezf2 locus (a promoter and multiple enhancers) control its expression in cortical progenitors and projection neurons. Four deep-layer transcription factors (identified by ChIP-seq) bind these regulatory regions, providing insight into the upstream regulatory logic of Fezf2 expression. ChIP-seq for four transcription factors, in vivo reporter assays, transgenic enhancer analysis Neural development Medium 24618363
2007 Zebrafish Fezl (fezf2 ortholog) is required for establishing regional subdivisions within the diencephalon; loss of fezl results in deficit of prethalamus and expansion of the zona limitans intrathalamica (ZLI), while overexpression expands prethalamus/telencephalon at the expense of ZLI. This patterning activity is preceded by downregulation of wnt expression in the prospective diencephalon. Zebrafish loss-of-function (morpholino), Gal4-UAS-mediated overexpression, gene expression analysis, genetic interaction with Tcf3/Headless Development (Cambridge, England) Medium 17164418
2014 Fezf2 expression in mature mouse motor cortex marks a distinct subpopulation of layer 5 intratelencephalic projection neurons (IT-PNs) in layer 5A with unique electrophysiological properties (broad adapting action potentials, Ih-mediated voltage sag) and distinct synaptic responses to commissural inputs compared to Fezf2-negative IT-PNs. Fezf2-GFP reporter mouse, in vivo retrograde labeling, whole-cell patch-clamp electrophysiology, morphological reconstruction, cluster analysis The Journal of neuroscience : the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience Medium 24647950
2014 Fezf2 overexpression in SVZ neural stem cells is sufficient to redirect their fate from GABAergic OB interneurons toward glutamatergic pyramidal cell-like neurons, with larger cell bodies, more elaborate dendritic trees, and pyramidal-like firing patterns; this effect is restricted to neural stem cells and does not act on transit-amplifying progenitors or neuroblasts. Lentiviral Fezf2 overexpression in neonatal and adult SVZ, in vivo and in vitro analysis, patch-clamp electrophysiology, molecular marker analysis Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America Medium 25002477
2014 In adult zebrafish telencephalon, heterogeneous Fezf2 expression levels pattern Notch signaling activity: fezf2-GFP-high NSCs are quiescent with high Notch activity, while fezf2-GFP-low NSCs are proliferative with low Notch activity. Conditional impairment of fezf2 disrupts NSC quiescence, and genetic chimera analysis reveals a dose-dependent role of fezf2 in NSC activation. Transgenic fezf2-GFP reporter, conditional fezf2 knockout, single NSC profiling, genetic chimera analysis, Notch pathway reporter analysis The Journal of neuroscience : the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience Medium 25319688
2013 Fezf2 coordinates with Otp, Sim1a, and Foxb1.2 to specify distinct posterior hypothalamic neuron types (Vip- and Uts1-positive) in zebrafish; Fezf2 defines a mammillary area subdomain and is important for early development of the posterior hypothalamus. Zebrafish loss-of-function (morpholino/mutant), marker analysis, genetic interaction analysis Development (Cambridge, England) Medium 23533176
2011 Fezf2 is required for survival/maintenance of vomeronasal organ (VNO) neurons; in Fezf2-deficient mice, VNO neurons degenerate prior to birth, while FEZF1 (closely related) regulates MOE sensory neuron identity. Fezf2 knockout mouse, marker analysis, histological analysis of VNO The Journal of comparative neurology Medium 21452247

Source papers

Stage 0 corpus · 100 papers · ranked by NIH iCite citations
Year Title Journal Citations PMID
2003 A novel MALDI LIFT-TOF/TOF mass spectrometer for proteomics. Analytical and bioanalytical chemistry 521 12830354
2004 Reproducibility of SELDI-TOF protein patterns in serum: comparing datasets from different experiments. Bioinformatics (Oxford, England) 426 14751995
2002 The SELDI-TOF MS approach to proteomics: protein profiling and biomarker identification. Biochemical and biophysical research communications 400 11922607
2005 Fezl is required for the birth and specification of corticospinal motor neurons. Neuron 390 16157277
2019 MIBI-TOF: A multiplexed imaging platform relates cellular phenotypes and tissue structure. Science advances 318 31633026
2015 Fezf2 Orchestrates a Thymic Program of Self-Antigen Expression for Immune Tolerance. Cell 311 26544942
1998 High level multiplex genotyping by MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry. Nature biotechnology 300 9853617
2005 Fezl regulates the differentiation and axon targeting of layer 5 subcortical projection neurons in cerebral cortex. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 286 16284245
2008 The Fezf2-Ctip2 genetic pathway regulates the fate choice of subcortical projection neurons in the developing cerebral cortex. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 279 18678899
2010 An update of MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry in lipid research. Progress in lipid research 212 20643161
2005 Zfp312 is required for subcortical axonal projections and dendritic morphology of deep-layer pyramidal neurons of the cerebral cortex. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 209 16314561
2011 Tbr1 and Fezf2 regulate alternate corticofugal neuronal identities during neocortical development. The Journal of neuroscience : the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience 205 21228164
2011 TBR1 directly represses Fezf2 to control the laminar origin and development of the corticospinal tract. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 163 21285371
1998 Measurement of amide hydrogen exchange by MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry. Analytical chemistry 158 9784743
2007 Reproducibility in protein profiling by MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry. Clinical chemistry 149 17395711
2013 Fezf2 expression identifies a multipotent progenitor for neocortical projection neurons, astrocytes, and oligodendrocytes. Neuron 134 24314728
2014 Gene co-regulation by Fezf2 selects neurotransmitter identity and connectivity of corticospinal neurons. Nature neuroscience 105 24997765
2013 Identification of fungal microorganisms by MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry. Biotechnology advances 100 24211254
2011 Burden of emerging anaerobes in the MALDI-TOF and 16S rRNA gene sequencing era. Anaerobe 100 21672636
1998 Fibronectin adsorption, conformation, and orientation on polystyrene substrates studied by radiolabeling, XPS, and ToF SIMS. Journal of biomedical materials research 98 9641629
2006 SELDI-TOF-MS of saliva: methodology and pre-treatment effects. Journal of chromatography. B, Analytical technologies in the biomedical and life sciences 96 17070117
2010 Hypoxia induces PGC-1α expression and mitochondrial biogenesis in the myocardium of TOF patients. Cell research 86 20368732
2004 DNA analysis by MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry. Human mutation 78 15108274
2006 Neurogenin1 is a determinant of zebrafish basal forebrain dopaminergic neurons and is regulated by the conserved zinc finger protein Tof/Fezl. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 73 16549779
2015 Mutual regulation between Satb2 and Fezf2 promotes subcerebral projection neuron identity in the developing cerebral cortex. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 68 26324926
2010 Zinc finger genes Fezf1 and Fezf2 control neuronal differentiation by repressing Hes5 expression in the forebrain. Development (Cambridge, England) 67 20431123
2007 Patterning the zebrafish diencephalon by the conserved zinc-finger protein Fezl. Development (Cambridge, England) 67 17164418
2016 Applications of MALDI-TOF MS in environmental microbiology. The Analyst 65 27072574
2011 Evaluation of MALDI-TOF MS as a tool for high-throughput dereplication. Journal of microbiological methods 64 21699925
2009 Formation and patterning of the forebrain and olfactory system by zinc-finger genes Fezf1 and Fezf2. Development, growth & differentiation 64 19222525
2017 LHX2 Interacts with the NuRD Complex and Regulates Cortical Neuron Subtype Determinants Fezf2 and Sox11. The Journal of neuroscience : the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience 62 28053041
2005 Strategies to study human serum transferrin isoforms using integrated liquid chromatography ICPMS, MALDI-TOF, and ESI-Q-TOF detection: application to chronic alcohol abuse. Analytical chemistry 59 16131073
2012 Lipidomics of intact mitochondria by MALDI-TOF/MS. Journal of lipid research 52 22556215
2016 MALDI-TOF-Based Dermatophyte Identification. Mycopathologia 51 27734185
2015 Latest applications of 3D ToF-SIMS bio-imaging. Biointerphases 49 25708631
2012 Multiplex detection of protein toxins using MALDI-TOF-TOF tandem mass spectrometry: application in unambiguous toxin detection from bioaerosol. Analytical chemistry 44 23083074
2007 Validated MALDI-TOF/TOF mass spectra for protein standards. Journal of the American Society for Mass Spectrometry 44 17329120
2005 Optimization of a MALDI TOF-TOF mass spectrometer for intact protein analysis. Journal of the American Society for Mass Spectrometry 44 15792717
2020 Investigation of Inter- and Intratumoral Heterogeneity of Glioblastoma Using TOF-SIMS. Molecular & cellular proteomics : MCP 42 32265293
2010 Hepatocellular carcinoma-associated protein markers investigated by MALDI-TOF MS. Molecular medicine reports 41 21472284
2007 Identification of proteinaceous binders used in artworks by MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry. Analytical and bioanalytical chemistry 41 17340079
2007 Fragmentation of multiply-charged intact protein ions using MALDI TOF-TOF mass spectrometry. Journal of the American Society for Mass Spectrometry 40 17693096
2016 Differentiation of environmental aquatic bacterial isolates by MALDI-TOF MS. Environmental research 39 27741451
2008 Combining microdialysis, NanoLC-MS, and MALDI-TOF/TOF to detect neuropeptides secreted in the crab, Cancer borealis. Analytical chemistry 39 18700782
2011 ToF-SIMS imaging and depth profiling of HeLa cells treated with bromodeoxyuridine. Surface and interface analysis : SIA 38 22058579
2010 Characterization of honeybee venom by MALDI-TOF and nanoESI-QqTOF mass spectrometry. Journal of pharmaceutical and biomedical analysis 38 20850943
2005 Identification of tick periviscerokinin, the first neurohormone of Ixodidae: single cell analysis by means of MALDI-TOF/TOF mass spectrometry. Biochemical and biophysical research communications 38 16289040
2007 Salivary protein/peptide profiling with SELDI-TOF-MS. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 37 17435159
2021 Transcriptional repression by FEZF2 restricts alternative identities of cortical projection neurons. Cell reports 35 34161768
2015 Ribosomal protein biomarkers provide root nodule bacterial identification by MALDI-TOF MS. Applied microbiology and biotechnology 35 25776061
2010 The application of MALDI TOF MS in biopharmaceutical research. International journal of pharmaceutics 35 21147205
2023 Advancements in ToF-SIMS imaging for life sciences. Frontiers in chemistry 34 37693171
2013 Specification of posterior hypothalamic neurons requires coordinated activities of Fezf2, Otp, Sim1a and Foxb1.2. Development (Cambridge, England) 34 23533176
2015 Biomarker Characterization by MALDI-TOF/MS. Advances in clinical chemistry 33 25934363
2011 Fezf1 and Fezf2 are required for olfactory development and sensory neuron identity. The Journal of comparative neurology 33 21452247
2011 Homology-Driven Proteomics of Dinoflagellates with Unsequenced Genomes Using MALDI-TOF/TOF and Automated De Novo Sequencing. Evidence-based complementary and alternative medicine : eCAM 32 21977052
2013 Analysis of microarrays by MALDI-TOF MS. Angewandte Chemie (International ed. in English) 30 23757366
2014 Differentiation of Bacillus pumilus and Bacillus safensis using MALDI-TOF-MS. PloS one 29 25314655
2018 Accurate differentiation of novel Staphylococcus argenteus from Staphylococcus aureus using MALDI-TOF MS. Future microbiology 28 29952240
2000 MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry in protein chemistry. EXS 27 10803373
2015 MALDI-TOF typing highlights geographical and fluconazole resistance clusters in Candida glabrata. Medical mycology 26 25841053
2022 Cell and Tissue Imaging by TOF-SIMS and MALDI-TOF: An Overview for Biological and Pharmaceutical Analysis. Microscopy and microanalysis : the official journal of Microscopy Society of America, Microbeam Analysis Society, Microscopical Society of Canada 25 34809729
2015 Multivariate ToF-SIMS image analysis of polymer microarrays and protein adsorption. Biointerphases 25 25708635
2015 Species identification within Acinetobacter calcoaceticus-baumannii complex using MALDI-TOF MS. Journal of microbiological methods 25 26381662
2015 Utility of the MALDI-TOF MS method to identify nontuberculous mycobacteria. Journal of infection and chemotherapy : official journal of the Japan Society of Chemotherapy 25 26603481
2012 Analysis of RNA cleavage by MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry. Nucleic acids research 25 22941655
2009 Development and characterization of cIEF-MALDI-TOF MS for protein analysis. Electrophoresis 25 19391148
2009 Protein content in aqueous humor from patients with pseudoexfoliation (PEX) investigated by capillary LC MALDI-TOF/TOF MS. Proteomics. Clinical applications 25 26238748
2008 Imaging of phosphatidylcholines in the adult rat brain using MALDI-TOF MS. Neuroscience letters 25 19118599
2014 Expression of the developmental transcription factor Fezf2 identifies a distinct subpopulation of layer 5 intratelencephalic-projection neurons in mature mouse motor cortex. The Journal of neuroscience : the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience 24 24647950
2012 Fezf2 regulates multilineage neuronal differentiation through activating basic helix-loop-helix and homeodomain genes in the zebrafish ventral forebrain. The Journal of neuroscience : the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience 24 22875928
2009 fezf2 expression delineates cells with proliferative potential and expressing markers of neural stem cells in the adult zebrafish brain. Gene expression patterns : GEP 24 19524703
2016 Hyphenated LC-MALDI-ToF/ToF and LC-ESI-QToF approach in proteomic characterization of honeybee venom. Journal of pharmaceutical and biomedical analysis 23 26780156
2014 Fast urinary screening of oligosaccharidoses by MALDI-TOF/TOF mass spectrometry. Orphanet journal of rare diseases 23 24502792
2021 Comprehensive analysis of glycosphingolipid glycans by lectin microarrays and MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry. Nature protocols 22 34099941
2014 Heterogeneously expressed fezf2 patterns gradient Notch activity in balancing the quiescence, proliferation, and differentiation of adult neural stem cells. The Journal of neuroscience : the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience 22 25319688
2014 Actinobaculum schaalii: identification with MALDI-TOF. New microbes and new infections 22 25356339
2012 A proteomics study of the induction of somatic embryogenesis in Medicago truncatula using 2DE and MALDI-TOF/TOF. Physiologia plantarum 22 22497501
2010 SELDI-TOF serum proteomics and colorectal cancer: a current overview. Archives of physiology and biochemistry 22 20615064
2017 Identification of Mycobacterium Species by MALDI-TOF Mass Spectrometry. Advances in experimental medicine and biology 21 28623484
2014 Multiple conserved regulatory domains promote Fezf2 expression in the developing cerebral cortex. Neural development 21 24618363
2014 The transcription factor Fezf2 directs the differentiation of neural stem cells in the subventricular zone toward a cortical phenotype. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 20 25002477
1975 Role of the tof gene in the production and perpetuation of the lambdadv plasmid. Molecular & general genetics : MGG 20 1221305
2006 [Research progress in SELDI-TOF MS and its clinical applications]. Sheng wu gong cheng xue bao = Chinese journal of biotechnology 19 17168305
2020 Identification of Photorhabdus symbionts by MALDI-TOF MS. Microbiology (Reading, England) 18 32301690
2019 Graphene quantum dots enhanced ToF-SIMS for single-cell imaging. Analytical and bioanalytical chemistry 18 30796482
2016 Proteome analysis of excretory-secretory proteins of Entamoeba histolytica HM1:IMSS via LC-ESI-MS/MS and LC-MALDI-TOF/TOF. Clinical proteomics 18 27895543
2010 Shotgun mass spectrometry workflow combining IEF and LC-MALDI-TOF/TOF. The protein journal 18 20091422
2009 A search for novel markers of alcohol abuse using magnetic beads and MALDI-TOF/TOF mass spectrometry. Proteomics. Clinical applications 18 21136989
2008 MALDI-TOF/TOF-MS reveals elevated serum haptoglobin and amyloid A in Behcet's disease. Journal of proteome research 18 18754684
2007 Tandem time-of-flight (TOF/TOF) mass spectrometry and the curved-field reflectron. Journal of chromatography. B, Analytical technologies in the biomedical and life sciences 18 17258517
2014 Performance of FBK high-density SiPM technology coupled to Ce:LYSO and Ce:GAGG for TOF-PET. Physics in medicine and biology 17 24487651
2018 Use of MALDI-TOF to characterize staphylococcal intramammary infections in dairy goats. Journal of dairy science 16 29705416
2013 Identification of protein binders in artworks by MALDI-TOF/TOF tandem mass spectrometry. Talanta 16 23708623
2011 Genomic selection identifies vertebrate transcription factor Fezf2 binding sites and target genes. The Journal of biological chemistry 16 21471212
2011 A proteogenomic analysis of Shigella flexneri using 2D LC-MALDI TOF/TOF. BMC genomics 16 22032405
2010 2D-HPLC and MALDI-TOF/TOF analysis of barley proteins glycated during brewing. Journal of chromatography. B, Analytical technologies in the biomedical and life sciences 16 20956095
2007 Method for screening and MALDI-TOF MS sequencing of encoded combinatorial libraries. Analytical chemistry 16 17713965
2005 Enhancing TOF/TOF-based de novo sequencing capability for high throughput protein identification with amino acid-coded mass tagging. Journal of proteome research 16 15707361
2000 MALDI-TOF based mutation detection using tagged in vitro synthesized peptides. Nature biotechnology 16 10625400