Affinage

ELF3

ETS-related transcription factor Elf-3 · UniProt P78545

Length
371 aa
Mass
41.5 kDa
Annotated
2026-04-28
100 papers in source corpus 24 papers cited in narrative 24 extracted findings

Mechanistic narrative

Synthesis pass · prose summary of the discoveries below

ELF3 is an epithelium-restricted ETS transcription factor that coordinates epithelial identity, differentiation, and inflammatory gene expression across diverse tissues. It activates or represses target promoters—including SPRR2A, NOS2, COX-2, COL2A1, HLA-C, IGF1, SLC31A1, and IRF8—by binding ETS motifs directly, and modulates chromatin and co-factor activities through physical interactions with NF-κB p50, SOX9/CBP/p300, androgen receptor, SET8, and MED23 (PMID:9234700, PMID:11036073, PMID:27310669, PMID:33622787). ELF3 enforces the epithelial state by promoting mesenchymal-to-epithelial transition through transcriptional activation of GRHL3 and repression of the EMT factor ZEB1 (PMID:31404945, PMID:30148686). Beyond its nuclear function, ELF3 possesses a cytoplasmic SAR domain that is necessary and sufficient to drive mammary epithelial cell transformation through a transcription-independent mechanism, while forced nuclear localization instead triggers apoptosis (PMID:15169914). ELF3 mRNA is post-transcriptionally regulated by WTAP-mediated m6A modification, linking epitranscriptomic control to ELF3-dependent senescence-associated secretory phenotype programs via IRF8 (PMID:38481803).

Mechanistic history

Synthesis pass · year-by-year structured walk · 12 steps
  1. 1997 High

    Identification of ELF3 as an epithelium-specific ETS factor that directly binds and transactivates the SPRR2A promoter established its fundamental role as a transcriptional activator in epithelial differentiation.

    Evidence DNA binding assays and reporter transactivation in epithelial cells

    PMID:9234700

    Open questions at the time
    • Endogenous target gene repertoire unknown
    • No in vivo loss-of-function data
    • Mechanism of epithelial restriction of expression undefined
  2. 2000 High

    Demonstration that ELF3 physically interacts with NF-κB p50 and synergistically activates the NOS2 promoter revealed its role as a co-activator in inflammatory transcription, extending its function beyond simple ETS-site binding.

    Evidence Co-immunoprecipitation, site-directed mutagenesis of ETS site, reporter assays

    PMID:11036073

    Open questions at the time
    • Whether ELF3-NF-κB interaction is direct or bridged is not resolved at structural level
    • Generality of ELF3-NF-κB cooperativity across other inflammatory promoters untested at that time
  3. 2004 High

    Discovery that ELF3's cytoplasmic SAR domain drives mammary cell transformation independently of transcription, while nuclear ELF3 induces apoptosis, revealed a dual-function architecture separating oncogenic and tumor-suppressive activities by subcellular compartment.

    Evidence Domain deletions, NLS fusions, GFP localization, transformation and apoptosis assays in breast epithelial cells

    PMID:14767472 PMID:15169914

    Open questions at the time
    • Cytoplasmic binding partners and signaling pathway engaged by SAR domain unidentified
    • Structural basis of SAR-mediated transformation unknown
    • Context determining nuclear vs. cytoplasmic localization in tumors undefined
  4. 2005 High

    Showing that ELF3 binds ETS sites in the COX-2 promoter and is required for LPS-induced COX-2 expression in macrophages extended its inflammatory role to prostaglandin signaling and innate immunity.

    Evidence Reporter assays, ETS-site mutagenesis, dominant-negative ELF3, co-transfection with NF-κB/NFAT

    PMID:15794755

    Open questions at the time
    • Direct ChIP at endogenous COX-2 locus not performed in this study
    • Role in myeloid lineage vs. epithelial lineage regulation not delineated
  5. 2008 High

    ChIP-validated binding of ELF3 to the COL2A1 promoter in IL-1β-stimulated chondrocytes, combined with its identification as a potent transcriptional repressor of COL2A1, established ELF3 as a mediator of cartilage matrix destruction in inflammation.

    Evidence ChIP, siRNA, reporter assays in chondrocytes

    PMID:18044710

    Open questions at the time
    • Whether ELF3 repression is direct or via co-repressor recruitment was unresolved at that time
  6. 2011 High

    Elf3-knockout mice revealed a non-epithelial immune function: defective IL-6/IL-12p40 production in dendritic cells skewed T cell differentiation toward Th2, establishing ELF3 as a regulator of innate-adaptive immune crosstalk.

    Evidence Elf3-null mice, OVA sensitization, cytokine measurement, T cell differentiation assays

    PMID:21948981

    Open questions at the time
    • Direct transcriptional targets in dendritic cells not identified by ChIP
    • Whether this reflects a cell-intrinsic DC defect vs. microenvironmental effect not fully resolved
  7. 2013 High

    Identification of ELF3 as a physical interactor and functional repressor of androgen receptor, together with its role as an early regulator of urothelial differentiation upstream of FOXA1 and GRHL3, broadened its activity to hormone-receptor modulation and multi-lineage epithelial specification.

    Evidence Reciprocal Co-IP, ChIP for AR recruitment, xenograft tumor growth (AR); siRNA in normal human urothelial cells with barrier function assays (differentiation)

    PMID:23435425 PMID:24374157

    Open questions at the time
    • Structural basis of ELF3-AR interaction unknown
    • Whether ELF3 regulation of FOXA1 is direct or indirect not determined
  8. 2016 High

    Mapping the ELF3-SOX9 physical interaction to the SOX9 HMG domain and showing that ELF3 inhibits CBP/p300 HAT activity resolved the mechanism of COL2A1 repression in cartilage as co-factor sequestration rather than direct transcriptional silencing.

    Evidence Domain-truncation Co-IP, HAT activity assay, reporter assays in chondrocytes

    PMID:27310669

    Open questions at the time
    • Genome-wide impact of ELF3-mediated CBP/p300 inhibition unknown
    • In vivo cartilage phenotype of ELF3 gain-of-function not tested
  9. 2019 High

    ELF3 was shown to be required for mesenchymal-to-epithelial transition by directly binding and activating the GRHL3 promoter, placing it as a master regulator of MET upstream of the GRHL barrier-function program.

    Evidence siRNA at MET onset, ChIP at Grhl3 promoter, E-cadherin immunofluorescence

    PMID:31404945

    Open questions at the time
    • Whether ELF3 activates GRHL3 in all epithelial MET contexts or only specific lineages unknown
    • Upstream signals activating ELF3 at MET onset not defined
  10. 2021 High

    Discovery that ELF3 binds its own promoter and cooperates with MED23 to drive HLA-C expression on extravillous trophoblasts revealed an autoregulatory loop and linked ELF3 to immune tolerance at the maternal-fetal interface.

    Evidence ChIP-PCR, siRNA, wrenchnolol disruption of ELF3-MED23, ATAC-seq in trophoblasts

    PMID:33622787

    Open questions at the time
    • Structural basis of ELF3-MED23 interaction unknown
    • Whether autoregulatory loop operates in other epithelial contexts untested
  11. 2022 Medium

    Identification of ELF3 as a direct transcriptional activator of IGF1 under hypoxia and of SLC31A1 in kidney injury expanded the target gene repertoire to angiogenesis and copper homeostasis, while demonstration that ELF3 represses ZEB1 confirmed its role as an EMT antagonist.

    Evidence ChIP at IGF1 and SLC31A1 promoters, xenograft angiogenesis models, siRNA with ZEB1 expression analysis

    PMID:30148686 PMID:35695065 PMID:38462020

    Open questions at the time
    • ZEB1 repression mechanism (direct vs. indirect) not resolved
    • Whether SLC31A1 activation is a general ELF3 function or injury-specific unknown
    • Single-lab validation for SLC31A1 and ZEB1 findings
  12. 2024 Medium

    Demonstration that WTAP-mediated m6A modification of ELF3 mRNA controls its expression, and that ELF3 directly activates IRF8 transcription to drive senescence-associated secretory phenotype, established the first post-transcriptional regulatory input and linked ELF3 to cellular aging.

    Evidence MeRIP-seq, WTAP KD/OE, ChIP at IRF8 promoter, in vivo skin aging model

    PMID:38481803

    Open questions at the time
    • Whether m6A regulation of ELF3 operates in non-senescence contexts unknown
    • Reader protein mediating m6A-dependent ELF3 stabilization not identified
    • Single-lab finding awaiting independent confirmation

Open questions

Synthesis pass · forward-looking unresolved questions
  • The cytoplasmic signaling mechanism of the SAR domain, the full genome-wide direct target repertoire determined by unbiased ChIP-seq across epithelial lineages, and the structural basis of ELF3 interactions with its diverse co-regulators remain unresolved.
  • No genome-wide ChIP-seq published defining the complete ELF3 cistrome
  • Cytoplasmic SAR domain effectors and signaling pathway remain unidentified
  • No crystal or cryo-EM structure of ELF3 or its complexes available

Mechanism profile

Synthesis pass · controlled-vocabulary classification · explore literature graph →
Molecular activity
GO:0140110 transcription regulator activity 11 GO:0003677 DNA binding 8
Localization
GO:0005634 nucleus 4 GO:0005829 cytosol 1
Pathway
R-HSA-74160 Gene expression (Transcription) 10 R-HSA-162582 Signal Transduction 4 R-HSA-168256 Immune System 4 R-HSA-1266738 Developmental Biology 3
Partners
ARCREBBPEP300GRHL3MED23NFKB1SET8SOX9

Evidence

Reading pass · 24 per-paper findings extracted from the source corpus
Year Finding Method Journal Conf PMIDs
1997 ELF3 (ESE-1) was identified as an epithelium-specific ETS transcription factor containing an ETS DNA-binding domain and an A/T hook domain; it binds with high affinity to the ETS binding site in the SPRR2A promoter and transactivates SPRR2A and the Endo A enhancer, establishing its role as a transcriptional activator in epithelial differentiation. DNA binding assays, transactivation reporter assays, identification of protein domains Molecular and cellular biology High 9234700
2000 ELF3 (ESE-1) interacts physically with the p50 subunit of NF-κB, and co-transfection of ELF3 with p50 and p65 NF-κB subunits synergistically enhances transactivation of the NOS2 promoter; site-directed mutagenesis of the ELF3 binding site in the NOS2 promoter abolishes ELF3-mediated transactivation. Co-immunoprecipitation, reporter transactivation assays, site-directed mutagenesis, co-transfection The Journal of biological chemistry High 11036073
2000 ELF3 is expressed in mouse corneal epithelium and immortalized human corneal epithelial cells (HCE), is upregulated upon differentiation, transactivates through the regulatory element of cornea-specific K12 keratin, and introduction of ELF3 antisense RNA affects HCE cell differentiation. Reporter transactivation assays, antisense RNA knockdown, immunostaining Mechanisms of development Medium 11025204
2003 ELF3 (Ese-1) functionally cooperates with the largest Skn-1 isoform (Skn-1a) through an N-terminal pointed-like domain in Skn-1a to induce SPRR2A expression during keratinocyte terminal differentiation; this cooperativity is not found for the smaller isoform Skn-1d1. Transfection/reporter assays, domain deletion analysis, co-expression studies The Journal of biological chemistry Medium 12624109
2004 ELF3 (ESE-1) protein localizes to the cytoplasm in human breast cancer cells; its unique serine- and aspartic acid-rich (SAR) domain, acting in the cytoplasm, is necessary and sufficient to mediate mammary epithelial cell transformation via a non-transcriptional mechanism; nuclear targeting of ELF3 instead induces apoptosis via a transcription-dependent mechanism. Stable transfection, GFP localization, domain deletion and nuclear localization signal fusion, transformation assays, apoptosis assays Molecular and cellular biology High 15169914
2004 Stable overexpression of ELF3 (ESX) in MCF-12A mammary epithelial cells induces EGF-independent proliferation, serum-independent MAPK phosphorylation, growth in soft agar, increased cell motility and invasion, and epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition, demonstrating that ELF3 alone can confer transformation and an in vitro metastatic phenotype. Stable transfection, colony formation, soft agar assay, invasion assay, 3D culture morphology Oncogene High 14767472
2005 ELF3 (ESE-1) binds to several ETS sites on the COX-2 promoter in monocytes/macrophages and activates COX-2 expression in response to LPS; mutation of ETS sites in the COX-2 promoter or overexpression of a dominant-negative ESE-1 inhibits LPS-mediated COX-2 induction; the effect is further enhanced by cooperation with NF-κB and NFAT. Reporter assays, mutagenesis of ETS sites, dominant-negative overexpression, co-transfection The FEBS journal High 15794755
2008 ELF3 (ESE-1) is induced in chondrocytes by IL-1β and binds to tandem ETS sites at -403/-381 bp on the COL2A1 promoter (confirmed by ChIP), acting as a potent transcriptional suppressor of COL2A1 promoter activity; this is specific to ELF3 among ETS factors tested and accounts for sustained NF-κB-dependent inhibition of COL2A1 by IL-1β. Transient transfection reporter assays, siRNA knockdown, ChIP, promoter deletion analysis Journal of cellular physiology High 18044710
2008 ELF3 negatively regulates MMP-9 promoter activity via an ETS binding site, suppressing MMP-9 expression and invasion activity in oral squamous cell carcinoma cells. Transfection, luciferase reporter assay, mutation analysis, gelatin zymography, invasion assay Oral diseases Medium 18302674
2011 Elf3-knockout mice show impaired IL-6 and IL-12p40 production in dendritic cells in response to inflammatory stimuli, resulting in defective Th1 priming and exaggerated Th2 differentiation, establishing ELF3 as a regulator of dendritic cell-driven T cell differentiation in allergic airway inflammation. Elf3 knockout mouse model, cytokine measurement, T cell differentiation assays, in vivo OVA sensitization Journal of immunology High 21948981
2011 ELF3 maps downstream of CCA1 in the circadian clock: CCA1 represses ELF3 by directly binding its promoter; ELF3 in turn mediates repression of PIF4 and PIF5 to control hypocotyl elongation; CCA1 and ELF3 also cooperate or act in parallel through the CONSTANS/FT pathway in flowering regulation. ChIP, genetic epistasis, promoter binding, qRT-PCR, double-mutant analysis Plant physiology High 22190341
2013 ELF3 physically interacts with androgen receptor (AR) and represses AR transcriptional activity; this interaction inhibits AR recruitment to androgen response elements in target gene promoters; ELF3 knockdown increases AR activity and promotes cell migration, while ELF3 overexpression inhibits tumor growth in vitro and in xenograft models. Reporter transfection assays, co-immunoprecipitation, ChIP, siRNA knockdown, xenograft model Oncogene High 23435425
2013 ELF3 is identified as an early transcriptional regulator of human urothelial differentiation; ELF3 knockdown in normal human urothelial (NHU) cells reduces expression of FOXA1 and GRHL3 transcription factors in response to PPARγ activation, impairs uroplakin 3a expression, and compromises development and regeneration of urothelial barrier function. siRNA knockdown, gene expression analysis, barrier function assay, immunohistochemistry Developmental biology Medium 24374157
2016 ELF3 silencing in normal human epithelial cells enhances their motility and invasion, establishing ELF3 as a functional tumor suppressor with a direct role in restricting epithelial cell migration. siRNA silencing, motility and invasion assays in human epithelial cells Cancer cell Medium 26806338
2016 ELF3 represses COL2A1 transcription in chondrocytes by interfering with CBP/p300 and SOX9 activator functions: ELF3 directly interacts with the HMG domain of SOX9 and overexpression of ELF3 significantly decreases SOX9/CBP-dependent histone acetyltransferase (HAT) activity. Co-transfection, co-immunoprecipitation (truncated Sox9 fragments), HAT activity assay, reporter assays Connective tissue research High 27310669
2019 ELF3 (Elf3) induces upregulation of the TGF-β receptor II (RII) in cultured podocytes upon AGE stimulation and subsequently activates Smad3 signaling leading to podocyte injury; AGE treatment also induces secretion of Elf3-containing exosomes from podocytes dependent on TGF-β-Smad3 signaling. siRNA/overexpression, Western blotting, Smad3 knockout mice, exosome isolation, urine assays in patients PloS one Medium 31150422
2019 ELF3 is required for mesenchymal-to-epithelial transition (MET): depletion of Elf3 at MET onset impairs progression to epithelial state with loss of E-cadherin at the plasma membrane; during MET, ELF3 binds the Grhl3 promoter and activates its expression. siRNA knockdown, immunofluorescence, ChIP/promoter binding, cell morphology assays Cells High 31404945
2020 ELF3 interacts with the histone methyltransferase SET8 and both ELF3 and H4K20me1 (the SET8 downstream mark) are enriched at the MARK4 promoter; in high glucose conditions, ELF3 upregulation combined with SET8 downregulation drives MARK4 expression and NLRP3 inflammasome activation in vascular endothelial cells. Co-immunoprecipitation, ChIP, luciferase reporter assay, siRNA, overexpression Cell death & disease Medium 32439949
2021 ELF3 binds to the HLA-C proximal promoter and is required for high-level HLA-C expression on extravillous trophoblasts; ELF3 also binds its own promoter creating an autoregulatory feedback loop; ELF3 cooperates with its coactivator MED23, and disruption of ELF3-MED23 interaction by wrenchnolol downregulates HLA-C expression. ChIP-PCR, siRNA knockdown, wrenchnolol treatment, ATAC-seq, JQ1 treatment Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America High 33622787
2022 ELF3 functions as a transcription factor for IGF1: under hypoxia in ovarian cancer cells, ELF3 drives transcription of IGF1, increasing IGF1 and VEGF secretion, promoting endothelial cell proliferation, migration, and tumor angiogenesis; ELF3 silencing attenuates angiogenesis in ex vivo and xenograft models. siRNA knockdown, reporter assay, ChIP, ex vivo angiogenesis assay, xenograft model EMBO reports High 35695065
2022 ELF3 directly binds the SLC31A1 (copper transporter) promoter and transcriptionally activates SLC31A1 expression, leading to copper imbalance, cuproptosis, and mitochondrial dysfunction in cisplatin-induced acute kidney injury. Luciferase reporter assay, ChIP, siRNA knockdown, overexpression, in vivo AKI mouse model Chemico-biological interactions Medium 38462020
2022 ELF3 acts as an antagonist of ZEB1 (EMT-TF) expression: ELF3 expression is reduced in response to Wnt and RAS oncogenic signaling and its loss correlates with increased ZEB1 and EMT markers in colorectal cancer; ELF3 loss-of-function (siRNA) increases ZEB1 expression. RNA-Seq, siRNA knockdown, Western blotting, tumor panel IHC, TCGA analysis Cancer biology & therapy Medium 30148686
2023 ELF3 expression is induced synergistically by IL-17A and TNF in synovial fibroblasts via NF-κB signaling and requires IκBζ synthesis; ELF3 in turn drives expression of cytokines and matrix metalloproteinases, and overexpression of ELF3 or IκBζ synergizes with TNF to upregulate CCL8. siRNA knockdown, overexpression, signaling inhibitors, qRT-PCR, co-transfection in HEK293 cells Rheumatology (Oxford, England) Medium 35792833
2024 WTAP m6A methyltransferase directly targets ELF3 mRNA and promotes its expression in an m6A-dependent manner during cellular senescence; ELF3 then drives senescence-associated secretory phenotype (SASP) by directly binding the IRF8 promoter at a specific site (-817 to -804) and activating IRF8 transcription. m6A sequencing/MeRIP, WTAP KD/OE, ELF3 KD/OE, ChIP/luciferase reporter for IRF8 promoter binding, proteomics, in vivo skin aging model International journal of biological sciences Medium 38481803

Source papers

Stage 0 corpus · 100 papers · ranked by NIH iCite citations
Year Title Journal Citations PMID
2020 A prion-like domain in ELF3 functions as a thermosensor in Arabidopsis. Nature 465 32848244
2015 Mycobacterium tuberculosis Differentially Activates cGAS- and Inflammasome-Dependent Intracellular Immune Responses through ESX-1. Cell host & microbe 331 26048138
2008 COP1 and ELF3 control circadian function and photoperiodic flowering by regulating GI stability. Molecular cell 321 19061637
1997 Isolation and characterization of a novel epithelium-specific transcription factor, ESE-1, a member of the ets family. Molecular and cellular biology 200 9234700
2009 ESX/type VII secretion systems and their role in host-pathogen interaction. Current opinion in microbiology 193 19155186
2017 Mycobacterial ESX-1 secretion system mediates host cell lysis through bacterium contact-dependent gross membrane disruptions. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 189 28119503
1996 The Arabidopsis ELF3 gene regulates vegetative photomorphogenesis and the photoperiodic induction of flowering. The Plant journal : for cell and molecular biology 178 8893545
2016 Separable roles for Mycobacterium tuberculosis ESX-3 effectors in iron acquisition and virulence. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 168 26729876
2008 ESX-1-dependent cytolysis in lysosome secretion and inflammasome activation during mycobacterial infection. Cellular microbiology 162 18503637
2007 A mycobacterium ESX-1-secreted virulence factor with unique requirements for export. PLoS pathogens 160 17676952
2011 CCA1 and ELF3 Interact in the control of hypocotyl length and flowering time in Arabidopsis. Plant physiology 153 22190341
2016 Genomic Sequencing Identifies ELF3 as a Driver of Ampullary Carcinoma. Cancer cell 143 26806338
2010 Host-detrimental role of Esx-1-mediated inflammasome activation in mycobacterial infection. PLoS pathogens 123 20463815
2016 Ampullary Cancers Harbor ELF3 Tumor Suppressor Gene Mutations and Exhibit Frequent WNT Dysregulation. Cell reports 113 26804919
2013 ESX-1-induced apoptosis is involved in cell-to-cell spread of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Cellular microbiology 112 23848406
2008 The specialized secretory apparatus ESX-1 is essential for DNA transfer in Mycobacterium smegmatis. Molecular microbiology 111 18554329
2012 Strong immunogenicity and cross-reactivity of Mycobacterium tuberculosis ESX-5 type VII secretion: encoded PE-PPE proteins predicts vaccine potential. Cell host & microbe 99 22520463
2018 ELF3, ELF5, EHF and SPDEF Transcription Factors in Tissue Homeostasis and Cancer. Molecules (Basel, Switzerland) 97 30200227
2017 Recombinant BCG Expressing ESX-1 of Mycobacterium marinum Combines Low Virulence with Cytosolic Immune Signaling and Improved TB Protection. Cell reports 97 28297677
2009 Polar localization of virulence-related Esx-1 secretion in mycobacteria. PLoS pathogens 92 19180234
2000 ESE-1 is a novel transcriptional mediator of inflammation that interacts with NF-kappa B to regulate the inducible nitric-oxide synthase gene. The Journal of biological chemistry 88 11036073
2018 Two B-Box Domain Proteins, BBX18 and BBX23, Interact with ELF3 and Regulate Thermomorphogenesis in Arabidopsis. Cell reports 83 30428343
2018 CircHIPK3 promotes proliferation and invasion in nasopharyngeal carcinoma by abrogating miR-4288-induced ELF3 inhibition. Journal of cellular physiology 81 30070690
2000 Independent action of ELF3 and phyB to control hypocotyl elongation and flowering time. Plant physiology 77 10759510
1995 Xa receptor EPR-1. FASEB journal : official publication of the Federation of American Societies for Experimental Biology 76 7615156
2020 High glucose mediates NLRP3 inflammasome activation via upregulation of ELF3 expression. Cell death & disease 75 32439949
2011 Multiple roles of the epithelium-specific ETS transcription factor, ESE-1, in development and disease. Laboratory investigation; a journal of technical methods and pathology 72 22157719
2015 Structure of EspB from the ESX-1 type VII secretion system and insights into its export mechanism. Structure (London, England : 1993) 71 25684576
2019 The Mycobacterium marinum ESX-1 system mediates phagosomal permeabilization and type I interferon production via separable mechanisms. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 66 31879349
2021 Bone marrow mesenchymal stem cell-derived exosomal miR-206 promotes osteoblast proliferation and differentiation in osteoarthritis by reducing Elf3. Journal of cellular and molecular medicine 63 34160894
2019 Impaired autophagic and mitochondrial functions are partially restored by ERT in Gaucher and Fabry diseases. PloS one 63 30633777
2019 The structure of the endogenous ESX-3 secretion system. eLife 63 31886769
2021 XBAT31 regulates thermoresponsive hypocotyl growth through mediating degradation of the thermosensor ELF3 in Arabidopsis. Science advances 62 33962946
2010 ESAT-6 secretion-independent impact of ESX-1 genes espF and espG1 on virulence of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. The Journal of infectious diseases 60 21196469
2012 Infantile Pompe disease on ERT: update on clinical presentation, musculoskeletal management, and exercise considerations. American journal of medical genetics. Part C, Seminars in medical genetics 59 22252989
2020 LncRNA NEAT1 facilitates pancreatic cancer growth and metastasis through stabilizing ELF3 mRNA. American journal of cancer research 58 32064164
2016 The plasmid-mediated evolution of the mycobacterial ESX (Type VII) secretion systems. BMC evolutionary biology 57 26979252
2020 Integrated genomic analysis reveals mutated ELF3 as a potential gallbladder cancer vaccine candidate. Nature communications 53 32839463
2015 ESX/type VII secretion systems of mycobacteria: Insights into evolution, pathogenicity and protection. Tuberculosis (Edinburgh, Scotland) 53 25732627
2004 ESX induces transformation and functional epithelial to mesenchymal transition in MCF-12A mammary epithelial cells. Oncogene 53 14767472
2019 Epithelial tumor suppressor ELF3 is a lineage-specific amplified oncogene in lung adenocarcinoma. Nature communications 52 31780666
2005 The Ets transcription factor ESE-1 mediates induction of the COX-2 gene by LPS in monocytes. The FEBS journal 51 15794755
2016 Phosphate starvation: a novel signal that triggers ESX-5 secretion in Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Molecular microbiology 49 26800324
2004 The ETS transcription factor ESE-1 transforms MCF-12A human mammary epithelial cells via a novel cytoplasmic mechanism. Molecular and cellular biology 49 15169914
2008 ESE-1 is a potent repressor of type II collagen gene (COL2A1) transcription in human chondrocytes. Journal of cellular physiology 46 18044710
2022 LncRNA ELF3-AS1 inhibits gastric cancer by forming a negative feedback loop with SNAI2 and regulates ELF3 mRNA stability via interacting with ILF2/ILF3 complex. Journal of experimental & clinical cancer research : CR 45 36457025
2015 A Duplicated ESAT-6 Region of ESX-5 Is Involved in Protein Export and Virulence of Mycobacteria. Infection and immunity 45 26303392
2013 Identification of ELF3 as an early transcriptional regulator of human urothelium. Developmental biology 45 24374157
2000 Ets family transcription factor ESE-1 is expressed in corneal epithelial cells and is involved in their differentiation. Mechanisms of development 43 11025204
2016 Modular Organization of the ESX-5 Secretion System in Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Frontiers in cellular and infection microbiology 42 27200304
2022 The C terminus of the mycobacterium ESX-1 secretion system substrate ESAT-6 is required for phagosomal membrane damage and virulence. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 41 35271388
2019 Involvement of Elf3 on Smad3 activation-dependent injuries in podocytes and excretion of urinary exosome in diabetic nephropathy. PloS one 41 31150422
2011 Developmental validation of the PowerPlex® ESX 16 and PowerPlex® ESX 17 Systems. Forensic science international. Genetics 38 21466982
2022 Proteo-genetic analysis reveals clear hierarchy of ESX-1 secretion in Mycobacterium marinum. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 37 35671426
2019 The Transcription Factor Elf3 Is Essential for a Successful Mesenchymal to Epithelial Transition. Cells 36 31404945
2013 ESX-1-induced apoptosis during mycobacterial infection: to be or not to be, that is the question. Frontiers in cellular and infection microbiology 36 24364000
2022 Hypoxia-induced ELF3 promotes tumor angiogenesis through IGF1/IGF1R. EMBO reports 35 35695065
2016 ELF3 modulates type II collagen gene (COL2A1) transcription in chondrocytes by inhibiting SOX9-CBP/p300-driven histone acetyltransferase activity. Connective tissue research 35 27310669
2021 Pore-forming Esx proteins mediate toxin secretion by Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Nature communications 33 33452244
2017 Esx Systems and the Mycobacterial Cell Envelope: What's the Connection? Journal of bacteriology 32 28461452
2020 Modeling Tubercular ESX-1 Secretion Using Mycobacterium marinum. Microbiology and molecular biology reviews : MMBR 31 32878966
2003 Distinct functional interactions of human Skn-1 isoforms with Ese-1 during keratinocyte terminal differentiation. The Journal of biological chemistry 31 12624109
2020 ESX secretion system: The gatekeepers of mycobacterial survivability and pathogenesis. European journal of microbiology & immunology 30 33174865
2024 The copper transporter, SLC31A1, transcriptionally activated by ELF3, imbalances copper homeostasis to exacerbate cisplatin-induced acute kidney injury through mitochondrial dysfunction. Chemico-biological interactions 29 38462020
2023 The ELF3 transcription factor is associated with an epithelial phenotype and represses epithelial-mesenchymal transition. Journal of biological engineering 29 36864480
2016 Durable and sustained immune tolerance to ERT in Pompe disease with entrenched immune responses. JCI insight 29 27493997
2019 A New ESX-1 Substrate in Mycobacterium marinum That Is Required for Hemolysis but Not Host Cell Lysis. Journal of bacteriology 28 30833360
2015 Epithelial-specific ETS-1 (ESE1/ELF3) regulates apoptosis of intestinal epithelial cells in ulcerative colitis via accelerating NF-κB activation. Immunologic research 28 25926267
2016 Discovery of the type VII ESX-1 secretion needle? Molecular microbiology 27 27859892
2008 Characterization of Rv3868, an essential hypothetical protein of the ESX-1 secretion system in Mycobacterium tuberculosis. The Journal of biological chemistry 27 18974091
2019 Fabry's disease and stroke: Effectiveness of enzyme replacement therapy (ERT) in stroke prevention, a review with meta-analysis. Journal of clinical neuroscience : official journal of the Neurosurgical Society of Australasia 25 30955952
2014 EspI regulates the ESX-1 secretion system in response to ATP levels in Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Molecular microbiology 25 25039394
2009 OsEF3, a homologous gene of Arabidopsis ELF3, has pleiotropic effects in rice. Plant biology (Stuttgart, Germany) 25 19689783
2023 Netrin-1 feedforward mechanism promotes pancreatic cancer liver metastasis via hepatic stellate cell activation, retinoid, and ELF3 signaling. Cell reports 24 37922311
2013 ELF3 is a repressor of androgen receptor action in prostate cancer cells. Oncogene 24 23435425
2020 PE5-PPE4-EspG3 heterotrimer structure from mycobacterial ESX-3 secretion system gives insight into cognate substrate recognition by ESX systems. The Journal of biological chemistry 23 32675282
2018 Direct cell-cell contact activates SigM to express the ESX-4 secretion system in Mycobacterium smegmatis. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 23 29941598
2012 Polar assembly and scaffolding proteins of the virulence-associated ESX-1 secretory apparatus in mycobacteria. Molecular microbiology 23 22233444
2008 ESE-1 inhibits the invasion of oral squamous cell carcinoma in conjunction with MMP-9 suppression. Oral diseases 23 18302674
2023 IL-17A and TNF synergistically drive expression of proinflammatory mediators in synovial fibroblasts via IκBζ-dependent induction of ELF3. Rheumatology (Oxford, England) 22 35792833
2015 Gibberellin driven growth in elf3 mutants requires PIF4 and PIF5. Plant signaling & behavior 22 25738547
2011 Elf3 regulates allergic airway inflammation by controlling dendritic cell-driven T cell differentiation. Journal of immunology (Baltimore, Md. : 1950) 22 21948981
2022 Downregulation of LINC00886 facilitates epithelial-mesenchymal transition through SIRT7/ELF3/miR-144 pathway in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma. Clinical & experimental metastasis 21 35616822
2017 Staphylococcus aureus Esx Factors Control Human Dendritic Cell Functions Conditioning Th1/Th17 Response. Frontiers in cellular and infection microbiology 21 28785545
2021 ELF3 activated by a superenhancer and an autoregulatory feedback loop is required for high-level HLA-C expression on extravillous trophoblasts. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 20 33622787
2020 The ESX-1 Virulence Factors Downregulate miR-147-3p in Mycobacterium marinum-Infected Macrophages. Infection and immunity 20 32253249
2018 Esx Paralogs Are Functionally Equivalent to ESX-1 Proteins but Are Dispensable for Virulence in Mycobacterium marinum. Journal of bacteriology 20 29555701
2018 ELF3 is an antagonist of oncogenic-signalling-induced expression of EMT-TF ZEB1. Cancer biology & therapy 20 30148686
2024 The function of the ELF3 gene and its mechanism in cancers. Life sciences 19 38614305
2016 PIF4 and ELF3 Act Independently in Arabidopsis thaliana Thermoresponsive Flowering. PloS one 19 27564448
2011 Mapping of ESE-1 subdomains required to initiate mammary epithelial cell transformation via a cytoplasmic mechanism. Molecular cancer 19 21871131
2022 The ESX-1 Substrate PPE68 Has a Key Function in ESX-1-Mediated Secretion in Mycobacterium marinum. mBio 18 36409073
2018 E74-Like Factor (ELF3) and Leptin, a Novel Loop Between Obesity and Inflammation Perpetuating a Pro-Catabolic State in Cartilage. Cellular physiology and biochemistry : international journal of experimental cellular physiology, biochemistry, and pharmacology 18 29550824
2018 The lncRNA ELF3-AS1 promotes bladder cancer progression by interaction with Krüppel-like factor 8. Biochemical and biophysical research communications 18 30528231
2016 Listeria monocytogenes encodes a functional ESX-1 secretion system whose expression is detrimental to in vivo infection. Virulence 18 27723420
2021 Crosstalk between the ancestral type VII secretion system ESX-4 and other T7SS in Mycobacterium marinum. iScience 17 35005535
2024 WTAP Mediated N6-methyladenosine RNA Modification of ELF3 Drives Cellular Senescence by Upregulating IRF8. International journal of biological sciences 16 38481803
2023 An integrative epigenomic approach identifies ELF3 as an oncogenic regulator in ASCL1-positive neuroendocrine carcinoma. Cancer science 16 36840413
2021 Priming mycobacterial ESX-secreted protein B to form a channel-like structure. Current research in structural biology 16 34337436
2014 Epithelium-Specific ETS (ESE)-1 upregulated GP73 expression in hepatocellular carcinoma cells. Cell & bioscience 16 25530841