Affinage

E4F1

Transcription factor E4F1 · UniProt Q66K89

Length
784 aa
Mass
83.5 kDa
Annotated
2026-04-28
36 papers in source corpus 23 papers cited in narrative 23 extracted findings

Mechanistic narrative

Synthesis pass · prose summary of the discoveries below

E4F1 is a zinc-finger transcription factor and atypical ubiquitin ligase that integrates metabolic homeostasis, DNA damage checkpoint signaling, chromatin remodeling, and stem cell maintenance. As a transcription factor, E4F1 directly binds promoters of genes controlling pyruvate dehydrogenase complex activity (Dlat, Dld, Mpc1, Slc25a19), the ATR/CHK1 checkpoint axis (Chek1, TTI2, PPP5C), and Elongator-mediated tRNA modification (Elp3), coupling acetyl-CoA production to translational fidelity during neuronal development (PMID:27621446, PMID:25843721, PMID:36012478, PMID:39747033). E4F1 also functions as an atypical E3 ubiquitin ligase that oligo-ubiquitylates p53 on hinge-region lysines distinct from Hdm2 targets, generating chromatin-associated Ub-p53 species that selectively activate cell-cycle arrest rather than apoptosis (PMID:17110336). Beyond transcription and ubiquitylation, E4F1 is recruited to DNA double-strand breaks in a PARP-dependent manner and facilitates homologous recombination by mediating BRG1/SMARCA4 chromatin-remodeler recruitment, while also physically stabilizing CHK1 protein against proteasomal degradation (PMID:33692124, PMID:25843717).

Mechanistic history

Synthesis pass · year-by-year structured walk · 13 steps
  1. 1987 High

    Identification of E4F1 as a sequence-specific DNA-binding factor required for adenovirus E4 promoter transcription established its founding activity as a transcriptional regulator.

    Evidence In vitro transcription and DNA-binding assays with site-directed mutagenesis of E4 promoter elements

    PMID:2956091

    Open questions at the time
    • Cellular gene targets unknown
    • No information on endogenous function
  2. 1989 High

    Demonstration that E4F DNA-binding activity requires phosphorylation—abolished by phosphatase and restored by viral extract—revealed post-translational regulation as a key control mechanism.

    Evidence Alkaline phosphatase inactivation and rescue with adenovirus-infected cell extract; purification as 50 kDa polypeptide

    PMID:2545525

    Open questions at the time
    • Kinase identity unknown
    • Phosphorylation sites not mapped
  3. 1997 High

    Cloning the full-length 783-residue E4F1 protein and showing that the 50 kDa form is an N-terminal cleavage product with distinct phosphorylation-dependent regulation resolved the molecular identity of the two E4F species.

    Evidence Expression cloning, immunological characterization, phosphatase sensitivity assays, transient transfection

    PMID:9121437

    Open questions at the time
    • Protease responsible for p50 generation not identified
    • Relative functions of p50 vs p120 in endogenous context unclear
  4. 2004 High

    Discovery that E4F1 knockout mice die at peri-implantation with chromosomal missegregation and that E4F1 localizes to the mitotic spindle demonstrated an essential cell-autonomous role beyond transcription.

    Evidence Gene targeting in mice, live-cell imaging/immunofluorescence of spindle localization, blastocyst culture

    PMID:15226446

    Open questions at the time
    • Mechanism of spindle association unknown
    • Whether mitotic role is direct or transcription-dependent not resolved
  5. 2006 High

    Identification of E4F1 as an atypical E3 ubiquitin ligase that oligo-ubiquitylates p53 on hinge-region lysines, producing chromatin-associated Ub-p53 that drives cell-cycle arrest rather than apoptosis, revealed a second enzymatic activity distinct from its transcription factor function.

    Evidence In vitro ubiquitylation reconstitution, p53 lysine mutagenesis, chromatin fractionation, transcriptional reporter assays

    PMID:17110336

    Open questions at the time
    • Structural basis of E3 activity not determined
    • Ubiquitin chain topology not fully characterized
    • In vivo physiological importance of Ub-p53 pathway not genetically tested
  6. 2006 High

    Physical and genetic interaction with BMI1 in hematopoietic cells—where E4F1 knockdown rescues Bmi1−/− stem cell defects independently of INK4A/ARF and p53—placed E4F1 in the polycomb pathway controlling stem cell self-renewal.

    Evidence Co-immunoprecipitation, shRNA knockdown, hematopoietic transplantation and colony assays in Bmi1−/− cells

    PMID:16882984

    Open questions at the time
    • Nature of E4F1-BMI1 antagonism at chromatin level unresolved
    • Direct transcriptional targets mediating rescue unknown
  7. 2010 High

    Conditional knockout in basal keratinocytes showed E4F1 is required for epidermal stem cell maintenance and that its loss is rescued by Bmi1 overexpression or Ink4a/Arf/p53 deletion, extending the E4F1-BMI1-p53 axis to somatic stem cell compartments.

    Evidence Conditional KO mouse, ex vivo clonogenic assays, genetic rescue experiments

    PMID:21088222

    Open questions at the time
    • Whether metabolic or checkpoint targets mediate the stem cell phenotype not dissected
  8. 2015 High

    ChIP-seq and functional studies revealed that E4F1 directly controls Chek1 transcription and physically stabilizes CHK1 protein from degradation, unifying its checkpoint and DNA damage roles through dual transcriptional and post-translational control of a single target.

    Evidence ChIP-seq, conditional KO, ectopic Chek1 rescue of hematopoietic phenotype, co-immunoprecipitation

    PMID:25843717 PMID:25843721

    Open questions at the time
    • Mechanism by which E4F1 prevents CHK1 proteasomal degradation not defined
    • Whether E4F1 ubiquitylates CHK1 or acts as a scaffold not tested
  9. 2016 High

    Identification of Dlat, Dld, Mpc1, and Slc25a19 as direct E4F1 targets established E4F1 as a master transcriptional regulator of pyruvate dehydrogenase complex activity and mitochondrial pyruvate oxidation, explaining the metabolic defects seen upon E4F1 loss.

    Evidence ChIP-seq, muscle-specific conditional KO, PDH enzymatic activity assays, metabolic flux analysis, pharmacological and dietary rescue

    PMID:27621431 PMID:27621446

    Open questions at the time
    • How E4F1 selectivity for metabolic vs checkpoint gene promoters is determined remains unclear
    • No structural basis for promoter recognition
  10. 2021 High

    Demonstration that E4F1 is recruited to DNA double-strand breaks in a PARP-dependent manner and mediates BRG1/SMARCA4 recruitment to promote homologous recombination revealed a direct chromatin-remodeling function at damage sites, beyond transcriptional checkpoint control.

    Evidence Live-cell DSB recruitment imaging, co-immunoprecipitation of E4F1-BRG1-PARP-1 complex, HR reporter and DNA resection assays

    PMID:33692124

    Open questions at the time
    • Whether the E3 ligase activity is required at DSBs is unknown
    • Structural basis of PARP-dependent recruitment not resolved
  11. 2021 High

    Co-recruitment of E4F1 and p53 to the SCD1 locus in adipocytes, with p53 inactivation rescuing E4F1-KO lipid metabolic phenotypes, demonstrated that E4F1-p53 cooperation extends beyond cell cycle to lipid metabolism regulation.

    Evidence Co-immunoprecipitation, ChIP at SCD1 locus, conditional adipose E4F1 KO mouse, genetic rescue by p53 deletion

    PMID:34857760

    Open questions at the time
    • Whether Ub-p53 or unmodified p53 mediates lipid transcription not distinguished
    • Full set of lipid metabolism targets not mapped
  12. 2022 High

    ChIP-seq in triple-negative breast cancer revealed E4F1 occupancy at CHEK1, TTI2, and PPP5C promoters, showing that E4F1 controls the ATM/ATR-CHK1 axis at multiple nodes and that its depletion sensitizes cancer cells to genotoxic agents.

    Evidence ChIP-seq, RNA-seq, shRNA knockdown, PDX validation, drug sensitivity assays

    PMID:36012478

    Open questions at the time
    • Whether E4F1 is a general vulnerability across cancer types not established
    • Contribution of each individual target to chemosensitization not dissected
  13. 2025 High

    Discovery that E4F1 coordinates acetyl-CoA production (via Dlat) with tRNA wobble uridine acetylation (via Elp3) linked its metabolic and translational roles, showing that E4F1 couples substrate supply to the Elongator tRNA modification pathway essential for neuronal survival.

    Evidence Conditional KO mouse, ChIP at Dlat and Elp3 promoters, tRNA modification and translation fidelity assays, PDH activity measurement

    PMID:39747033

    Open questions at the time
    • Whether E4F1-Elongator coupling operates in non-neuronal tissues is untested
    • Direct E4F1-Elongator physical interaction not demonstrated

Open questions

Synthesis pass · forward-looking unresolved questions
  • How E4F1 integrates its E3 ubiquitin ligase activity, transcriptional functions, and PARP-dependent DSB recruitment through a single protein—and whether these functions are cell-type-specifically partitioned—remains unresolved.
  • No structural model of E4F1 exists
  • The protease generating the p50 form is unidentified
  • Whether the E3 ligase domain is required for DSB repair or transcriptional functions is untested

Mechanism profile

Synthesis pass · controlled-vocabulary classification · explore literature graph →
Molecular activity
GO:0140110 transcription regulator activity 7 GO:0003677 DNA binding 3 GO:0016874 ligase activity 1 GO:0140096 catalytic activity, acting on a protein 1
Localization
GO:0005634 nucleus 3 GO:0005694 chromosome 2 GO:0005856 cytoskeleton 1
Pathway
R-HSA-74160 Gene expression (Transcription) 6 R-HSA-1430728 Metabolism 5 R-HSA-1640170 Cell Cycle 4 R-HSA-73894 DNA Repair 3 R-HSA-5357801 Programmed Cell Death 2 R-HSA-392499 Metabolism of proteins 1
Partners
BMI1CHEK1FHL2LANPPARP1RASSF1ASMARCA4TP53

Evidence

Reading pass · 23 per-paper findings extracted from the source corpus
Year Finding Method Journal Conf PMIDs
1987 E4F1 binds to two sites within the adenovirus E4 enhancer and one site directly upstream of the E4 TATA box, and this binding is required for constitutive transcriptional activity of the E4 promoter in vitro. In vitro transcription assay, DNA-binding assay, site-directed mutagenesis of binding sites The EMBO journal High 2956091
1989 E4F DNA-binding activity is regulated by phosphorylation; alkaline phosphatase treatment abolishes E4F binding activity, and incubation of inactivated E4F with extract from virus-infected cells restores activity. E4F was purified as a single 50 kDa polypeptide. Affinity purification, alkaline phosphatase treatment, in vitro binding assay Genes & development High 2545525
1990 E4F, but not ATF, confers E1A-dependent transcriptional inducibility to the E4 promoter; E4F forms a stable complex with E4 promoter DNA whereas ATF dissociates rapidly, and E4F activity (but not ATF) is markedly increased upon adenovirus infection. Cotransfection assay, DNA-binding competition assay, promoter mutagenesis Molecular and cellular biology High 2169022
1992 E1A-mediated activation of the E4 promoter via E4F is dependent on the carboxy-terminal auxiliary regions (AR1 and AR2) of E1A; activation of E4F, but not ATF-2, requires these regions, placing E4F downstream of E1A CR3/AR elements. Transient transfection assay with E1A deletion mutants, DNA-binding assay The EMBO journal Medium 1387083
1997 E4F is generated as a 50 kDa N-terminal fragment from the full-length 783-amino-acid E4F1 protein (human homolog of murine phiAP3), which contains a zinc finger domain; E1A(13S) differentially regulates the two forms via phosphorylation, stimulating DNA-binding of the 50 kDa fragment while reducing that of the full-length protein. Expression cloning, immunological characterization, phosphatase sensitivity assay, transient transfection Molecular and cellular biology High 9121437
2004 E4F1 (p120 E4F) physically interacts with the tumor suppressor RASSF1A in yeast and mammalian cells, forming a complex in vivo; RASSF1A enhances G1 cell cycle arrest and S-phase inhibition induced by p120(E4F). Yeast two-hybrid, in vitro pull-down, co-immunoprecipitation, siRNA knockdown of RASSF1A, propidium iodide cell cycle analysis Cancer research Medium 14729613
2004 E4F1 is required for mitotic progression during embryonic cell cycles; E4F knockout mice die at peri-implantation stage and E4F-/- blastocysts show chromosomal missegregation and increased apoptosis; E4F localizes to the mitotic spindle during M phase. Gene targeting (knockout mice), live-cell imaging/immunofluorescence of mitotic spindle localization, blastocyst culture Molecular and cellular biology High 15226446
2006 E4F1 is an atypical E3 ubiquitin ligase for p53 that stimulates oligo-ubiquitylation of p53 in its hinge region on lysine residues distinct from those targeted by Hdm2; E4F1-dependent Ub-p53 conjugates are chromatin-associated and promote a p53-dependent transcriptional program leading to cell cycle arrest but not apoptosis. E4F1 and PCAF mediate mutually exclusive modifications at the same lysines. In vitro ubiquitylation assay, co-immunoprecipitation, chromatin fractionation, mutagenesis of p53 lysines, transcriptional reporter assays Cell High 17110336
2006 E4F1 interacts physically and genetically with BMI1 in hematopoietic cells; shRNA knockdown of E4f1 rescues the clonogenic and repopulating defects of Bmi1-/- hematopoietic cells independently of INK4A/ARF and p53. Co-immunoprecipitation, RNA interference knockdown, hematopoietic transplantation assay, colony assay Genes & development High 16882984
2006 Full-length E4F1 (p120) but not its truncated form (p50) directly interacts with the LIM-only protein FHL2 in the nuclear compartment; FHL2 binding inhibits E4F1's capacity to repress transcription and block cell proliferation, and reduces nuclear E4F1-p53 complexes. In vitro pull-down, co-immunoprecipitation, transcriptional reporter assay, cell proliferation assay, subcellular fractionation Oncogene Medium 16652157
2007 E4F1 forms a complex with LANP (an INHAT corepressor) and modulates transcriptional repression; ataxin 1 relieves this repression by competing with E4F1 for LANP binding. Co-immunoprecipitation, transcriptional reporter assay, competition binding assay EMBO reports Medium 17557114
2010 E4F1 is required for epidermal stem cell (ESC) maintenance and skin homeostasis; E4F1 conditional KO in basal keratinocytes depletes the ESC pool; clonogenic potential of E4F1 KO ESCs is rescued by Bmi1 overexpression or Ink4a/Arf or p53 depletion, placing E4F1 in the Bmi1-Arf-p53 pathway. Conditional knockout mouse, ex vivo clonogenic assay, genetic rescue by Bmi1 overexpression and Ink4a/Arf or p53 deletion Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America High 21088222
2011 E4F1 inactivation in myeloid leukemic cells causes mitochondrial defects, increased ROS production, and massive autophagic cell death, without affecting normal primary macrophages; this establishes E4F1 as essential for survival of transformed myeloid cells through mitochondrial function. Cre-mediated conditional E4F1 deletion in mouse leukemia model, ROS measurement, mitochondrial function assay, shRNA in human leukemic cell lines The Journal of experimental medicine High 21708927
2015 E4F1 directly controls transcription of Chek1 (CHK1) and genes involved in mitochondrial function; E4F1 inactivation in p53-deficient transformed cells causes CHK1-dependent checkpoint deficiency, mitochondrial dysfunction, increased ROS, energy stress, inhibition of pyrimidine synthesis, and cell death. ChIP-seq, RNA-seq, conditional E4F1 KO, CHK1 functional assays, metabolic measurements (ROS, ATP, pyrimidine synthesis) Cell reports High 25843721
2015 E4F1 physically interacts with and protects CHK1 protein from proteasomal degradation; E4f1-deficient hematopoietic cells accumulate DNA damage and show S-phase and mitotic defects that are fully rescued by ectopic Chek1 expression. Co-immunoprecipitation, conditional E4f1 KO, ectopic Chek1 rescue experiment, DNA damage markers, flow cytometry cell cycle analysis Cell reports High 25843717
2016 E4F1 transcriptionally controls four genes (Dlat, Dld, Mpc1, Slc25a19) involved in pyruvate oxidation; E4F1 loss results in ~80% decrease in pyruvate dehydrogenase (PDH) activity and altered pyruvate metabolism; muscle-specific E4F1 KO mice show low PDH activity, endurance defects, and lactic acidemia rescued by PDH stimulation or ketogenic diet. ChIP-seq, conditional muscle-specific KO mouse, PDH enzymatic activity assay, metabolic flux analysis, pharmacological rescue Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America High 27621446
2016 E4F1 transcriptionally regulates Dlat (E2 subunit of PDH complex) in keratinocytes; E4f1 KO keratinocytes show impaired PDH activity and redirection of glycolytic flux to lactate; shRNA depletion of Dlat recapitulates E4f1 KO defects including impaired clonogenic potential. Conditional KO keratinocytes, PDH activity assay, metabolic flux measurement, shRNA knockdown of Dlat, clonogenic assay Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America High 27621431
2020 The p50E4F1 transcription regulatory region stably associates with E1A289R in vivo via E1A CR3; multiple cellular proteins including TBP bind the p50E4F1 TR region in vitro; trans-activation is promoter-specific and requires both E1A CR3 and N-terminal domains. Co-immunoprecipitation (in vivo), in vitro binding assay with TBP, GAL4-fusion transcriptional assays Gene Medium 32535047
2021 E4F1 is rapidly recruited to DNA double-strand breaks in a PARP-dependent manner, promotes ATR/CHK1 signaling and DNA-end resection, and facilitates homologous recombination; E4F1 binds the chromatin remodeler BRG1/SMARCA4 and together with PARP-1 mediates BRG1 recruitment to DNA lesions. Live-cell imaging of DSB recruitment, Co-immunoprecipitation of E4F1-BRG1-PARP-1, HR reporter assay, DNA resection assay, CHK1 signaling analysis Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America High 33692124
2021 E4F1 directly interacts with p53 and they are co-recruited to the Stearoyl-CoA Desaturase-1 (SCD1) locus in adipocytes to regulate monounsaturated fatty acid synthesis; E4F1 inactivation activates a p53-dependent transcriptional program for lipid metabolism. Co-immunoprecipitation, ChIP assay at SCD1 locus, conditional adipose E4F1 KO mouse, metabolic phenotyping, genetic rescue by p53 inactivation Nature communications High 34857760
2022 E4F1 binds the promoters of CHEK1, TTI2, and PPP5C in triple-negative breast cancer cells and regulates the entire ATM/ATR-CHK1 axis at multiple levels; E4F1 depletion strongly reduces CHK1, ATM, and ATR protein levels and signaling, sensitizing cells to gemcitabine and cisplatin. ChIP-seq, RNA-seq, shRNA knockdown, PDX ChIP validation, DNA damage response assays, drug sensitivity assays International journal of molecular sciences High 36012478
2023 E4F1 binds specifically to the -57A>C mutant TERT promoter sequence and activates TERT transcription and telomerase activity; ZNF148 binds the wild-type TERT promoter at position 124 and also activates TERT. Proteomics-based DNA pulldown screen, ChIP assay, TERT reporter assay, telomerase activity assay Genome research Medium 37918959
2025 E4F1 directly transcriptionally regulates both Dlat (PDC subunit) and Elp3 (Elongator complex subunit), coordinating AcCoA production by PDC with tRNA acetylation at wobble uridine 34 by Elongator; this coupling ensures translation fidelity and neuronal survival during brain development. Conditional KO mouse model, primary neuronal cells, ChIP assay at Dlat and Elp3 promoters, tRNA modification analysis, translation fidelity assay, PDH activity measurement Nature communications High 39747033

Source papers

Stage 0 corpus · 36 papers · ranked by NIH iCite citations
Year Title Journal Citations PMID
1987 A cellular transcription factor E4F1 interacts with an E1a-inducible enhancer and mediates constitutive enhancer function in vitro. The EMBO journal 184 2956091
2006 E4F1 is an atypical ubiquitin ligase that modulates p53 effector functions independently of degradation. Cell 181 17110336
1989 DNA-binding activity of the adenovirus-induced E4F transcription factor is regulated by phosphorylation. Genes & development 100 2545525
2022 m6A hypomethylation of DNMT3B regulated by ALKBH5 promotes intervertebral disc degeneration via E4F1 deficiency. Clinical and translational medicine 62 35340126
2004 Identification of the E1A-regulated transcription factor p120 E4F as an interacting partner of the RASSF1A candidate tumor suppressor gene. Cancer research 62 14729613
2004 The E4F protein is required for mitotic progression during embryonic cell cycles. Molecular and cellular biology 49 15226446
2006 E4F1: a novel candidate factor for mediating BMI1 function in primitive hematopoietic cells. Genes & development 47 16882984
1990 E4F and ATF, two transcription factors that recognize the same site, can be distinguished both physically and functionally: a role for E4F in E1A trans activation. Molecular and cellular biology 40 2169022
2015 The transcription factor E4F1 coordinates CHK1-dependent checkpoint and mitochondrial functions. Cell reports 38 25843721
2007 The role of LANP and ataxin 1 in E4F-mediated transcriptional repression. EMBO reports 38 17557114
2006 The LIM-only protein FHL2 is a negative regulator of E4F1. Oncogene 37 16652157
2010 Transcription factor E4F1 is essential for epidermal stem cell maintenance and skin homeostasis. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 35 21088222
2016 E4F1 controls a transcriptional program essential for pyruvate dehydrogenase activity. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 34 27621446
1997 The adenovirus E1A-regulated transcription factor E4F is generated from the human homolog of nuclear factor phiAP3. Molecular and cellular biology 33 9121437
2021 Zinc finger protein E4F1 cooperates with PARP-1 and BRG1 to promote DNA double-strand break repair. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 31 33692124
2016 E4F1-mediated control of pyruvate dehydrogenase activity is essential for skin homeostasis. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 29 27621431
1992 The carboxy-terminal exon of the adenovirus E1A protein is required for E4F-dependent transcription activation. The EMBO journal 29 1387083
1991 E1A-mediated activation of the adenovirus E4 promoter can occur independently of the cellular transcription factor E4F. Molecular and cellular biology 22 1831536
2015 E4F1 is a master regulator of CHK1-mediated functions. Cell reports 21 25843717
2011 E4F1 deficiency results in oxidative stress-mediated cell death of leukemic cells. The Journal of experimental medicine 21 21708927
2021 The multifunctional protein E4F1 links P53 to lipid metabolism in adipocytes. Nature communications 16 34857760
2019 MicroRNA-33-3p Regulates Vein Endothelial Cell Apoptosis in Selenium-Deficient Broilers by Targeting E4F1. Oxidative medicine and cellular longevity 16 31249647
2020 E4 Transcription Factor 1 (E4F1) Regulates Sertoli Cell Proliferation and Fertility in Mice. Animals : an open access journal from MDPI 10 32962114
2015 Description of an optimized ChIP-seq analysis pipeline dedicated to genome wide identification of E4F1 binding sites in primary and transformed MEFs. Genomics data 10 26484288
2013 Downregulation of transcription factor E4F1 in hepatocarcinoma cells: HBV-dependent effects on autophagy, proliferation and metabolism. Carcinogenesis 10 24163401
2011 E4F1 dysfunction results in autophagic cell death in myeloid leukemic cells. Autophagy 10 22024746
2023 Transcription factor E4F1 dictates spermatogonial stem cell fate decisions by regulating mitochondrial functions and cell cycle progression. Cell & bioscience 9 37749649
2021 Angiotensin II promotes EMT of hepatocellular carcinoma cells through high mobility group protein B1 mediated by E4F1. Biochemical and biophysical research communications 8 33618227
2024 NF-κB factors cooperate with Su(Hw)/E4F1 to balance Drosophila/human immune responses via modulating dynamic expression of miR-210. Nucleic acids research 7 38742642
2018 E4F1 silencing inhibits the cell growth through cell-cycle arrest in malignant transformed cells induced by hydroquinone. Journal of biochemical and molecular toxicology 7 30506647
2023 Transcription factor E4F1 as a regulator of cell life and disease progression. Science advances 6 37774036
2022 Multi-Level Control of the ATM/ATR-CHK1 Axis by the Transcription Factor E4F1 in Triple-Negative Breast Cancer. International journal of molecular sciences 5 36012478
2023 E4F1 and ZNF148 are transcriptional activators of the -57A > C and wild-type TERT promoter. Genome research 3 37918959
2025 E4F1 coordinates pyruvate metabolism and the activity of the elongator complex to ensure translation fidelity during brain development. Nature communications 1 39747033
2026 The transcription factor E4F1 is crucial for spermatogonial differentiation and meiosis progression in mice. BMC genomics 0 41981464
2020 Multiple domains in the 50 kDa form of E4F1 regulate promoter-specific repression and E1A trans-activation. Gene 0 32535047