Affinage

CTSB

Cathepsin B · UniProt P07858

Length
339 aa
Mass
37.8 kDa
Annotated
2026-06-09
64 papers in source corpus 15 papers cited in narrative 21 extracted findings
Cross-family judge vs UniProt: Affinage preferred faithfulness: 6/7 claims corpus-supported (86%)

Mechanistic narrative

Synthesis pass · prose summary of the discoveries below

CTSB is a lysosomal cysteine endopeptidase whose proteolytic activity governs lysosomal homeostasis, autophagy, inflammation, and cell death across diverse tissues (PMID:27786577, PMID:36713420). Within the lysosome it supports degradative function and organelle dynamics: it cleaves the calcium channel MCOLN1/TRPML1 to keep TFEB transcriptionally suppressed and thereby restrain lysosomal and autophagosome biogenesis (PMID:27786577), and its activity is required for efficient phagolysosomal fusion and acidification, enabling microglial clearance of apoptotic cells during brain development. Loss of CTSB-dependent autophagic-lysosomal degradation, shown in combined nervous-system CtsB/CtsL knockout mice, causes ubiquitin-positive aggregate accumulation and selective neuronal loss (PMID:40320169). Beyond bulk turnover, CTSB executes specific cleavages of defined substrates: it degrades RIP1 to dampen TNFα-driven NF-κB signaling (PMID:35658939), degrades fibronectin to attenuate Wnt/β-catenin signaling during adipogenesis (PMID:24878992), binds and downregulates ferroportin to disrupt iron homeostasis and promote ferroptosis (PMID:39960586), degrades SPHK1 to control osteoclast maturation (PMID:34815788), and cleaves the TFIID component TAF1 to reprogram oligodendroglial transcription. Upon lysosomal membrane permeabilization, CTSB leaks into the cytoplasm where it activates the mitochondrial apoptosis pathway (PMID:36713420) and NF-κB–NLRP3 inflammasome/pyroptosis signaling (PMID:40058708), and contributes to neuronal amyloidogenesis in lysosomal storage disease models. CTSB abundance and localization are tightly regulated transcriptionally by HDAC3 and ETS1 (PMID:35658939, PMID:40387924), post-transcriptionally by METTL3-mediated m6A methylation (PMID:41466292), and post-translationally by ZRANB1-dependent K33-linked deubiquitination (PMID:41035046) and OGT-mediated O-GlcNAcylation, which promotes lysosomal retention and limits cytoplasmic leakage (PMID:41391522). A duplicated upstream enhancer driving keratinocyte CTSB overexpression causes keratolytic winter erythema, and a gain-of-function missense variant increasing endopeptidase activity causes dominant palmoplantar keratoderma (PMID:28457472, PMID:32683719).

Mechanistic history

Synthesis pass · year-by-year structured walk · 11 steps
  1. 2014 Low

    Established that CTSB can act on an extracellular matrix substrate to shape a signaling pathway, linking its protease activity to fibronectin turnover and Wnt/β-catenin attenuation during adipocyte differentiation.

    Evidence CTSB overexpression/inhibition in primary porcine preadipocytes with lipid assays and β-catenin western blot, plus LiCl rescue

    PMID:24878992

    Open questions at the time
    • Fibronectin degradation inferred rather than shown by direct in vitro cleavage
    • single lab, single cell system
  2. 2016 Medium

    Defined a homeostatic lysosomal substrate for CTSB by showing it cleaves MCOLN1/TRPML1 to suppress TFEB, revealing CTSB as a negative regulator of lysosomal and autophagosome biogenesis rather than only a bulk-degradation enzyme.

    Evidence Genetic knockout/inhibition with lysosome/autophagosome counts, TFEB activity, and MCOLN1 cleavage readouts

    PMID:27786577

    Open questions at the time
    • Single lab and cellular model
    • site of MCOLN1 cleavage not mapped
  3. 2017 High

    Connected CTSB dosage to human disease by identifying an upstream enhancer duplication that drives keratinocyte-specific CTSB overexpression as the cause of keratolytic winter erythema.

    Evidence Targeted/whole-genome sequencing, enhancer reporter assays, qPCR/IHC, and segregation in two ethnic cohorts

    PMID:28457472

    Open questions at the time
    • Downstream keratinocyte substrates of excess CTSB not defined
  4. 2020 Medium

    Showed that a gain-of-function CTSB missense variant directly elevates endopeptidase activity and causes dominant palmoplantar keratoderma, complementing the dosage mechanism with an activity mechanism.

    Evidence Whole-exome sequencing, cathepsin B enzymatic assay, and structural modelling of a disease variant

    PMID:32683719

    Open questions at the time
    • Single case/single lab
    • tissue-level pathogenic substrate not identified
  5. 2021 Medium

    Identified SPHK1 as a CTSB substrate in osteoclasts and showed CST6 entry suppresses CTSB, placing CTSB within a tumor-bone signaling axis controlling osteoclast maturation.

    Evidence In vitro osteoclastogenesis, CTSB activity assay, SPHK1/p38 western blots, and an in vivo metastasis model

    PMID:34815788

    Open questions at the time
    • Direct CTSB-SPHK1 cleavage not biochemically mapped
    • single lab
  6. 2022 Medium

    Linked CTSB transcriptional control to inflammatory tone by showing HDAC3 represses CTSB and that excess CTSB degrades RIP1 to limit TNFα/NF-κB signaling in macrophages.

    Evidence HDAC3-knockout macrophages, RIP1 degradation western blots, RNAseq, and CTSB-inhibitor rescue

    PMID:35658939

    Open questions at the time
    • RIP1 cleavage site not defined
    • single lab
  7. 2023 Medium

    Demonstrated the extra-lysosomal, lethal arm of CTSB by showing LMP-driven cytoplasmic CTSB release activates the mitochondrial apoptosis pathway in sepsis-associated kidney injury.

    Evidence LPS-treated HK-2 cells with LMP and mitochondrial-potential assays, apoptosis markers, and CA-074 inhibitor rescue

    PMID:36713420

    Open questions at the time
    • Direct cytoplasmic substrate triggering apoptosis not identified
    • single lab
  8. 2023 Low

    Reported a nuclear function for CTSB in retinoblastoma cells affecting BRCA1 expression and STAT3/STING1 signaling, raising the possibility of CTSB action outside lysosome and cytoplasm.

    Evidence CTSB overexpression with nuclear translocation, comet assay, flow cytometry, and pathway western blots

    PMID:38159170

    Open questions at the time
    • No direct CTSB-BRCA1 interaction shown; effects are correlative
    • mechanism of nuclear import unknown
    • single lab
  9. 2025 Medium

    Expanded the post-translational and transcriptional control of CTSB, identifying ZRANB1-dependent K33-linked deubiquitination, OGT-mediated O-GlcNAcylation controlling lysosomal retention/leakage, METTL3 m6A methylation, and ETS1-driven transcription.

    Evidence Ubiquitin/O-GlcNAc Co-IP and modification mapping, MeRIP and luciferase assays, ETS1 siRNA with RNA-seq across multiple cell systems

    PMID:40387924 PMID:41035046 PMID:41391522 PMID:41466292

    Open questions at the time
    • ETS1-CTSB promoter binding not directly confirmed
    • each regulator characterized in a distinct disease context, generality unclear
  10. 2025 Medium

    Established CTSB as a driver of ferroptosis and inflammatory cell death by direct ferroportin binding/downregulation and by NF-κB–NLRP3 pyroptosis activation following lysosomal damage.

    Evidence CTSB-FPN Co-IP/binding with knockdown and ferroptosis markers in vivo, plus lentiviral CTSB gain/loss with NF-κB/NLRP3/GSDMD readouts in HUVECs

    PMID:39960586 PMID:40058708

    Open questions at the time
    • Whether FPN is cleaved or only bound is unresolved
    • single lab per study
  11. 2025 Medium

    Tied CTSB to neurodegenerative and developmental brain phenotypes through autophagy-lysosomal degradation, microglial efferocytosis, and amyloidogenesis, while a TAF1-cleavage finding revealed a transcription-reprogramming role in oligodendrocytes.

    Evidence Conditional CtsB/CtsL double-KO mice with EM, zebrafish/mouse CTSB knockdown with live imaging (preprint), CTSB-KO/E64 in LSD models (preprint), and TAF1 cleavage assays with a Taf1-deletion mouse (preprint)

    PMID:40320169

    Open questions at the time
    • CtsB-specific contribution ambiguous when ablated with CtsL
    • several findings are single-lab preprints
    • TAF1 cleavage site and access mechanism for nuclear/cytoplasmic CTSB unresolved

Open questions

Synthesis pass · forward-looking unresolved questions
  • How CTSB escapes the lysosome and accesses extra-lysosomal and nuclear substrates (RIP1, TAF1, FPN, BRCA1) in a regulated rather than purely damage-induced manner remains undefined.
  • No unifying model for CTSB compartmental trafficking to non-lysosomal substrates
  • direct cleavage sites for most substrates unmapped
  • muscle-to-brain CTSB signaling mechanism unresolved

Mechanism profile

Synthesis pass · controlled-vocabulary classification · explore literature graph →
Molecular activity
GO:0140096 catalytic activity, acting on a protein 4 GO:0016787 hydrolase activity 2
Localization
GO:0005764 lysosome 3 GO:0005829 cytosol 2 GO:0005634 nucleus 1
Pathway
R-HSA-5357801 Programmed Cell Death 3 R-HSA-1643685 Disease 2 R-HSA-168256 Immune System 2 R-HSA-9612973 Autophagy 2
Partners
CST6MCOLN1OGTRIPK1SLC40A1SPHK1TAF1ZRANB1

Evidence

Reading pass · 21 per-paper findings extracted from the source corpus
Year Finding Method Journal Conf PMIDs
2016 Under homeostatic conditions, CTSB cleaves the calcium channel MCOLN1/TRPML1 in lysosomes, thereby maintaining suppression of the transcription factor TFEB and reducing expression of lysosomal and autophagy-related proteins, controlling the number of lysosomes and autophagosomes in the cell. Genetic knockout/inhibition with functional readout (lysosome/autophagosome counts, TFEB activity, MCOLN1 cleavage assay) Autophagy Medium 27786577
2021 Cancer cell-derived CST6 (cystatin 6) enters osteoclasts by endocytosis and suppresses CTSB proteolytic activity; CTSB normally degrades SPHK1, so CTSB inhibition leads to SPHK1 upregulation, which suppresses osteoclast maturation by inhibiting RANKL-induced p38 activation. In vitro osteoclastogenesis assay, CTSB activity assay, western blot for SPHK1 and p38 phosphorylation, in vivo metastasis model Theranostics Medium 34815788
2022 In macrophages, HDAC3 deficiency leads to elevated CTSB expression (via histone acetylation), and the resulting excess CTSB degrades RIP1 (RIPK1) protein, reducing TNFα-mediated NF-κB activation and inflammatory response. HDAC3 knockout macrophages, western blot for RIP1 degradation, immunofluorescence, RNAseq, CTSB inhibitor rescue experiments Cell & Bioscience Medium 35658939
2014 CTSB promotes preadipocyte differentiation by degrading fibronectin (Fn), a key extracellular matrix component and target gene of the Wnt/β-catenin pathway; CTSB degrades Fn and attenuates Wnt/β-catenin signaling to promote adipogenesis. CTSB overexpression/inhibition in primary porcine preadipocytes, lipid accumulation assay, western blot for β-catenin, LiCl (Wnt activator) rescue experiment Molecular and cellular biochemistry Low 24878992
2023 In sepsis-induced acute kidney injury, LPS induces lysosomal membrane permeabilization (LMP), causing CTSB release into the cytoplasm, which then activates the mitochondrial apoptosis pathway; CTSB inhibitor CA-074 reverses LPS-induced apoptosis, mitochondrial membrane potential loss, and activation of mitochondrial apoptosis markers. LPS-treated HK-2 cells, CTSB activity assay, acridine orange staining (LMP), JC-1 (mitochondrial membrane potential), Annexin V/PI, CA-074 inhibitor rescue, western blot Frontiers in immunology Medium 36713420
2025 CTSB degrades ferroportin (FPN) in macrophages, disrupting iron homeostasis and promoting ferroptosis; CTSB was shown to directly bind FPN and negatively regulate its protein level. Co-IP/binding assay for CTSB-FPN interaction, CTSB knockdown/inhibition, western blot for FPN, ferroptosis markers, ApoE KO and HFD rat AS models, single-cell transcriptomics Molecular and cellular biochemistry Medium 39960586
2025 MINPP1 stabilizes CTSB expression by modulating its K33-linked deubiquitination via ZRANB1 (a deubiquitinase), thereby promoting ferroptosis in HBV-positive hepatocellular carcinoma cells. Immunoprecipitation for ubiquitin modifications, immunofluorescence, CTSB K33-ubiquitination site mapping, in vivo tumor assays Biology direct Medium 41035046
2025 ETS1 transcription factor promotes the transcription of CTSB (and MMP13) during the differentiation of septoclasts from pericytes; ETS1 siRNA significantly reduced CTSB expression in primary septoclast cultures. RNA-seq of isolated septoclasts vs pericytes, ETS1 siRNA knockdown in primary cultures, RT-qPCR Cell and tissue research Low 40387924
2025 METTL3 upregulates CTSB expression in chondrocytes through m6A methylation of CTSB mRNA; the protective effects of METTL3 silencing against IL-1β-induced chondrocyte injury depend on downstream CTSB downregulation. m6A RNA immunoprecipitation assay, dual-luciferase reporter assay, METTL3/CTSB siRNA knockdown, western blot, flow cytometry Journal of orthopaedic surgery and research Medium 41466292
2025 OGT-mediated O-GlcNAcylation of CTSB promotes its lysosomal retention and reduces its maturation; reduced O-GlcNAcylation (through OGT downregulation) lowers ROS, attenuates lysosomal membrane permeabilization, limits cytoplasmic CTSB leakage, and suppresses NLRP3 inflammasome activation in astrocytes. Co-IP for OGT-CTSB interaction, O-GlcNAcylation analysis, immunofluorescence for CTSB/LAMP1 colocalization, DHE staining for ROS, western blot Journal of ethnopharmacology Medium 41391522
2020 A gain-of-function missense mutation in CTSB results in increased cathepsin B endopeptidase proteolytic activity, as confirmed by a cathepsin B enzymatic assay, and causes palmoplantar keratoderma in a dominant fashion. Whole exome sequencing, cathepsin B enzymatic activity assay, protein structural modelling Clinical and experimental dermatology Medium 32683719
2017 Duplicated enhancer region upstream of CTSB drives increased CTSB expression specifically in epidermal keratinocytes; the enhancer activity correlates with CTSB expression in differentiating keratinocytes, establishing CTSB overexpression as the cause of keratolytic winter erythema (KWE). Targeted resequencing, SNP array, whole-genome sequencing, enhancer activity reporter assay, qPCR, immunohistochemistry; segregation analysis in South African and Norwegian families American journal of human genetics High 28457472
2023 Nuclear translocation of CTSB in retinoblastoma cells promotes DNA damage and cell cycle arrest by inhibiting BRCA1 expression, and activates the STAT3/STING1 pathway to induce lysosomal stress, ferroptosis, and autophagy. CTSB overexpression with nuclear translocation, comet assay (DNA damage), flow cytometry (cell cycle/apoptosis/ferroptosis), western blot for BRCA1 and STAT3/STING1 pathway, CCK-8, RT-qPCR Molecular biotechnology Low 38159170
2024 Lysosomal CTSB activity is required for efficient phagolysosomal fusion and acidification in microglia; myeloid-specific CTSB knockdown in zebrafish led to dysmorphic microglia containing undigested dead cells and accumulation of apoptotic cells during brain development, phenocopied in Ctsb-deficient mice. Myeloid-specific CTSB knockdown in zebrafish, Ctsb global KO mice, live imaging of phagolysosomal fusion and acidification, apoptosis markers, behavioral assays bioRxivpreprint Medium
2025 Nervous system-specific double knockout of CtsB and CtsL in mice leads to selective loss of specific Purkinje cell subpopulations (phospholipase C β4-positive, Zebrin II-negative), ubiquitin-positive aggregate accumulation in Purkinje cell perikarya and axons reflecting impaired autophagy-lysosomal degradation, and neuronal loss in thalamic nuclei. Conditional double-knockout mice (Nestin-Cre; CTSBflox/flox; CTSLflox/flox), electron microscopy, immunohistochemistry, behavioral testing The American journal of pathology Medium 40320169
2024 Beauvericin (BEA) directly interacts with CTSB and acts as an uncompetitive inhibitor of its enzymatic activity; NMR analyses confirmed direct BEA-CTSB interaction, and enzyme kinetics established uncompetitive inhibition mechanism. NMR spectroscopy (direct interaction), enzyme kinetics (uncompetitive inhibition), molecular docking (binding site), CTSB activity assay in BMDCs and THP-1-derived DCs bioRxivpreprint Medium
2025 Elevated lysosomal CTSB and cytoplasmic CTSB leakage in mouse models of neurological lysosomal storage diseases (MPS IIIC and sialidosis) triggers amyloidogenesis in cortical neurons; CTSB-deficient MPS IIIC mice or animals treated with irreversible CTSB inhibitor E64 showed drastic reduction of Thioflavin-S/APP-positive amyloid deposits and restoration of autophagy. Ctsb knockout in MPS IIIC mouse model, chronic E64 (CTSB inhibitor) treatment, Thioflavin-S/APP staining, P62/LC3 puncta, behavioral assays, cytoplasmic CTSB localization bioRxivpreprint Medium
2025 Extralysosomal CTSB cleaves the C-terminal region of TAF1 (a core TFIID component) in oligodendrocytes during multiple sclerosis progression, impairing RNAPII promoter-proximal pausing and reducing expression of oligodendroglial myelination genes. Mass spectrometry/proteomics of MS brains, endoproteolysis assay for TAF1 cleavage by CTSB, Taf1 C-terminal deletion mouse model, brain transcriptomics, CTSB inhibitor experiments bioRxivpreprint Medium
2025 AAV-mediated overexpression of CTSB in skeletal muscle of APP/PS1 Alzheimer's disease mice improves motor coordination, memory function, and adult hippocampal neurogenesis, and shifts hippocampal, muscle, and plasma proteomic profiles toward wild-type; wildtype mice receiving Ctsb muscle overexpression developed memory deficits. AAV-vector muscle overexpression in APP/PS1 mice, behavioral testing (memory, motor), hippocampal neurogenesis assay, multi-tissue proteomics bioRxivpreprint Low
2025 CTSB cleaves sialin (a lysosomal nitrate transporter) to generate a proteolytic fragment called Sialin2 that localizes to mitochondria and scaffolds LKB1-AMPK complexes to activate AMPK-dependent mitochondrial biogenesis. Cryo-EM structure of Sialin2, microscale thermophoresis (nitrate binding), CTSB cleavage assay, subcellular fractionation, Co-IP for LKB1-AMPK scaffold bioRxivpreprint Low
2025 CTSB promotes NLRP3-mediated pyroptosis in vascular endothelial cells (HUVECs) through NF-κB activation after being released from lysosomes upon lysosomal damage caused by Na+/Ca2+ overload; lentiviral CTSB overexpression increased and CTSB silencing decreased NLRP3-mediated pyroptosis. Lentiviral CTSB overexpression and silencing in HUVECs, western blot for NF-κB/NLRP3/GSDMD pathway, LDH/IL-1β release assay, ion overload measurement Biochemical pharmacology Medium 40058708

Source papers

Stage 0 corpus · 64 papers · ranked by NIH iCite citations
Year Title Journal Citations PMID
2016 Regulation of lysosomal dynamics and autophagy by CTSB/cathepsin B. Autophagy 173 27786577
2021 CST6 protein and peptides inhibit breast cancer bone metastasis by suppressing CTSB activity and osteoclastogenesis. Theranostics 59 34815788
2023 Apigenin Alleviated High-Fat-Diet-Induced Hepatic Pyroptosis by Mitophagy-ROS-CTSB-NLRP3 Pathway in Mice and AML12 Cells. Journal of agricultural and food chemistry 58 37141464
2023 CTSB promotes sepsis-induced acute kidney injury through activating mitochondrial apoptosis pathway. Frontiers in immunology 51 36713420
2011 Profiling trait anxiety: transcriptome analysis reveals cathepsin B (Ctsb) as a novel candidate gene for emotionality in mice. PloS one 50 21897848
2019 miR-140 targeting CTSB signaling suppresses the mesenchymal transition and enhances temozolomide cytotoxicity in glioblastoma multiforme. Pharmacological research 38 31398406
2019 Autophagic-CTSB-inflammasome axis modulates hepatic stellate cells activation in arsenic-induced liver fibrosis. Chemosphere 37 31669990
1992 Confirmation of the human cathepsin B gene (CTSB) assignment to chromosome 8. Human genetics 36 1577456
2017 Duplicated Enhancer Region Increases Expression of CTSB and Segregates with Keratolytic Winter Erythema in South African and Norwegian Families. American journal of human genetics 28 28457472
2020 Cilostazol alleviate nicotine induced cardiomyocytes hypertrophy through modulation of autophagy by CTSB/ROS/p38MAPK/JNK feedback loop. International journal of biological sciences 25 32398966
2020 Protective Role of Astrocyte-Derived Exosomal microRNA-361 in Cerebral Ischemic-Reperfusion Injury by Regulating the AMPK/mTOR Signaling Pathway and Targeting CTSB. Neuropsychiatric disease and treatment 25 32801720
2018 mir-637 inhibits the proliferation of cholangiocarcinoma cell QBC939 through interfering CTSB expression. European review for medical and pharmacological sciences 23 29565483
2002 Investigation of candidate genes for meat quality in dry-cured ham production: the porcine cathepsin B (CTSB) and cystatin B (CSTB) genes. Animal genetics 20 12047225
2021 CTSB Knockdown Inhibits Proliferation and Tumorigenesis in HL-60 Cells. International journal of medical sciences 18 33628106
2021 Significances of viable synergistic autophagy-associated cathepsin B and cathepsin D (CTSB/CTSD) as potential biomarkers for sudden cardiac death. BMC cardiovascular disorders 18 33964876
2022 Histone deacetylase 3 facilitates TNFα-mediated NF-κB activation through suppressing CTSB induced RIP1 degradation and is required for host defense against bacterial infection. Cell & bioscience 17 35658939
2014 CTSB promotes porcine preadipocytes differentiation by degrading fibronectin and attenuating the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway. Molecular and cellular biochemistry 16 24878992
2023 CTSB Nuclear Translocation Facilitates DNA Damage and Lysosomal Stress to Promote Retinoblastoma Cell Death. Molecular biotechnology 14 38159170
2024 Proanthocyanidins alleviate acute alcohol liver injury by inhibiting pyroptosis via inhibiting the ROS-MLKL-CTSB-NLRP3 pathway. Phytomedicine : international journal of phytotherapy and phytopharmacology 13 39612889
2017 Divergent roles of three cytochrome c in CTSB-modulating coelomocyte apoptosis in Apostichopus japonicus. Developmental and comparative immunology 13 28549733
1999 Genome scanning detects amplification of the cathepsin B gene (CtsB) in transformed rat ovarian surface epithelial cells. Journal of the Society for Gynecologic Investigation 13 10065424
2023 Exosome-derived miR-142-5p from liver stem cells improves the progression of liver fibrosis by regulating macrophage polarization through CTSB. Environmental toxicology 11 37209404
2023 Integrative transcriptomic and network pharmacology analysis reveals the neuroprotective role of BYHWD through enhancing autophagy by inhibiting Ctsb in intracerebral hemorrhage mice. Chinese medicine 11 37957754
2017 Proteomic analysis of lung metastases in a murine breast cancer model reveals divergent influence of CTSB and CTSL overexpression. Journal of Cancer 11 29187882
2008 TCF7L2 gene polymorphisms do not predict susceptibility to diabetes in tropical calcific pancreatitis but may interact with SPINK1 and CTSB mutations in predicting diabetes. BMC medical genetics 11 18706099
1990 A TaqI DNA polymorphism in the human cathepsin B gene (CTSB). Nucleic acids research 11 1972569
2024 Melittin treatment suppressed malignant NSCLC progression through enhancing CTSB-mediated hyperautophagy. Biomedicine & pharmacotherapy = Biomedecine & pharmacotherapie 9 39426282
2023 Elaidic acid induced hepatocyte pyroptosis via autophagy-CTSB-NLRP3 pathway. Food and chemical toxicology : an international journal published for the British Industrial Biological Research Association 9 37748573
2022 CTSB+ macrophage repress memory immune hub in the liver metastasis site of colorectal cancer patient revealed by multi-omics analysis. Biochemical and biophysical research communications 9 35964553
2024 hCeO2@ Cu5.4O nanoparticle alleviates inflammatory responses by regulating the CTSB-NLRP3 signaling pathway. Frontiers in immunology 8 38711511
2024 MiR-223 enhances lipophagy by suppressing CTSB in microglia following lysolecithin-induced demyelination in mice. Lipids in health and disease 8 38909243
2017 TRAIL DR5-CTSB crosstalk participates in breast cancer autophagy initiated by SAHA. Cell death discovery 8 29018571
2025 The molecular mechanism by which CTSB degrades FPN to disrupt macrophage iron homeostasis and promote the progression of atherosclerosis. Molecular and cellular biochemistry 7 39960586
2024 Late-onset Krabbe disease presenting as spastic paraplegia - implications of GCase and CTSB/D. Annals of clinical and translational neurology 7 38837642
2023 Circ_0020014 mediates CTSB expression and participates in IL-1β-prompted chondrocyte injury via interacting with miR-24-3p. Journal of orthopaedic surgery and research 7 37980493
2022 Comprehensive and Integrative Analysis of Two Novel SARS-CoV-2 Entry Associated Proteases CTSB and CTSL in Healthy Individuals and Cancer Patients. Frontiers in bioengineering and biotechnology 7 35155389
2023 Correlation Analysis of CTSB Promoter Polymorphism and Function in Patients with Dilated Cardiomyopathy. DNA and cell biology 6 36976816
2023 Dapagliflozin Attenuates NLRP3/Caspase-1 Signaling Pathway-Mediated Pyroptosis of Vascular Smooth Muscle Cells by Downregulating CTSB. Alternative therapies in health and medicine 6 37384401
2020 Mechanism of action of Panax notoginoside against lung cancer in mice based on response to CTSB gene. BMC complementary medicine and therapies 5 33238959
2011 Exclusion of CTSB and FDFT1 as positional and functional candidate genes for keratolytic winter erythema (KWE). Journal of dermatological science 5 21945151
2025 The SGLT2 inhibitor dapagliflozin suppresses endothelial cell pyroptosis mediated by the NF-κB/NLRP3 pathway through downregulation of CTSB. Biochemical pharmacology 4 40058708
2024 Shikonin from lithospermum erythrorhizon induces pyroptosis in trophoblast cells by activating the CTSB-NLRP3 inflammasome. Annals of medicine 4 39183455
2022 Coprophagy Prevention Decreases the Reproductive Performance and Granulosa Cell Apoptosis via Regulation of CTSB Gene in Rabbits. Frontiers in physiology 4 35923240
2022 Association of AXIN1 rs12921862 C/A and rs1805105 G/A and CTSB rs12898 G/A polymorphisms with papillary thyroid carcinoma: A case-control study. Journal of clinical laboratory analysis 4 36510340
2025 hCeO2@CA-074Me Nanoparticles Alleviate Inflammation and Improve Osteogenic Microenvironment by Regulating the CTSB-NLRP3 Signaling Pathway. International journal of nanomedicine 3 39802379
2024 3-Monochloropropane-1,2-diol esters induce HepG2 cells necroptosis via CTSB/TFAM/ROS pathway. Food and chemical toxicology : an international journal published for the British Industrial Biological Research Association 3 38408632
2020 Palmoplantar keratoderma caused by a missense variant in CTSB encoding cathepsin B. Clinical and experimental dermatology 3 32683719
2019 A single nucleotide polymorphism CTSB rs12898 is associated with primary hepatic cancer in a Chinese population. International journal of clinical and experimental pathology 3 31934146
2025 ETS1 promotes the expression of Ctsb and Mmp13 during the differentiation of septoclasts from pericytes. Cell and tissue research 2 40387924
2024 Danggui-Shaoyao-San protects against non-alcoholic steatohepatitis via modulation of hepatic APP protein, Lysosomal CTSB release, and NF-κB activation. Heliyon 2 39114010
2025 Transition of CELF2 PAS usage promotes recovery of refractory JDM through alternative splicing regulation of CTSB. Molecular therapy. Nucleic acids 1 40686855
2025 MINPP1 promotes ferroptosis in HBV-related hepatocellular carcinoma by regulating CTSB K33-linked deubiquitination via ZRANB1. Biology direct 1 41035046
2025 Multi-omics analysis of ketogenic diet-mediated neural repair in spinal cord injury: Targeting of lysosomal autophagy through CTSB/LAMP2 regulation. The Journal of nutritional biochemistry 1 41115614
2025 Banxia Houpo Decoction reduces lysosomal leakage of prefrontal astrocytes through the OGT-CTSB-NLRP3 pathway to improve depressive-like behaviors. Journal of ethnopharmacology 1 41391522
2026 Nuciferine Prevents Obesity by Inhibiting Macrophage Inflammation Involving LGALS3, CTSB, and RBP4 Genes Based on an Integrative Analysis of Adipose Tissue Transcriptomics and Network Pharmacology. Current pharmaceutical design 0 41574531
2026 Integrative multi-omics implicates a CTSB/ITIH-ECM axis in autism spectrum disorder. Neurobiology of disease 0 42019823
2026 Simultaneous quantification of intracellular ATG4B and CTSB activities using a dual-channel nanopipette to assess autophagic flux. Bioelectrochemistry (Amsterdam, Netherlands) 0 42143419
2025 hCeO2@CA-074Me Nanoparticles Alleviate Inflammation and Improve Osteogenic Microenvironment by Regulating the CTSB-NLRP3 Signaling Pathway [Retraction]. International journal of nanomedicine 0 40027871
2025 Uncovering the Unique Roles of Cathepsins B and L in Purkinje Cells Using Nervous System-Specific CTSB and CTSL Double-Deficient Mice. The American journal of pathology 0 40320169
2025 Blood transcriptome analysis reveals CTSB and ATP6V0D1 expression in circulating monocytes as potential biomarkers of sepsis. Shock (Augusta, Ga.) 0 40961380
2025 Multi-omics genetic study revealing ferroptosis regulator CTSB driving prostate cancer progression by modulating the immune microenvironment. Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's archives of pharmacology 0 41020944
2025 CTSB mediates oxidative stress and intestinal epithelial barrier disruption in intestinal ischemia‑reperfusion injury. Molecular medicine reports 0 41235676
2025 METTL3 promotes chondrocyte injury in osteoarthritis by increasing CTSB expression. Journal of orthopaedic surgery and research 0 41466292
2022 Protective Role of Astrocyte-Derived Exosomal microRNA-361 in Cerebral Ischemic-Reperfusion Injury by Regulating the AMPK/mTOR Signaling Pathway and Targeting CTSB [Retraction]. Neuropsychiatric disease and treatment 0 36353467

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