| 2008 |
TRPML1 functions as a Fe2+-permeable channel in late endosomes and lysosomes, mediating iron release into the cytosol. ML4 disease mutations impair Fe2+ permeation at varying degrees correlating with disease severity. Loss of TRPML1 reduces cytosolic Fe2+ and increases intralysosomal Fe2+ accumulation. |
Radiolabelled iron uptake assays, cytosolic and intralysosomal iron monitoring, direct patch-clamping of late endosomal/lysosomal membrane, comparison of TRPML1-/- vs. control human fibroblasts |
Nature |
High |
18794901
|
| 2005 |
TRP-ML1 can function as a H+ channel and its loss leads to lysosomal over-acidification in MLIV patient cells, reducing acidic lipase activity. Expression of TRP-ML1 rescues lipid hydrolysis, and dissipation of lysosomal pH reverses storage phenotype. |
Lysosomal pH measurement in TRP-ML1-/- patient cells, lipase activity assay with multiple substrates, cell fractionation, rescue by TRP-ML1 expression and pH-dissipating drugs |
The Journal of biological chemistry |
High |
16361256
|
| 2005 |
TRP-ML1 is a lysosomal monovalent cation channel that undergoes proteolytic cleavage by cathepsin B at Arg200-Pro201; cleavage inhibits channel activity. N- and C-terminal fragments are co-immunoprecipitated. The R200H disease mutation alters this cleavage pattern. |
Electrophysiology (whole-lysosome/planar patch-clamp), co-immunoprecipitation, N-terminal sequencing of purified C-terminal fragment, cathepsin B inhibitor treatment, CatB-/- cell expression |
The Journal of biological chemistry |
High |
16257972
|
| 2006 |
TRPML1 forms homo- and heteromultimers with TRPML2 and TRPML3. TRPML1 and TRPML2 homomultimers are lysosomal, while TRPML3 homomultimers are in the ER. The presence of TRPML1 or TRPML2 specifically dictates lysosomal localization of TRPML3, but not vice versa. |
Co-immunoprecipitation, subcellular localization by fluorescence microscopy, co-expression studies with lysosomal targeting-disrupted mutants |
The Journal of biological chemistry |
Medium |
16606612
|
| 2009 |
Proline scanning mutagenesis revealed gain-of-function constitutive activating mutations in the S5 transmembrane domain of TRPML1 (e.g., V432P). TRPML1 is an inwardly rectifying, proton-impermeable, Ca2+ and Fe2+/Mn2+ permeable channel; constitutive Ca2+ release from lysosomes promotes lysosomal exocytosis and surface expression of LAMP-1. |
Systematic proline-substitution mutagenesis, whole-cell and lysosomal patch-clamp electrophysiology, LAMP-1 surface staining |
The Journal of biological chemistry |
High |
19638346
|
| 2011 |
TRPML1 co-immunoprecipitates with TPC2 and shows near-complete colocalization with TPC2 on endolysosomes, but electrophysiology shows TPC1/TPC2 do not affect TRPML1 channel activity, and TRPML1 does not mediate NAADP-evoked Ca2+ signals — TRPML1 and TPCs are physically associated but functionally independent organellar ion channels. |
Co-immunoprecipitation, colocalization microscopy, whole-cell and whole-lysosome patch-clamp electrophysiology, Ca2+ imaging in TRP-ML1-/- cells |
The Journal of biological chemistry |
High |
21540176
|
| 2011 |
CUP-5, the C. elegans ortholog of TRPML1, localizes to lysosomes and is required for proteolytic degradation in autolysosomes; cup-5 mutations cause accumulation of autophagy substrates in enlarged late endosomal/lysosomal vacuoles, and reduced autophagy activity partially suppresses cup-5 mutant defects. |
Genetic epistasis analysis, fluorescence microscopy with organelle markers, immunoprecipitation, genetic suppressor analysis in C. elegans |
Autophagy |
Medium |
21997367
|
| 2016 |
ROS directly and specifically activate lysosomal TRPML1 channels, inducing lysosomal Ca2+ release. This Ca2+ release triggers calcineurin-dependent TFEB nuclear translocation, autophagy induction, and lysosome biogenesis. Genetic inactivation or pharmacological inhibition of TRPML1 blocks clearance of damaged mitochondria and removal of excess ROS. |
GCaMP3-ML1 Ca2+ imaging, pharmacological ROS manipulation, TRPML1 genetic knockout and inhibition, TFEB nuclear translocation assay, autophagy flux assays, mitochondrial damage assays |
Nature communications |
High |
27357649
|
| 2017 |
Cryo-EM structure of mouse TRPML1 in nanodiscs reveals that PtdIns(3,5)P2 binds to the N-terminus distal from the pore; an S2-S3 helix-turn-helix extension couples ligand binding to pore opening; the selectivity filter contains multiple ion-binding sites; conserved acidic residues form a luminal Ca2+-blocking site conferring pH and Ca2+ modulation; a luminal linker domain canopy creates a negative electrostatic trap for divalent cations. |
Single-particle cryo-EM structure determination, mutagenesis combined with electrophysiology |
Nature |
High |
29019981
|
| 2017 |
Cryo-EM structures of full-length human TRPML1 in apo (closed, pH 7.0) and agonist-bound (open, pH 6.0) states reveal that channel opening involves dilation of the lower gate and movement of pore helix 1; the agonist binds a hydrophobic cavity formed by S5, S6, and pore helix 1, distinct from TRPV1 agonist sites. |
Single-particle cryo-EM at 3.72 Å (closed) and 3.49 Å (open) resolution, structural comparison |
Nature |
High |
29019983
|
| 2018 |
Cryo-EM structures of human TRPML1 with PtdIns(3,5)P2 and PtdIns(4,5)P2 reveal a unique lipid-binding site on extended helices S1, S2, and S3. PtdIns(3,5)P2 induces Y355 to form a π-cation interaction with R403, moving the S4-S5 linker to allosterically activate the channel. PtdIns(4,5)P2 binds the same site but inhibits channel activity. |
Cryo-EM structure determination at pH 5.0 with bound lipids and ML-SA1, electrophysiological characterization |
Nature communications |
High |
30305615
|
| 2022 |
Cryo-EM structures of mouse TRPML1 in apo-closed, PI(3,5)P2-bound closed, and PI(3,5)P2/temsirolimus(rapamycin analog)-bound open states reveal that PI(3,5)P2 and rapamycin bind distinct sites and work cooperatively; the structures elucidate the allosteric mechanism for synergistic channel activation. |
Cryo-EM structure determination in multiple states, electrophysiology |
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America |
High |
35131932
|
| 2021 |
Cryo-EM structure of human TRPML1 with antagonist ML-SI3 at 2.9 Å shows ML-SI3 binds the same hydrophobic cavity (S5, S6, PH1) as agonist ML-SA1; electrophysiology confirms ML-SI3 competes with ML-SA1 but does not inhibit PI(3,5)P2-dependent activation. |
Cryo-EM structure determination, whole-lysosome patch-clamp electrophysiology |
Structure |
High |
34171299
|
| 2015 |
TRPML1 is a PtdIns(3,5)P2-gated lysosomal Ca2+ channel required for phagosome-lysosome fusion. Silencing TRPML1 causes lysosomes to dock but not fuse with phagosomes, impairing bactericidal capacity. PIKfyve generates PtdIns(3,5)P2 to activate TRPML1, raising cytosolic Ca2+ during phagocytosis; forced Ca2+ release rescues fusion in TRPML1-silenced cells. |
TRPML1 siRNA knockdown, phagocytosis assay with lysosomal marker acquisition, isolated phagosome analysis by electron microscopy, Ca2+ imaging, ionomycin rescue |
Traffic |
High |
26010303
|
| 2015 |
TOR kinase directly phosphorylates TRPML1, inactivating its channel activity and suppressing autophagy. Mutation of the TOR phosphorylation sites to unphosphorylatable residues blocks TOR regulation of TRPML1. |
In vitro kinase assay, phosphorylation site mutagenesis, channel activity recordings, autophagy flux assays |
The Biochemical journal |
Medium |
26195823
|
| 2018 |
Starvation activates MCOLN1 by relieving MTORC1's inhibition of the channel; activated MCOLN1 in turn facilitates MTORC1 reactivation through a calmodulin-dependent mechanism, constituting a negative feedback loop that prevents excessive MTORC1 inhibition during prolonged starvation. |
Pharmacological activation/inhibition of MCOLN1 and MTORC1, calmodulin inhibition, Ca2+ chelation, MTORC1 activity assays (S6K phosphorylation), MCOLN1 knockdown/knockout |
Autophagy |
Medium |
29460684
|
| 2019 |
TRPML1 activation induces autophagosome biogenesis through a TFEB-independent pathway requiring CaMKKβ and AMPK, which activate ULK1 and VPS34 complexes and generate PI3P. MLIV patient cells show reduced PI3P-binding protein recruitment to phagophores. |
PI3P generation assay, phagophore recruitment of PI3P-binding proteins, CaMKKβ/AMPK inhibition, ULK1/VPS34 complex activation assays, TFEB knockout, patient cell analysis |
Nature communications |
High |
31822666
|
| 2014 |
TRPML1 mutant isoforms (F465L, F408Δ) show strongly reduced activation by PtdIns(3,5)P2 but can be activated by synthetic ligands. F465L renders TRPML1 pH-insensitive; F408Δ impacts synthetic ligand binding. Small-molecule activators rescue trafficking defects and lysosomal zinc accumulation in MLIV patient fibroblasts. |
Whole-lysosome planar patch-clamp, pharmacological activation with synthetic ligands, trafficking assay, zinc accumulation assay in patient fibroblasts |
Nature communications |
High |
25119295
|
| 2010 |
TRPML1-deficient cells and Mcoln1-/- mouse brain show elevated chelatable zinc levels. siRNA knockdown of TRPML1 causes lysosomal zinc accumulation; TRPML1 loss delays zinc leak from lysosomes to cytoplasm and is associated with elevated MTF-1-dependent transcription. ZnT4 knockdown ameliorates the lysosomal enlargement phenotype in TRPML1-KD cells exposed to zinc. |
siRNA knockdown, fluorometric zinc quantification, ICP-MS of brain tissue, lysosomal zinc staining, MTF-1 and ZnT4 co-knockdown |
The Biochemical journal / The Journal of biological chemistry |
Medium |
20864526 23368743
|
| 2014 |
TMEM163 protein (a putative zinc transporter) is a novel interacting partner for TRPML1, confirmed by yeast two-hybrid, co-immunoprecipitation, mass spectrometry, and colocalization microscopy. Interaction requires part of TMEM163's N-terminus. Co-expression of TMEM163 does not alter TRPML1 channel activity, but TRPML1 co-expression reduces TMEM163 at the plasma membrane. |
Yeast two-hybrid, co-immunoprecipitation, mass spectrometry, confocal colocalization, subcellular localization analysis |
Traffic |
Medium |
25130899
|
| 2020 |
Mitochondria-lysosome contact sites facilitate Ca2+ transfer from lysosomes to mitochondria through TRPML1 lysosomal Ca2+ efflux. This transfer is mediated by tethering at contact sites and requires VDAC1 (outer mitochondrial membrane) and MCU (inner mitochondrial membrane). MLIV patient fibroblasts show altered contact dynamics and defective contact-dependent mitochondrial Ca2+ uptake. |
High spatial/temporal resolution live-cell microscopy, TRPML1 agonist stimulation, VDAC1/MCU inhibition, MLIV patient fibroblast analysis, contact site dynamics quantification |
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America |
High |
32703809
|
| 2017 |
TRPML1-mediated lysosomal Ca2+ release activates calmodulin (CaM) to promote lysosome fission, reducing lysosomal size. TRPML1 activation suppresses enlarged vacuoles induced by vacuolin-1 or P2X4; effects are abolished by Ca2+ chelation or CaM inhibition. |
Pharmacological TRPML1 activation, Ca2+ chelation, CaM inhibition, lysosome size quantification by fluorescence microscopy |
The Journal of biological chemistry |
Medium |
28360104
|
| 2010 |
Loss of TRPML1 in Trpml1-/- mice causes impaired gastric acid secretion associated with dynamic palmitoylation and dephosphorylation of Trpml1 in parietal cells upon histamine stimulation, mislocalization of the gastric proton pump, and enlarged/dysfunctional secretory canaliculi. TRPML1 is required for tubulovesicle formation and trafficking in parietal cells. |
Gene-targeted Trpml1-/- mouse model, gastric acid secretion measurement, biochemical analysis of palmitoylation/phosphorylation, immunohistochemistry, electron microscopy of parietal cells |
Gastroenterology |
High |
21111738
|
| 2017 |
LAMTOR1, a subunit of the Ragulator complex, directly interacts with TRPML1 through its N-terminal domain and tonically inhibits TRPML1 channel activity independently of mTORC1. Disrupting LAMTOR1-TRPML1 binding increases TRPML1-mediated Ca2+ release, facilitates dynein-powered dendritic lysosomal trafficking, and alters synaptic plasticity and memory via calcineurin-dependent GluA1 dephosphorylation. |
Co-immunoprecipitation, LAMTOR1 deletion in hippocampal neurons, TRPML1 Ca2+ imaging, lysosomal trafficking assays, electrophysiology for synaptic plasticity, behavioral tests |
The EMBO journal |
High |
35099830
|
| 2012 |
Acute siRNA-mediated loss of TRPML1 causes lysosomal cathepsin B (CatB) leak into the cytoplasm, leading to apoptosis that is prevented by CatB inhibition. Bax inhibition prevents apoptosis but not cytosolic CatB release, placing TRPML1 upstream of CatB release and Bax-dependent apoptosis. |
siRNA knockdown of TRPML1, cathepsin B localization/activity assay, apoptosis assay, CatB inhibitor and Bax inhibitor treatment |
The Journal of biological chemistry |
Medium |
22262857
|
| 2019 |
TRPML1 maintains oncogenic HRAS in signaling-competent nanoclusters at the plasma membrane by mediating cholesterol de-esterification and transport from endolysosomes. TRPML1 inhibition disrupts cholesterol distribution, reduces HRAS nanoclustering and plasma membrane abundance, and attenuates ERK phosphorylation and cell proliferation selectively in HRAS-mutant cancer cells. |
MCOLN1 knockdown, TRPML1 pharmacological inhibition, cholesterol distribution assay, HRAS nanoclustering analysis, ERK phosphorylation, cell proliferation assays in HRAS mutant vs. wild-type cells |
EMBO reports |
Medium |
30787043
|
| 2019 |
TRPML1 mediates lysosomal Ca2+ release that controls lysosome-multivesicular body (MVB) interaction and exosome release in podocytes. Acid ceramidase (AC)-generated sphingosine activates TRPML1-mediated Ca2+ release; AC inhibition or TRPML1 blockade suppresses lysosome-MVB interaction, increasing exosome release. |
GCaMP3 Ca2+ imaging, Port-a-Patch planar patch-clamp, pharmacological manipulation of sphingolipid pathway, structured illumination microscopy, nanoparticle tracking analysis |
American journal of physiology. Cell physiology |
Medium |
31268777
|
| 2020 |
TRPML1 channels in late endosomes/lysosomes form stable nanoscale complexes with type 2 ryanodine receptors (RyR2) on the sarcoplasmic reticulum in vascular smooth muscle cells. TRPML1-mediated lysosomal Ca2+ release initiates Ca2+ sparks through RyR2 activation; loss of TRPML1 abolishes Ca2+ sparks, impairs Ca2+-activated K+ channel activity, causes vasoconstriction, and results in spontaneous hypertension in Mcoln1-/- mice. |
Superresolution nanoscale microscopy, TRPML1 KO mouse, live-cell confocal imaging, ex vivo pressure myography, radiotelemetry blood pressure measurement, Ca2+ spark imaging |
Science signaling |
High |
32576680 33199609
|
| 2021 |
TRPML1 activation inhibits autophagic flux by mediating lysosomal zinc release into the cytosol, which blocks the interaction between STX17 on autophagosomes and VAMP8 on lysosomes, thereby disrupting autophagosome-lysosome fusion. |
Co-immunoprecipitation of STX17 and VAMP8, lysosomal zinc measurement, TRPML1 agonist treatment, SNARE interaction assay, autophagy flux assay |
Autophagy |
Medium |
33890549
|
| 2017 |
TRPML1 co-immunoprecipitates with ER Ca2+ sensor STIM1 in motor neurons and co-localizes with LAMP1 and ER. STIM1 is required for TRPML1-mediated Ca2+ release; in STIM1-deficient neurons, ML-SA1 and PI(3,5)P2 fail to induce lysosomal Ca2+ release. SERCA inhibition increases TRPML1-mediated Ca2+ efflux, indicating ER-lysosome Ca2+ interplay. |
Co-immunoprecipitation, GCaMP3-ML1 Ca2+ imaging, STIM1 knockdown, pharmacological (thapsigargin, ML-SA1), colocalization microscopy |
Scientific reports / FASEB journal |
Medium |
31341250 33484198
|
| 2011 |
In the C. elegans model, NAADP activates TRP-ML1 channel activity in reconstituted lysosomal preparations from wild-type but not TRPML1-/- cells; NAADP-induced Ca2+ release and enhanced endosome-lysosome interaction are abolished in TRPML1-/- cells and restored by TRPML1 gene rescue. |
Lysosomal channel reconstitution, Ca2+ fluorescence imaging, confocal microscopy of endosome-lysosome dynamics, TRPML1 gene rescue in knockout cells |
American journal of physiology. Cell physiology |
Medium |
21613607
|
| 2018 |
TLR3 stimulation triggers lysosomal ATP release from astrocytes and RPE cells through TRPML1-mediated Ca2+ signaling; TRPML1 activation (ML-SA1) alone is sufficient to release lysosomal ATP and acid phosphatase; ATP release is abolished in TRPML1-/- cells and reduced by TBK-1 blockade. |
TRPML1-/- cells, ML-SA1 pharmacological activation, ATP release assay, lysosomal enzyme release assay, Ca2+ imaging |
Scientific reports |
Medium |
29636491
|
| 2022 |
Oxidative stress-induced phosphorylation of JIP4 at T217 by CaMK2G in response to TRPML1-mediated Ca2+ fluxes promotes lysosomal retrograde transport (clustering around MTOC) via a JIP4-TRPML1-ALG2 pathway, enhancing autophagy as a defense mechanism against oxidative cytotoxicity. |
Phosphorylation site mutagenesis, CaMK2G inhibition, lysosomal positioning assay, JIP4 KO cell analysis, TRPML1 pharmacological manipulation, autophagy flux assay |
The EMBO journal |
Medium |
36394115
|
| 2024 |
AKT directly phosphorylates TRPML1 at Ser343 and inhibits K552 ubiquitination and proteasomal degradation of TRPML1. Stabilized TRPML1 binds ARL8B to trigger lysosomal exocytosis, reducing intracellular ferrous iron and enhancing membrane repair, thereby conferring ferroptosis resistance in AKT-hyperactivated cancer cells. |
In vitro AKT kinase assay, phosphosite mutagenesis, ubiquitination assay, co-immunoprecipitation of TRPML1-ARL8B, lysosomal exocytosis assay, ferroptosis assay, in vivo xenograft |
Science translational medicine |
High |
38424427
|
| 2017 |
Lysosomal adenosine accumulation (caused by ADA deficiency) inhibits TRPML1 channel activity; overexpression of ENT3 (lysosomal adenosine transporter) rescues TRPML1 inhibition. TRPML1 inhibition leads to lysosome enlargement, alkalinization, and dysfunction; TRPML1 activation rescues ADA-deficient B-lymphocyte vulnerability to oxidative stress. |
ADA knockout, TRPML1 electrophysiology, ENT3 overexpression rescue, lysosomal pH and size measurement, oxidative stress assay |
The Journal of biological chemistry |
Medium |
28087698
|
| 2024 |
TRPML1-mediated Ca2+ release promotes autophagosome-lysosome fusion and lysosome acidification within 10–20 min of activation, and increases transport of lysosomal SNARE proteins STX7 and VAMP7 via SNARE carrier vesicles. Incoming vesicle fusion is a prerequisite for lysosomal Ca2+ efflux leading to acidification and hydrolase activation; PI(3,5)P2 is proposed as the physiological TRPML1 activator generated by vesicle fusions. |
Pharmacological TRPML1 activation (ML-SA1), lysosomal pH measurement, autophagosome-lysosome fusion assay, SNARE protein trafficking assay, TRPML1 KO validation |
The Journal of biological chemistry |
Medium |
39433126
|
| 2025 |
TRPML1, activated secondarily to ROS upon inflammatory stimuli, mediates lysosomal Fe2+ release into the cytosol, activating prolyl hydroxylase domain enzymes (PHDs). PHDs repress NF-κB transcriptional activity, suppressing IL-1β transcription in macrophages as a negative feedback control of inflammation. |
TRPML1 agonist/antagonist treatment, Fe2+ measurement, PHD activity assay, NF-κB reporter assay, IL-1β ELISA, TRPML1 KO macrophages, in vivo colitis model |
Nature communications |
High |
39856099
|
| 2022 |
TRPML1 localizes to lysosomes in NK cells; genetic deletion of TRPML1 causes mitochondrial fragmentation with collapsed cristae, loss of mitochondrial membrane potential, increased ROS, reduced ATP production, and Ca2+ overload in mitochondria. TRPML1 loss impedes autophagic flux and increases accumulation of dysfunctional mitochondria. |
TRPML1 genetic deletion in NK92 cells, organelle-specific Ca2+ probes, mitochondrial morphology analysis, mitochondrial membrane potential measurement, ROS assay, autophagic flux assay |
Journal of immunology |
Medium |
37737664
|