| 2008 |
TRPML1 functions as a Fe2+-permeable channel in late endosomes and lysosomes, mediating iron release from these organelles into the cytosol. ML4 disease mutations impair Fe2+ permeation to varying degrees correlating with disease severity. Loss of TRPML1 results in reduced cytosolic Fe2+ and increased intralysosomal Fe2+. |
Radiolabelled iron uptake, cytosolic/intralysosomal iron monitoring, direct lysosomal patch-clamp electrophysiology, comparison of TRPML1−/− vs. control fibroblasts |
Nature |
High |
18794901
|
| 2016 |
TRPML1 acts as a ROS sensor on the lysosomal membrane; oxidants directly and specifically activate TRPML1, inducing lysosomal Ca2+ release that triggers calcineurin-dependent TFEB nuclear translocation, autophagy induction, and lysosome biogenesis. Genetic inactivation or pharmacological inhibition of TRPML1 blocks clearance of damaged mitochondria and removal of excess ROS. |
Pharmacological ROS manipulation, GCaMP3 lysosomal Ca2+ imaging, TFEB nuclear translocation assays, genetic knockout/knockdown with autophagic flux readouts |
Nature Communications |
High |
27357649
|
| 2017 |
Cryo-EM structure of mouse TRPML1 in nanodiscs reveals that PI(3,5)P2 binds to the N-terminus distal from the pore; an S2-S3 helix-turn-helix extension couples ligand binding to pore opening; the selectivity filter has multiple ion-binding sites; conserved acidic residues form a luminal Ca2+-blocking site conferring pH/Ca2+ modulation; a luminal linker domain forms a fenestrated canopy creating a divalent cation-preferring electrostatic trap. |
Single-particle cryo-EM in nanodiscs, mutagenesis analysis, electrophysiology |
Nature |
High |
29019981
|
| 2017 |
Cryo-EM structures of full-length human TRPML1 in apo (closed, pH 7.0) and agonist-bound (open, pH 6.0) states reveal that channel opening involves dilation of a lower gate together with movement of pore helix 1; a hydrophobic cavity formed by S5, S6, and PH1 houses the synthetic agonist, distinct from TRPV1 binding site. |
Single-particle cryo-EM at 3.49–3.72 Å resolution |
Nature |
High |
29019983
|
| 2018 |
Structural basis for PI(3,5)P2 and PI(4,5)P2 regulation: both lipids bind to extended helices of S1, S2, and S3. The phosphate group of PI(3,5)P2 induces a Y355–R403 π-cation interaction that moves the S4-S5 linker, allosterically activating the channel. PI(4,5)P2 acts as an inhibitor via the same site. |
Cryo-EM structures of human TRPML1 at pH 5.0 with PI(3,5)P2, PI(4,5)P2, or ML-SA1+PI(3,5)P2; electrophysiology |
Nature Communications |
High |
30305615
|
| 2022 |
Cryo-EM structures of mouse TRPML1 in apo-closed, PI(3,5)P2-bound closed, and PI(3,5)P2/temsirolimus-bound open states reveal synergistic activation: PI(3,5)P2 binds N-terminal domain and rapamycin analog binds a distinct site; together they cooperate to fully open the channel. |
Cryo-EM structural determination in multiple states, patch-clamp electrophysiology |
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences |
High |
35131932
|
| 2005 |
Loss of TRPML1 causes lysosomal over-acidification; TRPML1 can function as a H+ channel providing a proton leak that limits lysosomal acidification. Over-acidification in TRPML1−/− cells reduces lysosomal lipase activity; restoring normal pH with nigericin or chloroquine rescues the lysosomal storage phenotype. |
Lysosomal pH measurement, H+ channel recording, lipase activity assay in TRPML1−/− patient cells, rescue experiments with ionophores |
Journal of Biological Chemistry |
High |
16361256
|
| 2005 |
TRPML1 is a lysosomal monovalent cation channel that undergoes proteolytic cleavage by cathepsin B at Arg200-Pro201; cleavage inactivates channel activity. N- and C-terminal fragments co-immunoprecipitate and co-elute, indicating they remain associated after cleavage. |
Planar patch-clamp electrophysiology, N-terminal sequencing, co-immunoprecipitation, expression in cathepsin B-deficient cells, inhibitor studies |
Journal of Biological Chemistry |
High |
16257972
|
| 2009 |
Proline-scanning mutagenesis of the TM5 region identifies gain-of-function (GOF) mutations causing constitutive Ca2+ permeability. GOF TRPML1 channels traffic beyond late endosomes/lysosomes to the plasma membrane because constitutive intralysosomal Ca2+ release triggers lysosomal exocytosis. TRPML1 is an inwardly rectifying, proton-impermeable, Ca2+/Fe2+/Mn2+-permeable channel gated via conformational change at the cytoplasmic face of TM5. |
Proline scanning mutagenesis, whole-cell and lysosomal patch-clamp, surface LAMP-1 staining, subcellular localization by fluorescence microscopy |
Journal of Biological Chemistry |
High |
19638346
|
| 2006 |
TRPML proteins form homo- and heteromultimers. TRPML1 and TRPML2 are lysosomal homomultimers and dictate lysosomal localization of TRPML3 (which alone resides in the ER) through heteromultimerization. |
Co-immunoprecipitation, subcellular localization by fluorescence microscopy, disruption of lysosomal targeting signals |
Journal of Biological Chemistry |
High |
16606612
|
| 2019 |
TRPML1 activation triggers autophagosome biogenesis via lysosomal Ca2+ release activating CaMKKβ and AMPK, which increase activation of ULK1 and VPS34 autophagic complexes and PI3P generation, independently of TFEB. MLIV patient cells show reduced recruitment of PI3P-binding proteins to the phagophore. |
Pharmacological activation/inhibition of TRPML1, CaMKKβ/AMPK/ULK1/VPS34 biochemical assays, PI3P biosensor imaging, MLIV patient fibroblast analysis |
Nature Communications |
High |
31822666
|
| 2020 |
TRPML1-mediated lysosomal Ca2+ release at mitochondria-lysosome contact sites promotes calcium transfer to mitochondria, dependent on tethering of contact sites and requiring VDAC1 and the mitochondrial calcium uniporter. MLIV patient fibroblasts show altered contact dynamics and defective contact-dependent mitochondrial calcium uptake. |
High-resolution live-cell microscopy, organelle Ca2+ imaging, contact site analysis, MLIV patient fibroblast studies |
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences |
High |
32703809
|
| 2015 |
TRPML1 is a PI(3,5)P2-gated lysosomal Ca2+ channel required for phagosome-lysosome fusion in macrophages. PIKfyve synthesizes PI(3,5)P2 to activate TRPML1, and the resulting Ca2+ release drives membrane fusion. Silencing TRPML1 causes lysosomes to dock but not fuse with phagosomes; forcible Ca2+ release rescues maturation. |
TRPML1 siRNA knockdown, PIKfyve pharmacological inhibition, phagosome isolation, lysosomal marker acquisition assays, ionomycin rescue, cytosolic Ca2+ measurement |
Traffic |
High |
26010303
|
| 2018 |
mTORC1 (TOR kinase) directly phosphorylates TRPML1 to inactivate the channel. Mutating TOR phosphorylation sites to unphosphorylatable residues blocks TOR-mediated TRPML1 regulation. Conversely, starvation relieves mTORC1-mediated inhibition of TRPML1, and activated TRPML1 then reactivates mTORC1 via calmodulin in a negative feedback loop. |
Phosphorylation site mutagenesis, kinase inhibition, mTORC1 activity assays, TRPML1 channel electrophysiology, calmodulin inhibition |
Autophagy |
High |
26195823 29460684
|
| 2021 |
TRPML1 mediates lysosomal Zn2+ release into the cytosol. Activation of TRPML1 by agonists blocks autophagosome-lysosome fusion by disrupting interaction of STX17 (autophagosome SNARE) with VAMP8 (lysosome SNARE), thereby arresting autophagic flux. This zinc-dependent block of SNARE-mediated fusion is replicated by extracellular zinc, confirming zinc as the effector. |
TRPML1 agonist/antagonist pharmacology, zinc chelation, co-immunoprecipitation of STX17/VAMP8, autophagy flux assays, xenograft tumor models |
Autophagy |
High |
33890549
|
| 2019 |
TRPML1 maintains oncogenic HRAS in signaling-competent nanoclusters at the plasma membrane by mediating cholesterol de-esterification and transport from endolysosomes to the plasma membrane. TRPML1 inhibition causes cholesterol accumulation in endolysosomes, loss of HRAS from the plasma membrane, and reduced ERK phosphorylation. |
MCOLN1 knockdown and pharmacological inhibition, cholesterol localization imaging, HRAS nanoclustering analysis, ERK phosphorylation assays |
EMBO Reports |
High |
30787043
|
| 2024 |
AKT directly phosphorylates TRPML1 at Ser343, which inhibits K552 ubiquitination and proteasomal degradation of TRPML1, thereby promoting TRPML1 binding to ARL8B and triggering lysosomal exocytosis. This TRPML1-mediated exocytosis reduces intracellular ferrous iron and enhances membrane repair, protecting AKT-hyperactivated cancer cells from ferroptosis. |
Genome-wide CRISPR-Cas9 screen, kinase inhibitor library screen, phosphorylation site mapping, co-IP of TRPML1-ARL8B, ubiquitination assays, lysosomal exocytosis assays, in vivo tumor models |
Science Translational Medicine |
High |
38924427
|
| 2010 |
Loss of TRPML1 causes intracellular chelatable zinc dyshomeostasis with zinc accumulation in lysosomes and elevated brain zinc in TRPML1−/− mice, establishing a role for TRPML1 in zinc efflux from lysosomes. |
siRNA knockdown in HEK-293 cells, spectrofluorometric zinc quantification in MLIV patient fibroblasts, ICP-MS on TRPML1−/− mouse brain tissue |
Journal of Biological Chemistry |
High |
20864526
|
| 2013 |
TRPML1 interacts with TMEM163 (a putative zinc transporter) as demonstrated by yeast two-hybrid, co-immunoprecipitation, mass spectrometry, and confocal colocalization. This interaction modulates cellular zinc homeostasis; TMEM163 plasma membrane levels decrease when co-expressed with TRPML1, and knockdown of TMEM163 or combined TMEM163/TRPML1 knockdown elevates intracellular zinc. |
Yeast two-hybrid, co-immunoprecipitation, mass spectrometry, confocal microscopy, siRNA knockdown, zinc quantification |
Traffic |
High |
25130899
|
| 2010 |
TRPML1 is required for parietal cell membrane trafficking: it is dynamically palmitoylated and dephosphorylated following histamine stimulation of acid secretion. Loss of TRPML1 reduces levels and mislocalizes the gastric proton pump, alters secretory canaliculi, and causes hypochlorhydria; this indicates TRPML1 functions in tubulovesicle formation and trafficking. |
Trpml1−/− mouse model, histology, ultrastructural analysis, biochemical analyses of proton pump levels and localization, palmitoylation/phosphorylation assays, gastric acid secretion measurements |
Gastroenterology |
High |
21111738
|
| 2012 |
Acute siRNA-mediated loss of TRPML1 causes cathepsin B (CatB) leak from lysosomes into the cytoplasm, triggering Bax-dependent apoptosis. CatB inhibition prevents apoptosis; Bax inhibition prevents apoptosis but not CatB leak, placing CatB leak upstream of Bax activation. |
siRNA knockdown, cathepsin B activity/localization assays, apoptosis assays, CatB inhibitor pharmacology, Bax inhibition |
Journal of Biological Chemistry |
High |
22262857
|
| 2020 |
TRPML1 channels in late endosomes/lysosomes of vascular smooth muscle cells form stable nanoscale complexes with type 2 ryanodine receptors (RyR2) on the sarcoplasmic reticulum. TRPML1-mediated Ca2+ release initiates RyR2-dependent Ca2+ sparks that activate BK channels; loss of TRPML1 abolishes Ca2+ sparks, renders arteries hypercontractile, and causes spontaneous hypertension in Mcoln1−/− mice. |
TRPML1-KO mice, super-resolution microscopy (nanoscale colocalization), live-cell confocal Ca2+ imaging, ex vivo pressure myography, in vivo radiotelemetry |
Science Signaling |
High |
32576680
|
| 2017 |
TRPML1-mediated lysosomal Ca2+ release activates calmodulin (CaM) to promote lysosome fission/size regulation. Activation of TRPML1 suppresses vacuolin-1- or P2X4-induced lysosomal enlargement; this effect requires Ca2+ and CaM, not the lysosomal Na+ channel TPC2. |
TRPML1 overexpression/activation, vacuolin-1 and P2X4 treatment, Ca2+ chelation, CaM inhibition, lysosome size quantification |
Journal of Biological Chemistry |
High |
28360104
|
| 2011 |
Although TRPML1 and TPC2 co-immunoprecipitate and colocalize, they function as independent ion channels: TPC1/TPC2 do not affect TRPML1 channel activity, and TRPML1 does not mediate NAADP-evoked Ca2+ signals (NAADP-Ca2+ responses are identical in wild-type and TRPML1−/− cells). TPCs, not TRPMLs, are the NAADP targets. |
Co-immunoprecipitation, colocalization, patch-clamp of TRPML1 and TPC channels, NAADP-Ca2+ measurement in TRPML1−/− cells and pancreatic acinar cells |
Journal of Biological Chemistry |
High |
21540176
|
| 2011 |
CUP-5, the C. elegans ortholog of TRPML1, localizes to lysosomes (not gut granules) and is required for lysosome biogenesis and proteolytic degradation in autolysosomes. cup-5 mutations cause enlarged autolysosomes with defective degradation; reduced autophagy activity partially suppresses cup-5 mutant phenotypes. |
C. elegans genetics, autophagy substrate accumulation assays, organelle marker colocalization, genetic epistasis with autophagy mutants |
Autophagy |
High |
21997367
|
| 2022 |
LAMTOR1 (Ragulator subunit) directly interacts with TRPML1 through its N-terminal domain and tonically inhibits TRPML1 activity independently of mTORC1. Disrupting LAMTOR1-TRPML1 binding increases TRPML1-mediated Ca2+ release, activates calcineurin-dependent GluA1 dephosphorylation, promotes lysosomal degradation of GluA1, and impairs synaptic plasticity and memory in mice. |
Co-immunoprecipitation, LAMTOR1 deletion/domain mapping, GCaMP3 Ca2+ imaging in hippocampal neurons, dendritic lysosome trafficking imaging, synaptic plasticity recordings, behavioral assays |
EMBO Journal |
High |
35099830
|
| 2021 |
Cryo-EM structure of human TRPML1 with antagonist ML-SI3 at 2.9-Å resolution reveals that ML-SI3 binds to the same hydrophobic S5/S6/PH1 cavity as agonist ML-SA1. ML-SI3 competes with ML-SA1 but does not block PI(3,5)P2-dependent activation, demonstrating two functionally distinct activation pathways. |
Cryo-EM, whole-lysosome electrophysiology, competitive binding studies |
Structure |
High |
34171299
|
| 2014 |
TRPML1 mediates lysosomal Ca2+ release in response to the synthetic agonist ML-SA1 and the endogenous ligand PI(3,5)P2. F465L mutation renders TRPML1 pH-insensitive; F408Δ impacts synthetic ligand binding. Small-molecule activators can restore TRPML1 mutant channel function and rescue trafficking defects and lysosomal zinc accumulation in MLIV patient fibroblasts. |
Whole-lysosome planar patch-clamp, MLIV patient fibroblast studies, zinc accumulation assays, trafficking assays |
Nature Communications |
High |
25119295
|
| 2022 |
Oxidative stress-induced phosphorylation of JIP4 at T217 by CaMK2G in response to TRPML1-mediated Ca2+ fluxes regulates lysosomal retrograde transport and clustering. TRPML1-ALG2 pathway operates downstream, and the phosphorylation status of JIP4 acts as a switch between oxidative-stress-induced versus starvation-induced lysosomal retrograde transport. |
JIP4/TRPML1/ALG2 genetic KO and rescue, acrolein/H2O2 treatment, phosphorylation site mapping (T217), CaMK2G inhibition, lysosome positioning imaging |
EMBO Journal |
High |
36394115
|
| 2019 |
Acid ceramidase (AC) product sphingosine activates TRPML1 channel-mediated Ca2+ release; ceramide and sphingomyelin have different modulatory effects on TRPML1 in podocytes. AC inhibition attenuates TRPML1 activity. TRPML1-mediated Ca2+ release controls lysosome-multivesicular body interaction and suppresses exosome release. |
Port-a-Patch planar patch-clamp, GCaMP3 Ca2+ imaging, AC inhibitor carmofur, structured illumination microscopy of lysosome-MVB interactions, nanoparticle tracking for exosomes |
American Journal of Physiology – Cell Physiology |
High |
31268777
|
| 2025 |
TRPML1 is activated secondarily to ROS elevation upon inflammatory stimuli, mediating release of lysosomal Fe2+ into the cytosol. Released Fe2+ activates prolyl hydroxylase domain enzymes (PHDs), which then suppress NF-κB transcriptional activity, resulting in inhibited IL-1β (IL1B) transcription in macrophages. In vivo TRPML1 stimulation ameliorates colitis. |
TRPML1 agonist/antagonist pharmacology, Fe2+ release assays, PHD activity measurement, NF-κB reporter assays, IL-1β quantification, TRPML1 KO and siRNA, DSS-colitis mouse model |
Nature Communications |
High |
39856099
|
| 2024 |
TRPML1 activation promotes autophagosome-lysosome fusion through Ca2+-dependent delivery of lysosomal SNARE proteins (syntaxin 7, VAMP7) via SNARE carrier vesicles, thereby activating lysosomal acidification and hydrolase activity within 10–20 min of TRPML1 activation. Incoming vesicle fusion is a prerequisite that generates PI(3,5)P2 to activate TRPML1 in a positive feedback. |
Pharmacological TRPML1 activation (ML-SA1), pH imaging, hydrolase activity assays, SNARE trafficking analysis, autophagy flux measurements |
Journal of Biological Chemistry |
High |
39433126
|
| 2013 |
siRNA-induced TRPML1 knockdown leads to lysosomal enlargement and zinc accumulation when cells are exposed to high zinc; this is ameliorated by knockdown of zinc-sensitive transcription factor MTF-1 or zinc transporter ZnT4. TRPML1 knockdown delays zinc leak from lysosomes to cytoplasm, and elevated cytoplasmic zinc drives MT2a transcription. |
siRNA knockdown, zinc staining (LysoTracker/zinc fluorophore), MTF-1 and ZnT4 co-knockdown epistasis, lysosomal secretion assays, mRNA quantification |
Biochemical Journal |
High |
23368743
|
| 2021 |
TRPML1 co-immunoprecipitates with the ER Ca2+ sensor STIM1 in motor neurons. STIM1 is required for TRPML1-mediated Ca2+ release; loss of STIM1 abolishes ML-SA1 and PI(3,5)P2-induced Ca2+ efflux through TRPML1. TRPML1 co-localizes with ER marker and LAMP1 in motor neurons. |
Co-immunoprecipitation, GCaMP3-ML1 Ca2+ indicator, siRNA knockdown, confocal colocalization in motor neurons |
FASEB Journal |
Medium |
33484198
|
| 2019 |
TLR3 activation triggers lysosomal alkalization, which activates TRPML1, leading to lysosomal ATP and acid phosphatase release (lysosomal exocytosis) in astrocytes and RPE cells. TRPML1 agonist ML-SA1 is sufficient to trigger this release; TRPML1-KO cells show blunted poly(I:C)-dependent ATP release. |
TRPML1-KO cells, ML-SA1 agonist, ATP/acid phosphatase release assays, lysosomal pH measurement, TBK-1 inhibition |
Scientific Reports |
Medium |
29636491
|
| 2020 |
TRPML1 channels in bladder and urethral smooth muscle cells form nanoscale complexes with RyR2 on the sarcoplasmic reticulum, similar to vascular SMCs. Loss of TRPML1 in Mcoln1−/− mice impairs Ca2+ sparks and BK channel activity, rendering lower urinary tract smooth muscle hypercontractile and causing bladder overactivity. |
Mcoln1−/− mouse, lattice light-sheet microscopy, super-resolution colocalization, Ca2+ spark imaging, BK channel electrophysiology, ex vivo contractility, voiding assays |
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences |
High |
33199609
|
| 2019 |
TRPML1-mediated lysosomal exocytosis is required for adipogenesis. TRPML1 expression increases during adipogenic differentiation; acute TRPML1 deletion reduces lipid synthesis, marker gene expression, and exosome release from mature adipocytes. |
TRPML1 deletion in OP9 pre-adipocytes, lipid synthesis assays, differentiation marker gene expression, exosome quantification |
Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications |
Medium |
30711251
|
| 2017 |
Lysosomal adenosine accumulation (from ADA deficiency) inhibits TRPML1 channel activity; overexpressing ENT3 (adenosine transporter) rescues TRPML1 activity and lysosomal function. ADA deficiency causes lysosome enlargement, alkalinization, and dysfunction that are rescued by TRPML1 activation. This mechanism links purine metabolism to lysosomal Ca2+ homeostasis. |
ADA-KO cells, TRPML1 electrophysiology, ENT3 overexpression rescue, lysosomal pH measurement, B-lymphocyte oxidative stress assays |
Journal of Biological Chemistry |
Medium |
28087698
|
| 2014 |
Loss of TRPML1 promotes ROS production via trapped lysosomal Fe2+; TRPML1-knockdown cells exposed to Fe2+ show mitochondrial fragmentation, loss of mitochondrial membrane potential, ROS buildup, lipid peroxidation, and oxidative stress gene induction—all reversed by the ROS chelator α-tocopherol. |
siRNA knockdown, Fe2+ treatment, mitochondrial morphology imaging, membrane potential assays, ROS/lipid peroxidation measurement, α-tocopherol rescue |
Biochemical Journal |
Medium |
24192042
|
| 2008 |
TRPML1 functions as an NAADP-sensitive lysosomal Ca2+ release channel in coronary arterial myocytes; siRNA silencing of TRPML1 reduces NAADP-activated lysosomal Ca2+ channel activity by ~71% in reconstituted lysosomal preparations, and anti-TRPML1 antibodies almost abolish NAADP-induced channel activation. |
siRNA knockdown, lysosomal channel reconstitution, NAADP pharmacology, FRET, intracellular Ca2+ imaging |
Journal of Cellular and Molecular Medicine |
Medium |
18754814
|