Affinage

COL5A3

Collagen alpha-3(V) chain · UniProt P25940

Length
1745 aa
Mass
172.1 kDa
Annotated
2026-06-09
64 papers in source corpus 13 papers cited in narrative 12 extracted findings
Cross-family judge vs UniProt: Affinage preferred faithfulness: 6/6 claims corpus-supported (100%)

Mechanistic narrative

Synthesis pass · prose summary of the discoveries below

COL5A3 encodes the pro-α3(V) collagen chain, a component of the fibrillar collagen system that assembles into α1(V)α2(V)α3(V) heterotrimers and shapes the geometry of extracellular matrix in connective tissues (PMID:10722718). Its primary structure diverges from pro-α1(V) in the N-propeptide and collagenous domains, accounting for the low melting temperature of α1(V)α2(V)α3(V) trimers and the absence of heparin binding by the α3(V) chain, and the chain is expressed in epimysial sheaths of developing muscle and nascent ligaments (PMID:10722718). Reconstituted α1(V)α2(V)α3(V) (Vp123) fibrils display D-periodic banding at 34°C but lose this pattern at 37°C, indicating that α3(V)-containing trimers form both periodic fibrils and non-fibrillar meshwork structures (PMID:23092503); consistent with this, in healing skin pro-α3(V) localizes to amorphous non-fibrillar matrix and co-localizes with heparan sulfate (PMID:22214369). Beyond its structural role, COL5A3 is required for systemic glucose homeostasis: Col5a3-null mice are glucose-intolerant, insulin-resistant and hyperglycemic, with reduced islet number, blunted glucose-stimulated insulin secretion, and a failure of white adipose tissue and skeletal muscle to mobilize GLUT4 to the plasma membrane (PMID:21293061). COL5A3 also constrains adipocyte biology, where loss of expression increases lipid accumulation and alters proliferation and differentiation of preadipocytes (PMID:40912257, PMID:39371160, PMID:40004494). COL5A3 transcription is driven from a TATA-less, GC-rich core promoter through cooperative binding of CBF/NF-Y at a CCAAT box and Sp1/Sp3 at a GC-rich element, with Sp7/Osterix acting through the Sp1 site to upregulate the gene in osteoblasts (PMID:15316020, PMID:20424664, PMID:20206127), while miR-29 family members (miR-29a/b) directly repress COL5A3 post-transcriptionally via its 3'-UTR (PMID:19342382, PMID:20194304, PMID:32660466).

Mechanistic history

Synthesis pass · year-by-year structured walk · 9 steps
  1. 2000 High

    Establishing the identity and structural distinctiveness of the α3(V) chain answered what gene product COL5A3 makes and why its trimers differ from other type V collagen, framing it as a heterotrimer component with unusual thermal and binding properties.

    Evidence Full-length cDNA cloning, sequence analysis, and in situ hybridization in mouse embryos

    PMID:10722718

    Open questions at the time
    • Did not establish the in vivo function of α3(V)-containing fibrils
    • Tissue distribution beyond embryonic muscle/ligament not resolved
  2. 2004 High

    Defining the COL5A3 core promoter architecture answered how the gene is transcriptionally controlled, identifying CBF/NF-Y as a direct activator and additional repressive complexes.

    Evidence Reporter assays, DNase I footprinting, EMSA/supershift, and ChIP on the human COL5A3 promoter

    PMID:15316020

    Open questions at the time
    • Identity of the repressor complexes B and C not determined
    • Did not connect promoter regulation to a physiological signal
  3. 2009 Medium

    Identifying miR-29b as a direct 3'-UTR-binding repressor answered whether COL5A3 is controlled post-transcriptionally, adding a layer of negative regulation.

    Evidence 3'-UTR luciferase reporter assays with miR-29b/anti-miR-29b and endogenous mRNA measurement in osteoblastic cells

    PMID:19342382 PMID:20194304

    Open questions at the time
    • Physiological context driving miR-29b regulation not defined
    • Did not quantify protein-level repression in this study
  4. 2010 Medium

    Dissecting cooperative Sp1/Sp3 and CBF/NF-Y binding and Sp7/Osterix input answered how COL5A3 is induced during osteoblast differentiation.

    Evidence Reporter assays, EMSA, site-directed mutagenesis, ChIP, and Sp7/Osterix overexpression/knockdown in osteoblastic cells

    PMID:20206127 PMID:20424664

    Open questions at the time
    • Mechanism of Sp1 self-competition at high concentration not fully resolved
    • Single-lab promoter studies; not extended to other cell types
  5. 2010 Medium

    Confirming miR-29b repression in renal medullary epithelium with in vivo knockdown extended COL5A3 post-transcriptional control beyond osteoblasts.

    Evidence 3'-UTR luciferase reporter assay and in vivo miR-29b knockdown in rat kidneys with mRNA readout

    PMID:20194304

    Open questions at the time
    • Functional consequence of COL5A3 derepression in kidney not assessed
    • Protein-level changes not measured
  6. 2011 High

    Genetic ablation in mice answered the physiological role of COL5A3, revealing an unexpected requirement for glucose homeostasis, islet survival, and GLUT4 mobilization rather than a purely structural matrix function.

    Evidence Col5a3 knockout mice with glucose tolerance, insulin sensitivity, islet secretion, apoptosis, and GLUT4 localization assays

    PMID:21293061

    Open questions at the time
    • Molecular link between an ECM collagen chain and GLUT4 trafficking unresolved
    • Cell-autonomous versus systemic contributions not separated
  7. 2012 Medium

    In vitro fibril reconstitution and wound-healing localization answered how α3(V)-containing trimers behave physically, showing thermal instability of banded fibrils and a non-fibrillar, heparan-sulfate-associated matrix role.

    Evidence Fibril reconstitution and TEM at multiple temperatures, plus RT-PCR, ISH, IHC, and EM in a mouse wound model

    PMID:22214369 PMID:23092503

    Open questions at the time
    • Functional role of the non-fibrillar meshwork in vivo not established
    • In vitro reconstitution may not reflect native assembly
  8. 2020 Medium

    Identifying COL5A3 as a direct miR-29a target in pancreatic stellate cells answered how it is regulated in the tumor microenvironment, linking it to ECM remodeling in PDAC.

    Evidence RNAseq transcriptome analysis and Western blot after miR-29a mimic transfection in human pancreatic stellate cells

    PMID:32660466

    Open questions at the time
    • Functional impact of COL5A3 repression on the PDAC microenvironment not tested
    • Single cell-type, single-lab observation
  9. 2025 Medium

    Loss-of-function studies in human and murine adipocytes answered whether COL5A3 regulates fat cell biology, showing it constrains lipid accumulation and modulates preadipocyte proliferation and differentiation.

    Evidence CRISPR knockdown in human white adipose cell lines and siRNA knockdown in 3T3-L1 cells with lipid, proliferation, differentiation, and RNA-seq readouts

    PMID:39371160 PMID:40004494 PMID:40912257

    Open questions at the time
    • Apparently opposite directionality (suppressing versus promoting adipogenesis) across systems unresolved
    • OXPHOS pathway link is correlative
    • Mechanism connecting a collagen chain to intracellular adipocyte programs unknown

Open questions

Synthesis pass · forward-looking unresolved questions
  • The molecular mechanism by which an extracellular α3(V) collagen chain controls intracellular processes such as GLUT4 trafficking and adipocyte differentiation remains unexplained.
  • No identified receptor or signaling intermediary linking COL5A3 matrix to GLUT4 mobilization
  • No structural model of the native α1(V)α2(V)α3(V) fibril/meshwork in tissue
  • Human disease association not established in the available corpus

Mechanism profile

Synthesis pass · controlled-vocabulary classification · explore literature graph →
Molecular activity
GO:0005198 structural molecule activity 2
Localization
GO:0031012 extracellular matrix 3 GO:0005576 extracellular region 1
Pathway
R-HSA-1474244 Extracellular matrix organization 3
Partners
COL5A1COL5A2
Complex memberships
α1(V)α2(V)α3(V) type V collagen heterotrimer

Evidence

Reading pass · 12 per-paper findings extracted from the source corpus
Year Finding Method Journal Conf PMIDs
2000 COL5A3 encodes the pro-α3(V) chain, which assembles into an α1(V)α2(V)α3(V) heterotrimer. The α3(V) chain is closely related to pro-α1(V) but has distinct N-propeptide sequences and collagenous domain features that explain the low melting temperature of α1(V)α2(V)α3(V) heterotrimers, lack of heparin binding by α3(V) chains, and potential incorporation into heterotypic fibrils. In situ hybridization in mouse embryos detected α3(V) expression primarily in epimysial sheaths of developing muscles and within nascent ligaments adjacent to forming bones and in joints. Full-length cDNA cloning, sequence analysis, in situ hybridization of mouse embryos The Journal of biological chemistry High 10722718
2011 Genetic ablation of Col5a3 in mice (Col5a3−/− mice) demonstrated that the α3(V) chain is required for glucose homeostasis. Col5a3−/− mice are glucose intolerant, insulin-resistant, and hyperglycemic. Mechanistically, islets from mutant mice showed decreased numbers, increased susceptibility to streptozotocin-induced apoptosis, and blunted glucose-stimulated insulin secretion. Additionally, Col5a3−/− white adipose tissue (WAT) and skeletal muscle were defective in insulin-stimulated glucose uptake and failed to mobilize intracellular GLUT4 glucose transporter to the plasma membrane. Female Col5a3−/− mice had reduced dermal fat and were resistant to high-fat diet–induced weight gain. Gene knockout (null allele generation), glucose tolerance tests, insulin resistance assays, GLUT4 localization assays, islet isolation and glucose-stimulated insulin secretion assays, streptozotocin-induced apoptosis The Journal of clinical investigation High 21293061
2004 The core promoter of the human COL5A3 gene (within −129 bp of the major transcription start site) lacks a typical TATA motif and has high GC content. Four DNA-protein complexes (A, B, C, D) bind within this region. Complex A (binding −122 to −117 bp) consists of the transcription factor CBF/NF-Y, which activates COL5A3 transcription; complexes B and C act as repressors of promoter activity. Chromatin immunoprecipitation confirmed that CBF/NF-Y directly binds the COL5A3 core promoter in vivo. Transient transfection reporter assays, DNase I footprinting, electrophoretic mobility shift assay (EMSA), supershift assays with antibodies, chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP), mutant CBF-B/NF-YA overexpression The Journal of biological chemistry High 15316020
2010 The transcription factor Sp7/Osterix upregulates Col5a3 in osteoblastic cells. Overexpression of Sp7/Osterix significantly increased Col5a3 promoter activity and endogenous mRNA levels, while siRNA knockdown of Sp7/Osterix decreased both. ChIP assay confirmed that Sp7/Osterix interacts with the Col5a3 core promoter at the Sp1 binding site in vivo. Co-overexpression experiments with Sp7/Osterix and Sp1 in an osteoblast differentiation model indicate cooperative regulation of Col5a3 expression. Promoter reporter assays, siRNA knockdown, chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP), co-overexpression experiments, RT-PCR for endogenous mRNA Biochemical and biophysical research communications Medium 20206127
2010 Transcriptional regulation of mouse Col5a3 in osteoblastic cells requires cooperative binding of Sp1/Sp3 (to a GC-rich domain at −194/−186) and CBF/NF-Y (to a CCAAT box at −134/−130). Mutations or deletion of either element decreased transcriptional activity; overexpression of Sp1 increased activity but also competed with Sp family binding at the GC-rich domain, decreasing promoter activity at high concentrations. Transient transfection reporter assays in ROS17/2.8 osteosarcoma cells, EMSA, site-directed mutagenesis, overexpression Acta medica Okayama Medium 20424664
2012 Pro-α3(V) collagen is transiently expressed in mouse wound healing at lower levels than other fibrillar collagen genes. In injured skin, the pro-α3(V) chain was localized by immunohistochemistry to the amorphous non-fibrillar region rather than fine or dense fibrils. The pro-α3(V) chain co-localized with heparan sulfate in the injured skin, suggesting a functional interaction via an acidic segment of the pro-α3(V) chain. RT-PCR, in situ hybridization, immunohistochemistry, electron microscopy, wound healing mouse model Connective tissue research Medium 22214369
2012 Reconstituted fibrils from the α1(V)α2(V)α3(V) (Vp123) subtype of type V collagen showed D-periodic banding at 34°C (~45 nm width) but lost banding pattern when reconstituted at 37°C, and banded fibrils reconstituted at 34°C lost their characteristic pattern within 60 min at 37°C. In contrast, α1(V)2α2(V) (Vp112) fibrils maintained banding at 37°C. This thermal instability of Vp123 banding suggests that α3(V)-containing trimers exist not only as periodic banded fibrils but also as non-fibrillar meshwork structures. Pepsin treatment of human placenta collagen, fibril reconstitution, transmission electron microscopy at multiple temperatures Connective tissue research Medium 23092503
2009 miR-29b directly targets the 3'-UTR of COL5A3 mRNA to repress its expression. Luciferase reporter assays showed that miR-29b decreased and anti-miR-29b increased activity of COL5A3 3'-UTR sequences. miR-29b also decreased endogenous COL5A3 gene expression in osteoblastic cells. 3'-UTR luciferase reporter assays, anti-miR-29b transfection, endogenous gene expression measurement The Journal of biological chemistry Medium 19342382 20194304
2010 miR-29b suppresses COL5A3 expression via its 3'-UTR in renal medullary epithelial cells, as shown by luciferase reporter assay. Knockdown of miR-29b in SS-13(BN) rat kidneys resulted in upregulation of Col5a3 mRNA, supporting direct post-transcriptional regulation. 3'-UTR luciferase reporter assay, in vivo miR-29b knockdown in rat kidneys, real-time PCR for collagen gene expression Hypertension Medium 20194304
2020 miR-29a directly suppresses COL5A3 expression at the translational level in human pancreatic stellate cells (hPSCs), as demonstrated by Western blot after miR-29a mimic transfection. COL5A3 was identified as one of eight key direct targets of miR-29a in PSCs, placing COL5A3 in the ECM remodeling/collagen biosynthesis pathway regulated by miR-29a in the PDAC tumor microenvironment. RNAseq transcriptome analysis, Western blot after miR-29a mimic transfection in hPSCs BMC cancer Medium 32660466
2025 CRISPR knockdown of COL5A3 in human white adipose tissue cell lines significantly increased lipid accumulation (fold change = 1.72, p = 0.0028), establishing a functional role for COL5A3 in suppressing adipogenesis in human adipocytes. CRISPR knockdown in human white adipose tissue cell lines, lipid accumulation assay (Oil Red O or equivalent) American journal of human genetics Medium 39371160 40912257
2025 Col5a3 interference (siRNA knockdown) in 3T3-L1 preadipocytes promoted cell proliferation but inhibited differentiation into mature adipocytes, as measured by CCK-8, EdU staining, cell cycle detection, triglyceride assay, and Oil Red O staining. RNA-seq of differentiated adipocytes after Col5a3 interference identified 368 DEGs, with the most significant enrichment in the oxidative phosphorylation pathway, suggesting Col5a3 promotes adipogenesis partly through this pathway. siRNA knockdown in 3T3-L1 cells, CCK-8 proliferation assay, EdU staining, cell cycle analysis, RT-qPCR, Western blot, triglyceride assay, Oil Red O staining, RNA-seq Genes Medium 40004494

Source papers

Stage 0 corpus · 64 papers · ranked by NIH iCite citations
Year Title Journal Citations PMID
2009 Biological functions of miR-29b contribute to positive regulation of osteoblast differentiation. The Journal of biological chemistry 484 19342382
2010 Renal medullary microRNAs in Dahl salt-sensitive rats: miR-29b regulates several collagens and related genes. Hypertension (Dallas, Tex. : 1979) 219 20194304
2017 Exonic Mosaic Mutations Contribute Risk for Autism Spectrum Disorder. American journal of human genetics 146 28867142
2016 Analyses of Long Non-Coding RNA and mRNA profiling using RNA sequencing during the pre-implantation phases in pig endometrium. Scientific reports 137 26822553
2017 Proteomic Analysis of the Bovine and Human Ciliary Zonule. Investigative ophthalmology & visual science 68 28125844
2000 The pro-alpha3(V) collagen chain. Complete primary structure, expression domains in adult and developing tissues, and comparison to the structures and expression domains of the other types V and XI procollagen chains. The Journal of biological chemistry 66 10722718
2011 α3(V) collagen is critical for glucose homeostasis in mice due to effects in pancreatic islets and peripheral tissues. The Journal of clinical investigation 57 21293061
2018 Bisphenol S induced epigenetic and transcriptional changes in human breast cancer cell line MCF-7. Environmental pollution (Barking, Essex : 1987) 52 30616060
2021 The relative expression of miR-31, miR-29, miR-126, and miR-17 and their mRNA targets in the serum of COVID-19 patients with different grades during hospitalization. European journal of medical research 48 34256840
2021 Identification of potential genes related to breast cancer brain metastasis in breast cancer patients. Bioscience reports 40 34541602
2018 TLR4-mediated activation of the ERK pathway following UVA irradiation contributes to increased cytokine and MMP expression in senescent human dermal fibroblasts. PloS one 38 30118525
2004 Exclusion of candidate genes in a family with arterial tortuosity syndrome. American journal of medical genetics. Part A 38 15054833
2020 Cell populations in neonatal rat peripheral nerves identified by single-cell transcriptomics. Glia 34 33079428
2002 Homozygous Gly530Ser substitution in COL5A1 causes mild classical Ehlers-Danlos syndrome. American journal of medical genetics 32 11992482
2019 Comparative genomic analysis of collagen gene diversity. 3 Biotech 30 30800594
2010 The expression patterns of minor fibrillar collagens during development in zebrafish. Gene expression patterns : GEP 28 20647059
2018 Activation of JNK signaling in osteoblasts is inversely correlated with collagen synthesis in age-related osteoporosis. Biochemical and biophysical research communications 26 30217450
2010 Sp7/Osterix up-regulates the mouse pro-alpha3(V) collagen gene (Col5a3) during the osteoblast differentiation. Biochemical and biophysical research communications 25 20206127
2023 Characterization of candidate factors associated with the metastasis and progression of high-grade serous ovarian cancer. Chinese medical journal 23 37284741
2018 Oral Ibuprofen Interferes with Cellular Healing Responses in a Murine Model of Achilles Tendinopathy. Journal of musculoskeletal disorders and treatment 19 30687812
2022 Dietary Moringa oleifera leaf powder improves jejunal permeability and digestive function by modulating the microbiota composition and mucosal immunity in heat stressed rabbits. Environmental science and pollution research international 17 35725877
2022 Genome-Wide Expression Profiling and Networking Reveals an Imperative Role of IMF-Associated Novel CircRNAs as ceRNA in Pigs. Cells 16 36078046
2022 Remodeling of the Dermal Extracellular Matrix in a Tissue-Engineered Psoriatic Skin Model by n-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids. Biomedicines 15 35625817
2016 Identification of biological targets of therapeutic intervention for clear cell renal cell carcinoma based on bioinformatics approach. Cancer cell international 14 26941587
2012 Alternative splicing regulated by butyrate in bovine epithelial cells. PloS one 14 22720068
2024 Molecular maps of synovial cells in inflammatory arthritis using an optimized synovial tissue dissociation protocol. iScience 13 38832018
2023 Molecular mechanism of Cuscutae semen-radix rehmanniae praeparata in relieving reproductive injury of male rats induced with tripterygium wilfordii multiglycosides: A tandem mass tag-based proteomics analysis. Frontiers in pharmacology 13 36874004
2022 Preliminary identification and analysis of differential RNA editing between higher and lower backfat thickness pigs using DNA-seq and RNA-seq data. Animal genetics 13 35342974
2022 Identification of a Cancer Stem Cells Signature of Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma. Frontiers in genetics 13 35646104
2020 Global targetome analysis reveals critical role of miR-29a in pancreatic stellate cell mediated regulation of PDAC tumor microenvironment. BMC cancer 13 32660466
2015 Transcriptomic analyses of genes differentially expressed by high-risk and low-risk human papilloma virus E6 oncoproteins. Virusdisease 12 26396976
2017 Does urinary peptide content differ between COPD patients with and without inherited alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency? International journal of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease 10 28331304
2012 Transient expression of mouse pro-α3(V) collagen gene (Col5a3) in wound healing. Connective tissue research 10 22214369
2004 The transcription factor CCAAT-binding factor CBF/NF-Y and two repressors regulate the core promoter of the human pro-alpha3(V) collagen gene (COL5A3). The Journal of biological chemistry 10 15316020
2021 Inhibition of hypoxia-induced Mucin 1 alters the proteomic composition of human osteoblast-produced extracellular matrix, leading to reduced osteogenic and angiogenic potential. Journal of cellular physiology 9 34687046
2017 Identification of molecular characteristics induced by radiotherapy in rectal cancer based on microarray data. Oncology letters 9 28454466
2021 Differential DNA Methylation in Prostate Tumors from Puerto Rican Men. International journal of molecular sciences 8 33450964
2017 The COL5A3 and MMP9 genes interact in eczema susceptibility. Clinical and experimental allergy : journal of the British Society for Allergy and Clinical Immunology 8 29168291
2022 Dermatopontin Influences the Development of Obesity-Associated Colon Cancer by Changes in the Expression of Extracellular Matrix Proteins. International journal of molecular sciences 7 36012487
2019 SNV discovery and functional candidate gene identification for milk composition based on whole genome resequencing of Holstein bulls with extremely high and low breeding values. PloS one 7 31369641
2024 A transcriptomic analysis of dental pulp stem cell senescence in vitro. Biomedical engineering online 6 39425139
2022 Osteogenic Potential of Human Dental Pulp Stem Cells Co-Cultured with Equine Bone Substitute Combined with Melatonin. The International journal of periodontics & restorative dentistry 6 35060971
2022 Genome-wide DNA methylation profiles of autism spectrum disorder. Psychiatric genetics 6 35353793
2010 The Sp1 and CBF/NF-Y transcription factors cooperatively regulate the mouse pro-alpha3(V) collagen gene (Col5a3) in osteoblastic cells. Acta medica Okayama 5 20424664
2022 Genome-wide association studies in Japanese women identified genetic loci associated with wrinkles and sagging. Experimental dermatology 4 35587111
2017 A genome-wide transcriptomic analysis of articular cartilage during normal maturation in pigs. Gene 4 28687335
2025 Analysing DNA methylation and transcriptomic signatures to predict prostate cancer recurrence risk. Discover oncology 2 39893332
2025 Unraveling the Intricacies: The Role of miRNAs in the Progression and Initiation of Alzheimer's Disease. Current Alzheimer research 2 40277064
2025 Auricularia auricula polysaccharides intervention in vivo: inhibition of endogenous malodorous gas compounds through gut regulation and enhanced liver metabolism. Food research international (Ottawa, Ont.) 2 41539758
2024 Key genes and metabolites that regulate wool fibre diameter identified by combined transcriptome and metabolome analysis. Genomics 2 38880312
2021 Single-cell analyses reveal the differentiation shifts of Schwann cells in neonatal rat sciatic nerves. Journal of cellular physiology 2 34287882
2026 Comprehensive single-cell transcriptomic profiling of the scalp from patients with moderate-to-severe alopecia areata. The Journal of allergy and clinical immunology 1 41740930
2025 Combining evidence from human genetic and functional screens to identify pathways altering obesity and fat distribution. medRxiv : the preprint server for health sciences 1 39371160
2025 Molecular genetic analysis of pulmonary benign metastasizing leiomyoma and intravenous leiomyomatosis: a comparative study using whole exome sequencing. Discover oncology 1 40434516
2025 Combining evidence from human genetic and functional screens to identify pathways altering obesity and fat distribution. American journal of human genetics 1 40912257
2025 Transcriptomic analysis in peripheral blood mononuclear cells from hyper and hypo weight-loss responders. Genes & nutrition 1 41087885
2023 A Rare Case of Penoscrotal Webbing and Extensive Hernias: An Anatomical Report With Genetic Insights. Cureus 1 38021525
2012 Fragility of reconstituted type V collagen fibrils with the chain composition of α1(V)α2(V)α3(V) respective of the D-periodic banding pattern. Connective tissue research 1 23092503
2026 Characterization of p16-positive stromal cells in age-related cardiac disorders. Journal of biochemistry 0 41705475
2026 Overexpression of IGF2 Alters the Transcriptional Profile of Goose Skeletal Muscle Satellite Cells. Biomolecules 0 42072686
2025 Col5a3 Likely Promotes Adipogenesis of 3T3-L1 Through Oxidative Phosphorylation. Genes 0 40004494
2025 Genetic characteristics of primary bone marrow large B-cell lymphoma. Pathology, research and practice 0 40774060
2025 Genetic ablation of p16 leads to pulmonary remodeling, pro-senescence response, and immune modulation in mice exposed to low-dose, Sub-chronic, environmental tobacco smoke. Inhalation toxicology 0 41229158
2023 Collagen and elastin differences in vulvar tissue of women with lichen planus, lichen sclerosus and healthy women. Ginekologia polska 0 37994812

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