Affinage

CNTN2

Contactin-2 · UniProt Q02246

Length
1040 aa
Mass
113.4 kDa
Annotated
2026-06-09
100 papers in source corpus 13 papers cited in narrative 13 extracted findings
Cross-family judge vs UniProt: Affinage preferred faithfulness: 7/7 claims corpus-supported (100%)

Mechanistic narrative

Synthesis pass · prose summary of the discoveries below

CNTN2 (TAG-1/axonin-1) is a GPI-anchored neuronal cell adhesion molecule of the immunoglobulin superfamily that mediates axon guidance, myelination, and the molecular organization of myelinated fibers (PMID:18650339, PMID:29165835, PMID:8307567). Cloning established a protein architecture of six IgC2 domains and four fibronectin type III repeats with a C-terminal GPI-anchoring sequence and an RGD motif (PMID:8307567). It mediates homophilic cell-cell adhesion through two cooperative binding regions — an N-terminal Ig region and a C-terminal Fn3/4 region — consistent with a cis-assisted trans-binding model in which N-terminal regions form a zipper-like trans-interaction and C-terminal regions expand the contact laterally (PMID:11733523). Heterophilically, it binds with high affinity to the chondroitin sulfate proteoglycans neurocan and phosphacan/PTP-zeta as well as N-CAM and tenascin-C (PMID:8663515), and it cis-associates with L1-CAM so that homophilic trans-binding cis-activates L1-CAM to recruit ankyrin, providing a cytoplasmic signaling route for this GPI-anchored protein (PMID:9837910). CNTN2 binds the ectodomain of CNTNAP2/CASPR2 with low nanomolar affinity (PMID:27621318), and this CASPR2-CNTN2 complex regulates surface levels of Kv1 voltage-gated potassium channels and their maintenance at the juxtaparanodal region of myelinated axons (PMID:23518707, PMID:31176559). Genetic loss of CNTN2 in mice disrupts retinal ganglion cell axon caliber, cytoskeleton, and surrounding glial organization in the optic nerve (PMID:18650339), impairs cerebellar parallel fiber pathfinding (PMID:18346270), and causes oligodendrocyte branching defects, hypomyelination, and impaired axonal conduction (PMID:29165835). A homozygous frameshift mutation in CNTN2 causes autosomal recessive cortical myoclonic tremor and epilepsy in humans (PMID:23518707).

Mechanistic history

Synthesis pass · year-by-year structured walk · 12 steps
  1. 1993 Medium

    Establishing the gene's identity and protein architecture defined CNTN2 as a GPI-anchored Ig-superfamily adhesion molecule, framing all subsequent functional work.

    Evidence cDNA cloning, sequence analysis, and chromosomal in situ hybridization of the human TAX1 locus

    PMID:8307567

    Open questions at the time
    • Domain boundaries inferred from sequence, not structure
    • No functional assay in this study
  2. 1996 High

    Identifying high-affinity heterophilic ligands moved CNTN2 from a bare adhesion molecule to a node interacting with the extracellular matrix and other CAMs.

    Evidence Solid-phase binding assays with purified proteins, with chondroitinase and deglycosylation perturbations

    PMID:8663515

    Open questions at the time
    • In vitro binding does not establish in vivo functional consequence of each interaction
    • Binding-site domains on CNTN2 not mapped
  3. 1998 High

    Demonstrating cis-association with L1-CAM and ankyrin recruitment solved how a GPI-anchored protein with no cytoplasmic tail transduces signals across the membrane.

    Evidence Reciprocal co-IP from S2 cells, mixed-cell immunolabeling, and aggregation assays

    PMID:9837910

    Open questions at the time
    • Heterologous cell system, not neurons
    • Downstream signaling consequences of ankyrin recruitment not traced
  4. 2001 High

    Mapping homophilic adhesion to two cooperative N- and C-terminal regions defined the cis-assisted trans-binding mechanism of adhesion.

    Evidence Domain-specific antibody interference in cell aggregation assays, supported by crystal structure of N-terminal Ig domains

    PMID:11733523

    Open questions at the time
    • Full-length structure of trans/cis assembly not solved
    • Stoichiometry of the 2D array inferred
  5. 2001 Medium

    Topographically restricted, target-contact-dependent re-expression during optic nerve regeneration linked CNTN2 expression to functional axon-target connectivity.

    Evidence In situ hybridization, immunohistochemistry, and optic nerve lesion/re-lesion experiments in goldfish

    PMID:11178876

    Open questions at the time
    • Signal driving target-dependent re-expression unidentified
    • Single species
  6. 2001 Medium

    Identifying thyroid hormone as a negative regulator placed CNTN2 expression under endocrine control during brain development.

    Evidence In situ hybridization, IHC, and western blotting in hypothyroid versus hormone-treated rats

    PMID:11703450

    Open questions at the time
    • Transcriptional mechanism of regulation not defined
    • Functional consequence of overexpression not measured
  7. 2008 Medium

    Knockout phenotypes established CNTN2 as essential for RGC axon structure and for cerebellar parallel fiber pathfinding, demonstrating in vivo developmental roles.

    Evidence Tag-1 knockout mouse optic nerve histology/EM, and ex ovo RNAi knockdown in chick cerebellum

    PMID:18346270 PMID:18650339

    Open questions at the time
    • Molecular partners mediating each phenotype not pinned down
    • Parallel fiber result from knockdown in a single species
  8. 2013 Medium

    A segregating frameshift mutation established CNTN2 loss-of-function as causative for human autosomal recessive cortical myoclonic tremor and epilepsy.

    Evidence Linkage analysis, exome and Sanger sequencing for segregation in a consanguineous family, with functional context from CNTNAP2 literature

    PMID:23518707

    Open questions at the time
    • Single family
    • Disease mechanism inferred from juxtaparanodal channel maintenance, not directly demonstrated in patients
  9. 2015 Medium

    Linking CNTN2 to RACK1 and the RTK/Ras/MAPK axis implicated it in glioma proliferation downstream of an intracellular scaffold.

    Evidence Co-IP, siRNA knockdown, and gain/loss-of-function experiments in glioma cells

    PMID:26718491

    Open questions at the time
    • Single Co-IP without reciprocal validation in this context
    • How a GPI-anchored protein connects to RACK1 mechanistically unclear
  10. 2016 High

    Direct, low-nanomolar binding between CNTN2 and CNTNAP2 ectodomains, with EM architecture, established the biochemical basis of the juxtaparanodal complex.

    Evidence Direct binding assays with purified ectodomains and electron microscopy with domain assignment

    PMID:27621318

    Open questions at the time
    • High-resolution complex structure not determined
    • Cis versus trans configuration in the axon membrane not resolved
  11. 2017 High

    Oligodendrocyte-expressed CNTN2 was shown necessary for branching, myelin-gene expression, myelination, and conduction, expanding its role beyond axons to myelinating glia.

    Evidence CNTN2 knockout mice, in vitro oligodendrocyte assays, EM, electrophysiology, and cuprizone demyelination model

    PMID:29165835

    Open questions at the time
    • The CNTN2-independent mechanism that reclusters VGKCs during remyelination not identified
    • Molecular partners in oligodendrocytes not defined
  12. 2019 Medium

    Showing that anti-CASPR2 autoantibodies disrupt the CASPR2/CNTN2 interaction and alter surface Kv1.2 connected the complex to autoimmune channel dysregulation.

    Evidence HEK cell transfection, patient autoantibody perturbation, domain mapping, and surface Kv1.2 quantification with hippocampal cultures

    PMID:31176559

    Open questions at the time
    • Heterologous and cultured systems, not in vivo
    • Single lab

Open questions

Synthesis pass · forward-looking unresolved questions
  • The cytoplasmic signaling output of CNTN2 in neurons and the molecular identity of the CNTN2-independent VGKC-reclustering mechanism during remyelination remain unresolved.
  • In-neuron downstream signaling beyond ankyrin recruitment uncharacterized
  • Compensatory channel-clustering pathway unidentified

Mechanism profile

Synthesis pass · controlled-vocabulary classification · explore literature graph →
Molecular activity
GO:0060089 molecular transducer activity 4 GO:0005198 structural molecule activity 2 GO:0098631 cell adhesion mediator activity 2
Localization
GO:0005886 plasma membrane 3
Pathway
R-HSA-112316 Neuronal System 3 R-HSA-1266738 Developmental Biology 3 R-HSA-1500931 Cell-Cell communication 3
Partners
CNTNAP2L1CAMNCAM1NCANPTPRZ1RACK1TNC
Complex memberships
CNTN2-CNTNAP2/CASPR2 juxtaparanodal complex

Evidence

Reading pass · 13 per-paper findings extracted from the source corpus
Year Finding Method Journal Conf PMIDs
1996 TAG-1/axonin-1 (CNTN2) is a high-affinity ligand of the chondroitin sulfate proteoglycans neurocan (Kd ~0.3 nM) and phosphacan/PTP-zeta/beta (Kd ~0.04 nM), as well as N-CAM (Kd ~1 nM) and tenascin-C (Kd ~9 nM), demonstrated by direct binding assays. Chondroitinase treatment reduced phosphacan binding ~70% but did not affect neurocan binding, showing differential contributions of chondroitin sulfate chains. Solid-phase binding assays with purified proteins, chondroitinase and N-deglycosylation treatments, immunocytochemistry The Journal of biological chemistry High 8663515
1998 TAG-1 (CNTN2) undergoes a cis-interaction with L1-CAM in the plane of the plasma membrane (shown by co-immunoprecipitation from cells co-expressing both molecules). TAG-1 homophilic trans-interaction then cis-activates L1-CAM to recruit the membrane skeleton protein ankyrin to sites of cell contact, providing a mechanism by which the GPI-anchored TAG-1 transduces signals to the cytoplasm via L1-CAM. Co-immunoprecipitation from Drosophila S2 cells co-expressing L1-CAM and TAG-1; immunolabeling of mixed cell populations; cell aggregation assays The Journal of biological chemistry High 9837910
2001 Axonin-1/TAG-1 (CNTN2) mediates homophilic cell-cell adhesion through two cooperative binding regions: an N-terminal Ig-domain region and a C-terminal fibronectin type III domain region (Fn3/4). Blocking either region alone abolished cell aggregation entirely, supporting a cis-assisted trans-binding model in which N-terminal regions form a linear zipper-like trans-interaction and C-terminal regions expand the contact into a 2D array via cis-interactions. Domain-specific monoclonal antibody interference in cell aggregation assay; crystal structure of N-terminal Ig domains (referenced); perturbation of each binding region The Journal of biological chemistry High 11733523
2008 TAG-1 (CNTN2) expressed by retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) and postnatal myelin-forming cells is required for normal caliber of RGC axons and astroglial network organization in the optic nerve. Loss of Tag-1 in null mice causes RGC axon loss, persistent abnormalities of axonal caliber, cytoskeleton defects, and myelination defects, establishing TAG-1 as an essential regulator of RGC axon structure and surrounding glial cells. Tag-1 knockout mouse analysis; histology, electron microscopy, immunostaining of optic nerve; in situ hybridization for expression timing The Journal of neuroscience : the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience High 18650339
2008 Axonin-1/TAG-1 (CNTN2) is required for proper navigation (pathfinding) but not elongation of granule cell parallel fibers in the developing cerebellum. In the absence of axonin-1 (knocked down by ex ovo RNAi in chick), parallel fibers fail to maintain their parallel orientation relative to each other and to the pial surface. Ex ovo RNAi knockdown in chicken embryo cerebellum; histological analysis of parallel fiber orientation Neural development Medium 18346270
2013 A homozygous frameshift mutation in CNTN2 (c.503_503delG, p.Trp168fs) co-segregates with autosomal recessive cortical myoclonic tremor and epilepsy in a consanguineous family, establishing loss-of-function of CNTN2/contactin-2 as causative. CNTN2 protein, together with CNTNAP2/CASPR2, is required to maintain voltage-gated potassium channels at the juxtaparanodal region of myelinated fibers. Multipoint linkage analysis, exome sequencing, Sanger sequencing for segregation; functional context from knockout mouse and CNTNAP2 literature Brain : a journal of neurology Medium 23518707
2016 The ectodomains of CNTNAP2 and CNTN2 (contactin 2) bind directly and specifically with low nanomolar affinity, demonstrated biochemically. The molecular architecture of CNTNAP2 (revealed by electron microscopy) is organized into large, medium, and small lobes and is distinct from neurexin-1α, suggesting CNTN2/CNTNAP2 use a unique strategy for integration into the synaptic protein network. Electron microscopy of CNTNAP2; direct binding assay between CNTNAP2 and CNTN2 ectodomains; epitope labeling with domain fragments The Journal of biological chemistry High 27621318
2017 CNTN2/TAG-1 expressed in oligodendrocytes is required for normal oligodendrocyte branching, myelin-gene expression, myelination of fiber tracts, and axonal conduction. CNTN2 absence causes hypomyelination and impaired axonal conduction. During remyelination after cuprizone-induced demyelination, CNTN2 absence does not affect the extent of remyelination but a CNTN2-independent mechanism can recluster voltage-gated potassium channels (VGKCs) and improve fiber conduction. CNTN2 knockout mice; in vivo and in vitro oligodendrocyte assays; ultrastructural (EM) analysis; electrophysiology; cuprizone demyelination model Glia High 29165835
2019 Patient-derived anti-CASPR2 autoantibodies impede the CASPR2/TAG-1 (CNTN2) protein-protein interaction in a HEK cell model. The specific domains of CASPR2 and TAG-1 mediating this interaction were identified. Introduction of CASPR2 into HEK cells increases surface Kv1.2 expression, and anti-CASPR2 antibodies further increase Kv1.2 surface expression, establishing that the CASPR2-TAG-1 complex regulates Kv1 channel surface levels. HEK cell transfection with CASPR2 and CNTN2/TAG-1; anti-CASPR2 patient autoantibody perturbation experiments; domain mapping; surface Kv1.2 quantification; hippocampal neuron cultures Journal of autoimmunity Medium 31176559
2015 RACK1 interacts with CNTN2 (contactin-2) as shown by co-immunoprecipitation, and RACK1 upregulates CNTN2 expression. RACK1 promotes glioma cell proliferation and inhibits differentiation via the RTK/Ras/MAPK pathway, and these effects are abolished by CNTN2 siRNA knockdown, placing CNTN2 downstream of RACK1 in this signaling axis. Co-immunoprecipitation; siRNA knockdown of CNTN2; gain- and loss-of-function experiments; western blot for RTK/Ras/MAPK pathway components International journal of molecular medicine Medium 26718491
1993 The human CNTN2 gene (TAX1/TAX-1 locus) was cloned and mapped to chromosome 1q32 by in situ hybridization. The encoded protein (TAG-1/axonin-1 homologue) contains six IgC2 domains and four fibronectin type III repeats, with a C-terminal hydrophobic sequence consistent with GPI membrane anchoring, and an RGD integrin-recognition motif. cDNA cloning; sequence analysis; chromosomal in situ hybridization Genomics Medium 8307567
2001 In the fish visual pathway, TAG-1 (CNTN2) expression is topographically restricted to nasal retinal ganglion cells and their axons. After optic nerve axotomy, TAG-1 is re-expressed in regenerating RGCs only when axons reach the tectum (target), and re-expression ceases upon interruption of the regenerating projection, establishing that TAG-1 re-expression during regeneration is target contact-dependent. In situ hybridization; immunohistochemistry with species-specific antibodies; optic nerve lesion/re-lesion experiments in goldfish; developmental zebrafish analysis Molecular and cellular neurosciences Medium 11178876
2001 Thyroid hormone negatively regulates TAG-1 (CNTN2) expression in the developing rat brain: hypothyroidism upregulates TAG-1 RNA and protein in cerebral cortex, hippocampus, olfactory bulb, and cerebellum, and thyroid hormone administration reverses this overexpression. In situ hybridization; immunohistochemistry; western blotting in hypothyroid vs. thyroid hormone-treated rats The European journal of neuroscience Medium 11703450

Source papers

Stage 0 corpus · 100 papers · ranked by NIH iCite citations
Year Title Journal Citations PMID
1988 c-fos promoter trans-activation by the tax1 protein of human T-cell leukemia virus type I. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 378 2847164
2005 Molecular mechanisms of cellular transformation by HTLV-1 Tax. Oncogene 321 16155604
1993 HTLV-I Tax protein stimulation of DNA binding of bZIP proteins by enhancing dimerization. Science (New York, N.Y.) 318 8211160
2004 Genetic and epigenetic inactivation of tax gene in adult T-cell leukemia cells. International journal of cancer 280 14991578
1992 Interaction of HTLV-1 Tax1 with p67SRF causes the aberrant induction of cellular immediate early genes through CArG boxes. Genes & development 238 1427072
1998 HTLV-I Tax protein binds to MEKK1 to stimulate IkappaB kinase activity and NF-kappaB activation. Cell 225 9630230
1996 TAG-1/axonin-1 is a high-affinity ligand of neurocan, phosphacan/protein-tyrosine phosphatase-zeta/beta, and N-CAM. The Journal of biological chemistry 182 8663515
1999 Persistent activation of NF-kappaB by the tax transforming protein of HTLV-1: hijacking cellular IkappaB kinases. Oncogene 165 10602469
1995 Mechanism of DNA-binding enhancement by the human T-cell leukaemia virus transactivator Tax. Nature 158 7637812
2004 Role of Tax protein in human T-cell leukemia virus type-I leukemogenicity. Retrovirology 121 15310405
1996 Expression of cell-cycle regulatory genes in HTLV-I infected T-cell lines: possible involvement of Tax1 in the altered expression of cyclin D2, p18Ink4 and p21Waf1/Cip1/Sdi1. Oncogene 116 8622884
1989 HTLV-I tax gene product activates transcription via pre-existing cellular factors and cAMP responsive element. The Journal of biological chemistry 112 2768259
1993 Functional and biochemical interaction of the HTLV-I Tax1 transactivator with TBP. The EMBO journal 110 8223437
1995 Characterization of T cells immortalized by Tax1 of human T-cell leukemia virus type 1. Blood 101 7492783
2006 Tax ubiquitylation and sumoylation control critical cytoplasmic and nuclear steps of NF-kappaB activation. Blood 92 16424386
2020 Mechanisms of Oncogenesis by HTLV-1 Tax. Pathogens (Basel, Switzerland) 90 32645846
1999 Regulation of the human interleukin-5 promoter by Ets transcription factors. Ets1 and Ets2, but not Elf-1, cooperate with GATA3 and HTLV-I Tax1. The Journal of biological chemistry 90 10212281
1989 Indirect binding of human T-cell leukemia virus type I tax1 to a responsive element in the viral long terminal repeat. Molecular and cellular biology 90 2555684
1995 Immediate effects of reversible HTLV-1 tax function: T-cell activation and apoptosis. Oncogene 88 7838527
1992 Extracellular Tax1 protein stimulates tumor necrosis factor-beta and immunoglobulin kappa light chain expression in lymphoid cells. Journal of virology 85 1738191
2003 Protein profile of tax-associated complexes. The Journal of biological chemistry 80 14530271
1990 Heterogeneity of antigen molecules recognized by anti-tax1 monoclonal antibody Lt-4 in cell lines bearing human T cell leukemia virus type I and related retroviruses. Japanese journal of cancer research : Gann 75 2161813
2004 Tax-independent constitutive IkappaB kinase activation in adult T-cell leukemia cells. Neoplasia (New York, N.Y.) 74 15153339
2007 HTLV-1 Tax and adult T-cell leukemia. Frontiers in bioscience : a journal and virtual library 73 17127397
2003 Cellular transformation by the HTLV-I Tax protein, a jack-of-all-trades. Oncogene 72 12910251
2003 Inactivation of hTERT transcription by Tax. Oncogene 71 12802280
2009 Distinct functions of HTLV-1 Tax1 from HTLV-2 Tax2 contribute key roles to viral pathogenesis. Retrovirology 70 20017952
1991 Soluble HTLV-I Tax1 protein stimulates proliferation of human peripheral blood lymphocytes. The New biologist 70 1751450
1998 Cis-activation of L1-mediated ankyrin recruitment by TAG-1 homophilic cell adhesion. The Journal of biological chemistry 69 9837910
1990 Induction of nuclear NF-kappa B DNA binding activity after exposure of lymphoid cells to soluble tax1 protein. The New biologist 69 2101630
2017 Role of HTLV-1 Tax and HBZ in the Pathogenesis of HAM/TSP. Frontiers in microbiology 67 29312243
1993 Transactivation of the P2 promoter of parathyroid hormone-related protein by human T-cell lymphotropic virus type I Tax1: evidence for the involvement of transcription factor Ets1. Journal of virology 67 8371355
1997 Aberrant expression and function of p53 in T-cells immortalized by HTLV-I Tax1. FEBS letters 66 9136898
1991 Binding of the HTLV-I Tax1 transactivator to the inducible 21 bp enhancer is mediated by the cellular factor HEB1. The EMBO journal 66 1935901
2007 Ubiquitylated Tax targets and binds the IKK signalosome at the centrosome. Oncogene 63 17891179
1991 Production of a recombinant human T-cell leukemia virus type-I trans-activator (tax1) antigen and its utilization for generation of monoclonal antibodies against various epitopes on the tax1 antigen. International journal of cancer 62 1710610
2018 HTLV Deregulation of the NF-κB Pathway: An Update on Tax and Antisense Proteins Role. Frontiers in microbiology 59 29515558
2013 Autosomal recessive cortical myoclonic tremor and epilepsy: association with a mutation in the potassium channel associated gene CNTN2. Brain : a journal of neurology 59 23518707
1993 Ribozyme cleaves rex/tax mRNA and inhibits bovine leukemia virus expression. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 59 7504287
2011 Effects of valproate on Tax and HBZ expression in HTLV-1 and HAM/TSP T lymphocytes. Blood 56 21505188
1997 ICE-proteases mediate HTLV-I Tax-induced apoptotic T-cell death. Oncogene 56 9178902
2009 The HTLV-1 Tax protein: revealing mechanisms of transcriptional activation through histone acetylation and nucleosome disassembly. Biochimica et biophysica acta 52 19782779
1991 Transdominant human T-cell lymphotropic virus type I TAX1 mutant that fails to localize to the nucleus. Journal of virology 50 2016773
2013 HTLV-1 Tax deregulates autophagy by recruiting autophagic molecules into lipid raft microdomains. Oncogene 48 24362528
2016 Molecular Architecture of Contactin-associated Protein-like 2 (CNTNAP2) and Its Interaction with Contactin 2 (CNTN2). The Journal of biological chemistry 47 27621318
2010 HTLV-1 Tax: Linking transformation, DNA damage and apoptotic T-cell death. Chemico-biological interactions 47 20558150
2001 Axonin-1/TAG-1 mediates cell-cell adhesion by a cis-assisted trans-interaction. The Journal of biological chemistry 45 11733523
1996 Differential transactivation of the intercellular adhesion molecule 1 gene promoter by Tax1 and Tax2 of human T-cell leukemia viruses. Journal of virology 45 8970974
2009 Identification of a novel motif responsible for the distinctive transforming activity of human T-cell leukemia virus (HTLV) type 1 Tax1 protein from HTLV-2 Tax2. Retrovirology 44 19761585
2019 Impact of host immunity on HTLV-1 pathogenesis: potential of Tax-targeted immunotherapy against ATL. Retrovirology 43 31438973
2011 The HTLV-1 Tax protein inhibits formation of stress granules by interacting with histone deacetylase 6. Oncogene 43 21532619
2011 Suppression of HTLV-1 replication by Tax-mediated rerouting of the p13 viral protein to nuclear speckles. Blood 43 21677314
2008 Structural requirement of TAG-1 for retinal ganglion cell axons and myelin in the mouse optic nerve. The Journal of neuroscience : the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience 43 18650339
2005 Mechanisms of persistent NF-kappaB activation by HTLV-I tax. IUBMB life 43 16036567
1999 The tax protein-DNA interaction is essential for HTLV-I transactivation in vitro. Journal of molecular biology 43 10452885
2017 HTLV-1 Tax impairs K63-linked ubiquitination of STING to evade host innate immunity. Virus research 42 28119118
2013 Highlights on distinctive structural and functional properties of HTLV Tax proteins. Frontiers in microbiology 42 24058363
2008 Axonin-1/TAG-1 is required for pathfinding of granule cell axons in the developing cerebellum. Neural development 42 18346270
1992 Activation of interleukin-2 receptor alpha expression by extracellular HTLV-I Tax1 protein: a potential role in HTLV-I pathogenesis. Oncogene 42 1501887
2012 The multifaceted oncoprotein Tax: subcellular localization, posttranslational modifications, and NF-κB activation. Advances in cancer research 41 22429853
2014 Regulation of HTLV-1 tax stability, cellular trafficking and NF-κB activation by the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway. Viruses 38 25341660
2008 Structural basis of beta-catenin recognition by Tax-interacting protein-1. Journal of molecular biology 38 18835279
2006 SUV39H1 interacts with HTLV-1 Tax and abrogates Tax transactivation of HTLV-1 LTR. Retrovirology 35 16409643
2012 New insight into the oncogenic mechanism of the retroviral oncoprotein Tax. Protein & cell 34 22865346
2005 HTLV-1 Tax nucleocytoplasmic shuttling, interaction with the secretory pathway, extracellular signaling, and implications for neurologic disease. Journal of biomedical science 34 16228291
2000 Insights into the molecular mechanism of p53 inhibition by HTLV type 1 Tax. AIDS research and human retroviruses 34 11080808
2014 Tax contributes apoptosis resistance to HTLV-1-infected T cells via suppression of Bid and Bim expression. Cell death & disease 32 25522269
1997 Physical and functional interaction between the human T-cell lymphotropic virus type 1 Tax1 protein and the CCAAT binding protein NF-Y. Molecular and cellular biology 32 9032250
1996 Human T-cell lymphotropic virus type 1 Tax1 activation of NF-kappa B: involvement of the protein kinase C pathway. Journal of virology 32 8642682
2019 Impact of anti-CASPR2 autoantibodies from patients with autoimmune encephalitis on CASPR2/TAG-1 interaction and Kv1 expression. Journal of autoimmunity 31 31176559
2018 HTLV-1 Tax plugs and freezes UPF1 helicase leading to nonsense-mediated mRNA decay inhibition. Nature communications 31 29382845
2015 RACK1 affects glioma cell growth and differentiation through the CNTN2-mediated RTK/Ras/MAPK pathway. International journal of molecular medicine 31 26718491
2001 Topographic restriction of TAG-1 expression in the developing retinotectal pathway and target dependent reexpression during axon regeneration. Molecular and cellular neurosciences 30 11178876
2000 Mechanisms of NF-kappaB activation by the HTLV type 1 tax protein. AIDS research and human retroviruses 30 11080795
1999 Regulation of NF-kappaB by the HTLV-1 Tax protein. Gene expression 30 10440224
2012 Wip1 and p53 contribute to HTLV-1 Tax-induced tumorigenesis. Retrovirology 29 23256545
1995 Activation of NF-kappa B by the Tax protein of HTLV-1. Immunobiology 29 8530135
1993 Isolation of the cDNA and chromosomal localization of the gene (TAX1) encoding the human axonal glycoprotein TAG-1. Genomics 29 8307567
1989 Isolation and characterization of the tax protein of HTLV-I. Oncogene 29 2785666
2017 The function of contactin-2/TAG-1 in oligodendrocytes in health and demyelinating pathology. Glia 28 29165835
2008 Human T Lymphotropic Virus Type 1 protein Tax reduces histone levels. Retrovirology 28 18237376
1999 Human T-cell leukemia retrovirus-Tax protein is a repressor of nuclear receptor signaling. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 28 10077562
1994 Tax protein of human T-lymphotropic virus type I triggers DNA damage. Leukemia & lymphoma 28 8167559
2021 The HTLV-1 viral oncoproteins Tax and HBZ reprogram the cellular mRNA splicing landscape. PLoS pathogens 27 34543356
2017 Contactin-2/TAG-1, active on the front line for three decades. Cell adhesion & migration 27 28135886
2013 Tax-1 and Tax-2 similarities and differences: focus on post-translational modifications and NF-κB activation. Frontiers in microbiology 27 23966989
2007 HTLV-1 Tax-mediated TAK1 activation involves TAB2 adapter protein. Biochemical and biophysical research communications 27 17986383
1996 Interaction of HTLV-I Tax with the human proteasome: implications for NF-kappa B induction. Journal of acquired immune deficiency syndromes and human retrovirology : official publication of the International Retrovirology Association 27 8797708
1995 The human TAX1 gene encoding the axon-associated cell adhesion molecule TAG-1/axonin-1: genomic structure and basic promoter. Genomics 27 8586412
2014 Tax impairs DNA replication forks and increases DNA breaks in specific oncogenic genome regions. Molecular cancer 26 25185513
2014 HTLV-1 Tax protein recruitment into IKKε and TBK1 kinase complexes enhances IFN-I expression. Virology 26 25531185
2007 Expression of CCR9 in HTLV-1+ T cells and ATL cells expressing Tax. International journal of cancer 26 17205512
2001 Thyroid hormone regulates TAG-1 expression in the developing rat brain. The European journal of neuroscience 26 11703450
2000 HTLV-I Tax and cell cycle progression. Progress in cell cycle research 26 10740823
1995 HTLV tax-rex DNA and antibodies in idiopathic amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Journal of the neurological sciences 26 7595608
1995 Transactivation of the human T-cell lymphotropic virus type 1 Tax1-responsive 21-base-pair repeats requires Holo-TFIID and TFIIA. Journal of virology 26 7609077
2015 TCF1 and LEF1 act as T-cell intrinsic HTLV-1 antagonists by targeting Tax. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 24 25646419
2012 Localization and sub-cellular shuttling of HTLV-1 tax with the miRNA machinery. PloS one 24 22808228
2007 Interaction of HTLV-1 Tax protein with calreticulin: implications for Tax nuclear export and secretion. Biomedicine & pharmacotherapy = Biomedecine & pharmacotherapie 24 17395420
2019 NF-κB and MicroRNA Deregulation Mediated by HTLV-1 Tax and HBZ. Pathogens (Basel, Switzerland) 23 31835460

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