Affinage

CHP1

Calcineurin B homologous protein 1 · UniProt Q99653

Round 2 corrected
Length
195 aa
Mass
22.5 kDa
Annotated
2026-04-28
130 papers in source corpus 9 papers cited in narrative 9 extracted findings

Mechanistic narrative

Synthesis pass · prose summary of the discoveries below

CHP1 is an N-myristoylated, EF-hand calcium-binding protein that functions as an essential cofactor for Na+/H+ exchangers (NHE1, NHE2, NHE3), promoting their biosynthetic glycosylation, membrane targeting, and pH-sensitive transport activity through conformation-dependent binding revealed by cryo-EM (PMID:8901634, PMID:11350981, PMID:23904602, PMID:34108458). Beyond ion transport, CHP1 activates the lipid synthesis enzyme GPAT4 at the ER in an N-myristoylation-dependent manner, linking it to glycerolipid metabolism (PMID:30846317), and forms a complex with Hsp90 and ROCK II to suppress centrosome amplification (PMID:20230755). CHP1 inhibits calcineurin phosphatase activity, thereby regulating dynamin dephosphorylation and endocytosis, and its reduction rescues endocytic defects in SMN-depleted motor neurons (PMID:29961886). Biallelic loss-of-function mutations in CHP1 cause autosomal recessive cerebellar ataxia in humans, consistent with its requirement for NHE1-dependent Purkinje cell maintenance (PMID:29379881, PMID:23904602).

Mechanistic history

Synthesis pass · year-by-year structured walk · 8 steps
  1. 1996 High

    The initial discovery that NHE1 has a dedicated regulatory binding partner established CHP1 as a modulator of growth factor-stimulated Na+/H+ exchange, opening the question of how CHP1 mechanistically controls exchanger activity.

    Evidence Expression library screening identified CHP1 as an NHE1-binding protein; overexpression inhibited serum-stimulated exchange in mammalian cells

    PMID:8901634

    Open questions at the time
    • Binding stoichiometry undefined
    • Whether CHP1 is required in vivo unknown
    • Mechanism of phosphorylation-dependent regulation not resolved
  2. 2001 High

    Demonstrating that CHP1 is an essential cofactor for multiple NHE family members—not just NHE1—broadened its role from a regulatory interactor to an obligate activator of the Na+/H+ exchanger family.

    Evidence Co-IP and mutagenesis across NHE1/2/3; competitive peptide depletion in Xenopus oocytes reduced exchange activity >90%

    PMID:11350981

    Open questions at the time
    • Structural basis of CHP1–NHE interaction unknown
    • Whether CHP1 controls NHE trafficking or only activity unclear
  3. 2004 Medium

    Identification of GAPDH as a direct CHP1-binding partner linked CHP1 to microtubule-membrane interactions, suggesting functions beyond ion exchange regulation.

    Evidence Co-IP, in vitro binding (Kd ~0.5 µM), and co-localization along microtubule tracks in BHK cells; N-myristoylation required

    PMID:15312048

    Open questions at the time
    • Functional consequence of CHP1–GAPDH interaction on trafficking not demonstrated
    • Single-lab observation without independent replication
    • Relevance to NHE regulation not tested
  4. 2010 High

    Discovery that CHP1/Morgana restrains ROCK II kinase activity and prevents centrosome amplification revealed a second major cellular function in centrosome homeostasis, validated across Drosophila and mouse.

    Evidence Reciprocal Co-IP with Hsp90 and ROCK II; CHP1 loss increased ROCK II–NPM interaction and kinase activity; cross-species genetic rescue

    PMID:20230755

    Open questions at the time
    • Direct mechanism by which CHP1 inhibits ROCK II–NPM interaction unknown
    • Whether centrosome and NHE functions are coordinated is untested
  5. 2013 High

    Showing that CHP1 promotes NHE1 biosynthetic glycosylation and membrane localization in Purkinje cell axons established it as a critical chaperone-like factor for NHE1 maturation and linked CHP1 loss to neurodegeneration.

    Evidence Vacillator mouse positional cloning; glycosylation assay and subcellular fractionation; Nhe1 knockout phenocopy

    PMID:23904602

    Open questions at the time
    • Molecular mechanism of CHP1's role in NHE1 glycosylation (ER vs. Golgi step) unresolved
    • Whether other NHE isoforms are similarly affected in neurons not tested
  6. 2018 High

    Two parallel advances established CHP1 as a calcineurin phosphatase inhibitor relevant to motor neuron endocytosis and as a human ataxia gene: CHP1 reduction rescued endocytic defects in SMA models, while biallelic CHP1 mutations caused autosomal recessive cerebellar ataxia.

    Evidence Y2H, Co-IP, calcineurin activity assay, and SMA mouse survival studies [PMID:29961886]; WES of ataxia family with zebrafish rescue [PMID:29379881]

    PMID:29379881 PMID:29961886

    Open questions at the time
    • Relative contribution of calcineurin inhibition vs. NHE1 regulation to cerebellar pathology unclear
    • Full spectrum of CHP1 disease alleles not defined
    • Tissue-specific calcineurin substrates downstream of CHP1 not identified
  7. 2019 High

    Identification of GPAT4 as a CHP1-activated enzyme revealed an unexpected role in glycerolipid synthesis, demonstrating that CHP1's N-myristoyl group serves as a direct protein–protein interaction determinant beyond membrane anchoring.

    Evidence CRISPR screen, lipidomics, GPAT4 activity assay, and N-myristoylation mutagenesis in mammalian cells and invertebrates

    PMID:30846317

    Open questions at the time
    • Structural basis of CHP1–GPAT4 interface unresolved
    • How lipid synthesis defects relate to neuronal phenotypes is unknown
    • Whether CHP1 coordinates NHE and GPAT4 functions not addressed
  8. 2021 High

    Cryo-EM structures of the NHE1–CHP1 complex resolved the long-standing question of how CHP1 modulates exchanger activity by revealing conformation-dependent differential association with inward- and outward-facing NHE1 states.

    Evidence Cryo-EM of human NHE1–CHP1 in two conformational states

    PMID:34108458

    Open questions at the time
    • Dynamic transition between CHP1-bound states not captured kinetically
    • Structures of CHP1 with NHE2/NHE3 or GPAT4 not available

Open questions

Synthesis pass · forward-looking unresolved questions
  • How CHP1 partitions between its distinct client proteins (NHE family, GPAT4, ROCK II, calcineurin) and whether these activities are coordinated or independently regulated remains a central unresolved question.
  • No structural data for CHP1–GPAT4 or CHP1–ROCK II complexes
  • Relative importance of each client interaction for neuronal survival not dissected
  • Post-translational regulation of client selectivity (e.g. phosphorylation, Ca2+ occupancy) not systematically addressed

Mechanism profile

Synthesis pass · controlled-vocabulary classification · explore literature graph →
Molecular activity
GO:0098772 molecular function regulator activity 5 GO:0008092 cytoskeletal protein binding 1 GO:0044183 protein folding chaperone 1
Localization
GO:0005886 plasma membrane 4 GO:0005783 endoplasmic reticulum 1 GO:0005829 cytosol 1 GO:0005856 cytoskeleton 1
Pathway
R-HSA-382551 Transport of small molecules 4 R-HSA-112316 Neuronal System 2 R-HSA-1430728 Metabolism 1 R-HSA-1640170 Cell Cycle 1
Partners
GAPDHGPAT4HSP90AA1PLS3ROCK2SLC9A1SLC9A2SLC9A3
Complex memberships
Hsp90–ROCK II–CHP1 complexNHE1–CHP1 complex

Evidence

Reading pass · 9 per-paper findings extracted from the source corpus
Year Finding Method Journal Conf PMIDs
1996 CHP1 (calcineurin B homologous protein, CHP) was identified as a novel NHE1-binding protein through expression library screening. CHP binds specifically to NHE1 at a site critical for growth factor stimulation of exchange activity. Transient overexpression of CHP inhibits serum- and GTPase-stimulated NHE1 activity. CHP is a phosphoprotein and expression of constitutively activated GTPases decreases CHP phosphorylation, suggesting phosphorylation state controls mitogenic regulation of NHE1. Expression library screening, co-immunoprecipitation, functional overexpression assay Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America High 8901634
2001 CHP1 serves as an essential cofactor for Na+/H+ exchanger family members NHE1, NHE2, and NHE3. CHP co-localizes and co-immunoprecipitates with NHE1, NHE2, and NHE3 independently of myristoylation and Ca2+ binding. The binding site was mapped to the juxtamembrane region of the cytoplasmic C-terminal domain of the exchangers. CHP-binding-defective NHE mutations or CHP depletion by competitive peptide injection into Xenopus oocytes reduced Na+/H+ exchange activity by >90%. Co-immunoprecipitation, co-localization, Xenopus oocyte injection, mutagenesis, functional exchange assay The Journal of biological chemistry High 11350981
2004 N-myristoylated CHP1 (p22) interacts with GAPDH and facilitates microtubule-membrane interactions. Endogenous CHP1 co-immunoprecipitates with GAPDH, they co-localize along microtubule tracks in BHK cells, and direct in vitro binding has a Kd of ~0.5 µM. GAPDH increases CHP1 binding to microtubules but not membranes. Removal of the N-myristoyl group or the last six C-terminal amino acids abolishes CHP1-GAPDH binding and reduces CHP1-microtubule association. Co-immunoprecipitation, in vitro binding assay, overlay blot, immunofluorescence co-localization, mutagenesis The Biochemical journal Medium 15312048
2010 Morgana/CHP1 forms a complex with Hsp90 and ROCK I and II, and directly binds ROCK II. CHP1 downregulation promotes the interaction between ROCK II and nucleophosmin (NPM), leading to increased ROCK II kinase activity and centrosome amplification. Morgana/CHP1 mutations result in centrosome amplification and lethality in Drosophila and mouse. The centrosome phenotype in flies is fully rescued by the human ortholog of morgana/CHP1. Co-immunoprecipitation, kinase activity assay, genetic rescue experiment, Drosophila and mouse knockout Developmental cell High 20230755
2013 CHP1 promotes full glycosylation (biosynthetic maturation) of NHE1, which is required for membrane localization of NHE1 at axon terminals of Purkinje cells. A point mutation in the EF-hand domain or truncation of CHP1 (vacillator mouse mutation) impairs NHE1 biosynthetic maturation and reduces NHE1 membrane localization, leading to Purkinje cell axon degeneration. Genetic ablation of Nhe1 phenocopies CHP1 deficiency, demonstrating functional convergence. Positional cloning, glycosylation assay, subcellular fractionation, membrane localization assay, Nhe1 knockout genetics The Journal of neuroscience High 23904602
2018 CHP1 directly interacts with Plastin 3 (PLS3), as identified by yeast two-hybrid screen and confirmed by co-immunoprecipitation and pull-down assays. CHP1 is an inhibitor of calcineurin phosphatase. CHP1 reduction restores macropinocytosis in SMN-depleted motor neuron-like cells by elevating calcineurin phosphatase activity, and corrects hyperphosphorylation of dynamin 1. CHP1 levels are elevated in SMA mice, and CHP1 reduction combined with low-dose SMN antisense oligonucleotide treatment prolongs survival in severe SMA mice. Yeast two-hybrid, co-immunoprecipitation, pull-down, calcineurin phosphatase activity assay, macropinocytosis assay, in vivo mouse genetics Brain : a journal of neurology High 29961886
2018 Biallelic 3-bp deletion (p.K19del) in CHP1 causes autosomal recessive cerebellar ataxia in humans. Mutant CHP1 fails to integrate into functional protein complexes, is prone to aggregation, and leads to diminished soluble CHP1 and reduced membrane targeting of NHE1. In zebrafish, Chp1 deficiency causes movement defects, cerebellar hypoplasia, and motor axon abnormalities rescued by wild-type but not mutant human CHP1 mRNA. Whole-exome sequencing, size-exclusion chromatography, subcellular fractionation, fluorescence microscopy, zebrafish morpholino knockdown with mRNA rescue Neurology. Genetics High 29379881
2019 CHP1 binds and activates GPAT4, which catalyzes the initial rate-limiting step of glycerolipid synthesis at the ER. This activity requires CHP1 to be N-myristoylated, forming a key molecular interface between the two proteins. Loss of CHP1 severely reduces fatty acid incorporation into membrane and storage glycerolipids in mammalian cells and invertebrates. Upon CHP1 loss, the peroxisomal enzyme GNPAT partially compensates, revealing plasticity in lipid synthesis. CRISPR-based genetic screens, unbiased lipidomics, co-immunoprecipitation, GPAT4 activity assay, N-myristoylation mutagenesis Molecular cell High 30846317
2021 Cryo-EM structures of the human NHE1-CHP1 complex reveal NHE1 as a symmetrical homodimer undergoing elevator-like conformational changes during cation exchange. CHP1 differentially associates with inward-facing and inhibitor-bound outward-facing conformational states of NHE1, and this differential association likely underlies CHP1 regulation of NHE1 pH-sensitivity. The structure also identifies the binding site for the NHE1 inhibitor cariporide. Cryo-EM structure determination (inward- and outward-facing conformations) Nature communications High 34108458

Source papers

Stage 0 corpus · 130 papers · ranked by NIH iCite citations
Year Title Journal Citations PMID
2012 Host-microbe interactions have shaped the genetic architecture of inflammatory bowel disease. Nature 3725 23128233
2012 Insights into RNA biology from an atlas of mammalian mRNA-binding proteins. Cell 1718 22658674
2005 A human protein-protein interaction network: a resource for annotating the proteome. Cell 1704 16169070
2002 Generation and initial analysis of more than 15,000 full-length human and mouse cDNA sequences. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 1479 12477932
2003 Complete sequencing and characterization of 21,243 full-length human cDNAs. Nature genetics 754 14702039
2021 Dual proteome-scale networks reveal cell-specific remodeling of the human interactome. Cell 705 33961781
2011 Phylogenetic-based propagation of functional annotations within the Gene Ontology consortium. Briefings in bioinformatics 656 21873635
2008 Large-scale proteomics and phosphoproteomics of urinary exosomes. Journal of the American Society of Nephrology : JASN 607 19056867
2011 Global landscape of HIV-human protein complexes. Nature 593 22190034
2018 High-Density Proximity Mapping Reveals the Subcellular Organization of mRNA-Associated Granules and Bodies. Molecular cell 580 29395067
2015 SLC38A9 is a component of the lysosomal amino acid sensing machinery that controls mTORC1. Nature 548 25561175
2011 Analysis of the myosin-II-responsive focal adhesion proteome reveals a role for β-Pix in negative regulation of focal adhesion maturation. Nature cell biology 490 21423176
2004 The status, quality, and expansion of the NIH full-length cDNA project: the Mammalian Gene Collection (MGC). Genome research 438 15489334
2015 A Dynamic Protein Interaction Landscape of the Human Centrosome-Cilium Interface. Cell 433 26638075
2022 OpenCell: Endogenous tagging for the cartography of human cellular organization. Science (New York, N.Y.) 432 35271311
2018 DNA Repair Network Analysis Reveals Shieldin as a Key Regulator of NHEJ and PARP Inhibitor Sensitivity. Cell 379 29656893
2021 A proximity-dependent biotinylation map of a human cell. Nature 339 34079125
1994 p16 alterations and deletion mapping of 9p21-p22 in malignant mesothelioma. Cancer research 336 7923195
2012 Interpreting cancer genomes using systematic host network perturbations by tumour virus proteins. Nature 319 22810586
1982 Natural antibodies to the structural core protein (p24) of the human T-cell leukemia (lymphoma) retrovirus found in sera of leukemia patients in Japan. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 301 6951204
1994 Crystal structure of P22 tailspike protein: interdigitated subunits in a thermostable trimer. Science (New York, N.Y.) 273 8023158
2005 The t(8;9)(p22;p24) is a recurrent abnormality in chronic and acute leukemia that fuses PCM1 to JAK2. Cancer research 226 15805263
2018 An AP-MS- and BioID-compatible MAC-tag enables comprehensive mapping of protein interactions and subcellular localizations. Nature communications 201 29568061
2015 A deep proteomics perspective on CRM1-mediated nuclear export and nucleocytoplasmic partitioning. eLife 198 26673895
2020 Systems analysis of RhoGEF and RhoGAP regulatory proteins reveals spatially organized RAC1 signalling from integrin adhesions. Nature cell biology 194 32203420
2004 A chromodomain protein, Chp1, is required for the establishment of heterochromatin in fission yeast. The EMBO journal 179 15372076
1999 Erp1p and Erp2p, partners for Emp24p and Erv25p in a yeast p24 complex. Molecular biology of the cell 165 10359606
1994 Isolation of novel and known genes from a human fetal cochlear cDNA library using subtractive hybridization and differential screening. Genomics 163 7829101
2019 A protein-interaction network of interferon-stimulated genes extends the innate immune system landscape. Nature immunology 159 30833792
2009 Prefrontal cortex shotgun proteome analysis reveals altered calcium homeostasis and immune system imbalance in schizophrenia. European archives of psychiatry and clinical neuroscience 159 19165527
2009 The p24 family and selective transport processes at the ER-Golgi interface. Biology of the cell 150 19566487
1996 A calcineurin homologous protein inhibits GTPase-stimulated Na-H exchange. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 150 8901634
2001 Calcineurin homologous protein as an essential cofactor for Na+/H+ exchangers. The Journal of biological chemistry 149 11350981
2020 A High-Density Human Mitochondrial Proximity Interaction Network. Cell metabolism 148 32877691
2018 An orthogonal proteomic survey uncovers novel Zika virus host factors. Nature 143 30177828
2010 The Pseudomonas aeruginosa Chp chemosensory system regulates intracellular cAMP levels by modulating adenylate cyclase activity. Molecular microbiology 143 20345659
2009 Ubiquitin-mediated proteolysis of HuR by heat shock. The EMBO journal 142 19322201
1991 Nucleotide sequence of the bacteriophage P22 genes required for DNA packaging. Virology 127 1853558
2013 Proteomic analysis of podocyte exosome-enriched fraction from normal human urine. Journal of proteomics 126 23376485
1992 Rapid mapping in Salmonella typhimurium with Mud-P22 prophages. Journal of bacteriology 110 1311301
2008 The capsid-coding region hairpin element (cHP) is a critical determinant of dengue virus and West Nile virus RNA synthesis. Virology 107 18676000
1982 Cleavage of the lambda and P22 repressors by recA protein. The Journal of biological chemistry 105 6461657
2002 Oligomeric state and stoichiometry of p24 proteins in the early secretory pathway. The Journal of biological chemistry 104 12237308
1998 Chp, a homologue of the GTPase Cdc42Hs, activates the JNK pathway and is implicated in reorganizing the actin cytoskeleton. Current biology : CB 102 9778532
2005 The t(8;9)(p22;p24) translocation in atypical chronic myeloid leukaemia yields a new PCM1-JAK2 fusion gene. Oncogene 100 16091753
2007 Could the new HIV combined p24 antigen and antibody assays replace p24 antigen specific assays? Journal of virological methods 94 17395277
1993 Conformational transformations in the protein lattice of phage P22 procapsids. Biophysical journal 93 8369433
1996 Deletion mapping of chromosome region 9p21-p22 surrounding the CDKN2 locus in melanoma. International journal of cancer 90 8631588
2001 Deletion of yeast p24 genes activates the unfolded protein response. Molecular biology of the cell 89 11294899
1990 Cloning, expression, and cDNA sequence of surface antigen P22 from Toxoplasma gondii. Molecular and biochemical parasitology 89 2290448
2008 Mutational analysis reveals distinct features of the Nox4-p22 phox complex. The Journal of biological chemistry 88 18849343
2019 CHP1 Regulates Compartmentalized Glycerolipid Synthesis by Activating GPAT4. Molecular cell 84 30846317
1992 Expression, characterization, and serologic reactivity of recombinant surface antigen P22 of Toxoplasma gondii. Journal of clinical microbiology 79 1583109
1980 Structure and functions of the bacteriophage P22 tail protein. Journal of virology 79 6990016
1967 Transduction by bacteriophage P22 in nonsmooth mutants of Salmonella typhimurium. Journal of bacteriology 75 5337845
1985 The bacteriophage P22 arc and mnt repressors. Overproduction, purification, and properties. The Journal of biological chemistry 74 2995361
1985 Phage P22 lysis genes: nucleotide sequences and functional relationships with T4 and lambda genes. Virology 74 2998005
1977 E proteins of bacteriophage P22. I. Identification and ejection from wild-type and defective particles. Journal of virology 73 328927
2021 Structure and mechanism of the human NHE1-CHP1 complex. Nature communications 72 34108458
2016 Programmed Self-Assembly of an Active P22-Cas9 Nanocarrier System. Molecular pharmaceutics 72 26894836
2007 Structure of phage P22 cell envelope–penetrating needle. Nature structural & molecular biology 72 18059287
2005 RNA interference (RNAi)-dependent and RNAi-independent association of the Chp1 chromodomain protein with distinct heterochromatic loci in fission yeast. Molecular and cellular biology 69 15743828
1998 Functional domains of bacteriophage P22 scaffolding protein. Journal of molecular biology 69 9680476
2000 Coupled transport of p24 family members. Journal of cell science 68 10852829
1993 Mechanism of phage P22 tailspike protein folding mutations. Protein science : a publication of the Protein Society 66 8268798
1988 Initiation of P22 procapsid assembly in vivo. Journal of molecular biology 66 3262766
1981 Primary structure of the phage P22 repressor and its gene c2. Biochemistry 66 7260059
2002 The DNA site utilized by bacteriophage P22 for initiation of DNA packaging. Molecular microbiology 63 12354230
2000 Visualization of the maturation transition in bacteriophage P22 by electron cryomicroscopy. Journal of molecular biology 63 10731416
2008 In vivo trafficking and localization of p24 proteins in plant cells. Traffic (Copenhagen, Denmark) 61 18266912
2013 Expression of a novel P22 ORFan gene reveals the phage carrier state in Salmonella typhimurium. PLoS genetics 59 23483857
1993 Folding of the phage P22 coat protein in vitro. Biochemistry 57 8399234
1976 Structure and assembly of the capsid of bacteriophage P22. Philosophical transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological sciences 57 13434
1994 Role for 10Sa RNA in the growth of lambda-P22 hybrid phage. Journal of bacteriology 54 8144474
2012 Intrinsic nucleic acid-binding activity of Chp1 chromodomain is required for heterochromatic gene silencing. Molecular cell 52 22727667
2004 p24 proteins, intracellular trafficking, and behavior: Drosophila melanogaster provides insights and opportunities. Biology of the cell 51 15145531
1983 P22 c2 repressor. Domain structure and function. The Journal of biological chemistry 51 6554278
1986 Antigens related to three core proteins of HTLV-I (p24, p19 and p15) and their intracellular localizations, as defined by monoclonal antibodies. International journal of cancer 50 3000953
2010 Morgana/chp-1, a ROCK inhibitor involved in centrosome duplication and tumorigenesis. Developmental cell 49 20230755
2007 Autophosphorylation-dependent degradation of Pak1, triggered by the Rho-family GTPase, Chp. The Biochemical journal 49 17355222
2004 Interactions among p22, glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase and microtubules. The Biochemical journal 48 15312048
1997 Bacteriophage P22 scaffolding protein forms oligomers in solution. Journal of molecular biology 47 9171289
2018 CHP1 reduction ameliorates spinal muscular atrophy pathology by restoring calcineurin activity and endocytosis. Brain : a journal of neurology 46 29961886
2002 Production of HIV-1 p24 protein in transgenic tobacco plants. Molecular biotechnology 46 11876469
1980 Regulation of coat protein polymerization by the scaffolding protein of bacteriophage P22. Biophysical journal 46 7018607
1989 Analysis of the complete nucleotide sequence of Chp1, a phage which infects avian Chlamydia psittaci. The Journal of general virology 45 2607341
1972 Mapping of rfa Genes in Salmonella typhimurium by ES18 and P22 Transduction and by Conjugation. Journal of bacteriology 44 16559160
2019 Development of target-tunable P22 VLP-based delivery nanoplatforms using bacterial superglue. Biotechnology and bioengineering 43 31329283
2012 Deletions in chromosome 6p22.3-p24.3, including ATXN1, are associated with developmental delay and autism spectrum disorders. Molecular cytogenetics 43 22480366
2010 A vertebrate-specific Chp-PAK-PIX pathway maintains E-cadherin at adherens junctions during zebrafish epiboly. PloS one 42 20405038
2013 t(8;9)(p22;p24)/PCM1-JAK2 activates SOCS2 and SOCS3 via STAT5. PloS one 40 23372669
2008 Detection of intermediates and kinetic control during assembly of bacteriophage P22 procapsid. Journal of molecular biology 40 18582476
2018 Multifunctionalized biocatalytic P22 nanoreactor for combinatory treatment of ER+ breast cancer. Journal of nanobiotechnology 38 29463260
2008 A conformational switch in bacteriophage p22 portal protein primes genome injection. Molecular cell 38 18280242
1990 Detection of HIV1 RNA and p24 antigen in HIV1-infected human liver. Research in virology 38 1971728
2008 Chp1-Tas3 interaction is required to recruit RITS to fission yeast centromeres and for maintenance of centromeric heterochromatin. Molecular and cellular biology 37 18212052
1997 Transduction of low-copy number plasmids by bacteriophage P22. Genetics 37 9177996
2013 Rescuing recombinant proteins by sequestration into the P22 VLP. Chemical communications (Cambridge, England) 35 24079011
2012 Coupled transport of Arabidopsis p24 proteins at the ER-Golgi interface. Journal of experimental botany 35 22577184
2004 The role of p22 NF-E4 in human globin gene switching. The Journal of biological chemistry 35 15084587
1992 Linkage analysis of keratosis follicularis spinulosa decalvans, and regional assignment to human chromosome Xp21.2-p22.2. American journal of human genetics 35 1550124
2011 The Chp1-Tas3 core is a multifunctional platform critical for gene silencing by RITS. Nature structural & molecular biology 32 22081013
2015 Traffic of p24 Proteins and COPII Coat Composition Mutually Influence Membrane Scaffolding. Current biology : CB 31 25936552
1992 Association of antibody to human immunodeficiency virus type 1 core protein (p24), CD4+ lymphocyte number, and AIDS-free time. The Journal of infectious diseases 31 1358985
1986 Bacteriophage P22 Cro protein: sequence, purification, and properties. Biochemistry 31 3954988
2009 Functional diversity among p24 subfamily members. Biology of the cell 30 18699773
1993 Superinfection exclusion (sieB) genes of bacteriophages P22 and lambda. Journal of bacteriology 30 8335629
1989 Genetic structure of the bacteriophage P22 PL operon. Journal of molecular biology 29 2738922
2018 Cargo Retention inside P22 Virus-Like Particles. Biomacromolecules 28 30092631
2015 Endotoxin-minimized HIV-1 p24 fused to murine hsp70 activates dendritic cells, facilitates endocytosis and p24-specific Th1 response in mice. Immunology letters 28 26021827
2008 Transport of phage P22 DNA across the cytoplasmic membrane. Journal of bacteriology 28 18978055
1991 Identification of T cell epitopes within a 23-kD antigen (P24) of Toxoplasma gondii. Clinical and experimental immunology 28 1710549
1987 Sequence of the bacteriophage P22 anti-recBCD (abc) genes and properties of P22 abc region deletion mutants. Virology 28 3660589
1984 DNA injection proteins are targets of acridine-sensitized photoinactivation of bacteriophage P22. Journal of molecular biology 27 6335533
1985 Autoregulation of the bacteriophage P22 scaffolding protein gene. Journal of virology 26 2981337
1983 DNA-binding properties of the Erf protein of bacteriophage P22. Journal of molecular biology 26 6302269
2015 Drosophila p24 and Sec22 regulate Wingless trafficking in the early secretory pathway. Biochemical and biophysical research communications 25 26002470
2013 CHP1-mediated NHE1 biosynthetic maturation is required for Purkinje cell axon homeostasis. The Journal of neuroscience : the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience 25 23904602
1992 Characterization of the transcription activator protein C1 of bacteriophage P22. The Journal of biological chemistry 25 1385814
1992 Oligopeptidase A is required for normal phage P22 development. Journal of bacteriology 25 1522065
1990 Conservation of a dual-start motif in P22 lysis gene regulation. Journal of bacteriology 24 2294085
2017 Characterization of silencing suppressor p24 of Grapevine leafroll-associated virus 2. Molecular plant pathology 23 27997767
1989 Inverse relationship between HIV-1 p24 antigenemia, anti-p24 antibody and neutralizing antibody response in all stages of HIV-1 infection. Immunology letters 23 2497067
2012 Pak6 protein kinase is a novel effector of an atypical Rho family GTPase Chp/RhoV. Biochemistry. Biokhimiia 21 22339630
1975 Further structural and functional analogies between the repressor regions of phages P22 and lambda. Molecular & general genetics : MGG 21 1102926
2018 Biallelic CHP1 mutation causes human autosomal recessive ataxia by impairing NHE1 function. Neurology. Genetics 20 29379881
2007 Regulated synthesis of the Borrelia burgdorferi inner-membrane lipoprotein IpLA7 (P22, P22-A) during the Lyme disease spirochaete's mammal-tick infectious cycle. Microbiology (Reading, England) 20 17464050
2001 De novo "pure" partial trisomy (6)(p22.1-->pter) in a chromosome 15 with an enlarged satellite, identified by microdissection. American journal of medical genetics 20 11170093
2023 Molecular Architecture of Salmonella Typhimurium Virus P22 Genome Ejection Machinery. Journal of molecular biology 19 37952769
1994 Detection of feline immunodeficiency virus p24 antigen and p24-specific antibodies by monoclonal antibody-based assays. Journal of virological methods 19 7516344