Affinage

CFD

Complement factor D · UniProt P00746

Length
253 aa
Mass
27.0 kDa
Annotated
2026-06-14
40 papers in source corpus 20 papers cited in narrative 20 extracted findings
Cross-family judge vs UniProt: Affinage preferred

Mechanistic narrative

Synthesis pass · prose summary of the discoveries below

Complement Factor D (CFD/adipsin) is the rate-limiting serine protease of the alternative complement pathway, whose single physiological substrate is factor B presented within the C3bB complex (PMID:2734615, PMID:8845746). CFD is unusual among serine proteases in that it does not require proteolytic cleavage of itself or serpin inactivation for control; instead its catalytic triad, specificity pocket, and substrate-binding site adopt atypical resting conformations that are realigned only upon binding C3bB, conferring substrate-induced activity (PMID:8845746). Mature CFD cleaves factor B ~20 million-fold more efficiently when factor B is complexed with C3b than as free factor B, generating the C3 convertase that drives the pathway (PMID:37283768). CFD itself is synthesized as a zymogen (profactor D) bearing an N-terminal activation peptide; in circulation it is continuously matured by MASP-3, while trypsin and other proteases can perform this conversion in vitro (PMID:8144940, PMID:37283768). Serum reconstitution experiments establish CFD as the rate-limiting enzyme for alternative-pathway hemolysis, C3 deposition on bacteria, and complement-mediated bacterial killing (PMID:2734615, PMID:33841879). CFD is filtered through the glomerulus and catabolized primarily by renal tubular cells, so renal failure causes marked plasma accumulation (PMID:3199673). Genetic ablation studies extend its role beyond serum complement: CFD-dependent alternative-pathway activation drives complement-mediated tissue injury in lupus nephritis and light-induced photoreceptor degeneration, yet plays a protective, adaptive role in clearing apoptotic cells during alcoholic liver disease (PMID:14675043, PMID:17962484, PMID:29597356). Beyond complement, CFD/adipsin promotes adipocyte differentiation and lipid accumulation through a C3a/C3aR signaling axis, an axis also operative in right-ventricular remodeling (PMID:27611793, PMID:36109509), and contributes to hepatocyte lipid metabolism, cardiomyocyte apoptosis, and endothelial dysfunction as documented across multiple tissue models (PMID:37841581, PMID:36351508, PMID:37188751).

Mechanistic history

Synthesis pass · year-by-year structured walk · 20 steps
  1. 1989 High

    Established that adipsin/CFD is enzymatically a complement factor D, resolving whether the adipocyte-derived protein had complement protease activity.

    Evidence In vitro enzymatic and hemolytic assays with recombinant mouse adipsin cleaving factor B in complex with activated C3

    PMID:2734615

    Open questions at the time
    • Did not resolve how CFD distinguishes free factor B from C3b-bound factor B
    • No structural basis for substrate specificity
  2. 1988 High

    Defined the route of CFD turnover, explaining why circulating CFD accumulates in renal disease.

    Evidence Radiolabelled factor D injection into humans with compartmental pharmacokinetic modeling and creatinine clearance correlation

    PMID:3199673

    Open questions at the time
    • Molecular mechanism of tubular uptake/degradation not defined
    • Does not address consequences of accumulation for AP activity
  3. 1994 High

    Showed CFD is made as a zymogen requiring activation-peptide removal, framing the question of its physiological activator.

    Evidence Baculovirus-expressed profactor D, amino acid sequencing, and trypsin/protease activation with hemolytic readout

    PMID:8144940

    Open questions at the time
    • Did not identify the physiological in vivo activating protease
    • Relative contribution of thrombin/kallikrein/plasmin in vivo unknown
  4. 1996 High

    Explained how CFD activity is regulated without zymogen cleavage or serpins, identifying substrate-induced conformational realignment as the control mechanism.

    Evidence Structural and active-site mutational analysis with esterolytic and hemolytic assays

    PMID:8845746

    Open questions at the time
    • Atomic dynamics of the resting-to-active transition not fully resolved
    • Quantitative link between conformational change and cleavage rate not yet measured
  5. 1993 Medium

    Demonstrated that CFD activity can be physically modulated by adsorption, providing a route to dampen alternative-pathway activation.

    Evidence In vitro incubation of serum/purified CFD with polyacrylonitrile fibers, hemolytic and immunoblot readouts

    PMID:8479128

    Open questions at the time
    • Single lab, in vitro only
    • Clinical relevance of adsorptive removal not established here
  6. 2004 High

    Established CFD-dependent alternative-pathway activation as the proximate driver of complement-mediated kidney injury in autoimmune disease.

    Evidence CFD-deficient MRL/lpr mice with histology, immunofluorescence for C3/IgG, and functional AP assay

    PMID:14675043

    Open questions at the time
    • Does not address non-complement functions of CFD
    • Human translatability not tested
  7. 2007 High

    Extended CFD's pathogenic role to oxidative retinal injury, linking AP activity to photoreceptor death.

    Evidence CFD-knockout mice with light-exposure model, electroretinography, and histology

    PMID:17962484

    Open questions at the time
    • Cellular source of CFD in the retina not defined
    • Downstream effector of photoreceptor death not identified
  8. 2016 Medium

    Identified a non-complement, pro-adipogenic role for CFD acting through C3a/C3aR signaling.

    Evidence shRNA knockdown, overexpression, and C3aR-knockdown epistasis in preadipocyte differentiation with lipid staining and qPCR

    PMID:27611793

    Open questions at the time
    • Single lab, cell-based
    • Whether C3a is generated by canonical AP convertase in this context not directly shown
  9. 2018 High

    Revealed that CFD-dependent AP amplification can be protective, clearing apoptotic cells in alcoholic liver disease rather than only causing injury.

    Evidence Multiple complement-pathway genetic KO models with ethanol feeding, C3 cleavage detection, apoptosis and cytokine readouts

    PMID:29597356

    Open questions at the time
    • Mechanism of apoptotic-cell recognition by AP not defined
    • Tissue/context determinants of protective vs pathogenic AP not resolved
  10. 2021 Medium

    Quantitatively confirmed CFD as the rate-limiting enzyme for AP bactericidal activity through serum reconstitution.

    Evidence FD-deficient patient serum reconstituted with factor D; AP hemolysis, C3 deposition on bacteria by flow cytometry, and killing assays

    PMID:33841879

    Open questions at the time
    • Single lab
    • Restricted to the bacterial species tested
  11. 2021 Low

    Linked CFD to platelet activation during sepsis, hinting at a coagulation interface.

    Evidence CFD-deficient mice in cecal ligation and puncture with flow cytometry for platelet GPIIb/IIIa

    PMID:34396466

    Open questions at the time
    • Single genetic model with a single flow cytometry readout; indirect mechanistic link
    • No direct molecular pathway connecting CFD to platelet activation
  12. 2022 High

    Defined a C3-CFD-C3aR signaling axis in right-ventricular remodeling, ordering the pathway in cardiac pathology.

    Evidence CFD- and C3-knockout mice plus C3aR antagonist with cardiac function and gene-expression readouts

    PMID:36109509

    Open questions at the time
    • Cellular target of C3aR signaling in RV not pinpointed
    • Whether CFD acts locally vs systemically not resolved
  13. 2022 Medium

    Identified upstream regulation of CFD by p38/cytokine signaling and a pro-proliferative role in squamous cell carcinoma.

    Evidence RT-qPCR, Western blot, danicopan inhibition, and p38 inhibitor in cSCC cells with proliferation readout

    PMID:35053469

    Open questions at the time
    • Single lab
    • Whether the effect requires complement convertase activity vs another mechanism unclear
  14. 2022 Medium

    Defined a caspase-independent, PARP-1-mediated mechanism by which CFD drives cardiomyocyte apoptosis after infarction.

    Evidence Rat MI model, conditioned medium from epicardial adipose tissue, CFD and PARP-1 inhibitors, pan-caspase inhibitor controls

    PMID:36351508

    Open questions at the time
    • Single lab
    • Receptor linking secreted CFD to PARP-1 activation not identified
  15. 2023 Medium

    Showed glomerular endothelial cells produce CFD that drives local complement activation and endothelial dysfunction.

    Evidence siRNA knockdown in conditionally immortalized human glomerular endothelial cells with Ang II stimulation, IF, mass spec, ELISA

    PMID:37188751

    Open questions at the time
    • Single lab
    • Relative contribution of local vs circulating CFD in vivo not established
  16. 2023 High

    Resolved the physiological activator of profactor D, identifying MASP-3 as the continuous maturase and quantifying zymogen residual activity.

    Evidence In vitro kinetics with MASP-1/MASP-3 fragments, Arg25Gln-stabilized proenzyme, and FD-depleted serum reconstitution

    PMID:37283768

    Open questions at the time
    • Regulation of MASP-3 availability in vivo not addressed
    • Whether pro-FD contributes meaningfully to AP under physiological conditions unresolved
  17. 2023 Medium

    Placed CFD as a transcriptional target of HNF1α controlling hepatocyte lipid deposition.

    Evidence HNF1α P291fsinsC mutant mouse, transcriptomics/proteomics, CFD siRNA and inhibitor with triglyceride measurement

    PMID:37841581

    Open questions at the time
    • Single lab
    • Whether lipid effect depends on complement convertase activity not separated
  18. 2023 Medium

    Defined adipsin/CFD as an autocrine amplifier of inflammatory and adipogenic signaling in Graves' orbitopathy fibroblasts.

    Evidence siRNA silencing and recombinant adipsin treatment with Akt/ERK/p38/JNK phosphorylation, qPCR, ELISA, and Oil Red O staining

    PMID:37555734

    Open questions at the time
    • Receptor mediating adipsin-induced kinase activation not identified
    • Single lab
  19. 2023 Medium

    Demonstrated therapeutic CFD blockade mitigates aberrant AP amplification and protects endothelium in viral infection.

    Evidence Long-acting pH-sensitive anti-CFD antibody in human vascular organoid and macaque COVID-19 models with imaging and proteomics

    PMID:37802037

    Open questions at the time
    • Single lab
    • Mechanism of endothelial protection beyond reduced AP activation not detailed
  20. 2025 Medium

    Linked CFD to hepatic steatosis via NF-κB signaling, connecting complement protease activity to metabolic and inflammatory gene programs.

    Evidence CRISPR CFD knockout and danicopan inhibition in a MAFLD mouse model with NF-κB assays, lipid and gene-expression readouts

    PMID:41308544

    Open questions at the time
    • Single lab
    • Whether NF-κB activation is downstream of C3a/C3aR or convertase-independent not resolved

Open questions

Synthesis pass · forward-looking unresolved questions
  • How CFD's catalytic complement activity is mechanistically partitioned from its diverse C3a/C3aR-dependent and convertase-independent tissue signaling roles remains unresolved.
  • No unified model distinguishing convertase-dependent vs independent CFD effects across tissues
  • Direct receptors mediating non-complement CFD signaling not identified
  • In vivo source (local vs circulating) of CFD in each pathology not systematically resolved

Mechanism profile

Synthesis pass · controlled-vocabulary classification · explore literature graph →
Molecular activity
GO:0140096 catalytic activity, acting on a protein 5 GO:0016787 hydrolase activity 3
Localization
GO:0005576 extracellular region 3
Pathway
R-HSA-168256 Immune System 5 R-HSA-1430728 Metabolism 3
Partners
C3C3AR1CFBMASP3

Evidence

Reading pass · 20 per-paper findings extracted from the source corpus
Year Finding Method Journal Conf PMIDs
1989 Recombinant mouse adipsin (CFD ortholog) was shown to cleave complement factor B when complexed with activated C3, demonstrating the same enzymatic activity as human complement factor D and enabling activation of the alternative pathway of complement, resulting in red blood cell lysis. In vitro enzymatic assay with recombinant protein; hemolytic assay Science High 2734615
1994 Human CFD is synthesized as an inactive zymogen (profactor D) with an N-terminal activation peptide (AAPPRGR or APPRGR); catalytic amounts of trypsin convert recombinant profactor D to enzymatically active factor D. Human thrombin, kallikrein, and plasmin can also activate profactor D but with lower efficiency (~1/3 specific hemolytic activity). Native profactor D was also isolated from urine of a patient with Fanconi's syndrome. Baculovirus expression of recombinant profactor D; amino acid sequencing; trypsin/protease activation assays; SDS-PAGE; hemolytic activity assays Journal of immunology High 8144940
1996 CFD is a unique serine protease that does not require enzymatic cleavage for proteolytic activity nor serpin inactivation for control. Instead, regulation is achieved through reversible conformational changes induced by its single natural substrate C3bB, realigning the catalytic triad, specificity pocket, and substrate binding site — all of which have atypical conformations in the resting state. Mutational studies defined structural determinants responsible for low reactivity with synthetic esters. Structural and mutational analysis; esterolytic and hemolytic assays with site-directed mutants Protein science High 8845746
1988 CFD is filtered through the glomerulus and catabolized by renal tubular cells under normal circumstances, with the kidney being the primary site of CFD catabolism; the fractional metabolic rate correlates with creatinine clearance. Renal failure causes ~10-fold accumulation of factor D in plasma due to drastically reduced catabolism, not increased synthesis. Injection of purified radiolabelled factor D into humans; compartmental pharmacokinetic modeling; creatinine clearance correlation Kidney international High 3199673
1993 CFD is adsorbed by polyacrylonitrile (PAN) dialysis membranes in a dose- and time-dependent manner; CFD is catalytically inactive while adsorbed to PAN fibers but recovers full hemolytic function upon elution. PAN removes ~95% of CFD from serum passed through a dialyzer, reducing alternative pathway activation. In vitro incubation of serum/purified radiolabeled CFD with PAN fibers; hemolytic assay of adsorbed vs. eluted CFD; immunoblotting Kidney international Medium 8479128
2016 CFD (adipsin) promotes adipocyte differentiation and lipid accumulation via a C3a/C3aR signaling axis: CFD overexpression increases C3a production and induces C3aR target gene expression; C3aR knockdown suppresses adipogenesis and abolishes the pro-adipogenic effect of CFD overexpression. shRNA-mediated CFD knockdown inhibits lipid accumulation and adipocyte marker expression. shRNA knockdown; overexpression; C3a/C3aR agonist treatment; qPCR; lipid staining in preadipocyte differentiation assays PloS one Medium 27611793
2004 Genetic deficiency of CFD in MRL/lpr lupus-prone mice prevents glomerular C3 deposition and reduces proliferative renal disease and elevated serum creatinine, establishing CFD-dependent alternative pathway activation as the proximate cause of complement-mediated kidney damage in this model. Genetic knockout (CFD-deficient mice backcrossed onto MRL/lpr); zymosan AP activation assay; ELISA; histology; electron microscopy; immunofluorescence for C3/IgG Kidney international High 14675043
2007 CFD-deficient mice show significantly protected photoreceptors from light-induced degeneration, establishing that the alternative complement pathway activity (dependent on CFD) mediates rod photoreceptor death in oxidative stress-induced retinal damage. CFD knockout mice on BALB/c background; constant light exposure; electroretinography; histology Investigative ophthalmology & visual science High 17962484
2018 CFD-deficient mice fed ethanol show paradoxically increased liver injury, steatosis, and proinflammatory cytokines compared to wild-type, with accumulation of apoptotic cells and profibrotic responses, demonstrating that CFD-dependent alternative pathway amplification plays a protective, adaptive role in clearing apoptotic cells during alcoholic liver disease. CFD-deficient mice (FD-/-), C1qa-/-, C4-/-, and C1qa/FD-/- genetic models; chronic/short-term ethanol feeding; hepatic C3 cleavage product detection; apoptotic cell detection; cytokine measurement American journal of physiology. Gastrointestinal and liver physiology High 29597356
2022 The right ventricle predominantly expresses CFD and C3aR1; CFD knockout mice show attenuated right ventricular dysfunction and fibrosis in a model of right ventricular failure. C3a is produced from C3 via the C3 convertase containing CFD; C3aR antagonism improves right ventricular dysfunction, establishing a C3-CFD-C3aR signaling axis in right ventricular remodeling. CFD-knockout mice; C3-knockout mice; C3aR antagonist treatment; cardiac function assessment; gene expression analysis Nature communications High 36109509
2023 CFD is produced and secreted by glomerular endothelial cells; CFD knockdown in conditionally immortalized human glomerular endothelial cells reduces local complement activation and attenuates Ang II-induced upregulation of ICAM-1, VCAM-1, von Willebrand factor, and endothelin-1, demonstrating that endothelial-derived CFD drives local complement activation and endothelial dysfunction. siRNA knockdown in CiGEnCs; immunofluorescence microscopy; mass spectrometry; ELISA; gene expression Hypertension research Medium 37188751
2023 The pro-zymogen form of CFD (pro-FD) is continuously converted to active mature CFD by circulating MASP-3. Active CFD has ~20 million-fold enhanced cleavage of FB when FB is complexed with C3b (C3bB) compared to free FB. Pro-CFD retains ~1/800th the activity of mature CFD toward C3bB and at ~50-fold physiological FD concentration can restore half-maximal AP activity in FD-depleted serum. In vitro enzymatic assay; MASP-1 and MASP-3 catalytic fragment activity assays; site-directed mutagenesis (Arg25Gln to stabilize proenzyme); FD-depleted serum reconstitution; quantitative kinetics Frontiers in immunology High 37283768
2022 CFD production by cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma (cSCC) cells is dependent on p38 MAPK activity and is induced by IFN-γ and IL-1β; blocking CFD activity with danicopan inhibits ERK1/2 activation and attenuates cSCC cell proliferation. RT-qPCR; Western blot; danicopan pharmacological inhibition; kinase inhibitor (p38 inhibitor); cytokine stimulation; cell proliferation assay Cancers Medium 35053469
2022 CFD derived from epicardial adipose tissue mediates cardiomyocyte apoptosis after myocardial infarction by inducing PARP-1 overactivation; CFD inhibitor (CFD-IN1) reverses cardiomyocyte apoptosis both in vitro and in vivo in a rat MI model. The apoptosis is caspase-independent (pan-caspase inhibitor Z-VAD did not prevent it). Rat MI model (LAD ligation); H9c2 cell culture; conditioned medium from EAT; CFD-IN1 inhibitor; PARP-1 inhibitor (3-Aminobenzamide); pan-caspase inhibitor Z-VAD; cell viability assays Cellular signalling Medium 36351508
2023 In Graves' orbitopathy orbital fibroblasts, adipsin/CFD is induced by IGF-1 and CD40L stimulation; exogenous recombinant adipsin activates Akt, ERK, p38, and JNK signaling pathways. siRNA silencing of adipsin suppresses IGF-1-induced IL-6, IL-8, COX2, ICAM-1, CCL2 gene expression and IL-6 protein secretion, and attenuates adipocyte differentiation. siRNA knockdown; recombinant adipsin treatment; Western blot (Akt, ERK, p38, JNK phosphorylation); ELISA; qPCR; Oil Red O staining Investigative ophthalmology & visual science Medium 37555734
2023 HNF1α inhibits CFD expression in hepatocytes; a dominant-negative P291fsinsC HNF1α mutant reverses this inhibition, upregulating CFD. siRNA or pharmacological inhibition of CFD reduced triglyceride levels in hepatocytes, demonstrating that CFD regulates hepatocyte lipid deposition downstream of HNF1α. Mouse model carrying HNF1α P291fsinsC mutation; transcriptomics; proteomics; siRNA knockdown of CFD in hepatocytes; pharmacological inhibitor; triglyceride measurement iScience Medium 37841581
2021 Reconstitution of CFD-deficient serum with factor D dose- and time-dependently restores alternative pathway activity and complement C3 deposition on bacterial surfaces (Neisseria meningitidis, Streptococcus pneumoniae, non-typeable Haemophilus influenzae), and restores complement-mediated bacterial killing, establishing CFD as the rate-limiting enzyme for AP-mediated bactericidal activity. FD-deficient patient serum reconstitution; AP hemolytic activity assay; C3 deposition on bacteria by flow cytometry; bacterial killing assay Clinical & translational immunology Medium 33841879
2025 In a MAFLD mouse model, CRISPR knockout of CFD attenuates hepatocyte lipid deposition; danicopan (CFD pharmacological inhibitor) reduces intracellular triglycerides/cholesterol, improves glucose tolerance, and alleviates hepatic steatosis. Mechanistically, danicopan suppresses NF-κB signaling and inhibits lipid-related genes (CD36/FASN/FATP2) and inflammatory mediators (MMP12/IL-6/TNF-α). CRISPR knockout; pharmacological inhibition (danicopan); HFD mouse model; hepatocyte culture; NF-κB signaling assays; gene expression; lipid measurements Molecular immunology Medium 41308544
2023 A long-acting, pH-sensitive anti-CFD monoclonal antibody mitigated aberrant complement alternative pathway activation driven by CFD amplification in SARS-CoV-2 infection, protected endothelial cells from damage, and curtailed innate immune response in human vascular organoid and macaque COVID-19 models. Human vascular organoid infection model; macaque COVID-19 model; anti-CFD monoclonal antibody treatment; intravital imaging; serum proteomics Cell stem cell Medium 37802037
2021 In CFD-deficient mice subjected to cecal ligation and puncture sepsis, platelets show reduced GPIIb/IIIa surface expression compared to wild-type septic mice, linking CFD to platelet activation during sepsis. CFD-deficient mice; cecal ligation and puncture model; flow cytometry for GPIIb/IIIa; coagulation markers Intensive care medicine experimental Low 34396466

Source papers

Stage 0 corpus · 40 papers · ranked by NIH iCite citations
Year Title Journal Citations PMID
1989 Adipsin and complement factor D activity: an immune-related defect in obesity. Science (New York, N.Y.) 246 2734615
1996 Complement factor D, a novel serine protease. Protein science : a publication of the Protein Society 127 8845746
1988 Metabolism of complement factor D in renal failure. Kidney international 109 3199673
2021 Complement Factor D as a Strategic Target for Regulating the Alternative Complement Pathway. Frontiers in immunology 106 34566967
2021 Danicopan: an oral complement factor D inhibitor for paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria. Haematologica 91 33121236
2004 Effects of complement factor D deficiency on the renal disease of MRL/lpr mice. Kidney international 87 14675043
2016 Small Molecule-Induced Complement Factor D (Adipsin) Promotes Lipid Accumulation and Adipocyte Differentiation. PloS one 85 27611793
2011 Complement factor D in age-related macular degeneration. Investigative ophthalmology & visual science 81 22003108
2007 Eliminating complement factor D reduces photoreceptor susceptibility to light-induced damage. Investigative ophthalmology & visual science 78 17962484
1993 Adsorption of complement factor D by polyacrylonitrile dialysis membranes. Kidney international 61 8479128
2020 Discovery and Development of the Oral Complement Factor D Inhibitor Danicopan (ACH-4471). Current medicinal chemistry 42 31573880
2018 Complement Factor D protects mice from ethanol-induced inflammation and liver injury. American journal of physiology. Gastrointestinal and liver physiology 42 29597356
2022 The complement C3-complement factor D-C3a receptor signalling axis regulates cardiac remodelling in right ventricular failure. Nature communications 29 36109509
1994 Recombinant and native zymogen forms of human complement factor D. Journal of immunology (Baltimore, Md. : 1950) 29 8144940
2023 Complement factor D targeting protects endotheliopathy in organoid and monkey models of COVID-19. Cell stem cell 20 37802037
2024 Role of complement factor D in cardiovascular and metabolic diseases. Frontiers in immunology 19 39416783
2022 Danicopan, an Oral Complement Factor D Inhibitor, Exhibits High and Sustained Exposure in Ocular Tissues in Preclinical Studies. Translational vision science & technology 19 36301553
2022 Complement Factor D Is a Novel Biomarker and Putative Therapeutic Target in Cutaneous Squamous Cell Carcinoma. Cancers 16 35053469
1991 Complement factor D-like activity of Porphyromonas gingivalis W83. Oral microbiology and immunology 16 1667434
2022 Complement factor D as a predictor of Achilles tendon healing and long-term patient outcomes. FASEB journal : official publication of the Federation of American Societies for Experimental Biology 15 35596679
2021 Complement Factor D (adipsin) Levels Are Elevated in Acquired Partial Lipodystrophy (Barraquer-Simons syndrome). International journal of molecular sciences 13 34205507
2023 Dominant-negative HNF1α mutant promotes liver steatosis and inflammation by regulating hepatic complement factor D. iScience 12 37841581
2022 Complement factor D derived from epicardial adipose tissue participates in cardiomyocyte apoptosis after myocardial infarction by mediating PARP-1 activity. Cellular signalling 11 36351508
2023 Endothelial-derived complement factor D contributes to endothelial dysfunction in malignant nephrosclerosis via local complement activation. Hypertension research : official journal of the Japanese Society of Hypertension 9 37188751
2023 The Role of Adipsin, Complement Factor D, in the Pathogenesis of Graves' Orbitopathy. Investigative ophthalmology & visual science 8 37555734
2023 Complement factor D regulates collagen type I expression and fibroblast migration to enhance human tendon repair and healing outcomes. Frontiers in immunology 8 37744351
2019 Molecular characterization, expression and antimicrobial activity of complement factor D in Megalobrama amblycephala. Fish & shellfish immunology 8 30890434
2021 Complement factor D haplodeficiency is associated with a reduced complement activation speed and diminished bacterial killing. Clinical & translational immunology 7 33841879
2023 Quantification of the zymogenicity and the substrate-induced activity enhancement of complement factor D. Frontiers in immunology 6 37283768
2022 Scaffold hopping via ring opening enables identification of acyclic compounds as new complement Factor D inhibitors. Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry 4 36272185
2023 The Role and Potential Mechanism of Complement Factor D in Fibromyalgia Development. Journal of pain research 3 38145036
2022 Potency measurements of the complement system facilitated by antibodies targeting the zymogen form of complement factor D (Adipsin). Molecular immunology 3 35429907
2024 Clinical Significance and Potential Function of Complement Factor D in Acute Myeloid Leukemia. Cureus 2 39310420
2024 Oral complement factor D inhibitor danicopan for paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria. Expert review of clinical pharmacology 1 39258779
2021 Complement factor D is linked to platelet activation in human and rodent sepsis. Intensive care medicine experimental 1 34396466
2025 First-in-Human Study of the Safety, Tolerability, Pharmacokinetics, and Pharmacodynamics of Oral Complement Factor D Inhibitor BCX9930 in Healthy Participants. Journal of clinical pharmacology 0 40292729
2025 Complement factor D of Paralichthys olivaceus in serum enhances C3 deposition to activate complement against bacterial infection. Fish & shellfish immunology 0 40812759
2025 Complement factor D is a drug target for metabolic-associated fatty liver disease. Molecular immunology 0 41308544
2024 Combinatorial Inhibition of Complement Factor D and BCL2 for Early-Onset Colorectal Cancer. Diseases of the colon and rectum 0 38479005
2024 Urinary complement factor D is increased in primary malignant hypertension: a single-center, cross-sectional study. Scientific reports 0 39009768

Missed literature

Know a paper Affinage missed for CFD? Flag it for the maintainers and the community.

No submissions yet.