Affinage

CFD

Complement factor D · UniProt P00746

Round 2 corrected
Length
253 aa
Mass
27.0 kDa
Annotated
2026-04-28
130 papers in source corpus 13 papers cited in narrative 13 extracted findings

Mechanistic narrative

Synthesis pass · prose summary of the discoveries below

Complement factor D (adipsin) is the rate-limiting serine protease of the alternative complement pathway, circulating at low concentrations and cleaving factor B exclusively when B is complexed with surface-deposited C3b in an open activation conformation (PMID:21205667, PMID:1374388). Factor D is synthesized primarily by adipose tissue and monocytes, possesses a self-inhibitory active-site loop displaced only upon engagement with the C3bB complex via a macromolecular exosite distant from its catalytic center, and is activated from its pro-form exclusively by MASP-3 in resting blood, linking the lectin and alternative complement pathways (PMID:27535802, PMID:22362762, PMID:8289289). Beyond complement amplification, adipsin-generated C3a acts as an insulin secretagogue through C3aR-mediated ATP/Ca²⁺ signaling and DUSP26 suppression in pancreatic β cells, and biases bone marrow mesenchymal progenitors toward adipogenesis over osteoblastogenesis via C3-dependent inhibition of Wnt/β-catenin signaling (PMID:24995977, PMID:31700183, PMID:34155972). The factor D-to-factor H ratio governs systemic C3 homeostasis and tissue C3b deposition, and factor D-dependent alternative pathway activation is co-opted by SARS-CoV-2 spike protein to drive complement-mediated pathology (PMID:32376801, PMID:32877502).

Mechanistic history

Synthesis pass · year-by-year structured walk · 11 steps
  1. 1979 High

    Establishing the identity of factor D as a distinct low-abundance serine protease of the alternative complement pathway answered the fundamental question of what enzyme drives alternative pathway amplification and defined its physicochemical parameters.

    Evidence Protein purification from human serum with SDS-PAGE, N-terminal sequencing, and physicochemical characterization

    PMID:497171

    Open questions at the time
    • Catalytic mechanism and active-site architecture unknown
    • Substrate specificity basis not yet explained
    • Tissue source of factor D not identified
  2. 1984 High

    Determination of the complete 222-residue primary structure and identification of the catalytic triad revealed that factor D conserves core serine protease machinery but carries unique substitutions in the substrate-binding pocket, providing a sequence-level explanation for its exquisite selectivity for C3bB.

    Evidence Complete protein sequencing via CNBr, enzymatic, and chemical cleavage peptides with HPLC purification; active-site serine confirmed by DFP labeling

    PMID:6383466 PMID:6821372

    Open questions at the time
    • No three-dimensional structure to validate proposed specificity determinants
    • Mechanism by which factor D discriminates free factor B from C3b-bound factor B unknown
  3. 1992 High

    Demonstration that human adipsin is identical to complement factor D unified two fields, revealing adipose tissue and monocytes as major biosynthetic sources and showing that recombinant adipsin cleaves factor B only when B is complexed with C3b.

    Evidence cDNA cloning, recombinant protein expression, in vitro enzymatic cleavage assay, Northern blot tissue distribution

    PMID:1374388

    Open questions at the time
    • No structural explanation for the self-inhibited resting state
    • Mechanism of pro-factor D activation unknown
  4. 1994 High

    The first crystal structure of factor D at 2.0 Å revealed the canonical serine protease fold with unusual active-site conformational flexibility across two non-crystallographic molecules, providing the structural basis for its self-inhibited yet activatable state.

    Evidence X-ray crystallography at 2.0 Å resolution using multiple isomorphous replacement and molecular replacement

    PMID:8289289

    Open questions at the time
    • No structure of factor D in complex with its macromolecular substrate C3bB
    • Self-inhibitory loop displacement mechanism not directly visualized
  5. 2010 High

    Crystal structures of C3bB and the C3bB–factor D ternary complex resolved the long-standing question of how factor D achieves substrate specificity: C3b binding induces an open conformation in factor B that factor D recognizes through a distal exosite, while the substrate itself displaces factor D's self-inhibitory loop to activate catalysis.

    Evidence X-ray crystallography of C3bB (4 Å) and C3bB–factor D (3.5 Å) ternary complexes with active-site loop conformational analysis

    PMID:21205667

    Open questions at the time
    • Dynamics of loop displacement not captured at these resolutions
    • Contribution of individual exosite residues to binding affinity not quantified by mutagenesis
  6. 2012 High

    An anti-factor D Fab demonstrated that factor D employs a macromolecular exosite distinct from the catalytic center to engage C3bB, since the Fab blocked macromolecular but not small-substrate cleavage—validating the exosite as a druggable surface.

    Evidence In vitro enzymatic assays (macromolecular vs. synthetic substrate) combined with crystal structures of AFD–factor D complexes at 2.3–2.4 Å

    PMID:22362762

    Open questions at the time
    • In vivo efficacy of exosite-targeted inhibition not yet demonstrated
    • Whether other complement proteases use analogous exosite mechanisms unclear
  7. 2014 High

    Discovery that adipsin/factor D maintains β cell function by generating C3a—an insulin secretagogue acting via C3aR to boost ATP, respiration, and Ca²⁺ in islets—established a complement-metabolic signaling axis and linked adipsin deficiency to β cell failure in type 2 diabetes.

    Evidence Adipsin knockout mice, ex vivo islet insulin secretion, C3aR knockout rescue, islet metabolic measurements, human patient plasma adipsin ELISA

    PMID:24995977

    Open questions at the time
    • Intracellular signaling cascade from C3aR to ATP/respiration not fully delineated
    • Whether adipsin deficiency is causal or consequential in human T2D progression unknown
  8. 2016 High

    Identification of MASP-3 as the exclusive activator of pro-factor D in resting blood resolved how the alternative pathway is primed, establishing a mandatory lectin-to-alternative pathway link through pro-FD maturation.

    Evidence Evolved specific inhibitors of MASP-1, MASP-2, and MASP-3 applied to resting human blood with pro-FD activation assays

    PMID:27535802

    Open questions at the time
    • Whether alternative pro-FD activators operate under inflammatory or disease conditions not excluded
    • Structural basis of MASP-3 recognition of pro-FD not determined
  9. 2019 High

    Mechanistic deepening of the adipsin–β cell axis showed that adipsin/C3a suppresses the phosphatase DUSP26, thereby preserving β cell identity genes and preventing dedifferentiation and death—providing a tractable downstream target for diabetes intervention.

    Evidence Adipsin replenishment in db/db mice, DUSP26 overexpression and pharmacological inhibition in mouse and human islets, gene expression and cell death assays

    PMID:31700183

    Open questions at the time
    • Direct DUSP26 substrates mediating β cell identity gene regulation not identified
    • Long-term safety of DUSP26 inhibition not established
  10. 2020 High

    Two studies quantified factor D's role in complement homeostasis and pathology: the FD/FH ratio was shown to govern systemic C3 levels and renal C3b deposition in C3 glomerulopathy models, and factor D–dependent alternative pathway activation was shown to mediate SARS-CoV-2 spike protein–induced complement attack on cells.

    Evidence Cfh⁻/⁻ Cfd⁻/⁻ double-knockout mice with hemolytic and renal deposition assays; modified Ham test with factor D inhibitors and factor H rescue on spike-exposed cells

    PMID:32376801 PMID:32877502

    Open questions at the time
    • In vivo relevance of factor D inhibition in COVID-19 patients not demonstrated in clinical trials
    • Whether residual C3(H₂O) tick-over convertase activity without factor D is pathologically significant long-term is unresolved
  11. 2021 High

    Adipsin was found to control bone marrow mesenchymal lineage commitment by generating C3 that inhibits Wnt/β-catenin signaling, favoring adipogenesis over osteoblastogenesis and promoting marrow adipose tissue expansion during aging and metabolic stress.

    Evidence Adipsin and C3 knockout mice, μCT bone densitometry, primary bone marrow stromal cell differentiation assays, Wnt/β-catenin signaling analysis

    PMID:34155972

    Open questions at the time
    • Molecular mechanism by which C3 (or its fragments) inhibits Wnt signaling in MSCs not defined
    • Whether this pathway operates in human bone marrow not directly tested

Open questions

Synthesis pass · forward-looking unresolved questions
  • Key unresolved questions include the structural basis of MASP-3 recognition of pro-factor D, whether alternative pro-FD activation pathways operate under inflammatory conditions, the intracellular signaling cascade linking C3aR to mitochondrial respiration in β cells, and the molecular mechanism by which complement C3 fragments inhibit Wnt/β-catenin in bone marrow stromal cells.
  • MASP-3–pro-FD co-crystal structure lacking
  • C3aR downstream signaling to mitochondria in β cells incompletely mapped
  • C3–Wnt inhibition mechanism in MSCs undefined

Mechanism profile

Synthesis pass · controlled-vocabulary classification · explore literature graph →
Molecular activity
GO:0140096 catalytic activity, acting on a protein 6
Localization
GO:0005576 extracellular region 4
Partners
C3C3AR1C3BCFBMASP3
Complex memberships
C3bBD (alternative pathway C3 convertase assembly complex)

Evidence

Reading pass · 13 per-paper findings extracted from the source corpus
Year Finding Method Journal Conf PMIDs
1979 Human complement factor D was purified from serum and characterized as a small serine protease (~24 kDa) that circulates in active form; physicochemical properties including molecular weight, isoelectric point, and N-terminal amino acid sequence were determined, establishing it as a unique serine protease in the alternative complement pathway. Protein purification, SDS-PAGE, N-terminal sequencing, physicochemical characterization Biochemistry High 497171
1980 Factor D was purified to homogeneity from human plasma (~60,000-fold purification); active-site serine was localized to a C-terminal cyanogen bromide fragment (~6600 Da) by labeling with di-[14C]isopropylphosphofluoridate, confirming the catalytic serine residue position and establishing factor D as a functional serine esterase. Protein purification, CNBr fragmentation, active-site labeling with DFP analog, N-terminal sequencing, amino acid analysis The Biochemical journal High 6821372
1984 The complete primary structure of human factor D (222 amino acids, MW ~23,748) was determined; the sequence revealed conservation of the catalytic triad residues (His-57, Asp-102, Ser-195 in chymotrypsinogen numbering), homology with other serine proteases (highest with plasmin at 40%), and unique substitutions in the substrate-binding pocket (Lys replacing neutral residue near active Ser; small Ser replacing bulky aromatic at position 215) proposed to account for its exquisite substrate specificity for the C3bB complex. Protein sequencing of CNBr, enzymatic, and chemical cleavage peptides; carboxypeptidase A C-terminal sequencing; HPLC peptide purification Biochemistry High 6383466
1992 Human adipsin was shown to be identical to complement factor D: a cDNA for human adipsin encodes a protein with 98% amino acid sequence identity to purified human complement factor D; recombinant human adipsin displays factor D enzymatic activity, cleaving complement factor B only when B is complexed with activated C3. Adipose tissue was identified as a major site of adipsin/factor D mRNA synthesis in humans, and monocytes/macrophages were also shown to express it (unlike rodents). cDNA cloning, recombinant protein expression, in vitro enzymatic cleavage assay (factor B cleavage in the presence of C3b), Northern blot for tissue distribution The Journal of biological chemistry High 1374388
1994 The crystal structure of human factor D was solved at 2.0 Å resolution by multiple isomorphous replacement and molecular replacement. The structure revealed the canonical serine protease fold but with unique amino acid substitutions in the critical loops responsible for catalysis and substrate specificity. Two non-crystallographically related molecules in the unit cell displayed distinctive active-site conformations, suggesting conformational flexibility relevant to its unusual self-inhibited state. Factor D is the first complement serine protease whose 3D structure was determined. X-ray crystallography at 2.0 Å resolution; multiple isomorphous replacement and molecular replacement phasing; refinement to R-factor 18.8% Journal of molecular biology High 8289289
2010 Crystal structures of the pro-convertase C3bB (4 Å) and the ternary complex C3bB–factor D (3.5 Å) were solved. Factor B binding to C3b induces an 'open activation' conformation of factor B. Factor D specifically recognizes this open conformation through a binding site distant from its catalytic center and is activated by the substrate (factor B in complex with C3b), which displaces factor D's self-inhibitory loop. This concerted, cofactor-dependent, substrate-induced proteolytic mechanism restricts complement amplification to C3b-tagged surfaces. X-ray crystallography of C3bB and C3bB–factor D ternary complexes at 4 Å and 3.5 Å resolution respectively; structural analysis of active-site loop conformations Science High 21205667
2012 An anti-factor D Fab fragment (AFD) potently inhibits factor D-mediated cleavage of its macromolecular substrate C3bB but does not block proteolysis of a small synthetic substrate, demonstrating that AFD acts via an exosite mechanism rather than blocking the catalytic site. Crystal structures of AFD in complex with human and cynomolgus factor D (at 2.4 Å and 2.3 Å) showed that the AFD-binding site encompasses surface loops forming the factor D exosite that mediates macromolecular substrate access. In vitro enzymatic assay (macromolecular vs. synthetic substrate), X-ray crystallography of AFD–factor D complexes at 2.4 and 2.3 Å resolution The Journal of biological chemistry High 22362762
2014 The adipokine adipsin (factor D) was shown to have a beneficial role in maintaining pancreatic β cell function. Adipsin-null mice developed glucose intolerance due to insulinopenia; isolated islets showed reduced glucose-stimulated insulin secretion. Complement component C3a, generated by adipsin cleavage of factor B/C3b, was identified as a potent insulin secretagogue acting through the C3a receptor. C3a augments ATP levels, respiration, and cytosolic free Ca2+ in islets to enhance insulin secretion. Type 2 diabetes patients with β cell failure were found deficient in adipsin. Adipsin knockout mice phenotyping, ex vivo islet insulin secretion assay, C3a receptor knockout rescue experiments, islet metabolic measurements (ATP, oxygen consumption, Ca2+ imaging), human patient plasma adipsin ELISA Cell High 24995977
2016 MASP-3 was identified as the exclusive activator of pro-factor D (pro-FD) in resting blood. Using evolved specific inhibitors of MASP-1 and MASP-2, neither MASP-1 nor MASP-2 was found to activate pro-FD in resting blood. A specific MASP-3 inhibitor unambiguously proved that activated MASP-3 is the sole pro-FD activator in resting conditions, demonstrating a fundamental mechanistic link between the lectin pathway and the alternative complement pathway. Evolved MASP-1, MASP-2, and MASP-3 specific protease inhibitors applied to resting human blood; pro-FD activation assays; inhibitor specificity validated biochemically Scientific reports High 27535802
2019 Chronic replenishment of adipsin in diabetic db/db mice ameliorated hyperglycemia and increased insulin levels while preserving β cells by blocking dedifferentiation and cell death. Mechanistically, adipsin/C3a was shown to decrease the phosphatase DUSP26 in β cells; forced DUSP26 expression decreased core β cell identity gene expression and sensitized cells to death, while pharmacological DUSP26 inhibition improved hyperglycemia in diabetic mice and protected human islets from cell death. Adipsin replenishment in db/db mice, DUSP26 overexpression and pharmacological inhibition in mouse and human islets, gene expression analysis of β cell identity markers, cell death assays Nature medicine High 31700183
2020 SARS-CoV-2 spike protein (subunits 1 and 2), but not the N protein, directly activates the alternative pathway of complement (APC). Factor D inhibition blocked complement-dependent killing, prevented C3c and C5b-9 accumulation on target cells, and reduced complement factor Bb in supernatants, demonstrating that spike proteins convert non-activator surfaces to activator surfaces by preventing inactivation of the cell-surface APC convertase, in a factor D-dependent manner. Factor H addition mitigated complement attack. Modified Ham test (complement-dependent cytotoxicity), C3c and C5b-9 deposition on TF1-PIGAnull cells (flow cytometry/immunostaining), factor Bb ELISA in supernatants, C5 and factor D inhibitor experiments, factor H rescue Blood High 32877502
2020 In Cfh-/- Cfd-/- double-knockout mice (lacking both factor H and factor D), C3 glomerulopathy was not rescued despite the absence of factor D. Serum from Cfh-/- Cfd-/- mice retained residual alternative pathway hemolytic activity due to C3(H2O) tick-over, demonstrating that uncontrolled tick-over can generate minimal convertase activity even without factor D. The FD/FH ratio was found to dictate serum C3 levels and renal C3b deposition, establishing a quantitative relationship between factor D levels and complement amplification control. Cfh-/- Cfd-/- double-knockout mouse generation and phenotyping, serum hemolytic assays, immunofluorescence for renal C3 deposition, correlation of FD/FH ratio with C3 and C5 levels in C3G patients JCI insight High 32376801
2021 Adipsin promotes bone marrow adiposity by priming mesenchymal stem cell (MSC) common progenitors toward adipogenesis rather than osteoblastogenesis. Adipsin-null mice specifically inhibited marrow adipose tissue (MAT) expansion (but not peripheral adipose depots) and improved bone mass during calorie restriction, thiazolidinedione treatment, and aging. The downstream effector complement C3 (generated by adipsin) inhibited Wnt/β-catenin signaling in bone marrow stromal cells to bias lineage commitment toward adipocytes. Adipsin knockout mice, C3 knockout mice, µCT bone densitometry, primary bone marrow stromal cell differentiation assays, Wnt/β-catenin signaling analysis, RNA expression analysis of adipocyte and osteoblast markers eLife High 34155972

Source papers

Stage 0 corpus · 130 papers · ranked by NIH iCite citations
Year Title Journal Citations PMID
2010 Complement: a key system for immune surveillance and homeostasis. Nature immunology 2846 20720586
2005 A human protein-protein interaction network: a resource for annotating the proteome. Cell 1704 16169070
2002 Generation and initial analysis of more than 15,000 full-length human and mouse cDNA sequences. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 1479 12477932
2004 Efficacy and safety of tenofovir DF vs stavudine in combination therapy in antiretroviral-naive patients: a 3-year randomized trial. JAMA 1132 15249568
2006 Tenofovir DF, emtricitabine, and efavirenz vs. zidovudine, lamivudine, and efavirenz for HIV. The New England journal of medicine 730 16421366
2008 Large-scale proteomics and phosphoproteomics of urinary exosomes. Journal of the American Society of Nephrology : JASN 607 19056867
2005 Diversification of transcriptional modulation: large-scale identification and characterization of putative alternative promoters of human genes. Genome research 409 16344560
2014 Adipsin is an adipokine that improves β cell function in diabetes. Cell 307 24995977
1992 Human adipsin is identical to complement factor D and is expressed at high levels in adipose tissue. The Journal of biological chemistry 301 1374388
2020 Direct activation of the alternative complement pathway by SARS-CoV-2 spike proteins is blocked by factor D inhibition. Blood 288 32877502
2004 An investigation into the human serum "interactome". Electrophoresis 247 15174051
2010 Structures of C3b in complex with factors B and D give insight into complement convertase formation. Science (New York, N.Y.) 215 21205667
1998 The EV-O-derived cell line DF-1 supports the efficient replication of avian leukosis-sarcoma viruses and vectors. Virology 175 9721239
2009 Gene-centric association signals for lipids and apolipoproteins identified via the HumanCVD BeadChip. American journal of human genetics 164 19913121
2011 Abacavir/lamivudine versus tenofovir DF/emtricitabine as part of combination regimens for initial treatment of HIV: final results. The Journal of infectious diseases 151 21917892
2013 CFD: computational fluid dynamics or confounding factor dissemination? The role of hemodynamics in intracranial aneurysm rupture risk assessment. AJNR. American journal of neuroradiology 145 24029393
2019 Adipsin preserves beta cells in diabetic mice and associates with protection from type 2 diabetes in humans. Nature medicine 139 31700183
2013 In-depth proteomic analyses of exosomes isolated from expressed prostatic secretions in urine. Proteomics 138 23533145
2021 CD8-Targeted PET Imaging of Tumor-Infiltrating T Cells in Patients with Cancer: A Phase I First-in-Humans Study of 89Zr-Df-IAB22M2C, a Radiolabeled Anti-CD8 Minibody. Journal of nuclear medicine : official publication, Society of Nuclear Medicine 129 34413145
2013 Proteomic analysis of podocyte exosome-enriched fraction from normal human urine. Journal of proteomics 126 23376485
2021 Paralog knockout profiling identifies DUSP4 and DUSP6 as a digenic dependence in MAPK pathway-driven cancers. Nature genetics 116 34857952
1976 Allotypes of complement components in man. Transplantation reviews 116 824769
2016 MASP-3 is the exclusive pro-factor D activator in resting blood: the lectin and the alternative complement pathways are fundamentally linked. Scientific reports 108 27535802
2021 Complement Factor D as a Strategic Target for Regulating the Alternative Complement Pathway. Frontiers in immunology 102 34566967
2006 Maternal transfer of complement components C3-1, C3-3, C3-4, C4, C5, C7, Bf, and Df to offspring in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Immunogenetics 93 16550351
2011 Complement factor D in age-related macular degeneration. Investigative ophthalmology & visual science 81 22003108
1994 Structure of human factor D. A complement system protein at 2.0 A resolution. Journal of molecular biology 80 8289289
1996 Anterior pituitary cells defective in the cell-autonomous factor, df, undergo cell lineage specification but not expansion. Development (Cambridge, England) 78 8565826
2011 Positron emission tomography imaging of CD105 expression with 89Zr-Df-TRC105. European journal of nuclear medicine and molecular imaging 73 21909753
2012 Inhibiting alternative pathway complement activation by targeting the factor D exosite. The Journal of biological chemistry 71 22362762
1991 Localization of the panhypopituitary dwarf mutation (df) on mouse chromosome 11 in an intersubspecific backcross. Genomics 70 1889803
2012 Activation of the alternative complement pathway in vitreous is controlled by genetics in age-related macular degeneration. Investigative ophthalmology & visual science 69 22930722
2013 Long-term efficacy and safety of emtricitabine plus tenofovir DF vs. tenofovir DF monotherapy in adefovir-experienced chronic hepatitis B patients. Journal of hepatology 68 24295873
2013 Evaluation of deoxynivalenol-induced toxic effects on DF-1 cells in vitro: cell-cycle arrest, oxidative stress, and apoptosis. Environmental toxicology and pharmacology 65 24322622
2001 The discovery of the potent and selective antitumour agent 2-(4-amino-3-methylphenyl)benzothiazole (DF 203) and related compounds. Current medicinal chemistry 59 11172675
2006 Hepatocellular neoplasms induced by low-number pancreatic islet transplants in autoimmune diabetic BB/Pfd rats. Cancer research 58 16452245
1980 Factor D of the alternative pathway of human complement. Purification, alignment and N-terminal amino acid sequences of the major cyanogen bromide fragments, and localization of the serine residue at the active site. The Biochemical journal 57 6821372
2013 Rilpivirine versus efavirenz in HIV-1-infected subjects receiving emtricitabine/tenofovir DF: pooled 96-week data from ECHO and THRIVE Studies. HIV clinical trials 55 23835510
2021 Adipsin promotes bone marrow adiposity by priming mesenchymal stem cells. eLife 54 34155972
2007 The safety and efficacy of switching stavudine to tenofovir df in combination with lamivudine and efavirenz in hiv-1-infected patients: three-year follow-up after switching therapy. HIV clinical trials 54 18042503
2009 Elevated cerebrospinal fluid adiponectin and adipsin levels in patients with multiple sclerosis: a Finnish co-twin study. European journal of neurology 53 19538214
2016 High-throughput analyses of hnRNP H1 dissects its multi-functional aspect. RNA biology 50 26760575
2008 Evaluation of chicken-origin (DF-1) and quail-origin (QT-6) fibroblast cell lines for replication of avian influenza viruses. Journal of virological methods 50 18638503
1984 Amino acid sequence of human D of the alternative complement pathway. Biochemistry 48 6383466
2004 Nodulisporic acids D-F: structure, biological activities, and biogenetic relationships. Journal of natural products 47 15387649
1980 Amino-terminal sequence of human factor B of the alternative complement pathway and its cleavage fragments, Ba and Bb. Biochemistry 46 6769474
2017 Yucasin DF, a potent and persistent inhibitor of auxin biosynthesis in plants. Scientific reports 45 29070794
2009 Integrated associations of genotypes with multiple blood biomarkers linked to coronary heart disease risk. Human molecular genetics 44 19336475
1979 Human factor D of the alternative complement pathway. Physicochemical characteristics and N-terminal amino acid sequence. Biochemistry 42 497171
2019 Effect of scaffold architecture on cell seeding efficiency: A discrete phase model CFD analysis. Computers in biology and medicine 40 31035072
2019 Noninvasive Imaging and Quantification of Radiotherapy-Induced PD-L1 Upregulation with 89Zr-Df-Atezolizumab. Bioconjugate chemistry 39 30973703
2020 The PET-Tracer 89Zr-Df-IAB22M2C Enables Monitoring of Intratumoral CD8 T-cell Infiltrates in Tumor-Bearing Humanized Mice after T-cell Bispecific Antibody Treatment. Cancer research 38 32409308
2009 Comparative study of the replication of infectious bursal disease virus in DF-1 cell line and chicken embryo fibroblasts evaluated by a new real-time RT-PCR. Journal of virological methods 36 19186190
1995 DF 31, a sperm decondensation factor from Drosophila melanogaster: purification and characterization. The EMBO journal 36 7737122
2019 Upregulated gga-miR-16-5p Inhibits the Proliferation Cycle and Promotes the Apoptosis of MG-Infected DF-1 Cells by Repressing PIK3R1-Mediated the PI3K/Akt/NF-κB Pathway to Exert Anti-Inflammatory Effect. International journal of molecular sciences 33 30818821
2020 Multi-attribute PAT for UF/DF of Proteins-Monitoring Concentration, particle sizes, and Buffer Exchange. Analytical and bioanalytical chemistry 31 32072210
2016 Roles of Toll-like receptors 2 and 6 in the inflammatory response to Mycoplasma gallisepticum infection in DF-1 cells and in chicken embryos. Developmental and comparative immunology 31 26797426
2017 Constitutively elevated levels of SOCS1 suppress innate responses in DF-1 immortalised chicken fibroblast cells. Scientific reports 30 29235573
2001 Increased mitochondrial-encoded gene transcription in immortal DF-1 cells. Experimental cell research 28 11302700
2015 Modeling and CFD simulation of nutrient distribution in picoliter bioreactors for bacterial growth studies on single-cell level. Lab on a chip 27 26345659
2020 Epigenetic Upregulation of Chicken MicroRNA-16-5p Expression in DF-1 Cells following Infection with Infectious Bursal Disease Virus (IBDV) Enhances IBDV-Induced Apoptosis and Viral Replication. Journal of virology 26 31694944
2020 The role of ATF6 in Cr(VI)-induced apoptosis in DF-1 cells. Journal of hazardous materials 26 33243643
2019 Baicalin Attenuates Mycoplasma gallisepticum-Induced Inflammation via Inhibition of the TLR2-NF-κB Pathway in Chicken and DF-1 Cells. Infection and drug resistance 26 31908503
2018 TLR2/MyD88/NF-κB signaling pathway regulates IL-1β production in DF-1 cells exposed to Mycoplasma gallisepticum LAMPs. Microbial pathogenesis 26 29471139
2018 Newcastle disease virus V protein inhibits apoptosis in DF-1 cells by downregulating TXNL1. Veterinary research 25 30290847
2021 Radiolabelling and preclinical characterization of 89Zr-Df-radiolabelled bispecific anti-PD-L1/TGF-βRII fusion protein bintrafusp alfa. European journal of nuclear medicine and molecular imaging 24 33608805
2016 Efficient Genome Editing in Chicken DF-1 Cells Using the CRISPR/Cas9 System. G3 (Bethesda, Md.) 24 26869617
2014 ADN-1184 a monoaminergic ligand with 5-HT(6/7) receptor antagonist activity: pharmacological profile and potential therapeutic utility. British journal of pharmacology 23 24199650
2005 PFD: a database for the investigation of protein folding kinetics and stability. Nucleic acids research 23 15608196
2010 Dendro[C(60)]fullerene DF-1 provides radioprotection to radiosensitive mammalian cells. Radiation and environmental biophysics 22 20582595
2023 Intraluminal Thrombus Characteristics in AAA Patients: Non-Invasive Diagnosis Using CFD. Bioengineering (Basel, Switzerland) 21 37237609
2014 Genistein inhibits the replication of avian leucosis virus subgroup J in DF-1 cells. Virus research 21 25197039
2011 Cell culture-adapted IBDV uses endocytosis for entry in DF-1 chicken embryonic fibroblasts. Virus research 21 22230315
2001 Necrotic cell death by hydrogen peroxide in immortal DF-1 chicken embryo fibroblast cells expressing deregulated MnSOD and catalase. Biochimica et biophysica acta 21 11513975
2022 Protective Effect of Phloretin against Hydrogen Peroxide-Induced Oxidative Damage by Enhancing Autophagic Flux in DF-1 Cells. Oxidative medicine and cellular longevity 20 36620085
2024 Cr(VI) induces ferroptosis in DF-1 cells by simultaneously perturbing iron homeostasis of ferritinophagy and mitophagy. The Science of the total environment 19 38508245
2018 Genetic assessment and folate receptor autoantibodies in infantile-onset cerebral folate deficiency (CFD) syndrome. Molecular genetics and metabolism 19 29661558
2010 Evaluation of the fullerene compound DF-1 as a radiation protector. Radiation oncology (London, England) 19 20459795
2006 Protein Folding Database (PFD 2.0): an online environment for the International Foldeomics Consortium. Nucleic acids research 19 17170010
2005 A gene for a dioxygenase-like protein determines the production of the DF signal in Xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris. Molecular plant pathology 19 20565687
2021 Research Note: Potential usage of DF-1 cell line as a new cell model for avian adipogenesis. Poultry science 18 33743496
2020 C3(H2O) prevents rescue of complement-mediated C3 glomerulopathy in Cfh-/- Cfd-/- mice. JCI insight 18 32376801
2018 Detection of viral components in exosomes derived from NDV-infected DF-1 cells and their promoting ability in virus replication. Microbial pathogenesis 18 30597256
2015 96-week resistance analyses of the STaR study: rilpivirine/emtricitabine/tenofovir DF versus efavirenz/emtricitabine/tenofovir DF in antiretroviral-naive, HIV-1-infected subjects. HIV clinical trials 18 25777187
2014 Proteomics analysis of the DF-1 chicken fibroblasts infected with avian reovirus strain S1133. PloS one 18 24667214
1996 The enhancers of the human placental lactogen B, A, and L genes: progressive activation during in vitro trophoblast differentiation and importance of the DF-3 element in determining their respective activities. DNA and cell biology 18 8892756
2019 Using computational fluid dynamics (CFD) modeling to understand murine embryonic stem cell aggregate size and pluripotency distributions in stirred suspension bioreactors. Journal of biotechnology 17 31394111
2019 MicroRNA Expression Profiling in Newcastle Disease Virus-Infected DF-1 Cells by Deep Sequencing. Frontiers in microbiology 17 31396181
2017 Serum cytokine/chemokine profiles in patients with dengue fever (DF) and dengue hemorrhagic fever (FHD) by using protein array. Journal of clinical virology : the official publication of the Pan American Society for Clinical Virology 17 28242509
1992 Site-directed and transposon-mediated mutagenesis with pfd-plasmids by electroporation of Erwinia amylovora and Escherichia coli cells. Nucleic acids research 16 1317549
2018 Overexpression of Chicken IRF7 Increased Viral Replication and Programmed Cell Death to the Avian Influenza Virus Infection Through TGF-Beta/FoxO Signaling Axis in DF-1. Frontiers in genetics 15 30356848
2017 ImmunoPET imaging of tissue factor expression in pancreatic cancer with 89Zr-Df-ALT-836. Journal of controlled release : official journal of the Controlled Release Society 15 28843831
2022 Red blood cells tracking and cell-free layer formation in a microchannel with hyperbolic contraction: A CFD model validation. Computer methods and programs in biomedicine 14 36122496
2020 Platycodon grandifloras polysaccharides inhibit mitophagy injury induced by Cr (VI) in DF-1 cells. Ecotoxicology and environmental safety 14 32593805
2017 Cytotoxic Dibohemamines D-F from a Streptomyces Species. Journal of natural products 14 29035560
2005 Short-term caloric restriction does not modify the in vivo insulin signaling pathway leading to Akt activation in skeletal muscle of Ames dwarf (Prop1(df)/Prop1(df)) mice. Hormone and metabolic research = Hormon- und Stoffwechselforschung = Hormones et metabolisme 14 16308835
2023 Hemolysis prediction in bio-microfluidic applications using resolved CFD-DEM simulations. Computer methods and programs in biomedicine 13 36774792
2022 Alpha-kinase 1 (ALPK1) agonist DF-006 demonstrates potent efficacy in mouse and primary human hepatocyte (PHH) models of hepatitis B. Hepatology (Baltimore, Md.) 13 35699669
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