| 1992 |
CEBPD (NF-IL6-beta) forms a heterodimer with NF-IL6 (C/EBPbeta) in vitro; the heterodimeric complex binds to the same DNA sequences as respective homodimers, and CEBPD shows stronger transactivation than NF-IL6 and synergistic transcriptional activation when co-expressed with NF-IL6. |
In vitro heterodimerization assay, DNA binding (EMSA), transient luciferase reporter assays |
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America |
High |
1741402
|
| 1993 |
CEBPD (C/EBP-delta/NF-IL6-beta) is transcriptionally induced by IL-6 in Hep3B hepatoma cells and becomes the major IL-6-induced protein binding to IL-6 responsive elements (IL-6REs) in nuclei, contrasting with C/EBPbeta (IL-6DBP/NF-IL6) whose activity is modulated post-translationally by IL-6. |
Nuclear protein binding assays, transient transfection reporter assays, cDNA transfection |
Nucleic acids research |
High |
7680115
|
| 1993 |
CEBPD protein is induced in nuclei of Hep3B cells after IL-1 treatment and binds the proximal C/EBP site (bZIP1) in the complement C3 promoter; CEBPD trans-activates the C3 promoter in an IL-1-responsive manner, and site-directed mutagenesis of the bZIP1 site significantly reduces basal expression and IL-1 responsiveness. |
EMSA with antibody supershift, Western immunoblot, co-transfection reporter assay, site-directed mutagenesis |
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America |
High |
8385337
|
| 1993 |
The human CEBPD (C/EBP delta, CRP3, CELF) gene is intronless and maps to the pericentromeric region of human chromosome 8 (8q11), as determined by fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) and somatic cell hybrid analysis. |
FISH, restriction mapping, somatic cell hybrid DNA analysis, sequence analysis |
Genomics |
Medium |
8314590
|
| 1995 |
CEBPD (NF-IL6-beta/CRP3) physically interacts with the transcription factor PU.1; deletion of the C-terminal 28 amino acids of PU.1 (Ets domain) or deletion of the CEBPD leucine zipper domain disrupts this interaction. PU.1 and CEBPD simultaneously bind adjacent DNA sites and synergistically activate transcription. |
Far Western blot, cDNA library screen, deletion mutagenesis, EMSA, transient expression transcription assays |
Journal of immunology |
High |
7594592
|
| 1995 |
Growth hormone (GH) induces CEBPD transcription (not translation) in 3T3-F442A preadipocytes, increasing CEBPD mRNA (superinducible by cycloheximide), in contrast to C/EBPbeta which is regulated at the translational level by GH; this induction is involved in initiating adipocyte differentiation. |
EMSA with specific antibodies, Western blot, Northern blot, Janus kinase 2 inhibitor treatment |
Molecular endocrinology |
Medium |
7760844
|
| 1996 |
VIP, PACAP, and noradrenaline induce CEBPD (and C/EBPbeta) mRNA expression in mouse cortical astrocytes via the cAMP second-messenger pathway; CEBPD behaves as a cAMP-inducible immediate-early gene (induced in the presence of protein synthesis inhibitor). Transfection of CEBPD (or active C/EBPbeta) expression vectors enhances glycogen resynthesis elicited by noradrenaline. |
Northern blot, protein synthesis inhibitor treatment, transfection with expression vectors, glycogen resynthesis assay |
The Journal of neuroscience |
Medium |
8558260
|
| 1997 |
CEBPD expression is induced in G0-arrested mouse mammary epithelial cells (COMMA D) by serum/growth factor withdrawal or contact inhibition; antisense CEBPD expression markedly delays growth arrest, establishing CEBPD as required for initiation of G0 arrest in mammary epithelial cells. |
Northern blot, Western blot, EMSA, antisense construct expression, cell cycle analysis |
The Journal of biological chemistry |
Medium |
9045647
|
| 2001 |
LPS-induced COX-2 mRNA induction in macrophages is biphasic: the first phase requires C/EBPbeta (but not de novo protein synthesis), while the second, sustained phase requires both C/EBPbeta and CEBPD. CEBPD synthesis is dramatically increased by LPS and repressed by combined inhibition of MAPK and SAPK2/p38 cascades. |
C/EBPbeta knockout macrophages, protein synthesis inhibitors, MAPK inhibitors, Northern blot, functional COX-2 induction assays |
The Journal of biological chemistry |
High |
11668179
|
| 2003 |
CEBPD protein is ubiquitinated and degraded in a ubiquitin-dependent manner primarily in the nucleus during G0 growth arrest in mouse mammary epithelial cells; the CEBPD mRNA has a short half-life (~35 min) and a short poly(A) tail (~100 nt) with degradation via a deadenylation-independent pathway. |
Transcriptional inhibitor pulse-chase, oligo/RNase H cleavage, RACE-PAT, proteasome inhibitor experiments |
The Journal of biological chemistry |
Medium |
12554732
|
| 2005 |
CEBPD transcriptional activity is regulated by the p38 MAP kinase pathway downstream of IL-1beta; a domain between amino acids 70–108 of CEBPD contains both a transactivation region and a docking site for p38 MAP kinase (residues 75–85) required for CEBPD phosphorylation and IL-1-dependent haptoglobin induction. |
p38 inhibitor (SB203580), mutagenesis of CEBPD domains, transient transfection reporter assays, Northern blot |
Biochemical and biophysical research communications |
Medium |
15694370
|
| 2008 |
CEBPD is sumoylated at lysine 120 by SUMO1 in HepG2 cells; sumoylated CEBPD recruits HDAC1 and HDAC3 to the PPARG2 promoter, inactivating PPARG2 transcription. Non-sumoylated CEBPD activates PPARG2 transcription via two C/EBP binding motifs (-324/-311 and -158/-145), and excess CEBPD reverses suCEBPD/HDAC1/HDAC3-mediated PPARG2 inactivation to promote hepatic lipogenesis. |
5'-serial deletion reporter analysis, ChIP assay, site-directed mutagenesis of CEBPD (K120), co-immunoprecipitation, sumoylation assays |
Biochimica et biophysica acta |
High |
18619497
|
| 2010 |
CEBPD induces expression of the CDC27 (APC3) subunit of the anaphase-promoting complex/cyclosome (APC/C), leading to polyubiquitination and proteasomal degradation of cyclin D1, and also downregulates cyclin B1, Skp2, and Plk-1. Loss of CEBPD in knockout MEFs reduces Cdc27 and increases cyclin D1 even with activated GSK-3beta. |
Knockout MEFs, siRNA silencing, ChIP, luciferase reporter, overexpression studies, Western blot |
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America |
High |
20439707
|
| 2010 |
CEBPD mediates nuclear import of FANCD2 by interacting with both FANCD2 and importin 4 (IPO4) via separate domains, forming a FANCD2-IPO4 complex that augments nuclear import of FANCD2—a prerequisite for its monoubiquitination required for DNA repair. This represents a transcription-independent activity of CEBPD in the DNA damage response. |
Co-immunoprecipitation, gene knockout (CEBPD KO MEFs), siRNA depletion, overexpression, Western blot, nuclear fractionation, mitomycin C survival assays |
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America |
High |
20805509
|
| 2010 |
CEBPD drives expression of pentraxin-3 (PTX3) in astrocytes; PTX3 secreted by CEBPD-activated astrocytes attenuates macrophage-mediated phagocytosis of damaged neuron cells, revealing a role for astrocytic CEBPD in accumulation of damaged neurons. |
Global gene expression profiling, reporter assay, ChIP, loss-of-function (siRNA), phagocytosis functional assay |
Neurobiology of aging |
Medium |
21112127
|
| 2010 |
CEBPD trans-activates the SOD1 promoter, reducing cisplatin-induced reactive oxygen species and apoptosis in bladder urothelial carcinoma cells; this represents a novel pro-survival (drug resistance) role for CEBPD through direct transcriptional regulation of SOD1. |
Reporter assay (promoter transactivation), ChIP, ROS measurement, apoptosis assays, siRNA knockdown |
Biochemical pharmacology |
Medium |
20385105
|
| 2010 |
CEBPD and STAT-1 are required for TLR8 basal and R848-stimulated transcriptional activity; ChIP assays showed CEBPD and C/EBPbeta bind C/EBP cis-elements in the TLR8 promoter, and R848 stimulation enhances binding of CEBPD (but not C/EBPbeta) to these sites. |
Reporter gene analysis, ChIP assay, cytokine stimulation |
The Journal of biological chemistry |
Medium |
20829351
|
| 2010 |
LPS-induced CEBPD expression is inhibited by the HDAC inhibitor trichostatin A (TSA) through reduction of c-Jun recruitment (via Sp1) to the CEBPD promoter. A DAPA and ChIP assay showed that c-Jun is recruited via Sp1 to the CEBPD promoter upon LPS treatment, and TSA represses this recruitment; loss of CEBPD results in increased binding of C/EBPalpha and C/EBPbeta to the COX-2 promoter. |
Reporter assay (Sp1 site mutagenesis), DAPA, ChIP, Western blot, HDAC inhibitor treatment |
Journal of cellular biochemistry |
Medium |
20506344
|
| 2011 |
Miz1 is phosphorylated at Ser178 after LPS stimulation, which is required for recruitment of HDAC1 to repress transcription of the CEBPD gene, thereby terminating LPS-induced inflammation. Genetic disruption of the Miz1 POZ domain results in prolonged CEBPD expression and hyperinflammation. |
Genetic mouse model (Miz1 POZ domain disruption), phosphorylation mapping, HDAC1 recruitment assay, in vivo LPS challenge |
Nature immunology |
High |
23525087
|
| 2011 |
CEBPD regulates VEGF-C and VEGFR3 expression in lymphatic endothelial cells (LECs) to promote lymphangiogenesis; hypoxia induces CEBPD expression via HIF-1alpha, and CEBPD in turn regulates HIF-1alpha expression. Blocking HIF-1alpha activity abolishes CEBPD-induced VEGF-C and VEGFR3 expression in LECs. |
Genetic deletion in mice, forced expression/knockdown in LECs, in vitro tube formation, in vivo lymphangiogenesis assay, reporter assay |
Oncogene |
Medium |
21666710
|
| 2012 |
CEBPD silencing in pancreatic beta-cells exacerbates cytokine-induced apoptosis by increasing CHOP expression and its downstream target BIM; CEBPD overexpression inhibits BIM expression and partially protects beta-cells. CEBPD also hampers IRF-1 upregulation and increases STAT1 activation, boosting production of CXCL1, 9, 10, and CCL20 chemokines when silenced. |
siRNA knockdown (single and double), overexpression, caspase assays, apoptosis quantification in rat INS-1E, primary rat beta-cells, and human islets |
PloS one |
Medium |
22347430
|
| 2007 |
CEBPD represses ΔNp63alpha expression in keratinocytes (identified as a primary p63 target by RNAi screening and ChIP); reciprocally, CEBPD binds to and activates the ΔNp63 promoter. CEBPD overexpression alters the normal p63 isoform profile and is found on p63 target gene promoters by ChIP, indicating direct co-regulation. |
RNAi screening, RT-PCR, ChIP, overexpression in HaCaT and primary keratinocytes |
BMC molecular biology |
Medium |
17903252
|
| 2010 |
CEBPD reverses RB/E2F1-mediated repression of PPARG2 and GADD153 promoters; increased CEBPD attenuates E2F1-induced cancer cell proliferation. HMDB-induced CEBPD expression is activated through the p38/CREB pathway. ChIP assays demonstrate direct CEBPD binding at PPARG2 and GADD153 promoters. |
Methylation-specific PCR, reporter assay, ChIP, p38/CREB pathway inhibitors, xenograft mouse model |
Clinical cancer research |
Medium |
20971808
|
| 2016 |
The EGFR/STAT3 signaling pathway drives cisplatin-induced CEBPD expression in bladder urothelial carcinoma cells; CEBPD in turn directly activates ABCB1 and ABCC2 drug transporter genes (shown by reporter and in vivo DNA-binding assays), conferring cross-resistance to paclitaxel. Loss-of-function of EGFR or STAT3 reduces CEBPD expression. |
Loss-of-function assays (siRNA/shRNA), reporter assays, in vivo DNA-binding (ChIP), xenograft animal assay, pharmacological inhibitors (gefitinib, S3I-201) |
Clinical cancer research |
Medium |
27435393
|
| 2017 |
Metformin reduces Src-mediated CEBPD protein degradation and activates AMPK, leading to increased CEBPD expression in hepatocellular carcinoma cells; CEBPD then transcriptionally activates LC3B and ATG3 to induce autophagy and apoptosis. |
Reporter assay, ChIP, siRNA knockdown, AMPK inhibitor/activator, Western blot, apoptosis assays in Huh7 cells |
Oncotarget |
Medium |
28099155
|
| 2019 |
DN-ATF5, a dominant-negative leucine zipper peptide, physically associates with CEBPD (and CEBPB) in cells, as revealed by unbiased pulldown assays coupled with mass spectrometry and immunoblotting; DN-ATF5 suppresses CEBPD transcriptional activity and CEBPD knockdown promotes apoptosis in cancer cells but not normal astrocytes. |
Pull-down assay with mass spectrometry, immunoblotting, knockdown (siRNA), transcriptional reporter assay |
Molecular cancer research |
Medium |
31676720
|
| 2020 |
Importin 4 (IPO4) augments nuclear translocation of CEBPD via nuclear localization signals (NLS), enabling CEBPD to transcriptionally upregulate PRKDC (DNA-PKcs), which mediates cisplatin-induced DNA damage repair. Knockdown of IPO4 or CEBPD reduces PRKDC expression and enhances cisplatin sensitivity in vitro and in vivo. |
shRNA knockdown, reporter assay, ChIP, xenograft assay, functional DNA repair assays |
Oncogene |
Medium |
32661323
|
| 2021 |
BRD4 bromodomain-1 (not bromodomain-2) controls CEBPD expression through a BRD4/CEBPD/promoter/enhancer complex in vascular smooth muscle cells; endogenous BRD4 co-immunoprecipitates with CEBPD, and both co-immunoprecipitate Cebpd promoter and enhancer DNA fragments. BRD4 and CEBPD cooperate to upregulate PDGFRα expression in SMC inflammation. |
ChIP-seq (H3K27ac/BRD4), genomic deletion, gene silencing (BRD4), Co-IP, loss- and gain-of-function experiments, JQ1 pharmacological inhibition |
Molecular therapy. Methods & clinical development |
Medium |
33768129
|
| 2021 |
Synthetic CEBPD leucine zipper decoy peptides (Dpep/Bpep) interfere with formation of active CEBPD homodimers and heterodimers, suppressing expression of CEBPD direct targets IL6, IL8, and asparagine synthetase (ASNS), depleting survivin, and elevating BMF to trigger cancer cell apoptosis without affecting non-transformed cells. |
Cell-penetrating peptide treatment, reporter assay for transcriptional activity, Western blot for target proteins, apoptosis assays, xenograft mouse models |
Cancers |
Medium |
34065488
|
| 2023 |
In glioblastoma under hypoxia, HIF1α and HIF2α activate the CEBPD promoter; CEBPD then activates the FN1 (fibronectin) promoter (shown by ChIP-seq and luciferase reporter assay), and FN1-integrin receptor interactions promote EGFR phosphorylation activating the EGFR/PI3K pathway, driving invasion. |
Proteomic analysis, ChIP-seq and ChIP-qPCR, luciferase reporter assay, CEBPD knockdown, Western blot, in vitro and in vivo invasion/growth assays |
Cell death & disease |
Medium |
37059730
|
| 2024 |
CEBPD acts as a key transcription factor regulating the enhanced function of IL-21-engineered NK cells; CEBPD deletion results in loss of IL-21 NK cell anti-tumor potency, while CEBPD overexpression increases long-term cytotoxicity and metabolic fitness of NK cells. |
CRISPR-mediated CEBPD deletion, overexpression, chromatin accessibility (ATAC-seq), multiple in vivo GBM models, cytotoxicity assays |
Cancer cell |
Medium |
39137729
|
| 2011 |
CEBPD suppresses prolactin (PRL) promoter activity by 96% and inhibits cell proliferation in PRL-secreting pituitary tumor cells; CEBPD interacts with the transcription factor Pit1, and they attenuate each other's binding to the PRL promoter. CEBPD also suppresses c-Myc, survivin, and cyclins B1, B2, and D1. |
siRNA knockdown, forced expression, ChIP for PRL promoter binding, reporter assay, microarray expression profiling |
Molecular endocrinology |
Medium |
21980073
|
| 2014 |
Androgen receptor (AR) directly binds to the CEBPD promoter region upon androgen stimulation and activates CEBPD transcription in prostate cancer cells; SUZ12 and EZH2 attenuate androgen-induced CEBPD transcription. CEBPD in turn directly binds and activates the CASP8 (caspase 8) promoter. |
Reporter assay, ChIP (in vivo DNA-binding assay), overexpression/knockdown studies, functional apoptosis assay |
Cell death & disease |
Medium |
24810056
|
| 2021 |
In glioma, SUMOylation of PUM2 (by UBE2I/SUMO2/3) reduces PUM2's inhibitory effect on CEBPD mRNA, increasing CEBPD expression; CEBPD then binds the upstream promoter region of DSG2 and upregulates its expression to promote vasculogenic mimicry. Interactions were confirmed by Co-IP (PUM2 sumoylation), RIP assay (PUM2-CEBPD mRNA), and ChIP/luciferase (CEBPD-DSG2 promoter). |
Co-IP, immunofluorescence, RIP assay, ChIP assay, luciferase reporter assay, siRNA knockdown, 3D cell culture (vasculogenic mimicry assay) |
Clinical and translational medicine |
Medium |
32997416
|
| 2021 |
In cancer-associated fibroblasts, cisplatin and 5-fluorouracil induce CEBPD expression; CEBPD transcriptionally activates SDF4 (stromal-cell-derived factor 4), which interacts with CXCR4 to trigger VEGFD expression via ERK1/2 and p38 pathways in endothelial cells, promoting tumor angiogenesis. |
ChIP assay, reporter assay, Co-IP (SDF4-CXCR4 interaction), siRNA knockdown, in vitro tube formation, in vivo angiogenesis assay |
Cell death discovery |
Medium |
33953165
|