Affinage

CD14

Monocyte differentiation antigen CD14 · UniProt P08571

Length
375 aa
Mass
40.1 kDa
Annotated
2026-06-09
100 papers in source corpus 25 papers cited in narrative 25 extracted findings
Cross-family judge vs UniProt: tie faithfulness: 8/8 claims corpus-supported (100%)

Mechanistic narrative

Synthesis pass · prose summary of the discoveries below

CD14 is a glycosylphosphatidylinositol-anchored myeloid glycoprotein that functions as the cellular receptor and concentrating co-receptor for bacterial endotoxin, binding LPS–LBP complexes and presenting them for innate immune signaling (PMID:1698311, PMID:2462937). It acts as a broad pattern-recognition molecule for diverse bacterial envelope components from Gram-negative, Gram-positive, and mycobacterial organisms, including peptidoglycan, whose recognition maps to partially distinct sites within the N-terminal region from those used for endotoxin (PMID:7534618, PMID:8798531). Beyond ligand capture, CD14 itself contributes recognition specificity to the LPS receptor complex, conferring exquisite sensitivity to smooth LPS and the ability to discriminate among LPS partial structures (PMID:16148141), while a separate lipid A signaling receptor governs agonist/antagonist discrimination (PMID:7568119). CD14 controls the trafficking arm of TLR4 signaling: upon LPS engagement it drives clathrin-dependent TLR4 clustering and endocytosis (PMID:25707286) and nucleates a Gαi1/3–CD14–Gab1 complex required for PI3K–Akt activation, TLR4 internalization, and IRF3-driven responses (PMID:25825741). It also couples LPS sensing to NFAT-dependent mPGES-1 induction and PGE2 production that drives tissue edema and antigen delivery (PMID:22466648). Membrane anchoring is dispensable for core signaling: soluble CD14 confers LPS responsiveness on cells lacking membrane CD14 by engaging additional surface proteins, and the soluble and membrane forms have conformationally distinct functional requirements (PMID:1281215, PMID:10652298). CD14 additionally serves phagocytic functions independent of bacterial sensing, directly binding Abeta42 to mediate microglial uptake (PMID:15857927) and recognizing externalized phosphatidylinositides as eat-me signals on apoptotic cells (PMID:35017647). Surface CD14 is dynamically regulated through GPI-PLC- and P2X7-driven shedding, which attenuates inflammatory responses (PMID:33135636, PMID:24952384), and the in vivo importance of the pathway is established by primate endotoxemia blockade and CD14-knockout metabolic and septic phenotypes (PMID:8833900, PMID:21700881).

Mechanistic history

Synthesis pass · year-by-year structured walk · 12 steps
  1. 1989 High

    Establishing how CD14 attaches to the cell membrane defined the structural basis for its later-discovered role as a mobile, sheddable receptor.

    Evidence GPI-PLC cleavage, PNH monocyte analysis, and cDNA cloning showing no transmembrane domain

    PMID:2462937

    Open questions at the time
    • GPI anchoring leaves CD14 lacking a cytoplasmic signaling domain, implying a required signal-transducing partner not identified here
  2. 1990 High

    Identified CD14 as the cellular receptor for LPS–LBP complexes, answering what surface molecule initiates monocyte responses to endotoxin.

    Evidence mAb blockade and binding assays with TNF-alpha readout in whole blood

    PMID:1698311

    Open questions at the time
    • Did not identify the transmembrane signal transducer downstream of CD14
  3. 1992 High

    Showed CD14 function does not require a membrane anchor, establishing that soluble CD14 enables LPS responses in non-myeloid cells.

    Evidence Immunodepletion/reconstitution of serum sCD14 with endothelial and astrocytoma activation readouts

    PMID:1281215

    Open questions at the time
    • The additional cell-surface protein sCD14 engages to transduce signal was not identified
  4. 1996 High

    Demonstrated the in vivo physiological importance of the CD14 pathway in septic shock.

    Evidence Anti-CD14 mAb pretreatment in a primate endotoxemia model with hemodynamic and cytokine endpoints

    PMID:8833900

    Open questions at the time
    • Did not dissect which downstream effectors mediate the protective effect
  5. 1996 High

    Broadened CD14 from an LPS receptor to a general pattern-recognition receptor and mapped distinct ligand-binding regions in the N-terminus.

    Evidence Diverse bacterial ligand activation assays plus CD14 deletion mutagenesis in transfected cells

    PMID:7534618 PMID:8798531

    Open questions at the time
    • High-resolution structural definition of the separate binding sites not resolved
  6. 2000 High

    Resolved that soluble and membrane CD14 use conformationally distinct functional determinants, clarifying that the two forms are not interchangeable.

    Evidence Deletion mutagenesis with binding and activation assays comparing soluble and GPI-anchored CD14

    PMID:10652298

    Open questions at the time
    • Structural basis for the conformational difference between forms not defined
  7. 2005 High

    Extended CD14 beyond bacterial sensing to direct binding and microglial phagocytosis of Abeta42, implicating it in neurodegenerative clearance.

    Evidence FLIM-FRET interaction measurement plus phagocytosis assays in CD14-KO and CD14-transfected cells

    PMID:15857927

    Open questions at the time
    • Signal transducer for CD14-mediated Abeta42 internalization not identified
  8. 2011 High

    Linked CD14 to metabolic disease by showing it modulates adipose inflammation and insulin resistance.

    Evidence Euglycemic clamp, bone marrow chimeras, and rh-sCD14 administration in WT and CD14-KO mice

    PMID:21700881

    Open questions at the time
    • Molecular ligand driving the adipose inflammatory effect in this setting not defined
  9. 2012 High

    Connected CD14 sensing to a defined downstream effector pathway producing PGE2 and tissue edema.

    Evidence CD14-KO mice plus NFAT inhibition, mPGES-1 and PGE2 readouts, intravital lymph node imaging

    PMID:22466648

    Open questions at the time
    • How CD14 engagement activates NFAT mechanistically not detailed
  10. 2015 High

    Defined the molecular machinery by which CD14 governs the trafficking and second wave of TLR4 signaling.

    Evidence Co-IP of CD14–Gαi1/3–Gab1, TIRF/FRAP imaging of TLR4 clustering and endocytosis, knockdown phenotypes

    PMID:25707286 PMID:25825741

    Open questions at the time
    • How CD14 nucleates clathrin recruitment at the molecular level not fully resolved
  11. 2020 High

    Established that surface CD14 is dynamically regulated by P2X7-driven extracellular vesicle release, tuning inflammatory output.

    Evidence Flow cytometry of vesicles, P2X7 inhibition/KO, cytokine assays, and cecal ligation-puncture sepsis model

    PMID:33135636

    Open questions at the time
    • Mechanism coupling P2X7 activity to CD14 vesicle loading not defined
  12. 2022 High

    Identified externalized phosphatidylinositides as a CD14 eat-me ligand, generalizing its phagocytic-receptor role to apoptotic cell clearance.

    Evidence Unbiased proteomics, PIP probes, CD14-KO phagocytosis assays, and in vivo irradiation model

    PMID:35017647

    Open questions at the time
    • Downstream engulfment signaling from CD14–PIP recognition not mapped

Open questions

Synthesis pass · forward-looking unresolved questions
  • The identity and stoichiometry of the transmembrane signal transducer(s) that couple GPI-anchored or soluble CD14 to intracellular signaling across its bacterial, apoptotic, and amyloid ligands remain incompletely defined.
  • No unified structural model of CD14 ligand-presentation across diverse cargoes
  • Mechanism linking distinct CD14 ligands to convergent or divergent signaling outputs unresolved

Mechanism profile

Synthesis pass · controlled-vocabulary classification · explore literature graph →
Molecular activity
GO:0001618 virus receptor activity 2 GO:0008289 lipid binding 2 GO:0038024 cargo receptor activity 2 GO:0060089 molecular transducer activity 2 GO:0060090 molecular adaptor activity 2
Localization
GO:0005886 plasma membrane 3 GO:0005576 extracellular region 2 GO:0005768 endosome 1 GO:0031410 cytoplasmic vesicle 1
Pathway
R-HSA-168256 Immune System 3 R-HSA-162582 Signal Transduction 2 R-HSA-5653656 Vesicle-mediated transport 2 R-HSA-5357801 Programmed Cell Death 1
Partners
GAB1GNAI1GNAI3ITGAMLBPSFTPCTLR4
Complex memberships
CD14–Gαi1/3–Gab1 complexTLR4/MD2/CD14 LPS receptor complex

Evidence

Reading pass · 25 per-paper findings extracted from the source corpus
Year Finding Method Journal Conf PMIDs
1990 CD14 on monocyte surfaces binds complexes of LPS and LPS-binding protein (LBP), and blockade of CD14 with monoclonal antibodies prevented TNF-alpha synthesis by whole blood incubated with LPS, establishing CD14 as the cellular receptor for LPS-LBP complexes. Monoclonal antibody blockade, binding assay, TNF-alpha secretion assay in whole blood Science High 1698311
1989 CD14 is anchored to the plasma membrane exclusively via a glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI) lipid anchor, as demonstrated by release with GPI-specific phospholipase C and absence from PNH patient monocytes; the protein lacks a conventional transmembrane domain. GPI-specific phospholipase C treatment, transfection of COS cells with CD14 cDNA, analysis of PNH patient monocytes, cDNA cloning and sequence analysis Blood High 2462937
1992 Soluble CD14 (sCD14) enables LPS responses in cells that lack membrane CD14 (endothelial and astrocytoma cells); immunodepletion of sCD14 from serum abolishes these responses and addition of sCD14 restores them, showing that a membrane anchor is not required for CD14 function but that sCD14 must interact with additional cell-surface proteins to transduce a signal. Immunodepletion of sCD14 from serum, reconstitution with purified sCD14, anti-CD14 antibody blockade, ELAM-1 expression assay, IL-6 secretion assay, cytotoxicity assay Journal of Experimental Medicine High 1281215
1994 CD14 acts as a pattern recognition receptor for a broad range of bacterial envelope components from Gram-negative and Gram-positive organisms as well as mycobacteria, initiating cell activation by each. Cell activation assays with diverse bacterial cell-wall ligands in CD14-expressing cells; anti-CD14 antibody blockade Immunity High 7534618
1996 CD14 is a cell-activating receptor for bacterial peptidoglycan; the N-terminal 151 amino acids are sufficient for full responsiveness, and deletion mutants within the N-terminal 65 amino acids show differential responses to peptidoglycan vs. endotoxin, mapping partially distinct binding sites for these ligands. Transfection of 70Z/3 cells with human CD14 and deletion mutants; NF-kappaB activation assay, IkappaB-alpha degradation, surface IgM expression, anti-CD14 mAb blockade Journal of Biological Chemistry High 8798531
1995 CD14 does not confer ligand-specific recognition to distinguish between LPS agonists and antagonists (lipid IVA, RSLA); the species-specific pharmacology of these agents is independent of CD14 origin, indicating that a separate lipid A recognition/signaling receptor distinct from CD14 is responsible for discrimination. CD14 cDNA transfection into human, mouse, and hamster cell lines; NF-kappaB activation and cytokine assays with lipid A analogues Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences High 7568119
1998 GPI anchoring of CD14 (which localizes it to glycolipid-rich membrane microdomains) is not required for LPS-mediated NF-kappaB activation, protein tyrosine kinase phosphorylation, or cytokine production; however, GPI-anchored CD14 but not transmembrane CD14 supports antibody cross-linking-induced calcium mobilization, mediated via phospholipase C and protein tyrosine kinases. THP-1 cells stably expressing GPI-anchored vs. transmembrane CD14; Triton X-100 solubility fractionation, NF-kappaB activation assay, cytokine ELISA, calcium flux measurement, pharmacological inhibitors Infection and Immunity High 9488411
1998 LBP can transfer LPS to CD11/CD18 (as well as CD14), and CD14 and CD11/CD18 share the same lipid A signaling pathway; a cytoplasmic deletion mutant of CD11/CD18 still activates cells, implying both receptors use an associated signal transducer distinct from themselves. CHO-K1 transfectants expressing CD14 or CD11/CD18; LPS-binding protein enhancement assay, lipid A analogue agonist/antagonist assays, cytoplasmic deletion mutant analysis Journal of Immunology Medium 9820516
2000 Soluble and membrane forms of CD14 have different structural determinants for LPS receptor function: certain deletions that abolish LPS binding in membrane CD14 have no effect in soluble CD14, while all five tested deletions essentially abolish soluble CD14 receptor function, suggesting conformationally distinct functional requirements. Deletion mutagenesis of CD14 expressed as soluble or GPI-anchored form; LPS binding assays, cell activation assays, competition assays with wild-type sCD14 Journal of Biological Chemistry High 10652298
2003 Surfactant protein C (SP-C) directly interacts with CD14 in a dose-dependent manner; LPS blocks CD14 binding to SP-C-coated wells, and SP-C enhances CD14 binding to LPS-coated wells, suggesting SP-C binds the same region of CD14 as LPS and facilitates LPS presentation to CD14 analogously to LBP. Radiolabeled CD14 binding assays, LPS-fluorescent binding to CD14-expressing cells in the presence of SP-C, competitive binding experiments Infection and Immunity Medium 12496149
2005 CD14 directly interacts with amyloid-beta peptide 42 (Abeta42) at the nanometer scale and mediates phagocytosis of Abeta42 by microglia; CD14-deficient cells fail to internalize exogenous Abeta42 at sub-inflammatory concentrations, while CD14-expressing cells efficiently phagocytose it within 30 minutes. FLIM-FRET microscopy showing direct molecular interaction; flow cytometry and confocal microscopy of phagocytosis; primary microglia from CD14-deficient mice; CD14-transfected CHO cells Brain High 15857927
2005 CD14 influences ligand specificity of the LPS receptor complex: CD14+/+ macrophages show exquisite sensitivity to smooth LPS (up to 150,000-fold more than CD14-/- cells) and discriminate between LPS partial structures; CD14-/- macrophages cannot distinguish between smooth LPS and its partial structures, indicating CD14 itself contributes to ligand recognition specificity. Comparative cytokine (TNF) assays in CD14+/+ vs. CD14-/- macrophages with a panel of LPS partial structures and bacterial LPS variants Journal of Immunology High 16148141
2004 CD14 is an acute-phase protein regulated by IL-6: IL-6 stimulates CD14 mRNA and protein production in HepG2 hepatoma cells and primary human hepatocytes in vitro, and hepatic CD14 mRNA increases in IL-6+/+ but not IL-6-/- mice following turpentine-induced acute-phase response. Real-time PCR and protein ELISA in HepG2 and primary hepatocytes treated with IL-6; in vivo turpentine model in IL-6 knockout vs. wild-type mice Journal of Immunology High 15034063
1998 Hepatocytes express functional CD14 mRNA and protein; hepatocyte CD14 is upregulated transcriptionally by LPS in vivo (up to 20-fold at mRNA level) and by IL-1beta and/or TNF-alpha, and the expressed protein binds fluorescent LPS and activates NF-kappaB in CHO transfectants, identifying hepatocytes as a source of soluble CD14. Northern blot, in situ hybridization, nuclear run-on assay, Western blot, NF-kappaB activation assay in stably transfected CHO cells, fluorescent LPS binding Infection and Immunity High 9784508
2012 CD14 and NFAT are required for LPS-induced PGE2 production and tissue edema formation: LPS stimulation of tissue-resident DCs induces microsomal PGE synthase-1 (mPGES-1) expression and PGE2 production via CD14- and NFAT-dependent pathways, controlling interstitial fluid pressure and antigen delivery to draining lymph nodes. CD14 knockout mice, NFAT inhibition, in vivo LPS skin injection model, mPGES-1 expression assay, PGE2 ELISA, intravital imaging of lymph node antigen arrival Journal of Clinical Investigation High 22466648
2015 In response to LPS, Gαi1 and Gαi3 form a complex containing CD14 and Gab1, which is required for PI3K-Akt activation; Gαi1/3 deficiency decreases LPS-induced TLR4 endocytosis and IRF3 phosphorylation, shifting macrophages to an M2-like phenotype with suppressed TNF-alpha, IL-6, IL-12, and NO production. Co-immunoprecipitation of CD14-Gαi1/3-Gab1 complex; Gαi1/3 knockdown in BMDMs; TLR4 endocytosis assay; phospho-Akt, phospho-IRF3 western blots; cytokine ELISA; in vivo LPS tolerance model Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences High 25825741
2015 CD14 induces a clathrin-dependent immobile fraction of TLR4 at the plasma membrane upon LPS stimulation and drives TLR4 clustering into CD14/LPS/clathrin-positive puncta, initiating endocytosis; CD14/LPS but not TRAM localizes to RAB11A-positive endosomes, indicating CD14 and TRAM traffic independently during LPS signaling. TIRF microscopy, FRAP, live-cell confocal imaging of TLR4-GFP, CD14, clathrin, TRAM, and RAB11A in HEK293 and U373-CD14 cells; pharmacological and dominant-negative endocytosis inhibition Traffic High 25707286
2020 P2X7 receptor activation induces release of CD14 in extracellular vesicles, reducing macrophage plasma membrane CD14 levels and functionally attenuating LPS- (but not monophosphoryl lipid A-) induced pro-inflammatory cytokine production; in a murine sepsis model, P2X7 activity maintains elevated circulating CD14 levels and its reduction increases bacterial load and organ damage. Flow cytometry of extracellular vesicles; P2X7 pharmacological inhibition and genetic KO; cytokine ELISA; murine cecal ligation-puncture sepsis model with bacterial load and organ damage assessment eLife High 33135636
2022 Externalized phosphatidylinositides (PIPs) on the surfaces of apoptotic cells are eat-me signals recognized by CD14+ phagocytes; masking exofacial PIPs or knocking out CD14 in phagocytes blocks apoptotic cell phagocytosis, and exofacial PIP+ cells accumulate in tissues of Cd14-/- mice after apoptosis induction. Unbiased proteomics to identify ligand; anti-PI(3,4,5)P3 antibody and PH-domain probes; CD14 protein binding to PIP+ cells; CD14 knockout phagocytosis assay; in vivo irradiation model in Cd14-/- mice Cell Death and Differentiation High 35017647
2011 CD14 modulates adipose tissue inflammatory activity and insulin resistance: recombinant soluble CD14 improves insulin action in wild-type, high-fat-fed, and ob/ob mice (but not CD14 KO mice); bone marrow transplantation from CD14 KO donors protects wild-type recipients from high-fat-diet-induced insulin resistance, linked to decreased mesenteric adipose tissue inflammatory gene expression. Hyperinsulinemic-euglycemic clamp in WT and CD14 KO mice; bone marrow chimera experiments; adipose tissue gene expression (microarray); rh-sCD14 administration Diabetes High 21700881
2009 Chicken CD14, unlike mammalian CD14, is a transmembrane protein rather than GPI-anchored; PI-PLC cleaves human CD14 but not chicken CD14 from COS-7 cell surfaces, confirming the structural difference; the intracytoplasmic region of chCD14 contains no obvious signaling motifs. cDNA cloning, sequence analysis, COS-7 cell transfection, PI-PLC cleavage assay, flow cytometry Developmental and Comparative Immunology High 18761368
2013 CD14 and TLR4 jointly mediate cytokine release (MCP-1, IL-6, IL-10) induced by electronegative LDL [LDL(-)] in human monocytes; anti-CD14 and anti-TLR4 antibodies each inhibit 70-80% of cytokine release, and LDL(-) and LPS compete for binding to monocytes and to CD14-coated wells, indicating a shared binding site. Antibody neutralization, gene silencing (siRNA), CD14 overexpression in THP-1 cells, cell-free CD14 binding assay, competitive binding experiments with LPS and LDL(-) Atherosclerosis High 23880187
2011 Mycobacterial PIM1 and PIM2 analogues inhibit LPS binding to CD14 in TLR4/MD2/CD14-expressing HEK cells, and CD14 is required for PIM-mediated inhibition of LPS-induced TNF (but not IL-12 p40), revealing a CD14-dependent anti-inflammatory mechanism for mycobacterial PIMs. LPS binding inhibition assay in HEK cells expressing TLR4/MD2/CD14; CD14-deficient macrophages; rough-LPS (CD14-independent TLR4 stimulation) discrimination assay; TNF and IL-12 ELISA PloS ONE Medium 21949737
1996 Anti-CD14 monoclonal antibody treatment in primates prevented endotoxin-induced hypotension, reduced plasma cytokine levels (TNF-alpha, IL-1beta, IL-6, IL-8), and inhibited lung epithelial permeability changes, demonstrating that the CD14 pathway is functionally critical in vivo for LPS-induced septic shock. Primate model of endotoxemia; anti-CD14 mAb pretreatment; hemodynamic monitoring; cytokine ELISA; lung permeability assay Journal of Clinical Investigation High 8833900
2014 Glimepiride activates GPI-phospholipase C to shed CD14 from RAW264 and microglial cell surfaces, and this shedding reduces TNF, IL-1, and IL-6 secretion induced by LPS, Abeta42, alpha-synuclein, and PrP82-146; cytokine production in response to all these ligands is CD14-dependent (blocked by anti-CD14 antiserum and absent in CD14 KO microglia), and glimepiride also reduces LPS/ligand-induced TLR-4 translocation into membrane rafts. ELISA and immunoblot for CD14 shedding; cytokine ELISA; pharmacological GPI-PLC inhibition; CD14 KO mouse microglia; anti-CD14 antiserum neutralization; membrane raft fractionation Journal of Neuroinflammation High 24952384

Source papers

Stage 0 corpus · 100 papers · ranked by NIH iCite citations
Year Title Journal Citations PMID
1990 CD14, a receptor for complexes of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and LPS binding protein. Science (New York, N.Y.) 3460 1698311
1992 Soluble CD14 participates in the response of cells to lipopolysaccharide. The Journal of experimental medicine 609 1281215
2002 Lipopolysaccharide recognition: CD14, TLRs and the LPS-activation cluster. Trends in immunology 563 12072369
1994 CD14 is a pattern recognition receptor. Immunity 560 7534618
1993 CD14: cell surface receptor and differentiation marker. Immunology today 515 7682078
2011 SuperSAGE evidence for CD14++CD16+ monocytes as a third monocyte subset. Blood 456 21803849
2002 Toll receptors, CD14, and macrophage activation and deactivation by LPS. Microbes and infection 428 12106783
2001 A CD14-independent LPS receptor cluster. Nature immunology 327 11276205
2005 LPS receptor (CD14): a receptor for phagocytosis of Alzheimer's amyloid peptide. Brain : a journal of neurology 291 15857927
1989 Monocyte antigen CD14 is a phospholipid anchored membrane protein. Blood 265 2462937
2004 CD14 is an acute-phase protein. Journal of immunology (Baltimore, Md. : 1950) 216 15034063
2013 Role of CD14 in host protection against infections and in metabolism regulation. Frontiers in cellular and infection microbiology 214 23898465
2001 Association of a promoter polymorphism of the CD14 gene and atopy. American journal of respiratory and critical care medicine 202 11282774
1996 CD14 is a cell-activating receptor for bacterial peptidoglycan. The Journal of biological chemistry 175 8798531
2010 Senescent CD14+CD16+ monocytes exhibit proinflammatory and proatherosclerotic activity. Journal of immunology (Baltimore, Md. : 1950) 158 21191073
1995 CD14 enhances cellular responses to endotoxin without imparting ligand-specific recognition. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 152 7568119
2010 Experimental human cytomegalovirus latency in CD14+ monocytes. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 146 21041645
2019 The CD14+HLA-DRlo/neg Monocyte: An Immunosuppressive Phenotype That Restrains Responses to Cancer Immunotherapy. Frontiers in immunology 134 31191529
2000 CD14, new aspects of ligand and signal diversity. Microbes and infection 134 10758406
1994 Increased soluble CD14 serum levels and altered CD14 expression of peripheral blood monocytes in HIV-infected patients. Clinical and experimental immunology 133 7527738
1996 Antibodies against CD14 protect primates from endotoxin-induced shock. The Journal of clinical investigation 117 8833900
2001 CD14 is expressed and released as soluble CD14 by human intestinal epithelial cells in vitro: lipopolysaccharide activation of epithelial cells revisited. Infection and immunity 100 11349042
2005 Activation of peripheral blood CD14+ monocytes occurs in diabetes. Diabetes 98 16123369
2023 Role of CD14 in human disease. Immunology 97 36840585
2007 CD14, endotoxin, and asthma risk: actions and interactions. Proceedings of the American Thoracic Society 94 17607003
1998 Expression of CD14 by hepatocytes: upregulation by cytokines during endotoxemia. Infection and immunity 90 9784508
2011 CD14 modulates inflammation-driven insulin resistance. Diabetes 89 21700881
2006 Differential healing activities of CD34+ and CD14+ endothelial cell progenitors. Arteriosclerosis, thrombosis, and vascular biology 84 16410458
2004 Antitumor response of CD14+/CD16+ monocyte subpopulation. Experimental hematology 79 15308326
2001 Synthesis and surface expression of CD14 by human endothelial cells. Infection and immunity 76 11119540
1999 CD14 expression and production by human hepatocytes. Journal of hepatology 76 10488701
1998 CD11/CD18 and CD14 share a common lipid A signaling pathway. Journal of immunology (Baltimore, Md. : 1950) 75 9820516
1999 CD14++ monocytes, CD14+/CD16+ subset and soluble CD14 as biological markers of inflammatory systemic diseases and monitoring immunosuppressive therapy. Clinical chemistry and laboratory medicine 74 10353463
1998 Cell activation mediated by glycosylphosphatidylinositol-anchored or transmembrane forms of CD14. Infection and immunity 73 9488411
1993 CD14 and tolerance to lipopolysaccharide: biochemical and functional analysis. Immunology 71 7507090
1999 CD14. The international journal of biochemistry & cell biology 64 10399315
2023 Tissue CD14+CD8+ T cells reprogrammed by myeloid cells and modulated by LPS. Nature 63 36697826
2019 Glycolysis Is Required for LPS-Induced Activation and Adhesion of Human CD14+CD16- Monocytes. Frontiers in immunology 63 31555280
1999 Monocyte CD14: a multifunctional receptor engaged in apoptosis from both sides. Journal of leukocyte biology 63 10380893
2019 Two distinct colonic CD14+ subsets characterized by single-cell RNA profiling in Crohn's disease. Mucosal immunology 62 30670762
2010 Derivation of multipotent progenitors from human circulating CD14+ monocytes. Experimental hematology 62 20362030
2017 CD14+CD16++ "nonclassical" monocytes are associated with endothelial dysfunction in patients with coronary artery disease. Thrombosis and haemostasis 61 28229168
1995 Monocyte cell-surface CD14 expression and soluble CD14 antigen in hemodialysis: evidence for chronic exposure to LPS. Kidney international 60 8544403
2005 Influence of CD14 on ligand interactions between lipopolysaccharide and its receptor complex. Journal of immunology (Baltimore, Md. : 1950) 59 16148141
2007 alpha1-Antitrypsin regulates CD14 expression and soluble CD14 levels in human monocytes in vitro. The international journal of biochemistry & cell biology 58 17448722
2005 CD14 and TLR4 gene polymorphisms in adult periodontitis. Journal of dental research 58 16246938
2023 Multifaceted role of CD14 in innate immunity and tissue homeostasis. Cytokine & growth factor reviews 56 37661484
2020 CCL3/CCR1 mediates CD14+CD16- circulating monocyte recruitment in knee osteoarthritis progression. Osteoarthritis and cartilage 56 32006659
2013 CD14 and TLR4 mediate cytokine release promoted by electronegative LDL in monocytes. Atherosclerosis 56 23880187
2003 Interaction of pulmonary surfactant protein C with CD14 and lipopolysaccharide. Infection and immunity 55 12496149
2021 CD169 Defines Activated CD14+ Monocytes With Enhanced CD8+ T Cell Activation Capacity. Frontiers in immunology 54 34394090
2011 IL-27-producing CD14(+) cells infiltrate inflamed joints of rheumatoid arthritis and regulate inflammation and chemotactic migration. Cytokine 53 21592822
1998 CD14 expression and soluble CD14 after segmental allergen provocation in atopic asthma. The European respiratory journal 53 9551731
2015 Gαi1 and Gαi3 regulate macrophage polarization by forming a complex containing CD14 and Gab1. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 51 25825741
2021 Elevated Fibronectin Levels in Profibrotic CD14+ Monocytes and CD14+ Macrophages in Systemic Sclerosis. Frontiers in immunology 49 34504485
2018 Targeting CD14 on blood derived cells improves intracortical microelectrode performance. Biomaterials 48 29471127
2000 Structure-function analysis of CD14 as a soluble receptor for lipopolysaccharide. The Journal of biological chemistry 47 10652298
2016 Sjögren's syndrome-associated microRNAs in CD14(+) monocytes unveils targeted TGFβ signaling. Arthritis research & therapy 46 27142093
2010 Monoclonal antibodies to equine CD14. Veterinary immunology and immunopathology 45 20674042
2014 Dermal CD14(+) Dendritic Cell and Macrophage Infection by Dengue Virus Is Stimulated by Interleukin-4. The Journal of investigative dermatology 44 25521455
2004 Expression of CD14, CD16 and CD45RA on monocytes from periodontitis patients. Journal of periodontal research 42 14687231
1996 CD14 expression in injured patients correlates with outcome. Annals of surgery 41 8678624
2020 Pharmacological validation of targets regulating CD14 during macrophage differentiation. EBioMedicine 40 33038762
2018 CD14+ monocytes contribute to inflammation in chronic nonbacterial osteomyelitis (CNO) through increased NLRP3 inflammasome expression. Clinical immunology (Orlando, Fla.) 40 29723617
1999 Distinct scavenger receptor expression and function in the human CD14(+)/CD16(+) monocyte subset. The American journal of physiology 40 10199836
2015 Combined inhibition of complement and CD14 improved outcome in porcine polymicrobial sepsis. Critical care (London, England) 39 26612199
2021 Activated Platelets Convert CD14+CD16- Into CD14+CD16+ Monocytes With Enhanced FcγR-Mediated Phagocytosis and Skewed M2 Polarization. Frontiers in immunology 38 33488616
2020 CD14 release induced by P2X7 receptor restricts inflammation and increases survival during sepsis. eLife 38 33135636
2015 CD14, TLR4 and TRAM Show Different Trafficking Dynamics During LPS Stimulation. Traffic (Copenhagen, Denmark) 38 25707286
2010 CD14 polymorphisms and serum CD14 levels through childhood: a role for gene methylation? The Journal of allergy and clinical immunology 37 20398919
2007 Association between CD14 polymorphisms and serum soluble CD14 levels: effect of atopy and endotoxin inhalation. The Journal of allergy and clinical immunology 36 17949800
2020 CD14+CD16- monocytes are the main precursors of osteoclasts in rheumatoid arthritis via expressing Tyro3TK. Arthritis research & therapy 35 32958023
2012 CD14 and NFAT mediate lipopolysaccharide-induced skin edema formation in mice. The Journal of clinical investigation 35 22466648
2004 A CD14 promoter polymorphism is associated with CD14 expression and Chlamydia-stimulated TNF alpha production. Genes and immunity 35 15164100
1999 CD14 and apoptosis. Apoptosis : an international journal on programmed cell death 35 14634291
2017 IL21R expressing CD14+CD16+ monocytes expand in multiple myeloma patients leading to increased osteoclasts. Haematologica 34 28057743
2022 Externalized phosphatidylinositides on apoptotic cells are eat-me signals recognized by CD14. Cell death and differentiation 33 35017647
2009 Soluble CD14 in periodontitis. Innate immunity 33 19318422
2001 Parameters influencing membrane CD14 expression and soluble CD14 levels in sepsis. European journal of medical research 33 11549517
2014 Glimepiride reduces CD14 expression and cytokine secretion from macrophages. Journal of neuroinflammation 31 24952384
2013 Functional characterization of a STAT3-dependent dendritic cell-derived CD14+ cell population arising upon IL-10-driven maturation. Oncoimmunology 31 23734330
2007 Monocyte CD14 and soluble CD14 in predicting mortality of patients with severe community acquired infection. Scandinavian journal of infectious diseases 30 17577824
2016 Circulating CD14+ and CD14highCD16- classical monocytes are reduced in patients with signs of plaque neovascularization in the carotid artery. Atherosclerosis 28 27751505
2018 Overexpression of CD64 on CD14++CD16- and CD14++CD16+ monocytes of rheumatoid arthritis patients correlates with disease activity. Experimental and therapeutic medicine 27 30210612
2014 CD14+CD16+ and CD14+CD163+ monocyte subpopulations in kidney allograft transplantation. BMC immunology 27 24499053
2009 Chicken CD14, unlike mammalian CD14, is trans-membrane rather than GPI-anchored. Developmental and comparative immunology 27 18761368
2020 IL-34 Actions on FOXP3+ Tregs and CD14+ Monocytes Control Human Graft Rejection. Frontiers in immunology 26 32849510
2008 CD14 expression in the first 24h of sepsis: effect of -260C>T CD14 SNP. Immunological investigations 26 18991094
2017 Intermediate CD14++CD16+ monocyte predicts severe coronary stenosis and extensive plaque involvement in asymptomatic individuals. The international journal of cardiovascular imaging 25 28239800
2011 Soluble CD14 and CD14 polymorphisms in rheumatoid arthritis. The Journal of rheumatology 25 21921097
2008 Role of complement and CD14 in meconium-induced cytokine formation. Pediatrics 25 18299306
2004 CD14 C(-260)T gene polymorphism, circulating soluble CD14 levels and arteriosclerosis. Journal of hypertension 24 15257175
2003 RPE CD14 immunohistochemical, genetic, and functional expression. Experimental eye research 24 12573661
2003 Histamine downregulates CD14 expression via H2 receptors on human monocytes. Clinical immunology (Orlando, Fla.) 24 14499251
2022 Up-regulation of BTN3A1 on CD14+ cells promotes Vγ9Vδ2 T cell activation in psoriasis. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 23 36288286
2011 Mycobacterial PIMs inhibit host inflammatory responses through CD14-dependent and CD14-independent mechanisms. PloS one 23 21949737
2008 Does the relationship between IgE and the CD14 gene depend on ethnicity? Allergy 23 18925877
2019 Immunoproteasome Inhibition Selectively Kills Human CD14+ Monocytes and as a Result Dampens IL-23 Secretion. Journal of immunology (Baltimore, Md. : 1950) 22 31484727
2018 JAG2 signaling induces differentiation of CD14+ monocytes into Langerhans cell histiocytosis-like cells. Journal of leukocyte biology 22 30296338
2012 Association between the CD14 gene C-159T polymorphism and serum soluble CD14 with pulmonary tuberculosis. The international journal of tuberculosis and lung disease : the official journal of the International Union against Tuberculosis and Lung Disease 22 23107636

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