Affinage

CCN2

CCN family member 2 · UniProt P29279

Length
349 aa
Mass
38.1 kDa
Annotated
2026-06-09
100 papers in source corpus 35 papers cited in narrative 36 extracted findings
Cross-family judge vs UniProt: Affinage preferred faithfulness: 8/8 claims corpus-supported (100%)

Mechanistic narrative

Synthesis pass · prose summary of the discoveries below

CCN2 (CTGF) is a secreted matricellular protein that operates as a context-dependent extracellular signaling modulator, integrating growth-factor and mechanical cues to control tissue remodeling, fibrosis, and development (PMID:12134160, PMID:30040954). Through its cysteine-rich domain it directly binds extracellular growth factors with opposing consequences: it sequesters BMP4 and BMP7 to block their receptor engagement and antagonize BMP/Smad1/5/8 signaling, while simultaneously enhancing TGF-β1 receptor binding to potentiate TGF-β/Smad signaling (PMID:12134160, PMID:18632843, PMID:24127409). It amplifies TGF-β output further by inducing TIEG-1 to suppress the inhibitory Smad7, removing a negative feedback brake (PMID:15950619). CCN2 also engages fibroblast growth factor receptors (FGFR1/2/3) and FGF ligands through distinct modules—its C-terminal domain binds FGF2 to block FGFR1 signaling in chondrocytes, while full-length CCN2 can enhance FGF2/FGFR2 signaling and osteoblast differentiation—illustrating its bidirectional, cell-type-specific behavior (PMID:23142580, PMID:21914781). At the cell surface it binds fibronectin, integrins (α4β1, α5β1, α6β1) and syndecan-4 to drive adhesion, ERK/FAK activation and stress-fiber assembly, and it forms homodimers and CCN2-CCN3 heterodimers that tune chondrocyte matrix gene expression (PMID:15371538, PMID:22812570, PMID:27752926). Its expression is induced by TGF-β and mechanical strain through cooperating SMAD, Ras/MEK/ERK, PKC, Rac1/Cdc42, NF-κB and SGK1 pathways, and is restrained post-transcriptionally by multiple miRNAs targeting its 3'-UTR (PMID:12234285, PMID:18287089, PMID:16604333, PMID:26873752, PMID:21611193). Functionally, cell-type-specific genetic studies establish autocrine, source-dependent roles: fibroblast-derived CCN2 drives angiotensin-II cardiac fibrosis whereas myofiber-derived CCN2 mediates dystrophic muscle ECM remodeling (PMID:30040954, PMID:30216109). Beyond fibrosis, CCN2 is required for neuromuscular junction formation, where its CT domain binds the LRP4 β-propeller to enhance LRP4-MuSK clustering and agrin-induced AChR aggregation (PMID:32558157), for growth-plate chondrocyte survival and matrix organization via integrin α5 (PMID:23666466), and for retinal angiogenesis and barrier function through a CTGF-YAP regulatory loop (PMID:32502964).

Mechanistic history

Synthesis pass · year-by-year structured walk · 24 steps
  1. 2002 High

    Established the core molecular logic of CCN2 as a growth-factor-binding switch, resolving how a single matricellular protein could both inhibit one pathway and activate another.

    Evidence Direct binding assays, receptor competition assays, and domain mutagenesis mapping BMP4/TGF-β1 binding to the cysteine-rich domain

    PMID:12134160

    Open questions at the time
    • Did not address whether binding stoichiometry differs between BMP and TGF-β in vivo
    • Other CCN2 domains and partners not examined
  2. 2002 High

    Defined how TGF-β transcriptionally induces CCN2, showing that SMAD and Ras/MEK/ERK/PKC inputs act synergistically rather than redundantly.

    Evidence CTGF promoter-reporter assays with SMAD binding element mutation plus MEK/ERK and PKC inhibitors in mesangial cells

    PMID:12234285

    Open questions at the time
    • Promoter studies do not establish chromatin-level regulation
    • Cell-type generality untested
  3. 2004 High

    Linked CCN2 to the cell-surface adhesion machinery, showing it directly engages integrins and syndecan-4 to drive fibroblast spreading and ERK/FAK activation.

    Evidence Reciprocal Co-IP/pulldown and Ccn2-/- MEF phenotyping of adhesion and stress-fiber formation

    PMID:15371538

    Open questions at the time
    • Direct integrin-binding domain not mapped
    • HSPG requirement described but exact receptor not resolved
  4. 2005 Medium

    Identified a feed-forward amplification mechanism whereby CCN2 suppresses Smad7 via TIEG-1, explaining how it sustains TGF-β signaling.

    Evidence TIEG-1 antisense knockdown, SBE4-Luc reporter and pSmad2/3 readouts in mesangial cells

    PMID:15950619

    Open questions at the time
    • Single lab, antisense only
    • Direct TIEG-1 occupancy of Smad7 promoter not shown
  5. 2006 Medium

    Placed CCN2 induction downstream of mineralocorticoid/SGK1 signaling in cardiac fibrosis, broadening its upstream regulatory inputs.

    Evidence SGK1 knockout mice, DOCA/high-salt model, CTGF promoter-reporter and spironolactone/NF-κB inhibition

    PMID:16604333

    Open questions at the time
    • Direct SGK1-to-promoter mechanism not defined
    • Single lab
  6. 2008 High

    Generalized the BMP-antagonist function to BMP7, quantifying high-affinity binding and connecting it to diabetic nephropathy.

    Evidence Co-IP, solid-phase, SPR (Kd ~14 nM), BMP-responsive reporter and in vivo CTGF injection in mice

    PMID:18632843

    Open questions at the time
    • Binding domain on CCN2 not mapped here
    • Whether endogenous CCN2 levels reach inhibitory concentrations in vivo unclear
  7. 2008 Medium

    Resolved the small-GTPase requirement for CCN2 induction, showing Rac1/Cdc42 (not RhoA) couple TGF-β to CCN2 expression.

    Evidence Dominant-negative Rho-GTPases, geranylgeranyltransferase inhibitor, lovastatin/forskolin in gingival fibroblasts

    PMID:18287089

    Open questions at the time
    • Effector linking Rac1/Cdc42 to the promoter not identified
    • Single lab
  8. 2011 High

    Mapped a discrete CCN2 C-terminal module that binds FGF2 to block FGFR1 signaling, demonstrating domain-specific antagonism of FGF in chondrocytes.

    Evidence Solid-phase binding, SPR (CT-FGF2 Kd 5.5 nM; full-length-FGFR1 Kd 362 nM), and chondrocyte proliferation/MMP assays

    PMID:21914781

    Open questions at the time
    • Structural basis of CT-FGF2 interface unresolved
    • Reconciliation with FGF2-enhancing activity elsewhere not addressed
  9. 2011 Medium

    Defined a mechanotransduction route by which cyclical strain induces CCN2 via latent TGF-β activation and endothelin-1.

    Evidence Flexercell strain system with ALK5, endothelin receptor, and FAK/src inhibitors in gingival fibroblasts

    PMID:21611193

    Open questions at the time
    • Mechanosensor upstream of latent TGF-β activation not identified
    • Single cell type
  10. 2012 High

    Extended CCN2-FGFR interactions to FGFR2/3, showing CCN2 can enhance FGF2/FGF4 receptor engagement and cooperate in osteoblast differentiation.

    Evidence Protein array, Co-IP, solid-phase, SPR and ERK/differentiation assays

    PMID:23142580

    Open questions at the time
    • Context determining FGF enhancement vs inhibition not defined
    • Single lab
  11. 2012 High

    Demonstrated that CCN2 self-associates and heterodimerizes with CCN3, providing a mechanism for mutual functional antagonism within the CCN family.

    Evidence Yeast two-hybrid, in vitro/in vivo Co-IP, SPR (Kd 1.17/1.95 nM), colocalization and chondrocyte gene-expression assays

    PMID:22812570

    Open questions at the time
    • Functional consequence of dimerization on receptor binding not directly tested
    • Stoichiometry in tissue unknown
  12. 2010 Medium

    Identified the CT domain as the determinant of pro-hypertrophic/pro-fibrotic activity, distinguishing CCN2 from the dominant-negative CCN5.

    Evidence Domain deletion/fusion in cardiomyocytes and CCN2 transgenic pressure-overload mice

    PMID:20030435

    Open questions at the time
    • CT-domain receptor in cardiomyocytes not identified
    • Single lab
  13. 2013 High

    Provided therapeutic proof-of-concept that lowering CCN2 ameliorates muscular dystrophy, independent of canonical TGF-β/MAPK signaling.

    Evidence Ctgf+/- mdx genetics and anti-CTGF antibody FG-3019 with strength, fibrosis and satellite-cell engraftment readouts

    PMID:23904456

    Open questions at the time
    • Signaling pathway mediating the benefit left undefined
    • Cellular source of pathogenic CCN2 not resolved here
  14. 2013 Medium

    Established CCN2 as a chondrocyte survival factor that organizes matrix and protects against ER stress through integrin α5.

    Evidence Ccn2-/- and transgenic growth plates with ER-stress, integrin α5 blocking, NF-κB and autophagy readouts

    PMID:23666466

    Open questions at the time
    • Direct link from integrin α5 to NF-κB/autophagy not mapped
    • Single lab
  15. 2014 Medium

    Confirmed CCN2 as an endogenous brake on BMP-2 osteoblast differentiation using reciprocal KO and overexpression.

    Evidence CTGF knockout osteoblasts and adenoviral overexpression with pSmad1/5/8 and mineralization assays

    PMID:24127409

    Open questions at the time
    • Whether effect requires direct BMP-2 binding not tested here
    • Single lab
  16. 2014 Medium

    Showed CCN2 drives invasion and chemoresistance in tumor cells via FAK/MEK/ERK survival signaling and a periostin axis.

    Evidence Gain/loss-of-function in osteosarcoma and melanoma cells, Bcl-xL/survivin and periostin rescue, xenograft/metastasis models

    PMID:24637722 PMID:26168233 PMID:32

    Open questions at the time
    • Receptor mediating tumor-cell signaling not defined
    • Context-dependence (tumor-suppressive in NPC) unreconciled
  17. 2016 Medium

    Revealed a paradoxical anti-fibrotic arm in which CCN2 drives integrin α6β1/ROS-dependent senescence and an MMP-rich SASP that reduces collagen.

    Evidence CCN2 fibroblast treatment, integrin blocking, ROS/p53/p16 assays and purified CCN2 wound application

    PMID:27752926

    Open questions at the time
    • Reconciliation with pro-fibrotic roles unclear
    • Single lab
  18. 2018 High

    Defined the cellular source of pathogenic CCN2 in fibrosis, showing strikingly tissue-specific autocrine origins.

    Evidence Cell-type-specific conditional Ccn2 KO in fibroblasts (cardiac) versus myofibers (skeletal muscle) with fibrosis/ECM readouts

    PMID:30040954 PMID:30216109

    Open questions at the time
    • Why the pathogenic source differs by tissue is unexplained
    • Receptor mediating autocrine action not identified
  19. 2016 Medium

    Established multilayered post-transcriptional control of CCN2, with several miRNAs directly targeting its 3'-UTR to set fibrotic and invasive output.

    Evidence Dual-luciferase 3'-UTR assays for miR-19a/19b/26b/133b and in vivo bleomycin fibrosis rescue by miRNA delivery

    PMID:25761878 PMID:26873752 PMID:29271992

    Open questions at the time
    • Relative contribution of each miRNA in vivo not ranked
    • Single lab per miRNA
  20. 2020 High

    Uncovered a developmental requirement at the neuromuscular junction, where CCN2 directly bridges LRP4-MuSK clustering.

    Evidence CT-domain direct binding to LRP4 β-propeller, Co-IP, Ctgf-/- embryo NMJ ultrastructure and electrophysiology

    PMID:32558157

    Open questions at the time
    • How CCN2 secretion is spatially restricted to the synapse unknown
    • Structural model of the CT-LRP4 complex absent
  21. 2020 High

    Identified a CTGF-YAP regulatory loop required for retinal angiogenesis and barrier formation.

    Evidence Endothelial-specific and global Ctgf KO mice with YAP re-expression rescue and barrier assays

    PMID:32502964

    Open questions at the time
    • Mechanism by which CTGF controls YAP expression not defined
    • Direction of causality in the loop partly inferred
  22. 2021 High

    Connected Hippo/PI3K dysregulation to CCN2-driven pancreatic and chondrocyte phenotypes, reinforcing CCN2 as a downstream effector amenable to neutralization.

    Evidence Pten/Sav1 double-KO and Ctgf KO/antibody neutralization in chronic pancreatitis; CTGF-PI3K/Akt-Cx43 gap-junction signaling in chondrocytes

    PMID:33522639 PMID:34032634

    Open questions at the time
    • Receptor coupling CCN2 to PI3K/Akt not identified
    • Cross-tissue generality of the CEBPA-PTEN-SAV1-CTGF axis untested
  23. 2022 Medium

    Defined a Slit2/Robo crosstalk mechanism for CCN2 in liver fibrosis, mapping the interacting motifs and PI3K/AKT output.

    Evidence Conditional Ccn2 KO, CTGF-Slit2 Co-IP/domain mapping, Robo1-Fc inhibition and PI3K/AKT assays in hepatic stellate cells

    PMID:36469291

    Open questions at the time
    • Whether CTGF-Slit2 binding is direct or scaffolded unresolved
    • Single lab
  24. 2018 Medium

    Placed CCN2 within early embryonic specification through a reciprocal TEAD4-CCN2 loop governing trophectoderm development.

    Evidence siRNA knockdown of TEAD4 and CCN2 in bovine blastocysts with lineage marker and cell-ratio readouts

    PMID:29661794

    Open questions at the time
    • Direct TEAD4 binding to the CCN2 promoter not shown
    • Conservation in other species untested

Open questions

Synthesis pass · forward-looking unresolved questions
  • The receptor(s) and signaling complex transducing CCN2's autocrine pro-fibrotic and pro-survival effects across tissues, and the structural basis reconciling its opposing pro- versus anti-fibrotic and pro- versus anti-tumor activities, remain undefined.
  • No unifying receptor identified for autocrine fibrotic signaling
  • No structural model integrating its multiple binding partners
  • Context-switching between opposing phenotypes mechanistically unexplained

Mechanism profile

Synthesis pass · controlled-vocabulary classification · explore literature graph →
Molecular activity
GO:0098772 molecular function regulator activity 5 GO:0005198 structural molecule activity 2 GO:0060090 molecular adaptor activity 2
Localization
GO:0005576 extracellular region 4 GO:0031012 extracellular matrix 3
Pathway
R-HSA-162582 Signal Transduction 4 R-HSA-1266738 Developmental Biology 3 R-HSA-1474244 Extracellular matrix organization 3 R-HSA-1643685 Disease 3 R-HSA-1500931 Cell-Cell communication 1
Partners
BMP4BMP7CCN3FGF2FGFR2LRP4SLIT2TGFB1

Evidence

Reading pass · 36 per-paper findings extracted from the source corpus
Year Finding Method Journal Conf PMIDs
2002 CTGF directly binds BMP4 and TGF-β1 through its cysteine-rich (CR) domain in the extracellular space. CTGF antagonizes BMP4 activity by preventing its binding to BMP receptors, while enhancing TGF-β1 receptor binding, thereby inhibiting BMP and activating TGF-β signals. Direct binding assays (co-immunoprecipitation, solid-phase binding), functional receptor competition assays, domain mutagenesis Nature cell biology High 12134160
2008 CTGF directly binds BMP-7 with high affinity (Kd ~14 nM), inhibiting BMP-7 signal transduction (reduced pSmad1/5 and Id1 expression) in renal cells, contributing to diabetic nephropathy pathology. Co-immunoprecipitation, solid-phase binding assay, surface plasmon resonance (SPR), BMP-responsive element-luciferase assay, in vivo injection of CTGF in mice Journal of the American Society of Nephrology : JASN High 18632843
2004 Endogenous CCN2 directly binds fibronectin and the fibronectin receptors integrins α4β1 and α5, as well as syndecan 4. Loss of CCN2 (Ccn2-/- mouse embryonic fibroblasts) impairs spreading on fibronectin, delays α-smooth muscle actin stress fiber formation, and reduces ERK and focal adhesion kinase phosphorylation. Heparan sulfate proteoglycans (HSPGs) and MEK/ERK cascade are required for fibroblast adhesion to CCN2. Co-immunoprecipitation, pulldown, Ccn2-/- mouse embryonic fibroblasts, ERK/FAK phosphorylation assays, cell spreading assays Molecular biology of the cell High 15371538
2002 TGF-β-induced CTGF expression in mesangial cells requires SMAD signaling (mutation of a consensus SMAD binding element in the CTGF promoter abolished TGF-β-induced expression) and also requires Ras/MEK/ERK and PKC pathways; SMAD and Ras/MEK/ERK act synergistically and independently. CTGF promoter-reporter assays with SMAD binding element mutation, pharmacological inhibitors of MEK/ERK and PKC, mRNA and protein expression analysis Kidney international High 12234285
2005 CTGF enhances TGF-β/Smad signaling in mesangial cells by transcriptionally suppressing Smad7 via induction of the transcription factor TIEG-1. This blocks the negative feedback loop of TGF-β signaling, enhancing Smad2/3 phosphorylation and nuclear translocation and increasing PAI-1 and collagen III expression. Antisense oligonucleotides against TIEG-1, SBE4-Luc reporter assay, Western blot for pSmad2/3, RT-PCR for target genes Experimental cell research Medium 15950619
2012 CCN2 binds fibroblast growth factor receptors FGFR2 and FGFR3 (higher affinity for FGFR2), and enhances binding of FGF2 and FGF4 to FGFR2. CCN2 and FGF2 have a collaborative effect on ERK phosphorylation and osteoblast differentiation. Protein array screening, co-immunoprecipitation, solid-phase binding assay, SPR, ERK phosphorylation assay, osteoblast differentiation assay FEBS letters High 23142580
2011 The C-terminal (CT) module of CCN2 directly binds FGF2 (Kd = 5.5 nM, measured by SPR). When combined with FGF2, the CT module abolishes FGF2-induced chondrocyte proliferation and MMP-9 and MMP-13 production by blocking FGF receptor 1 signaling (reducing ERK1/2, p38 MAPK, and JNK phosphorylation). Full-length CCN2 (but not CT alone) binds FGFR1 (Kd = 362 nM). Solid-phase binding assay, co-immunoprecipitation-Western blot, SPR, cell proliferation assay, MMP production assay, Western blot for signaling kinases Endocrinology High 21914781
2012 CCN2 forms homotypic dimers (CCN2-CCN2) and heterotypic dimers with CCN3 (CCN2-CCN3) with dissociation constants of 1.17 nM and 1.95 nM respectively. CCN2 enhances aggrecan and col2a1 expression in chondrocytes, while CCN3 inhibits it; combined CCN2+CCN3 abolishes CCN3's inhibitory effect. An anti-VWC domain antibody (11H3) modulates these interactions. Yeast two-hybrid screening, co-immunoprecipitation in vitro and in vivo, surface plasmon resonance, fluorescence colocalization (GFP/Halo fusion), mRNA expression assays The FEBS journal High 22812570
2016 CCN2 induces cellular senescence in fibroblasts through integrin α6β1-mediated accumulation of reactive oxygen species, leading to activation of p53 and induction of p16INK4a. Senescent cells express an anti-fibrotic SASP including upregulation of MMPs and downregulation of collagen. Application of purified CCN2 protein to cutaneous wounds induces senescent cells and reduces collagen content. In vitro CCN2 treatment of fibroblasts, integrin blocking antibodies, ROS measurement, p53/p16 activation assays, Ccn2 knockdown in vivo, purified CCN2 protein wound application Journal of cell communication and signaling Medium 27752926
2010 The C-terminal (CT) domain of CCN2 is required for its pro-hypertrophic activity in cardiomyocytes. Deletion of the CT domain transforms CCN2 into a CCN5-like dominant negative molecule; fusion of the CT domain to CCN5 converts it to a pro-hypertrophic molecule. CCN2 overexpression in transgenic mice increases cardiac fibrosis and TGF-β-SMAD signaling in response to pressure overload. Domain deletion/fusion constructs in isolated cardiomyocytes, CCN2 transgenic mice with pressure overload, TGF-β-SMAD signaling assays Journal of molecular and cellular cardiology Medium 20030435
2018 In cardiac fibrosis, CCN2 acts in an autocrine fashion: fibroblast-derived CCN2 (not cardiomyocyte-derived CCN2) mediates angiotensin II-induced cardiac fibrotic remodeling. Cell-type specific conditional deletion of CCN2 in activated fibroblasts inhibited fibrosis, while deletion from cardiomyocytes had no effect. Cell-type specific conditional CCN2 knockout mice (Cre-lox), angiotensin II-induced fibrosis model, in vitro fibroblast activation assays Journal of molecular and cellular cardiology High 30040954
2018 In skeletal muscle, myofiber-derived CCN2 (not fibroblast-derived CCN2) mediates deleterious ECM remodeling and collagen organization in dystrophic (Sgcd-/- ) muscle. Myofiber-specific CTGF deletion protected against the dystrophic phenotype, while fibroblast-specific deletion did not. Muscle-specific CTGF overexpression altered collagen content and organization after injury without driving fibrosis. Conditional cell-type-specific Ctgf knockout mice (myofiber vs. fibroblast), muscle-specific Ctgf transgenic mice, dystrophic mouse model (Sgcd-/-), muscle regeneration and collagen organization assays FASEB journal High 30216109
2008 TGF-β1-induced CCN2/CTGF expression in human gingival fibroblasts is mediated by Rac1 and Cdc42 (not RhoA). Dominant-negative Cdc42 or Rac1 dramatically reduced CCN2 protein levels. A geranylgeranyltransferase inhibitor blocked CCN2 induction independently of JNK1. Combination of lovastatin (inhibiting Rho-GTPase geranylgeranylation) and forskolin reduced CCN2 mRNA and protein by >90%. Dominant-negative Rho-GTPase overexpression, geranylgeranyltransferase inhibitor, JNK1 phosphorylation assays, mRNA and protein expression analysis The Journal of biological chemistry Medium 18287089
2013 Reducing CTGF availability in mdx mice (hemizygous Ctgf deletion or anti-CTGF neutralizing antibody FG-3019) reduced muscular dystrophy severity, improved muscle strength, reduced fibrosis and apoptotic damage, without affecting TGF-β, pERK1/2 or p38 signaling. Reduced CTGF also improved engraftment of dystrophin-positive satellite cells. Ctgf+/- mdx genetic model, anti-CTGF monoclonal antibody (FG-3019) treatment, exercise endurance tests, isolated muscle strength assays, histology for fibrosis/apoptosis, satellite cell transplantation Human molecular genetics High 23904456
2014 CTGF negatively regulates BMP-2-induced osteoblast differentiation and Smad1/5/8 phosphorylation. CTGF knockout osteoblasts show enhanced BMP-2-induced differentiation with increased pSmad1/5/8 and BMP receptor Ib expression; conversely, adenoviral CTGF overexpression decreases osteoblast maturation and pSmad1/5/8 in BMP-2-stimulated cultures. CTGF knockout mouse osteoblast cultures, adenoviral CTGF overexpression, BMP-2 stimulation, Smad1/5/8 phosphorylation assays, osteoblast differentiation/mineralization assays Journal of cellular physiology Medium 24127409
2013 CCN2/CTGF is required for matrix organization and protection of growth plate chondrocytes from ER stress. Ccn2-/- chondrocytes exhibit enlarged endoplasmic reticula; CCN2 mediates chondrocyte survival through integrin α5 and promotes NFκB expression and autophagy pathway components. CCN2 overexpression in transgenic mice reduces chondrocyte stress. Ccn2-/- mouse growth plates, CCN2-overexpressing transgenic mice, immunofluorescence for ER stress markers, integrin α5 blocking, NFκB expression assays, autophagy pathway analysis Journal of cell communication and signaling Medium 23666466
2020 CTGF is expressed by endothelial cells in the developing retinal vasculature. Endothelial cell-specific or global CTGF deletion impairs vascular cell growth, morphogenesis, and blood barrier function. CTGF regulates YAP expression, and re-expression of YAP partially rescues angiogenesis and barriergenesis in CTGF mutant retinas, establishing a CTGF-YAP regulatory loop. Endothelial cell-specific and global Ctgf knockout mice, retinal vascular morphogenesis assays, YAP re-expression rescue experiments, blood-retinal barrier assays iScience High 32502964
2020 The CT domain of CTGF/CCN2 directly binds to the third beta-propeller domain of LRP4. CTGF enhances LRP4-MuSK binding and LRP4 plasma membrane localization, facilitates agrin-induced MuSK phosphorylation, and promotes AChR clustering in myotubes. Ctgf-/- embryos have small AChR clusters, abnormal synaptic vesicle dispersion, reduced active zones, fewer mitochondria in presynaptic terminals, and impaired NMJ signal transmission. Direct binding assay (CT domain to LRP4), co-immunoprecipitation, Ctgf-/- mouse embryo analysis, AChR clustering assay in myotubes, ultrastructural analysis, NMJ electrophysiology EMBO reports High 32558157
2006 SGK1 is required for mineralocorticoid (DOCA)-induced CTGF expression and cardiac fibrosis. DOCA enhanced CTGF expression and promoter activity in sgk1+/+ but not sgk1-/- lung fibroblasts, an effect involving spironolactone-sensitive mineralocorticoid receptors and NF-κB activation. sgk1-/- mice did not develop cardiac fibrosis under DOCA/high-salt treatment. SGK1 knockout mice, DOCA/high-salt treatment model, CTGF promoter-reporter assay, Western blot, pharmacological inhibition with spironolactone and NF-κB inhibitors Journal of molecular medicine Medium 16604333
2014 CCN2 promotes resistance to cisplatin-induced apoptosis in osteosarcoma cells through upregulation of Bcl-xL and survivin, and by activating FAK, MEK, and ERK survival signaling pathways. CCN2 knockdown by shRNA increased the therapeutic effect of cisplatin in vitro and in a mouse xenograft model. CCN2 overexpression/shRNA knockdown in osteosarcoma cells, Bcl-xL/survivin knockdown experiments, FAK/MEK/ERK phosphorylation assays, mouse xenograft model PloS one Medium 24637722
2017 CTGF promotes angiopoietin 2 (Angpt2) expression and angiogenesis in osteosarcoma via the PLC/PKCδ signaling pathway. CTGF negatively regulates endogenous miR-543 via PLC/PKCδ, and miR-543 targets Angpt2 mRNA, establishing a CTGF→PLC/PKCδ→miR-543→Angpt2 axis mediating tumor angiogenesis. CTGF overexpression in osteosarcoma cells, PLC/PKCδ inhibitors, miR-543 overexpression/knockdown, in vitro and in vivo angiogenesis assays, luciferase reporter for miR-543/Angpt2 interaction Cancer letters Medium 28108312
2014 Loss of CCN2 in melanoma cells or fibroblasts impedes melanoma invasion. Fibroblast-derived CCN2 promotes melanoma metastasis to lungs in vivo. CCN2-deficient melanoma cells show reduced periostin expression; addition of recombinant periostin rescues the invasion defect, placing CCN2 upstream of periostin in the invasion pathway. Fibroblast-specific Ccn2 knockout mice (syngeneic melanoma model), CCN2 knockdown in B16(F10) cells, in vitro collagen invasion assay, in vivo spontaneous metastasis assay, recombinant periostin rescue experiment The Journal of investigative dermatology Medium 26168233
2022 CCN2/CTGF promotes liver fibrosis through crosstalk with the Slit2/Robo signaling pathway. CTGF and its truncated mutant (first three domains) interact with the 7th-9th EGF repeats and CT motif of Slit2 in HSC and fibrotic liver. CTGF upregulates Slit2, promotes HSC activation, and CCN2/Slit2 synergistically activate PI3K/AKT in primary HSC. Soluble Robo1-Fc chimera inhibits these activities. Conditional CCN2 KO reduced Slit2, α-SMA, and Collagen type I. Tamoxifen-inducible conditional Ccn2 KO mice, hepatocyte-specific Ccn2 KO rats (Cre-lox), co-immunoprecipitation of CTGF with Slit2 in cultured HSC and fibrotic liver, PI3K/AKT activation assays, Robo1-Fc inhibition experiments Journal of cell communication and signaling Medium 36469291
2021 Dysregulation of PI3K and Hippo signaling (PTEN and SAV1 loss) induces chronic pancreatitis via CTGF upregulation. CEBPA knockdown in pancreatic acinar cells reduced PTEN and SAV1 and increased CTGF, inducing acinar-to-ductal metaplasia and activating macrophages and stellate cells—effects mitigated by CTGF inhibition. CP in double KO mice was ameliorated by Ctgf gene deletion or antibody-mediated CTGF neutralization. Pancreas-specific Pten/Sav1 double KO mice, Ctgf gene deletion, anti-CTGF antibody neutralization, CEBPA knockdown in pancreatic acinar cells, co-culture activation assays The Journal of clinical investigation High 34032634
2021 CTGF facilitates gap junction intercellular communication (GJIC) in chondrocytes by upregulating connexin 43 (Cx43) expression through activation of PI3K/Akt signaling (promoting Akt phosphorylation and translocation). siRNA-mediated CTGF knockdown reduced Cx43, and PI3K/Akt inhibition impaired CTGF-enhanced GJIC. CTGF treatment of chondrocytes, siRNA knockdown of CTGF, PI3K/Akt inhibition, Western blot for Cx43 and pAkt, scrape loading/dye transfer assay for GJIC Cell proliferation Medium 33522639
2014 CCN2 knockdown in osteosarcoma cells blocked Smad1, ERK1/2, and MMP2 activation. CTGF knockdown by siRNA inhibited osteosarcoma cell migration in vitro and lung metastasis in vivo. CTGF and Smad1 were confirmed as direct targets of miR-26b by luciferase reporter assay (binding to 3'-UTR of CTGF mRNA). siRNA knockdown of CTGF, luciferase reporter assay with CTGF 3'-UTR, phospho-Smad1/ERK1/2/MMP2 assays, migration assay, in vivo lung metastasis model Tumour biology Medium 25761878
2018 In bovine blastocysts, TEAD4 regulates CCN2 expression in trophectoderm (TE). CCN2 knockdown reduces CDX2, GATA2, and TEAD4 expression and decreases TE-to-ICM cell ratio, demonstrating a reciprocal TEAD4-CCN2 regulatory loop essential for TE development. siRNA-mediated TEAD4 and CCN2 knockdown in bovine blastocysts, immunofluorescence, mRNA expression analysis, cell number counting Reproduction (Cambridge, England) Medium 29661794
2016 miR-133b directly targets the 3'-UTR of CTGF mRNA (confirmed by dual-luciferase assay), suppressing CTGF expression. miR-133b overexpression reduces ovarian cancer cell migration and invasion; co-transfection with CTGF overexpression plasmid rescues the mesenchymal phenotype (EMT markers) and invasive capacity. Dual-luciferase reporter assay with CTGF 3'-UTR, miR-133b transfection, CTGF rescue overexpression, Western blot for EMT markers, Transwell invasion assay European review for medical and pharmacological sciences Medium 29271992
2016 miR-19a, miR-19b, and miR-26b directly bind the 3'-UTR of CTGF mRNA (verified by luciferase assay) and suppress CTGF expression. ET-1 and thrombin reduce these miRNA levels via MAPK activation, leading to CTGF upregulation and fibroblast differentiation (α-SMA, vimentin expression). Intratracheal delivery of these miRNAs reduced pulmonary fibrosis in bleomycin-treated mice. Luciferase reporter assay with CTGF 3'-UTR, miRNA overexpression, MAPK inhibitors, in vivo bleomycin pulmonary fibrosis model with miRNA delivery Journal of cellular physiology Medium 26873752
2014 CCN2 knockdown in nasopharyngeal carcinoma cells activates FAK/PI3K/AKT signaling and downstream EMT and MMP pathways, promoting cell proliferation, migration, invasion, and G1/S cell cycle transition, suggesting that CTGF normally suppresses these pathways in NPC. CTGF knockdown by siRNA in NPC cells, FAK/PI3K/AKT phosphorylation assays, cell cycle analysis, migration/invasion assays, colony formation assay PloS one Medium 23755163
2011 Mechanical tension (cyclical strain) induces CCN2 expression in gingival fibroblasts through rapid activation of latent TGFβ (in a FAK/src- and blebbistatin-sensitive manner) and induction of endothelin-1 (ET-1). Pharmacological inhibition of ALK5, endothelin A/B receptors, and FAK/src significantly reduced strain-induced CCN2 expression. Flexercell cyclical strain system, pharmacological inhibitors (ALK5/TGFβRI inhibitor, endothelin receptor antagonist, FAK/src inhibitor, blebbistatin), mRNA and protein expression assays PloS one Medium 21611193
2014 YY1 (Yin Yang 1) transcriptionally regulates both Bmp7 (positively) and Ctgf (negatively) in cardiomyocytes. Combined upregulation of Bmp7 and Ctgf silencing synergistically suppressed dilated cardiomyopathy and cardiac fibrosis by inhibiting TGF-β/Smad signaling and reducing CD3+ T cell infiltration in DCM hearts. YY1 overexpression, Ctgf silencing (shRNA), Bmp7 knockdown, Bmp7/Ctgf reporter assays in cardiomyocytes, Lmna DCM mouse model, TGF-β/Smad signaling assays, histology Circulation research Medium 31495264
2014 CCN2 promotes osteosarcoma cell invasion via periostin. CCN2-deficient cells showed reduced periostin expression and impaired collagen invasion in vitro; recombinant periostin rescued the invasion defect, establishing CCN2→periostin as a pro-invasive axis. CCN2 knockdown in B16(F10) and osteosarcoma cells, in vitro collagen invasion assay, recombinant periostin rescue, immunohistochemistry The Journal of investigative dermatology Medium 26168233
2017 CTGF expression in V600EBRAF melanoma cells depends on ERK1/2 activity (not NF-κB activity), as demonstrated by simultaneous inhibition of NF-κB activity and induction of ERK1/2 phosphorylation experiments; vemurafenib and trametinib (ERK1/2 pathway inhibitors) significantly reduced CTGF expression. Pharmacological inhibition of NF-κB and ERK1/2, vemurafenib/trametinib treatment, qRT-PCR and Western blot for CTGF Laboratory investigation Low 28067893
2001 CTGF mRNA expression in osteocytes and osteoblasts in alveolar bone is rapidly upregulated (within 12 hours) in response to experimental tooth movement (mechanical stimulation), both near the periodontal ligament and deep in bone matrix on both tension and compression sides, indicating a role for CTGF in osteocyte mechanotransduction. In situ hybridization for CTGF mRNA in alveolar bone during experimental tooth movement in rats Journal of dental research Low 11332533
2014 Compressive force loading increases CCN2 gene expression and protein production in osteocytes, inducing apoptosis through ERK1/2 activation. Exogenous CCN2 protein caused ERK1/2 activation and apoptosis; a neutralizing CCN2 antibody blocked loading-induced ERK1/2 activation and apoptosis. Compressive force loading of osteocytes in vitro, exogenous CCN2 protein treatment, anti-CCN2 neutralizing antibody, ERK1/2 phosphorylation assays, apoptosis assays Journal of bone and mineral research Medium 24155087

Source papers

Stage 0 corpus · 100 papers · ranked by NIH iCite citations
Year Title Journal Citations PMID
2002 Connective-tissue growth factor (CTGF) modulates cell signalling by BMP and TGF-beta. Nature cell biology 769 12134160
2002 Pathogenesis of fibrosis: role of TGF-beta and CTGF. Current opinion in rheumatology 303 12410091
2018 Connective tissue growth factor (CTGF) from basics to clinics. Matrix biology : journal of the International Society for Matrix Biology 263 29574063
2003 Connective tissue growth factor (CTGF/CCN2) in hepatic fibrosis. Hepatology research : the official journal of the Japan Society of Hepatology 198 12787797
2002 CTGF expression in mesangial cells: involvement of SMADs, MAP kinase, and PKC. Kidney international 182 12234285
2006 Mechanical regulation of the Cyr61/CCN1 and CTGF/CCN2 proteins. The FEBS journal 167 16856934
2009 Connective tissue growth factor-(CTGF, CCN2)--a marker, mediator and therapeutic target for renal fibrosis. Nephron. Experimental nephrology 160 19955828
2009 Connective tissue growth factor (CTGF, CCN2) gene regulation: a potent clinical bio-marker of fibroproliferative disease? Journal of cell communication and signaling 157 19156539
2004 CCN2 (connective tissue growth factor) promotes fibroblast adhesion to fibronectin. Molecular biology of the cell 149 15371538
2003 Role of CTGF/HCS24/ecogenin in skeletal growth control. Journal of cellular physiology 148 12548546
2015 Cellular and molecular actions of CCN2/CTGF and its role under physiological and pathological conditions. Clinical science (London, England : 1979) 142 25294165
2007 Reduction of VEGF-A and CTGF expression in diabetic nephropathy is associated with podocyte loss. Kidney international 135 17264876
2007 Expression of Cyr61, CTGF, and WISP-1 correlates with clinical features of lung cancer. PloS one 125 17579708
2013 Reducing CTGF/CCN2 slows down mdx muscle dystrophy and improves cell therapy. Human molecular genetics 120 23904456
2010 The opposing effects of CCN2 and CCN5 on the development of cardiac hypertrophy and fibrosis. Journal of molecular and cellular cardiology 119 20430035
2008 CTGF inhibits BMP-7 signaling in diabetic nephropathy. Journal of the American Society of Nephrology : JASN 116 18632843
2008 Connective tissue growth factor (CTGF) and cancer progression. Journal of biomedical science 115 18622762
2009 Connective tissue growth factor (CCN2, CTGF) and organ fibrosis: lessons from transgenic animals. Journal of cell communication and signaling 114 19798591
2006 SGK1-dependent cardiac CTGF formation and fibrosis following DOCA treatment. Journal of molecular medicine (Berlin, Germany) 110 16604333
2018 CTGF in kidney fibrosis and glomerulonephritis. Inflammation and regeneration 107 30123390
2018 CTGF/CCN2 is an autocrine regulator of cardiac fibrosis. Journal of molecular and cellular cardiology 102 30040954
2011 The role of connective tissue growth factor (CTGF/CCN2) in skeletogenesis. Critical reviews in eukaryotic gene expression 97 21967332
2015 The role of CTGF in diabetic retinopathy. Experimental eye research 91 25819453
2005 Modulation of the TGFbeta/Smad signaling pathway in mesangial cells by CTGF/CCN2. Experimental cell research 83 15950619
2006 Epithelial and connective tissue cell CTGF/CCN2 expression in gingival fibrosis. The Journal of pathology 82 16841303
2020 Targeting CTGF in Cancer: An Emerging Therapeutic Opportunity. Trends in cancer 80 33358571
2003 Urinary CCN2 (CTGF) as a possible predictor of diabetic nephropathy: preliminary report. Kidney international 80 12846740
2011 Mechanical tension increases CCN2/CTGF expression and proliferation in gingival fibroblasts via a TGFβ-dependent mechanism. PloS one 78 21611193
2017 CTGF promotes osteosarcoma angiogenesis by regulating miR-543/angiopoietin 2 signaling. Cancer letters 75 28108312
2011 CTGF is overexpressed in malignant melanoma and promotes cell invasion and migration. British journal of cancer 70 21673687
2022 Multifunctional regulatory protein connective tissue growth factor (CTGF): A potential therapeutic target for diverse diseases. Acta pharmaceutica Sinica. B 64 35847511
2016 CCN2 induces cellular senescence in fibroblasts. Journal of cell communication and signaling 61 27752926
2018 S1P Stimulates Proliferation by Upregulating CTGF Expression through S1PR2-Mediated YAP Activation. Molecular cancer research : MCR 60 29903770
2004 Expression and localization of connective tissue growth factor (CTGF/Hcs24/CCN2) in osteoarthritic cartilage. Osteoarthritis and cartilage 60 15450526
2012 Regulation of pancreatic function by connective tissue growth factor (CTGF, CCN2). Cytokine & growth factor reviews 58 22884427
2001 Mechanical stimulation induces CTGF expression in rat osteocytes. Journal of dental research 58 11332533
2019 Curcumin Suppresses Hepatic Stellate Cell-Induced Hepatocarcinoma Angiogenesis and Invasion through Downregulating CTGF. Oxidative medicine and cellular longevity 57 30800209
2014 Deregulated expression of connective tissue growth factor (CTGF/CCN2) is linked to poor outcome in human cancer. International journal of cancer 57 24832082
2007 Connective tissue growth factor (CTGF) expression and outcome in adult patients with acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Blood 57 17170128
2007 CTGF, intestinal stellate cells and carcinoid fibrogenesis. World journal of gastroenterology 57 17876891
2022 Amphiregulin induces CCN2 and fibronectin expression by TGF-β through EGFR-dependent pathway in lung epithelial cells. Respiratory research 56 36578010
2015 Matricellular proteins of the Cyr61/CTGF/NOV (CCN) family and the nervous system. Frontiers in cellular neuroscience 56 26157362
2011 Connective tissue growth factor (CTGF/CCN2) ELISA: a novel tool for monitoring fibrosis. Biomarkers : biochemical indicators of exposure, response, and susceptibility to chemicals 55 21595567
2017 Connective tissue growth factor (CTGF) in age-related vascular pathologies. GeroScience 54 28875415
2019 Yin Yang 1 Suppresses Dilated Cardiomyopathy and Cardiac Fibrosis Through Regulation of Bmp7 and Ctgf. Circulation research 52 31495264
2020 A CTGF-YAP Regulatory Pathway Is Essential for Angiogenesis and Barriergenesis in the Retina. iScience 51 32502964
2009 CTGF and chronic kidney fibrosis. Frontiers in bioscience (Scholar edition) 51 19482689
2020 Blocking CTGF/CCN2 reduces established skeletal muscle fibrosis in a rat model of overuse injury. FASEB journal : official publication of the Federation of American Societies for Experimental Biology 50 32227398
2008 Transforming growth factor-beta1 (TGFbeta1) stimulates connective tissue growth factor (CCN2/CTGF) expression in human gingival fibroblasts through a RhoA-independent, Rac1/Cdc42-dependent mechanism: statins with forskolin block TGFbeta1-induced CCN2/CTGF expression. The Journal of biological chemistry 49 18287089
2014 Connective tissue growth factor (CTGF/CCN2) negatively regulates BMP-2 induced osteoblast differentiation and signaling. Journal of cellular physiology 48 24127409
2012 CCN2/CTGF binds to fibroblast growth factor receptor 2 and modulates its signaling. FEBS letters 48 23142580
1996 Differential expression of novH and CTGF in human glioma cell lines. Clinical molecular pathology 48 16696057
2002 Expression, gene regulation, and roles of Fisp12/CTGF in developing tooth germs. Developmental dynamics : an official publication of the American Association of Anatomists 46 12112457
2011 Effect of CCN2 on FGF2-induced proliferation and MMP9 and MMP13 productions by chondrocytes. Endocrinology 44 21914781
2010 Expression of CTGF and Cyr61 in colorectal cancer. Journal of clinical pathology 44 21081514
2014 CCN2 enhances resistance to cisplatin-mediating cell apoptosis in human osteosarcoma. PloS one 40 24637722
2014 New strategy to control cell migration and metastasis regulated by CCN2/CTGF. Cancer cell international 39 25120383
2013 Connective tissue growth factor (CCN2) in blood vessels. Vascular pharmacology 39 23380714
2018 Genetic manipulation of CCN2/CTGF unveils cell-specific ECM-remodeling effects in injured skeletal muscle. FASEB journal : official publication of the Federation of American Societies for Experimental Biology 38 30216109
2019 Effect of dose and release rate of CTGF and TGFβ3 on avascular meniscus healing. Journal of orthopaedic research : official publication of the Orthopaedic Research Society 37 30908692
2018 The inhibition of CTGF/CCN2 activity improves muscle and locomotor function in a murine ALS model. Human molecular genetics 37 29860398
2008 Cyr61/CCN1 and CTGF/CCN2 mediate the proangiogenic activity of VHL-mutant renal carcinoma cells. Carcinogenesis 36 18212329
2012 Roles of heterotypic CCN2/CTGF-CCN3/NOV and homotypic CCN2-CCN2 interactions in expression of the differentiated phenotype of chondrocytes. The FEBS journal 35 22812570
2006 Role of CCN2/CTGF in the proliferation of Mastomys enterochromaffin-like cells and gastric carcinoid development. American journal of physiology. Gastrointestinal and liver physiology 34 16950763
2017 Expression of CTGF/CCN2 in response to LPA is stimulated by fibrotic extracellular matrix via the integrin/FAK axis. American journal of physiology. Cell physiology 33 29351412
2015 CCN2 Expression by Tumor Stroma Is Required for Melanoma Metastasis. The Journal of investigative dermatology 33 26168233
2015 Connective-Tissue Growth Factor (CTGF/CCN2) Induces Astrogenesis and Fibronectin Expression of Embryonic Neural Cells In Vitro. PloS one 33 26241738
2021 CTGF facilitates cell-cell communication in chondrocytes via PI3K/Akt signalling pathway. Cell proliferation 32 33522639
2021 SREBP1 promotes invasive phenotypes by upregulating CYR61/CTGF via the Hippo-YAP pathway. Endocrine-related cancer 31 34821220
2019 Caught between a "Rho" and a hard place: are CCN1/CYR61 and CCN2/CTGF the arbiters of microvascular stiffness? Journal of cell communication and signaling 31 31376071
2016 A potential role for CCN2/CTGF in aggressive colorectal cancer. Journal of cell communication and signaling 31 27613407
2008 The Notochord, Notochordal cell and CTGF/CCN-2: ongoing activity from development through maturation. Journal of cell communication and signaling 31 19003520
2019 CTGF/CCN2 from Skeletal Muscle to Nervous System: Impact on Neurodegenerative Diseases. Molecular neurobiology 30 30689195
2017 MiR-133b regulates the expression of CTGF in epithelial-mesenchymal transition of ovarian cancer. European review for medical and pharmacological sciences 30 29271992
2016 miR-19a, -19b, and -26b Mediate CTGF Expression and Pulmonary Fibroblast Differentiation. Journal of cellular physiology 30 26873752
2013 Reduced CTGF expression promotes cell growth, migration, and invasion in nasopharyngeal carcinoma. PloS one 30 23755163
2013 CCN2: a novel, specific and valid target for anti-fibrotic drug intervention. Expert opinion on therapeutic targets 30 23848501
2012 EGFR/TGFα and TGFβ/CTGF Signaling in Neuroendocrine Neoplasia: Theoretical Therapeutic Targets. Neuroendocrinology 30 22710195
2015 CCN2 and CCN5 exerts opposing effect on fibroblast proliferation and transdifferentiation induced by TGF-β. Clinical and experimental pharmacology & physiology 29 26218313
2014 Compressive force-produced CCN2 induces osteocyte apoptosis through ERK1/2 pathway. Journal of bone and mineral research : the official journal of the American Society for Bone and Mineral Research 29 24155087
2012 Neuregulin induces CTGF expression in hypertrophic scarring fibroblasts. Molecular and cellular biochemistry 28 22350758
2009 Association between a CTGF gene polymorphism and systemic sclerosis in a French population. The Journal of rheumatology 28 20032097
2021 Dysregulation of PI3K and Hippo signaling pathways synergistically induces chronic pancreatitis via CTGF upregulation. The Journal of clinical investigation 27 34032634
2013 CCN2/CTGF is required for matrix organization and to protect growth plate chondrocytes from cellular stress. Journal of cell communication and signaling 27 23666466
2022 CCN2/CTGF promotes liver fibrosis through crosstalk with the Slit2/Robo signaling. Journal of cell communication and signaling 26 36469291
2021 Driving fibrosis in neuromuscular diseases: Role and regulation of Connective tissue growth factor (CCN2/CTGF). Matrix biology plus 26 34435178
2017 Vemurafenib and trametinib reduce expression of CTGF and IL-8 in V600EBRAF melanoma cells. Laboratory investigation; a journal of technical methods and pathology 26 28067893
2008 Regulation of CCN2/CTGF and related cytokines in cultured peritoneal cells under conditions simulating peritoneal dialysis. Nephrology, dialysis, transplantation : official publication of the European Dialysis and Transplant Association - European Renal Association 26 18805993
2017 Caffeine modulates glucocorticoid-induced expression of CTGF in lung epithelial cells and fibroblasts. Respiratory research 24 28330503
2016 Role of CTGF in Sensitivity to Hyperthermia in Ovarian and Uterine Cancers. Cell reports 24 27806300
2015 MicroRNA-26b inhibits metastasis of osteosarcoma via targeting CTGF and Smad1. Tumour biology : the journal of the International Society for Oncodevelopmental Biology and Medicine 24 25761878
2014 A perspective on anti-CCN2 therapy for chronic kidney disease. Nephrology, dialysis, transplantation : official publication of the European Dialysis and Transplant Association - European Renal Association 23 24493868
2019 Loss of fibrocystin promotes interleukin-8-dependent proliferation and CTGF production of biliary epithelium. Journal of hepatology 22 30898581
2015 Rapamycin increases CCN2 expression of lung fibroblasts via phosphoinositide 3-kinase. Laboratory investigation; a journal of technical methods and pathology 22 26192087
2020 Blocking CTGF/CCN2 reverses neural fibrosis and sensorimotor declines in a rat model of overuse-induced median mononeuropathy. Journal of orthopaedic research : official publication of the Orthopaedic Research Society 21 32379362
2018 Reciprocal regulation of TEAD4 and CCN2 for the trophectoderm development of the bovine blastocyst. Reproduction (Cambridge, England) 21 29661794
2018 Development of Normal and Cleft Palate: A Central Role for Connective Tissue Growth Factor (CTGF)/CCN2. Journal of developmental biology 21 30029495
2015 Potential Renoprotective Agents through Inhibiting CTGF/CCN2 in Diabetic Nephropathy. Journal of diabetes research 21 26421309
2020 CTGF/CCN2 facilitates LRP4-mediated formation of the embryonic neuromuscular junction. EMBO reports 20 32558157
2019 CTGF: A potential therapeutic target for Bronchopulmonary dysplasia. European journal of pharmacology 20 31377154

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