Affinage

CABP1

Calcium-binding protein 1 · UniProt Q9NZU7

Length
370 aa
Mass
39.8 kDa
Annotated
2026-06-09
25 papers in source corpus 13 papers cited in narrative 13 extracted findings
Cross-family judge vs UniProt: Affinage preferred faithfulness: 6/6 claims corpus-supported (100%)

Mechanistic narrative

Synthesis pass · prose summary of the discoveries below

CaBP1 (caldendrin) is a neuronal EF-hand Ca2+-binding protein that acts as a bifunctional Ca2+ sensor regulating voltage-gated Ca2+ channels and intracellular Ca2+-release channels to shape activity-dependent neuronal signaling (PMID:16147998, PMID:29548764). It binds Mg2+ constitutively at EF-1 and Ca2+ cooperatively at EF-3/EF-4, with Mg2+ and Ca2+ stabilizing distinct conformational states; the C-domain undergoes a calmodulin-like closed-to-open transition upon Ca2+ binding while the N-domain remains closed with Mg2+ at EF-1 (PMID:16147998, PMID:19008222). Through its C-lobe, Ca2+-CaBP1 binds the N-terminal suppressor and InsP3-binding core domains of InsP3R1 and clamps the intersubunit interface that InsP3 must disrupt to gate the channel, thereby inhibiting InsP3-evoked Ca2+ release (PMID:19008222, PMID:23650371). At CaV1 (L-type) channels, CaBP1 anchors its C-lobe to the IQ domain — overlapping the Ca2+/CaM site — while N-lobe and interlobe linker residues mediate suppression of Ca2+-dependent inactivation; CaBP1 and CaM compete for the IQ motif through their apo states, and atomic-resolution structures define the IQ contacts and show CaBP1 raises channel open probability (PMID:21134641, PMID:23811053, PMID:41859936). CaBP1 additionally engages the CaV1.2 N-terminal domain in a Ca2+-independent manner to modulate voltage-dependent gating (PMID:21383011). In native neurons, endogenous CaBP1 suppresses CaV1 inactivation and couples channel activity to CREB phosphorylation and activity-dependent neurite-growth control (PMID:29548764), and in the auditory and visual systems CaBP1 (cooperatively with CaBP2 in inner hair cells) sustains Ca2+ signaling required for sound encoding and retinal light-response transmission (PMID:39718549, PMID:27822497).

Mechanistic history

Synthesis pass · year-by-year structured walk · 9 steps
  1. 2005 High

    Establishing the metal-binding logic of CaBP1 answered how it could function as a Ca2+ sensor with a non-canonical EF-hand array.

    Evidence NMR, ITC, and thermal stability analyses of recombinant CaBP1

    PMID:16147998

    Open questions at the time
    • Did not establish which downstream targets read out the Mg2+ vs Ca2+ states
    • Functional consequence of dimerization in cells unresolved
  2. 2008 High

    Solving the two-state structures and identifying InsP3R1 binding linked CaBP1's conformational switch to a defined effector domain.

    Evidence NMR structure determination of Mg2+- and Ca2+-bound CaBP1 plus ITC binding to InsP3R1 fragments

    PMID:19008222

    Open questions at the time
    • Did not resolve how binding alters InsP3R gating
    • C-domain vs N-domain contributions to channel regulation not yet functionally tested
  3. 2010 High

    Mapping separable CaBP1 modules to the CaV1.2 IQ domain explained how CaBP1 both anchors to and functionally inverts the calmodulin regulatory site.

    Evidence Structural analysis, electrophysiology, and mutagenesis of CaV1.2

    PMID:21134641

    Open questions at the time
    • Why functional EF-hands are dispensable for CDI inhibition not fully explained
    • In vivo relevance not addressed
  4. 2011 Medium

    Identifying a Ca2+-independent CaBP1 contact on the CaV1.2 N-terminus revealed a second, modular regulatory site distinct from the IQ/CaM axis.

    Evidence Pull-down binding assays and electrophysiology of spliced CaV1.2 isoforms with deletions

    PMID:21383011

    Open questions at the time
    • Single-lab finding without structural detail
    • Interplay between N-terminal and IQ-domain effects unresolved
  5. 2013 High

    Defining the InsP3R inhibition mechanism and the apo-state CaM/CaBP1 competition unified how CaBP1 controls both release and channel inactivation.

    Evidence NMR PRE, cross-linking and Ca2+-flux assays for InsP3R; ITC, electrophysiology, modeling and CaM-tethering for CaV1 IQ competition

    PMID:23650371 PMID:23811053

    Open questions at the time
    • Quantitative apo-affinity ratios measured in vitro; cellular concentrations setting the balance not determined
    • Whether the InsP3R and CaV1 regulatory modes operate simultaneously in the same cell unaddressed
  6. 2018 Medium

    Knockout studies in spiral ganglion neurons proved endogenous CaBP1 suppresses CaV1 inactivation and links channel activity to CREB and neurite growth in native cells.

    Evidence Patch clamp, neurite growth assays, CREB phosphorylation, and ABR recordings in CaBP1 KO mice

    PMID:29548764 PMID:29661613

    Open questions at the time
    • Did not separate postsynaptic from presynaptic contributions at the molecular level
    • Transcriptional targets downstream of CREB not defined
  7. 2016 Medium

    Retinal knockout phenotypes extended CaBP1's role to sensory transmission, showing it is required for normal light-response kinetics independent of synaptic ultrastructure.

    Evidence Patch clamp of retinal ganglion cells, immunohistochemistry, and electron microscopy in Cabp1 KO mice

    PMID:27822497

    Open questions at the time
    • Specific channel target in retina not pinpointed
    • Pre- vs postsynaptic site of action inferred, not directly demonstrated
  8. 2024 High

    Double-knockout and rescue experiments established functional cooperativity and partial redundancy between CaBP1 and CaBP2 in suppressing CaV1.3 inactivation for hearing.

    Evidence Patch clamp, exocytosis measurements, and in vivo auditory recordings in Cabp1/2 double-KO and CaBP2 rescue mice

    PMID:39718549

    Open questions at the time
    • Degree of CaBP1-specific (non-redundant) function not isolated
    • Molecular basis of cooperativity between the two paralogs unresolved
  9. 2026 High

    Atomic-resolution structure of Ca2+-CaBP1 on the CaV1.2 IQ peptide defined the binding interface and showed reciprocal enhancement of Ca2+ and peptide affinity, linking conformation to increased channel open probability.

    Evidence NMR structure, ITC, charge-reversal mutagenesis, and electrophysiology

    PMID:41859936

    Open questions at the time
    • How open-probability change relates mechanistically to CDI suppression not fully integrated
    • Full-length channel structure with bound CaBP1 not determined

Open questions

Synthesis pass · forward-looking unresolved questions
  • How CaBP1's competing roles at CaV channels, InsP3R, and other IQ-motif partners are coordinated within a single neuron and across cell types remains unresolved.
  • No unified model of target selection in vivo
  • Stoichiometry and local Ca2+/CaM competition in native cells unmeasured
  • Significance of brain interactors from pull-down screens not functionally established

Mechanism profile

Synthesis pass · controlled-vocabulary classification · explore literature graph →
Molecular activity
GO:0098772 molecular function regulator activity 5 GO:0140110 transcription regulator activity 1
Pathway
R-HSA-112316 Neuronal System 4 R-HSA-162582 Signal Transduction 3

Evidence

Reading pass · 13 per-paper findings extracted from the source corpus
Year Finding Method Journal Conf PMIDs
2005 CaBP1 binds Mg2+ constitutively at EF-1 (Kd ~300 µM) and binds Ca2+ cooperatively at EF-3 and EF-4 (Kd ~2.5 µM); no Ca2+ binding detected at EF-2. Mg2+ and Ca2+ induce distinct conformational changes that promote protein dimerization and increased folding stability, suggesting CaBP1 switches between structurally distinct Mg2+-bound and Ca2+-bound states in response to Ca2+ signaling. NMR spectroscopy, isothermal titration calorimetry (ITC), and other biophysical analyses of recombinant CaBP1 The Journal of biological chemistry High 16147998
2008 NMR structures of CaBP1 in Mg2+-bound and Ca2+-bound states show the N-domain (EF1/EF2) adopts a closed conformation with Mg2+ at EF1, while the C-domain undergoes a Ca2+-induced closed-to-open transition (like calmodulin), exposing hydrophobic residues (Leu132, His134, Ile141, Ile144, Val148). Ca2+-bound CaBP1 C-domain binds the N-terminal suppressor and ligand-binding core domains of InsP3R1 (residues 1–587) via ITC, whereas the CaBP1 N-domain and calmodulin did not show appreciable binding under these conditions. NMR structure determination, isothermal titration calorimetry The Journal of biological chemistry High 19008222
2013 CaBP1 inhibits InsP3R activity by clamping intersubunit interactions: the CaBP1 C-lobe binds the β-domain of the InsP3-binding core of InsP3R1 via a hydrophobic cluster (V101, L104, V162 on CaBP1; L302, I364, L393 on InsP3R). CaBP1 promotes the intersubunit interface between the suppressor domain and the InsP3-binding core β-domain, the same interface that InsP3 disrupts to initiate gating. Thus CaBP1 slows InsP3R opening by restricting the conformational changes required for gating, and this inhibition is enhanced by Ca2+ binding to both CaBP1 and InsP3R. NMR paramagnetic relaxation enhancement, targeted cross-linking, Ca2+ flux assays, mutagenesis Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America High 23650371
2010 CaBP1 inhibits CaV1.2 calcium-dependent inactivation (CDI) and induces calcium-dependent facilitation (CDF) through two structurally separable modules: the CaBP1 C-lobe anchors to the CaV1.2 IQ domain (overlapping with Ca2+/CaM C-lobe binding site), while the N-lobe together with interlobe linker residue Glu94 mediates CDI inhibition and CDF. Unlike CaM, functional CaBP1 EF-hands are not required for CDI inhibition. Crystal/structural analysis, electrophysiology, mutagenesis, binding assays Structure (London, England : 1993) High 21134641
2013 CaM and CaBP1 compete directly for the CaV1 IQ domain via their apo (Ca2+-free) states, and the ratio of their apo-state binding affinities quantitatively predicts the functional outcome (CDI vs. CDI inhibition). Ca2+/CaM achieves sub-picomolar affinity for the IQ domain. Covalent tethering of CaM to the channel completely blocks this competition. Isothermal titration calorimetry, cell-based electrophysiology, mathematical modeling, covalent CaM tethering Journal of molecular biology High 23811053
2011 CaBP1 interacts with the distal third of the CaV1.2 α1C N-terminal domain in a Ca2+-independent manner (distinct from the calmodulin-binding site in the N-terminus). CaBP1 also enhances voltage-dependent inactivation (VDI) and causes a depolarizing shift in voltage-dependent activation of CaV1.2. A proximal N-terminal segment separate from the CaBP1-binding site is required for transduction of the VDI effect, indicating modular organization of the N-terminal domain. Pull-down binding assays, electrophysiology of alternatively spliced CaV1.2 isoforms, deletion analysis The Journal of biological chemistry Medium 21383011
2007 CaBP1 binds to the IQ motifs in the myo1c regulatory domain, competing with calmodulin for these sites; CaBP1 has higher apparent affinity for myo1c than CIB1, and both proteins compete better with calmodulin in the presence of calcium. CaBP1 and myo1c colocalize in cells as shown by fluorescence microscopy, and their interaction was confirmed by pull-down experiments with endogenous proteins. Pull-down assays, fluorescence microscopy colocalization, competition binding assays Journal of muscle research and cell motility Medium 17994197
2006 L-CaBP1 (the long isoform of neuronal CaBP1) pulls down ARF1, Ca2+-dependent activator protein for secretion 1 (CAPS1), cyclic nucleotide 3′,5′-phosphodiesterase, vacuolar ATPase, AP1 and AP2 complexes, and the type I TGF-β receptor from bovine brain extracts in a Ca2+-dependent manner; some interactions were specific to CaBP1 and did not overlap with known calmodulin-binding proteins. GST pull-down from bovine brain cytosol/membrane extracts, MALDI-MS, Western blotting Proteomics Low 16470652
2018 In cochlear spiral ganglion neurons (SGNs) from CaBP1 knockout mice, CaV1 (L-type) Ca2+ currents exhibit greater Ca2+-dependent inactivation (CDI) than wild-type, confirming that endogenous CaBP1 suppresses CDI of CaV1 channels in native neurons. Loss of CaBP1 also blunts activity-dependent repression of neurite growth and reduces CaV1-mediated phosphorylation of CREB, establishing that CaBP1 couples CaV1 channel activity to downstream transcriptional signaling. Whole-cell patch clamp electrophysiology in CaBP1 KO SGNs, neurite growth assays, CREB phosphorylation measurements Molecular and cellular neurosciences Medium 29548764
2018 In CaBP1 KO mice, auditory brainstem response (ABR) wave I is larger in amplitude and shorter in latency, consistent with enhanced synchrony of auditory nerve fibers, and spiral ganglion neurons show greater excitability in patch-clamp recordings. Normal presynaptic function of inner hair cells is retained in CaBP1 KO mice, suggesting CaBP1 acts postsynaptically in spiral ganglion neurons rather than at the IHC presynapse. ABR recordings, whole-cell patch clamp of spiral ganglion neurons, auditory physiology in KO mice Hearing research Medium 29661613
2024 CaBP1 and CaBP2 act cooperatively to suppress both voltage-dependent and calcium-dependent inactivation of CaV1.3 channels in inner hair cells (IHCs). In Cabp1/2 double-knockout mice, CaV1.3 inactivation is strongly enhanced, recovery from inactivation is slowed, and sustained exocytosis is severely impaired; transgenic re-expression of CaBP2 alone substantially rescues IHC synaptic function and hearing, demonstrating partial functional redundancy. Patch-clamp electrophysiology (CaV1.3 current recordings), exocytosis measurements, in vivo auditory recordings in double-KO and rescue transgenic mice eLife High 39718549
2016 CaBP1/caldendrin knockout mice show altered retinal ganglion cell light responses (differences in amplitude and kinetics) despite normal gross retinal morphology, normal synapse ribbon counts, and normal ribbon synapse ultrastructure, indicating CaBP1/caldendrin is required for proper transmission of light responses through the retina, likely via presynaptic Ca2+-dependent signaling modulation. Whole-cell patch clamp of retinal ganglion cells in Cabp1 KO mice, immunohistochemistry, transmission electron microscopy eNeuro Medium 27822497
2026 NMR structures of Ca2+-CaBP1 bound to the CaV1.2 IQ-motif peptide identify specific contact residues: CaBP1 residues A107, F111, M128, L131, I144, and M165 contact IQ residues I1654, Y1657, and F1658, with a salt bridge between IQ K1662 and CaBP1 D140. Ca2+ binding to CaBP1 is enhanced >40-fold when CaBP1 is bound to the IQ peptide; the IQ peptide binds Ca2+-bound CaBP1 with ~100-fold higher affinity (Kd ~45 nM) than Ca2+-free CaBP1. Electrophysiology suggests CaBP1 increases CaV1.2 channel open probability. NMR structure determination, ITC binding assays, mutagenesis (K1662 charge reversal), electrophysiology Biochemistry High 41859936

Source papers

Stage 0 corpus · 25 papers · ranked by NIH iCite citations
Year Title Journal Citations PMID
1994 Effects of CaBP2, the rat analog of ERp72, and of CaBP1 on the refolding of denatured reduced proteins. Comparison with protein disulfide isomerase. The Journal of biological chemistry 77 8300576
2005 Structural analysis of Mg2+ and Ca2+ binding to CaBP1, a neuron-specific regulator of calcium channels. The Journal of biological chemistry 73 16147998
1995 Two resident ER-proteins, CaBP1 and CaBP2, with thioredoxin domains, are substrates for thioredoxin reductase: comparison with protein disulfide isomerase. FEBS letters 73 7835433
2008 Structural insights into Ca2+-dependent regulation of inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate receptors by CaBP1. The Journal of biological chemistry 53 19008222
2010 Structural basis for the differential effects of CaBP1 and calmodulin on Ca(V)1.2 calcium-dependent inactivation. Structure (London, England : 1993) 52 21134641
2006 Analysis of the interacting partners of the neuronal calcium-binding proteins L-CaBP1, hippocalcin, NCS-1 and neurocalcin delta. Proteomics 50 16470652
2013 Apo states of calmodulin and CaBP1 control CaV1 voltage-gated calcium channel function through direct competition for the IQ domain. Journal of molecular biology 48 23811053
2011 CaBP1 regulates voltage-dependent inactivation and activation of Ca(V)1.2 (L-type) calcium channels. The Journal of biological chemistry 40 21383011
2013 CaBP1, a neuronal Ca2+ sensor protein, inhibits inositol trisphosphate receptors by clamping intersubunit interactions. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 39 23650371
1994 CaBP1, a calcium binding protein of the thioredoxin family, is a resident KDEL protein of the ER and not of the intermediate compartment. Journal of cell science 37 7876340
2014 Localization and expression of CaBP1/caldendrin in the mouse brain. Neuroscience 30 24631676
2021 L-Type Ca2+ Channel Regulation by Calmodulin and CaBP1. Biomolecules 27 34944455
2007 CIB1 and CaBP1 bind to the myo1c regulatory domain. Journal of muscle research and cell motility 25 17994197
1990 The molecular basis for alternative splicing of the CABP1 transcripts in Dictyostelium discoideum. Nucleic acids research 23 2216719
2018 Functions of CaBP1 and CaBP2 in the peripheral auditory system. Hearing research 21 29661613
2016 Lack of CaBP1/Caldendrin or CaBP2 Leads to Altered Ganglion Cell Responses. eNeuro 13 27822497
1997 Phosphorylation of CaBP1 and CaBP2 by protein kinase CK2. Journal of biochemistry 10 9058200
2024 CaBP1 and 2 enable sustained CaV1.3 calcium currents and synaptic transmission in inner hair cells. eLife 8 39718549
2018 CaBP1 regulates Cav1 L-type Ca2+ channels and their coupling to neurite growth and gene transcription in mouse spiral ganglion neurons. Molecular and cellular neurosciences 8 29548764
2008 1H, 15N, and 13C chemical shift assignments of calcium-bound calcium-binding protein 1 (CaBP1). Biomolecular NMR assignments 3 19636926
1998 A homologue of the calcium-binding disulfide isomerase CaBP1 is expressed in the developing CNS of Drosophila melanogaster. Developmental genetics 3 9770267
2007 1H, 15N, and 13C chemical shift assignments of calcium-binding protein 1 (CaBP1). Biomolecular NMR assignments 2 19636832
2022 Chemical shift assignments of the C-terminal domain of CaBP1 bound to the IQ-motif of voltage-gated Ca2+ channel (CaV1.2). Biomolecular NMR assignments 1 36064846
1991 A 27-bp deletion is responsible for the expression of a variant CABP1, a cyclic AMP-binding protein of Dictyostelium discoideum. Biochimica et biophysica acta 1 1989693
2026 Structural Insights into L-Type Voltage-Gated Ca2+ Channel (CaV1.2) Activation by CaBP1. Biochemistry 0 41859936

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