| 2019 |
B4GALT1 and ST6GAL1 interact via highly charged noncatalytic surfaces (leaving active sites exposed), forming heteromers in the Golgi that are required for their full catalytic activity in sequential N-glycan modification. B4GALT1 uses its active-site surface for homomeric assembly, which silences its catalytic activity, whereas ST6GAL1 uses the same noncatalytic surface for both homomers and heteromers. |
Molecular docking simulations, mutagenesis screens, high-throughput FRET analyses in live cells, structural modeling |
The Journal of biological chemistry |
High |
31395657
|
| 2018 |
Wild-type human B4GALT1 exists as a homodimer in dynamic equilibrium with monomer; crystal structures revealed B4GALT1 in both open and closed conformations of the Trp loop and lid regions responsible for donor and acceptor substrate binding. Targeted mutagenesis of key catalytic amino acids impaired homomer formation in vivo, linking catalytic residues to dimer assembly. |
X-ray crystallography (crystal structure of wild-type homodimer), targeted mutagenesis, FRET assays in live cells |
PloS one |
High |
30352055
|
| 2021 |
A missense variant p.Asn352Ser in the functional domain of B4GALT1 reduces galactosyltransferase activity by ~50% compared to wild-type. Carriers show decreased galactosylation and sialylation of ApoB100, fibrinogen, IgG, and transferrin in serum, and B4galt1 353Ser knock-in mice show decreases in LDL-C and fibrinogen, establishing B4GALT1 galactosyltransferase activity as a regulator of lipoprotein and coagulation factor metabolism. |
In vitro galactosyltransferase activity assay with mutant vs. wild-type protein, N-linked glycan profiling of human serum, knock-in mouse model |
Science (New York, N.Y.) |
High |
34855475
|
| 2023 |
B4GALT1 directly mediates N-linked glycosylation of PD-L1 protein, preventing its proteasomal degradation (posttranscriptional stabilization). Additionally, B4GALT1 stabilizes TAZ protein via glycosylation, which in turn activates CD274 (PD-L1) transcription, thereby promoting immune escape in lung adenocarcinoma. |
In vitro and in vivo functional/mechanistic experiments including glycosylation assays, protein stability assays, transcriptional reporter assays, loss-of-function studies |
Journal of experimental & clinical cancer research : CR |
Medium |
37303063
|
| 2020 |
B4GALT1 interacts with and stabilizes CDK11p110 via N-linked glycosylation, downstream of p65 transcriptional upregulation of B4GALT1, forming a p65-B4GALT1-CDK11p110 signaling axis that promotes chemoresistance in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma. |
Co-immunoprecipitation, glycosylation assays, genetic perturbation of B4GALT1 in cell lines, orthotopic PDAC mouse model |
Cancer letters |
Medium |
33309857
|
| 2023 |
B4GALT1 modifies the N-glycans of integrin α6 and integrin β1, and its loss increases laminin-binding activity of these integrins, promoting HCC cell migration and invasion. Integrins α6 and β1 were identified as main protein substrates of B4GALT1 by mass spectrometry and GSL-II lectin pull-down. |
Mass spectrometry-based substrate identification, Griffonia simplicifolia lectin II (GSL-II) pull-down, B4GALT1 knockdown/knockout, integrin-blocking antibody rescue experiments, in vivo lung metastasis model |
Oncogenesis |
High |
37907465
|
| 2019 |
In B4GALT1-CDG patients, cholesteryl ester transfer protein (CETP) is hypoglycosylated (specifically hypogalactosylated) and exhibits reduced enzymatic activity, resulting in large HDL particles and altered lipoprotein homeostasis, directly linking B4GALT1-mediated galactosylation to CETP function. |
Isoelectric focusing, western blot of CETP glyco-isoforms, CETP activity assay in patient plasma vs. controls |
Journal of inherited metabolic disease |
Medium |
31800099
|
| 2025 |
B4GALT1 interacts with LRP5/6 in the Golgi, causing their retention and reducing LRP5/6 surface translocation, thereby attenuating WNT/β-catenin signaling. B4GALT1 also binds Wntless; Wnt secretion occupying Wntless antagonizes B4GALT1-mediated LRP5/6 retention. Pharmacological uncoupling of Wnt/Wntless with LGK974 enhances LRP5/6 Golgi retention. |
Co-immunoprecipitation, cell surface translocation assays, pharmacological inhibition (LGK974), loss-of-function studies |
The Journal of cell biology |
Medium |
41182165
|
| 2026 |
B4GALT1 directly interacts with IL-1R1 and promotes its N-linked glycosylation specifically at the N193 site, thereby enhancing IL-1R1 protein stability and downstream inflammatory signaling in chondrocytes. AAV-mediated knockdown of B4GALT1 in vivo reduced IL-1R1 protein levels and attenuated cartilage degeneration. |
Co-immunoprecipitation, PNGase F treatment, site-directed mutagenesis (N193 site), AAV-mediated in vivo knockdown, DMM mouse OA model |
Cellular signalling |
High |
42002123
|
| 2026 |
B4GALT1-mediated N-glycosylation of PPARγ destabilizes PPARγ protein; B4GALT1 deficiency impairs PPARγ N-glycosylation, leading to PPARγ stabilization, which transcriptionally represses ACSL4, thereby reducing lipid peroxidation and ferroptosis in hepatocytes during MASLD progression. |
Hepatocyte-specific B4galt1-knockout mice (CDAHFD model), N-glycosylation assays, gene expression analysis, PPARγ overexpression rescue experiment |
Hepatology communications |
Medium |
41860570
|
| 2025 |
Knockout of GALE (UDP-galactose 4'-epimerase), which reduces intracellular UDP-Gal levels, diminishes the ability of the UDP-Gal transporter SLC35A2 to form homomers and to interact with B4GALT1 in the Golgi, indicating that nucleotide sugar availability regulates B4GALT1-SLC35A2 complex formation. |
CRISPR/Cas9 knockout of GALE and GALT in HEK293T cells, NanoBiT protein-protein interaction assay, N-glycan profiling |
Frontiers in molecular biosciences |
Medium |
40230451
|
| 2012 |
B4GALT1 knockdown in K562/ADR leukemia cells downregulated the Hedgehog signaling pathway and reversed multidrug resistance in vitro and in vivo, identifying a functional link between B4GALT1-mediated galactosylation and Hedgehog pathway activity in chemoresistance. |
RNA interference knockdown, enzyme activity assays, lectin blotting, in vitro drug sensitivity assays, in vivo tumor models |
IUBMB life |
Medium |
23024026
|
| 2016 |
SOCS3 upregulates miR-124-3p, which targets B4GALT1 mRNA, forming a SOCS3/miR-124-3p/B4GALT1 axis that regulates growth and chemosensitivity of CML cells. Luciferase reporter assay confirmed B4GALT1 as a direct target of miR-124-3p. |
Luciferase reporter assay, qPCR, western blotting, CCK-8 assay, tumorigenicity assays in nude mice |
Journal of hematology & oncology |
Medium |
27516205
|
| 2016 |
ZFX transcription factor positively regulates B4GALT1 expression in leukemic cells; ZFX silencing decreases B4GALT1 expression and glycoprotein galactosylation. Overexpression of B4GALT1 restored growth and drug resistance in ZFX-silenced cells, placing B4GALT1 downstream of ZFX. |
RNAi silencing of ZFX, gene expression analysis, lectin blot assay for galactosylation, B4GALT1 overexpression rescue |
Acta biochimica et biophysica Sinica |
Medium |
27797721
|
| 2020 |
AKR1C3 interacts with AR-V7 protein in CRPC cells, and this complex represses B4GALT1 expression; B4GALT1 is identified as a tumor suppressor gene in prostate cancer downstream of this complex. The AKR1C3/AR-V7 complex also reciprocally inhibits each other's protein degradation. |
Co-immunoprecipitation (AKR1C3/AR-V7 interaction), gene expression analysis, in vitro and in vivo tumor growth assays |
Journal of cellular and molecular medicine |
Medium |
32902124
|
| 2025 |
NOLC1 acts as a transcription factor to activate B4GALT1 transcriptional expression; SPOP (E3 ubiquitin ligase adaptor) mediates ubiquitination and degradation of NOLC1. ECa-associated SPOP mutants abrogate NOLC1 ubiquitination, leading to NOLC1 accumulation and B4GALT1 upregulation, causing abnormal glycosylation and paclitaxel resistance. |
Co-IP for SPOP-NOLC1 interaction, ubiquitination assays, transcriptional reporter assays, B4GALT1 knockdown rescue, in vitro and in vivo functional assays |
Oncogene |
Medium |
40097806
|
| 2024 |
Galectin-8 interacts with the type II TGF-β receptor and competes with TGF-β binding, suppressing TGF-β-driven EMT and CRC metastasis. The anti-migratory effect of galectin-8 depends on B4GALT1, which modifies N-glycans on TGF-β receptor, establishing B4GALT1 as required for galectin-8 ligand recognition at the TGF-β receptor. |
Co-immunoprecipitation (galectin-8/TGF-βRII), B4GALT1 depletion experiments, migration assays, intra-splenic injection tumor model |
Cell death & disease |
Medium |
39231945
|
| 2025 |
B4GALT1 galactosylates TCR and CD8 co-receptor components on the CD8+ T-cell surface, and this galactosylation reduces the interaction between TCR and CD8 that is essential for TCR activation. B4GALT1 inactivation enhances TCR-T cell functions but has no effect on CAR-T cells. Substrates were systematically identified by affinity purification and mass spectrometry. |
CRISPR/Cas9 genome-wide and custom screens, affinity purification-mass spectrometry for substrate identification, TCR-CD8 fusion protein rescue, syngeneic mouse tumor model |
bioRxivpreprint |
Medium |
|
| 2025 |
B4GALT1 catalyzes galactose elongation of O-glucose glycans specifically on NOTCH1 EGF10 (and NOTCH3 EGF9), forming a 3'-sialyllactose-like structure in cooperation with ST3GAL4. This site-specific elongation significantly impacts NOTCH1 ligand binding and signal transduction. Mutagenesis identified the amino acid at position -2 of the fourth cysteine as critical for galactose elongation. |
Mass spectrometry for modification identification, site-directed mutagenesis, ligand-binding assays, Notch signaling reporter assays |
bioRxivpreprint |
Medium |
|
| 2023 |
UBE2Q1 (an E2 ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme) can interact with B4GALT1 protein as demonstrated by co-immunoprecipitation in colorectal cancer cells overexpressing UBE2Q1, and molecular docking confirmed high-affinity interaction between the UBC domain of UBE2Q1 and B4GALT1. |
Co-immunoprecipitation (IP/silver staining), molecular docking (MOE software) |
Protein and peptide letters |
Low |
37198983
|
| 2020 |
In bone marrow stromal cells, B4GALT1 expression is positively regulated by the upstream transcription factor c-Jun (via JNK/c-Jun pathway), validated by dual luciferase reporter assay. Overexpression of B4GALT1 in stromal cells promoted proliferation of co-cultured AML cells. |
Dual luciferase reporter assay, JNK/c-Jun inhibitor treatment, co-culture proliferation assay by flow cytometry |
Zhongguo shi yan xue ye xue za zhi |
Low |
32027290
|
| 2021 |
In myeloproliferative neoplasm megakaryocytes, increased B4GALT1 expression leads to elevated LacNAc (β4-N-acetyllactosamine/Galβ1,4GlcNAc) expression on platelets, which promotes hepatic thrombopoietin (TPO) synthesis independently of platelet mass, linking B4GALT1-mediated galactosylation to TPO regulation. |
B4GALT1 gene expression analysis in patient megakaryocytes, LacNAc expression assays on platelets, JAK1/2 inhibitor treatment experiments |
Blood |
Medium |
33238000
|