Affinage

ACP1

Low molecular weight phosphotyrosine protein phosphatase · UniProt P24666

Length
158 aa
Mass
18.0 kDa
Annotated
2026-06-09
100 papers in source corpus 23 papers cited in narrative 21 extracted findings
Cross-family judge vs UniProt: Affinage preferred faithfulness: 5/6 claims corpus-supported (83%)

Mechanistic narrative

Synthesis pass · prose summary of the discoveries below

ACP1 encodes a cytosolic 18 kDa low-molecular-weight protein tyrosine phosphatase (LMW-PTP) that functions as a negative regulator of receptor tyrosine kinase and cytoskeletal signaling, dephosphorylating activated kinases to restrain mitogenic, metabolic, and migratory programs (PMID:9299573, PMID:12149261, PMID:15021900). The gene produces two enzymatically distinct fast (f) and slow (s) isoforms through mutually exclusive alternative splicing of two equal-length 114 bp exons encoding the divergent 40–73 segment, and these isoforms differ in their allosteric modulation by purines (PMID:1939112, PMID:1627603, PMID:8216326, PMID:8586411, PMID:8457591). Through a catalytic-site cysteine pair (Cys12/Cys17, equivalently Cys13/Cys18), the enzyme acts on phosphotyrosine substrates including cell-surface PDGF receptor specifically at Tyr-857, the insulin receptor beta-subunit, EphA2, STAT5, FAK, and the Src/Bcr-Abl kinases, thereby controlling proliferation, adhesion, endothelial migration, and chemoresistance (PMID:9299573, PMID:12149261, PMID:14637146, PMID:22854047, PMID:22957062). LMW-PTP activity is gated by a redox switch: reactive oxygen species generated during growth-factor signaling drive formation of an intramolecular disulfide bond or S-glutathionylation at the active-site cysteines that reversibly inactivates the enzyme, with activity restored by the thioltransferase/glutathione system; this transient inactivation permits substrate phosphorylation and, via hyperphosphorylation of Tyr132, recruitment of Grb2 to activate ERK (PMID:11795594, PMID:16890200, PMID:17428749, PMID:22854047). In vivo, genetic deletion of Acp1 in mice protects against pressure overload-induced cardiac hypertrophy and failure, with increased insulin receptor beta phosphorylation, elevated ephrin receptor expression, and inactivation of the CaMKIId pathway (PMID:26213100). Crystal structures define the active-site pocket and an adjacent secondary hydrophobic substrate-anchoring region exploited by competitive inhibitors (PMID:26117648).

Mechanistic history

Synthesis pass · year-by-year structured walk · 20 steps
  1. 1991 High

    Established the primary structure and isoform basis of ACP1, showing that the two isozymes are single-chain 157-residue proteins differing only in segment 40–73.

    Evidence Protein sequencing of purified isozymes from multiple alleles

    PMID:1627603 PMID:1939112

    Open questions at the time
    • Did not establish the genomic mechanism generating the variant segment
    • No catalytic function assigned at this stage
  2. 1993 High

    Resolved the genetic mechanism of isoform generation, showing two equal-length exons encoding f- and s-specific segments support mutually exclusive alternative splicing.

    Evidence Genomic sequencing and exon-structure PCR analysis

    PMID:8216326 PMID:8586411

    Open questions at the time
    • Did not link isoform choice to functional or substrate differences in vivo
    • Splicing regulation not characterized
  3. 1992 High

    Provided the first defined enzymatic activity, identifying FMN as an efficient in vitro substrate and showing cellular FMN phosphatase activity depends on ACP1.

    Evidence In vitro kinetics, cell fractionation, immunoinhibition in CHO cells

    PMID:1336375

    Open questions at the time
    • Physiological relevance of FMN dephosphorylation versus protein substrates unresolved
    • Phosphotyrosine substrate was a poor substrate in this assay
  4. 1993 High

    Demonstrated isoform-specific allosteric regulation, showing f and s isozymes are differentially modulated by purines at a parasteric site distinct from the active site.

    Evidence Kinetic analysis of purified homogeneous isozymes

    PMID:8457591

    Open questions at the time
    • Physiological purine effectors in cells not identified
    • Structural basis of the parasteric site not resolved here
  5. 1997 High

    Defined LMW-PTP as a negative regulator of insulin signaling, binding the insulin receptor beta-subunit through its catalytic site in a phosphorylation-dependent manner.

    Evidence Dominant-negative C12S overexpression, in vitro binding, glycogen and mitogenesis assays in NIH3T3

    PMID:9299573

    Open questions at the time
    • Direct dephosphorylation of receptor tyrosines not site-mapped
    • Mechanism of Src-dependent mitogenic branch incompletely defined
  6. 2000 Medium

    Distinguished functional pools of LMW-PTP, separating a cytosolic receptor-acting fraction from a cytoskeletal fraction acting on p190RhoGAP.

    Evidence Cell fractionation, dominant-negative overexpression, phosphorylation and migration assays

    PMID:10753664

    Open questions at the time
    • Single lab
    • Molecular basis of cytoskeletal targeting not defined
  7. 2001 Medium

    Identified the redox regulatory switch, showing the two catalytic cysteines form a protective intramolecular disulfide and that ROS from growth-factor signaling reversibly inactivate the enzyme.

    Evidence In vitro oxidation, in vivo ROS, glutathione-dependent recovery, cell-based assays

    PMID:11795594

    Open questions at the time
    • Review-style synthesis from a single lab
    • Disulfide assignment not structurally confirmed in this work
  8. 2002 High

    Established site-selective substrate action, showing LMW-PTP dephosphorylates cell-surface PDGFR specifically at Tyr-857 to suppress kinase activity and downstream effector binding.

    Evidence Cell-based phosphosite analysis, Co-IP, kinase assays

    PMID:12149261

    Open questions at the time
    • Basis for selectivity between receptor pools not structurally defined
    • Did not address other RTK substrates
  9. 2003 Medium

    Extended substrate range to a cytoplasmic transcription factor, showing LMW-PTP associates with and dephosphorylates STAT5 via a defined C-terminal interaction region.

    Evidence Co-IP, phosphatase assays, domain mapping in DAMI cells

    PMID:14637146

    Open questions at the time
    • Single study
    • Functional consequence on STAT5 transcriptional output not quantified
  10. 2004 Medium

    Linked LMW-PTP to oncogenic growth through EphA2, showing overexpression drives fibrosarcoma growth via selective EphA2 dephosphorylation.

    Evidence Nude mouse engraftment, receptor phospho-Western, dominant-negative comparison

    PMID:15021900

    Open questions at the time
    • Single lab
    • Direct versus indirect EphA2 dephosphorylation not separated in vivo
  11. 2005 Medium

    Revealed cell-type-specific substrate logic, showing both isoforms inhibit PDGF responses in VSMCs but enhance LPA-stimulated migration in endothelial cells with opposite catalytic-mutant effects.

    Evidence Adenoviral WT and catalytic-mutant isoform transduction with DNA synthesis, migration, ROS, p38 assays

    PMID:15960392

    Open questions at the time
    • Cell-type-specific substrates not molecularly identified
    • Single lab
  12. 2006 Medium

    Connected redox inactivation to a gain-of-signaling output, showing oxidation drives Tyr132 hyperphosphorylation that docks Grb2 to activate ERK.

    Evidence Site-specific phosphorylation analysis, Grb2 Co-IP, ERK activation assay

    PMID:16890200

    Open questions at the time
    • Kinase phosphorylating Tyr132 not identified
    • Single lab
  13. 2007 High

    Structurally confirmed the redox switch and its physiological consequence, identifying the C13–C18 disulfide by mass spectrometry and showing TTase/GSH restores activity to limit PDGFR Tyr857 signaling.

    Evidence In vitro activity assays, MS disulfide identification, TTase/GSH reconstitution, TTase-knockout mouse LECs

    PMID:17428749

    Open questions at the time
    • In vivo TTase regulation of LMW-PTP outside lens epithelium not addressed
  14. 2012 High

    Defined a second reversible redox modification, showing VEGF-induced S-glutathionylation inactivates LMW-PTP to permit transient FAK activation and endothelial migration.

    Evidence S-glutathionylation and activity assays, FAK Co-IP, siRNA, migration assay, redox manipulation

    PMID:22854047

    Open questions at the time
    • Glutathionylated cysteine residue not mapped here
    • Single lab
  15. 2012 Medium

    Implicated LMW-PTP in cancer drug resistance, showing it maintains Src and Bcr-Abl in active states to drive chemoresistance in CML cells.

    Evidence siRNA knockdown and overexpression with kinase phospho-readouts and viability assays

    PMID:22957062

    Open questions at the time
    • Direct versus indirect activation of Src/Bcr-Abl not resolved
    • Single lab
  16. 2014 Medium

    Demonstrated control of FAK Tyr397 during adhesion, placing LMW-PTP in a redox-sensitive complex regulating osteoblast spreading.

    Evidence siRNA and overexpression, phospho-FAK Y397 Western, ROS measurement, adhesion assay

    PMID:24123071

    Open questions at the time
    • Direct LMW-PTP/FAK complex composition not defined
    • Single lab
  17. 2015 High

    Provided in vivo physiological significance, showing Acp1 deletion protects against pressure overload cardiac remodeling with altered insulin receptor, ephrin, and CaMKIId signaling.

    Evidence Acp1 knockout mouse with transverse aortic constriction, transcriptional profiling, signaling Westerns, histology

    PMID:26213100

    Open questions at the time
    • Direct cardiac substrates not site-mapped
    • Cell-type responsible within the heart not isolated
  18. 2015 High

    Provided atomic-resolution active-site definition, revealing a secondary hydrophobic substrate-anchoring region and enabling competitive inhibitor design.

    Evidence X-ray crystallography of apo and inhibitor complexes, docking, competitive kinetics

    PMID:26117648

    Open questions at the time
    • No structure of a physiological phosphoprotein substrate complex
    • Inhibitor selectivity over related phosphatases not addressed
  19. 2018 Medium

    Linked LMW-PTP to metabolic reprogramming, identifying glycolytic enzymes including PKM2 as differentially tyrosine-phosphorylated substrates controlling glycolytic flux in melanoma.

    Evidence siRNA silencing, 2D phosphoproteomics, metabolic flux assays, PKM2 nuclear localization analysis

    PMID:30251652

    Open questions at the time
    • Direct dephosphorylation of individual glycolytic enzymes not validated
    • Single lab
  20. 2018 Medium

    Established a conserved organismal stress-resistance role, showing ortholog knockdown enhances stress tolerance through DAF-16/insulin-IGF signaling in C. elegans.

    Evidence Feeding RNAi, stress assays, DAF-16 imaging, qRT-PCR, IIS epistasis

    PMID:29524491

    Open questions at the time
    • Direct phosphatase substrate in the IIS pathway not identified
    • Conservation of mechanism to mammals not tested here

Open questions

Synthesis pass · forward-looking unresolved questions
  • How isoform choice, redox state, and subcellular pool collectively select among the many candidate substrates in a given cell type remains unresolved.
  • No structure of a physiological substrate complex
  • No comprehensive in vivo substrate map across tissues
  • Functional distinction between f and s isoforms in vivo undefined

Mechanism profile

Synthesis pass · controlled-vocabulary classification · explore literature graph →
Molecular activity
GO:0140096 catalytic activity, acting on a protein 5 GO:0016787 hydrolase activity 4
Localization
GO:0005829 cytosol 1 GO:0005856 cytoskeleton 1
Pathway
R-HSA-162582 Signal Transduction 3 R-HSA-1430728 Metabolism 1
Partners
BCR-ABLEPHA2FAKGRB2INSRPDGFRBSRCSTAT5

Evidence

Reading pass · 21 per-paper findings extracted from the source corpus
Year Finding Method Journal Conf PMIDs
1991 The two isozymes (Bf and Bs) encoded by the ACP1*B allele are not glycosylated, consist of a single peptide chain of 157 amino acid residues acetylated at the amino-terminal alanine, and differ only in the sequence segment 40-73, consistent with generation by alternative splicing of the primary RNA transcript. Protein sequencing of purified isozymes The Journal of biological chemistry High 1627603 1939112
1993 The ACP1 gene contains six linearly positioned exons (covering codons 14-157) including two exons of equal length (114 bp) encoding the f and s specific segments respectively, interspaced by a short probably non-functional intron, strongly supporting mutually exclusive alternative RNA splicing as the mechanism generating f and s isoforms. Genomic sequencing and exon structure analysis by PCR Biochemical and biophysical research communications High 8216326 8586411
1992 In vitro kinetic analysis showed that the ACP1 gene product (18 kDa acid phosphatase) utilizes flavin mononucleotide (FMN) as an efficient substrate (kcat/Km = 7.3×10³ s⁻¹M⁻¹), while the tyrosyl-phosphorylated form of adipocyte lipid binding protein is a relatively poor substrate (kcat/Km = 0.17 s⁻¹M⁻¹); all soluble FMN phosphatase activity in CHO cells was inhibited by anti-ACP1 antibodies, suggesting the enzyme functions as an FMN phosphatase in vivo. In vitro kinetic assay, cell fractionation, immunoinhibition with specific antibodies in CHO cells Biochemical and biophysical research communications High 1336375
1993 The fast (f) and slow (s) ACP1 isoforms show markedly differential activity modulation by purines: kcat of f isoforms is increased 5.1-fold by hypoxanthine and decreased 40% by adenine, while kcat of s isoforms is unaffected by hypoxanthine but increased 4.6-fold by adenine; kinetics indicate effectors bind to free enzyme and enzyme-substrate complex at a site distinct from the substrate-binding site (parasteric binding). Kinetic analysis of purified homogeneous isozymes Biochimica et biophysica acta High 8457591
1997 LMW-PTP (ACP1) acts as a negative regulator of insulin-mediated signaling: dominant-negative LMW-PTP (C12S mutant) associates with the beta-subunit of the insulin receptor in a phosphorylation-dependent manner via the catalytic site; overexpression of dnLMW-PTP increases glycogenosynthesis and mitosis; LMW-PTP specifically regulates insulin mitogenesis through a c-Src kinase-dependent pathway, independent of PI3K and ERK. Dominant-negative overexpression in NIH3T3 cells, in vitro binding assay, orthovanadate competition, glycogen synthesis assay, thymidine incorporation, signal pathway analysis Biochemical and biophysical research communications High 9299573
2002 LMW-PTP preferentially acts on cell-surface PDGF receptor (excluding internalized receptor pool) and exerts site-selective dephosphorylation specifically at Tyr-857 in the kinase activation loop of PDGF-r, thereby reducing kinase activity and downstream binding of PI3K, SHP-2, and PLCγ1, while having only slight effect on Tyr-716 (which directs MAPK/Grb2 signaling). Cell-based phosphorylation assays, site-specific mutagenesis/phosphosite analysis, co-immunoprecipitation, kinase activity assay The Journal of biological chemistry High 12149261
2001 LMW-PTP contains two catalytic pocket cysteines (Cys12 and Cys17); the enzyme is oxidized and inactivated by both exogenous and endogenously generated (PDGF signaling) ROS in vivo; recovery of activity is glutathione-dependent; Cys17 forms an intramolecular S-S bond with Cys12 that protects the catalytic cysteine from irreversible oxidation; LMW-PTP is reduced/activated during contact inhibition and myoblast differentiation, supporting a role as a growth inhibition modulator. In vitro oxidation assays, in vivo ROS measurements, glutathione-dependent activity recovery, cell-based functional assays (contact inhibition, differentiation) IUBMB life Medium 11795594
2000 LMW-PTP exists in two intracellular pools: cytosolic (which interacts directly with activated insulin or PDGF receptors) and cytoskeleton-associated (which becomes tyrosine phosphorylated upon PDGF stimulation and acts on p190Rho-GAP to regulate cytoskeleton rearrangement); PDGF but not insulin stimulation leads to tyrosine phosphorylation of LMW-PTP, explaining differential signaling effects. Cell fractionation, dominant-negative LMW-PTP overexpression, tyrosine phosphorylation assays, adhesion and chemotaxis assays Biochemical and biophysical research communications Medium 10753664
2003 LMW-PTP associates with and dephosphorylates STAT5 in DAMI megakaryoblastic cells; the interaction does not exclusively involve the phosphatase active site; an essential region of interaction was identified at the STAT5 C-terminus, coinciding with a previously hypothesized PTP-associating domain of nine amino acids. Co-immunoprecipitation, phosphatase activity assay, domain-mapping experiments in DAMI cells Biochemical and biophysical research communications Medium 14637146
2008 During PMA-induced megakaryocyte differentiation, LMW-PTP interaction with STAT5 depends on STAT5 threonine phosphorylation at residue Thr757; protein kinase C inhibition prevents PMA-induced STAT5 Thr phosphorylation and LMW-PTP association; a Thr757Val STAT5 mutant disrupts the LMW-PTP/STAT5 interaction, though phosphorylation of this residue itself is not required. Mutagenesis of STAT5 (Thr757Val), pharmacological PKC inhibition, co-immunoprecipitation Biochemistry Medium 18197699
2004 LMW-PTP overexpression in NIH3T3 fibroblasts engrafted in nude mice induces larger fibrosarcomas with higher proliferation compared to controls; in sarcoma extracts, LMW-PTP overexpression specifically dephosphorylates EphA2 (but not PDGF receptor or beta-catenin tyrosine phosphorylation), suggesting LMW-PTP oncogenic potential is mediated by EphA2 dephosphorylation. In vivo tumor engraftment in nude mice, Western blot for receptor phosphorylation, dominant-negative LMW-PTP comparison Oncogene Medium 15021900
2006 Oxidative stress triggers LMW-PTP inactivation and consequent hyper-phosphorylation of Tyr132, which acts as a docking site for the adaptor protein Grb2; enhanced Grb2 recruitment to LMW-PTP leads to ERK activation, providing a redox-dependent prosurvival signaling switch. Phosphorylation site-specific analysis, co-immunoprecipitation of Grb2 with LMW-PTP, ERK activation assay Biochemical and biophysical research communications Medium 16890200
2007 Recombinant LMW-PTP purified from human lens epithelial cells displays tyrosine-specific phosphatase activity; it is inactivated by H2O2 via formation of an intramolecular disulfide bond between C13 and C18 (at the active site, confirmed by mass spectrometry); activity is restored by the thioltransferase (TTase)/GSH system; in TTase-knockout mouse lens epithelial cells, LMW-PTP activity is progressively lost after PDGF stimulation, resulting in sustained phosphorylation of PDGF receptor Tyr857 and downstream Akt and ERK1/2. In vitro activity assay, mass spectrometry (disulfide bond identification), TTase/GSH reconstitution, TTase knockout mouse LECs Biochimica et biophysica acta High 17428749
2012 VEGF causes reversible S-glutathionylation of LMW-PTP in human microvascular endothelial cells, which inhibits LMW-PTP phosphorylation and activity; this allows transient FAK activation and association with LMW-PTP, promoting endothelial cell migration; oxidative or reductive shifts prevent VEGF-mediated S-glutathionylation and FAK activation, blocking migration; LMW-PTP knockdown markedly enhances FAK activation and migration. S-glutathionylation assay, LMW-PTP activity assay, co-immunoprecipitation (FAK/LMW-PTP), siRNA knockdown, cell migration assay, pharmacological redox manipulation Journal of cell science High 22854047
2012 LMW-PTP knockdown in chemoresistant CML cells (Lucena-1) reverts resistance to vincristine and imatinib mesylate, accompanied by decreased Src and Bcr-Abl phosphorylation at activating sites; conversely, LMW-PTP overexpression in K562 cells induces vincristine resistance, demonstrating LMW-PTP maintains Src and Bcr-Abl in active states. siRNA knockdown, LMW-PTP overexpression, kinase phosphorylation assays, cell viability assays PloS one Medium 22957062
2014 LMW-PTP controls FAK phosphorylation at Tyr397 during osteoblast adhesion: silencing LMW-PTP increases FAK Y397 phosphorylation, while overexpression decreases it; ROS production during early adhesion (30 min) is associated with increased FAK activity and coincides with presumed LMW-PTP inhibition, consistent with a LMW-PTP/FAK supra-molecular complex regulating osteoblast adhesion and spreading. LMW-PTP siRNA silencing and overexpression, phospho-specific FAK Y397 Western blot, intracellular ROS measurement, osteoblast adhesion assay Journal of cellular biochemistry Medium 24123071
2015 Genetic deletion of Acp1 (Lmptp) in mice protects against pressure overload-induced cardiac hypertrophy and heart failure; Acp1-/- mice show attenuated fibrosis, marginal re-expression of fetal cardiac genes, increased insulin receptor beta phosphorylation, increased PKA and ephrin receptor expression, and inactivation of the CaMKIIδ pathway under pressure overload. Acp1 knockout mouse model, pressure overload (transverse aortic constriction), transcriptional profiling, Western blot signaling analysis, histology The Journal of pathology High 26213100
2015 Crystal structures of human LMW-PTP in apo form and complexed with benzylsulfonic acid and benzylphosphonic acid reveal a secondary hydrophobic binding region adjacent to the active site pocket flanked by positively charged residues, suggesting this region may serve as an anchoring site for natural phosphoprotein substrates; competitive inhibitors with IC50 values of 0.047–0.124 mM were identified. X-ray crystallography (2.1–2.4 Å resolution), in silico docking, enzyme kinetics (competitive inhibition) Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry High 26117648
2018 Proteomic analysis of LMW-PTP-silenced A375 melanoma cells identified glycolytic enzymes (α-enolase, pyruvate kinase M2/PKM2, GAPDH, triosephosphate isomerase) as differentially tyrosine-phosphorylated upon LMW-PTP silencing; LMW-PTP silencing enhances glycolytic flux, slows oxidative metabolism, and affects PKM2 tyrosine phosphorylation and nuclear localization. siRNA silencing, 2D electrophoresis proteomics with anti-phosphotyrosine Western blot, lactate/oxygen consumption assays, PKM2 nuclear localization analysis Biochimica et biophysica acta. General subjects Medium 30251652
2018 In C. elegans, knockdown of lmwptp (the ACP1 homolog Y94H6A.7) enhances resistance to heat shock, oxidative stress, and UV irradiation in wild-type worms via increased DAF-16 nuclear accumulation and enhanced SOD-3 and HSP-16.2 expression; this effect requires the insulin/IGF-1 signaling (IIS) pathway, as lmwptp knockdown did not further reduce stress resistance in daf-16 or hsf-1 mutants but enhanced resistance in daf-2 mutants. Feeding RNAi knockdown, stress assays, DAF-16 nuclear localization imaging, qRT-PCR, genetic epistasis with IIS pathway mutants International journal of biological macromolecules Medium 29524491
2005 LMW-PTP isoforms IF-1 and IF-2 show cell-type-specific roles: in vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs), both isoforms inhibit PDGF-induced DNA synthesis and migration and suppress PDGF-induced H2O2 generation and p38 activity; in endothelial cells, both isoforms enhance lysophosphatidic acid-stimulated migration without altering DNA synthesis; catalytically inactive LMW-PTP shows opposite effects in ECs but similar effects in VSMCs, indicating different substrates between cell types. Adenoviral transduction of wild-type and catalytically inactive LMW-PTP isoforms, DNA synthesis assay, migration assay, H2O2 measurement, p38 activity assay Journal of receptor and signal transduction research Medium 15960392

Source papers

Stage 0 corpus · 100 papers · ranked by NIH iCite citations
Year Title Journal Citations PMID
1997 LMW-PTP is a negative regulator of insulin-mediated mitotic and metabolic signalling. Biochemical and biophysical research communications 97 9299573
2004 LMW-PTP is a positive regulator of tumor onset and growth. Oncogene 80 15021900
2001 Regulation of acp1, encoding a non-aspartyl acid protease expressed during pathogenesis of Sclerotinia sclerotiorum. Microbiology (Reading, England) 74 11238979
1991 Human red cell acid phosphatase (ACP1). The amino acid sequence of the two isozymes Bf and Bs encoded by the ACP1*B allele. The Journal of biological chemistry 68 1939112
2012 S-glutathionylation of LMW-PTP regulates VEGF-mediated FAK activation and endothelial cell migration. Journal of cell science 59 22854047
2004 Anaerobic biodegradation of hexahydro-1,3,5-trinitro-1,3,5-triazine (RDX) by Acetobacterium malicum strain HAAP-1 isolated from a methanogenic mixed culture. Current microbiology 56 15060728
2009 5-Arylidene-2-phenylimino-4-thiazolidinones as PTP1B and LMW-PTP inhibitors. Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry 55 19217304
1995 ACP1 and human adaptability. 1. Association with common diseases: a case-control study. Human genetics 51 8522318
2013 Early-onset obesity and paternal 2pter deletion encompassing the ACP1, TMEM18, and MYT1L genes. European journal of human genetics : EJHG 39 24129437
2002 Insight into the role of low molecular weight phosphotyrosine phosphatase (LMW-PTP) on platelet-derived growth factor receptor (PDGF-r) signaling. LMW-PTP controls PDGF-r kinase activity through TYR-857 dephosphorylation. The Journal of biological chemistry 39 12149261
2014 Osteoblast adhesion dynamics: a possible role for ROS and LMW-PTP. Journal of cellular biochemistry 38 24123071
1993 Exon structure at the human ACP1 locus supports alternative splicing model for f and s isozyme generation. Biochemical and biophysical research communications 38 8216326
2001 The redox regulation of LMW-PTP during cell proliferation or growth inhibition. IUBMB life 36 11795594
2016 SOS2 and ACP1 Loci Identified through Large-Scale Exome Chip Analysis Regulate Kidney Development and Function. Journal of the American Society of Nephrology : JASN 35 27920155
2015 Low molecular weight protein tyrosine phosphatase (LMWPTP) upregulation mediates malignant potential in colorectal cancer. Oncotarget 35 25811796
1995 Gene structure, sequence, and chromosomal localization of the human red cell-type low-molecular-weight acid phosphotyrosyl phosphatase gene, ACP1. Genomics 35 8586411
2015 Hypermethylation of ACP1, BMP4, and TSPYL5 in Hepatocellular Carcinoma and Their Potential Clinical Significance. Digestive diseases and sciences 34 26386860
2012 Knocking down low molecular weight protein tyrosine phosphatase (LMW-PTP) reverts chemoresistance through inactivation of Src and Bcr-Abl proteins. PloS one 32 22957062
1992 Analysis of the ACP1 gene product: classification as an FMN phosphatase. Biochemical and biophysical research communications 32 1336375
2000 LMW-PTP exerts a differential regulation on PDGF- and insulin-mediated signaling. Biochemical and biophysical research communications 31 10753664
2003 LMW-PTP associates and dephosphorylates STAT5 interacting with its C-terminal domain. Biochemical and biophysical research communications 29 14637146
2002 Association of the acid phosphatase (ACP1) gene with triglyceride levels in obese women. Molecular genetics and metabolism 29 12409270
1993 Activity modulation of the fast and slow isozymes of human cytosolic low-molecular-weight acid phosphatase (ACP1) by purines. Biochimica et biophysica acta 29 8457591
1992 Human red cell acid phosphatase (ACP1): the primary structure of the two pairs of isozymes encoded by the ACP1*A and ACP1*C alleles. Biochimica et biophysica acta 28 1627603
2013 The role of low-molecular-weight protein tyrosine phosphatase (LMW-PTP ACP1) in oncogenesis. Tumour biology : the journal of the International Society for Oncodevelopmental Biology and Medicine 24 23584899
1997 Low-molecular-weight acid phosphatase (ACP1), obesity, and blood lipid levels in subjects with non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. Human biology 24 9198310
2007 Low molecular weight protein tyrosine phosphatase (LMW-PTP) and its possible physiological functions of redox signaling in the eye lens. Biochimica et biophysica acta 23 17428749
2009 A possible mechanism of low molecular weight protein tyrosine phosphatase (LMW-PTP) activity modulation by glutathione action during human osteoblast differentiation. Archives of oral biology 22 19414171
1985 Duplication of 2p25: confirmation of the assignment of soluble acid phosphatase (ACP1) locus to 2p25. Human genetics 22 4065897
1979 Deletion mapping: further evidence for the location of acid phosphatase (ACP1) within 2p23. American journal of medical genetics 22 293131
2017 Replication of rs300774, a genetic biomarker near ACP1, associated with suicide attempts in patients with schizophrenia: Relation to brain cholesterol biosynthesis. Journal of psychiatric research 21 28668716
2005 Serum glucose concentration and ACP1 genotype in healthy adult subjects. Metabolism: clinical and experimental 21 15988697
2009 ACP1 genetic polymorphism and coronary artery disease: an association study. Cardiology 18 19246900
2006 A novel redox-based switch: LMW-PTP oxidation enhances Grb2 binding and leads to ERK activation. Biochemical and biophysical research communications 18 16890200
2007 ACP1 and Th class of immunological disease: evidence of interaction with gender. International archives of allergy and immunology 17 17284925
2015 Deletion of low molecular weight protein tyrosine phosphatase (Acp1) protects against stress-induced cardiomyopathy. The Journal of pathology 16 26213100
1996 A gene highly homologous to ACP1 encoding cysteine proteinase 3 in Entamoeba histolytica is present and expressed in E. dispar. Parasitology research 16 8825217
2015 Crystal structures of the apo form and a complex of human LMW-PTP with a phosphonic acid provide new evidence of a secondary site potentially related to the anchorage of natural substrates. Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry 15 26117648
1997 ACP1 and human adaptability. 2. Association with season of conception. Human genetics 15 9402961
1987 Human red cell acid phosphatase (ACP1): evidence for differences in the primary structure of the two isozymes encoded by the ACP1*B allele. Biochemical genetics 15 3450278
2019 Morin-dependent inhibition of low molecular weight protein tyrosine phosphatase (LMW-PTP) restores sensitivity to apoptosis during colon carcinogenesis: Studies in vitro and in vivo, in an Apc-driven model of colon cancer. Molecular carcinogenesis 14 30582224
2009 ACP1 genotype, glutathione reductase activity, and riboflavin uptake affect cardiovascular risk in the obese. Metabolism: clinical and experimental 14 19570551
2008 Modulation of STAT5 interaction with LMW-PTP during early megakaryocyte differentiation. Biochemistry 14 18197699
2008 Sulphur and nitrogen regulation of the protease-encoding ACP1 gene in the fungus Botrytis cinerea: correlation with a phospholipase D activity. Microbiology (Reading, England) 14 18451055
1990 Enzyme polymorphism and clinical variability of diseases: study of acid phosphatase locus 1 (ACP1) in obese subjects. Human biology 14 2373509
1988 Foetal macrosomia and erythrocyte acid phosphatase (ACP1) polymorphism in diabetic and normal pregnancy. Early human development 14 3208681
2014 Interaction between infectious diseases and personality traits: ACP1*C as a potential mediator. Infection, genetics and evolution : journal of molecular epidemiology and evolutionary genetics in infectious diseases 13 24933463
2009 Evidence for sex-specific associations between variation in acid phosphatase locus 1 (ACP1) and insulin sensitivity in Mexican-Americans. The Journal of clinical endocrinology and metabolism 13 19622628
2005 Protein tyrosine phosphatase LMW-PTP exhibits distinct roles between vascular endothelial and smooth muscle cells. Journal of receptor and signal transduction research 13 15960392
1986 Phenotypic variation in the phosphotransferase activity of human red cell acid phosphatase (ACP1). Human genetics 13 3009301
1985 Serum haptoglobin appearance during neonatal period is associated with acid phosphatase (ACP1) phenotype. Early human development 13 3987576
2018 Knockdown of LMW-PTP enhances stress resistance in Caenorhabditis elegans. International journal of biological macromolecules 12 29524491
2012 ACP1 genetic polymorphism and spermatic parameters in men with varicocele. Andrologia 12 23278455
2004 Expression of the Stp1 LMW-PTP and inhibition of protein CK2 display a cooperative effect on immunophilin Fpr3 tyrosine phosphorylation and Saccharomyces cerevisiae growth. Cellular and molecular life sciences : CMLS 12 15141303
1996 A homologue of the cysteine proteinase gene (ACP1 or Eh-CPp3) of pathogenic Entamoeba histolytica is present in non-pathogenic E. dispar strains. Molecular and biochemical parasitology 12 8813676
1975 Segregation of ACP1 and MNSs in families with structural rearrangements involving chromosome 2. Annals of human genetics 12 1190739
2000 Human 18 kDa phosphotyrosine protein phosphatase (ACP1) polymorphism: studies of rare variants provide evidence that substitutions within or near alternatively spliced exons affect splicing result. Annals of human genetics 11 11246465
2012 p53 codon 72 polymorphism and coronary artery disease: evidence of interaction with ACP₁. Medical science monitor : international medical journal of experimental and clinical research 10 23197232
2004 Involvement of cyclic AMP in the production of the acid protease Acp1 by Sclerotinia sclerotiorum. FEMS microbiology letters 10 15321666
1983 Genetic effects of chromosomal rearrangements in Chinese hamster ovary cells: expression and chromosomal assignment of TK, GALK, ACP1, ADA, and ITPA loci. Molecular and cellular biology 10 6656761
1982 Further evidence by gene dosage for the regional assignment of erythrocyte acid phosphatase (ACP1) and malate dehydrogenase (MDH1) loci on chromosome 2p. Clinical genetics 10 7151307
2020 LMWPTP modulates the antioxidant response and autophagy process in human chronic myeloid leukemia cells. Molecular and cellular biochemistry 9 32016696
2007 Allergy and ACP1 genetic polymorphism. Allergy and asthma proceedings 9 17390764
2005 Risk of type 1 diabetes in childhood and maternal age at delivery, interaction with ACP1 and sex. Diabetes/metabolism research and reviews 9 15586390
2004 European ACP1*C allele has recessive deleterious effects on early life viability. Human biology 9 15974295
2000 Acid phosphatase locus 1 (ACP1): Possible relationship of allelic variation to body size and human population adaptation to thermal stress-A theoretical perspective. American journal of human biology : the official journal of the Human Biology Council 9 11534062
1996 Phosphotyrosine-protein-phosphatases and human reproduction: an association between low molecular weight acid phosphatase (ACP1) and spontaneous abortion. Disease markers 9 8718786
1994 Distribution of ACP1, AK1 and ALAD polymorphisms in northern Portugal. Gene geography : a computerized bulletin on human gene frequencies 9 7547603
1987 Comparison of acid phosphatase ACP1 variants by isoelectric focusing and conventional electrophoresis: identification of three new alleles, ACP1*N, ACP1*P and ACP1*S. Human heredity 9 3679237
1986 Very close linkage between D2S1 and ACP1 on chromosome 2p. Annals of human genetics 9 3481680
2019 LMW-PTP targeting potentiates the effects of drugs used in chronic lymphocytic leukemia therapy. Cancer cell international 8 30948927
2018 LMW-PTP modulates glucose metabolism in cancer cells. Biochimica et biophysica acta. General subjects 8 30251652
2002 Association between the low molecular weight cytosolic acid phosphatase gene ACP1*A and comorbid features of Tourette syndrome. Neuroscience letters 8 12231445
1990 Genetic markers in schizophrenia: ACP1, ESD, TF and GC polymorphisms. Human heredity 8 2365372
2022 Differential impact of cold and hot tea extracts on tyrosine phosphatases regulating insulin receptor activity: a focus on PTP1B and LMW-PTP. European journal of nutrition 7 35066640
2020 Vemurafenib downmodulates aggressiveness mediators of colorectal cancer (CRC): Low Molecular Weight Protein Tyrosine Phosphatase (LMWPTP), Protein Tyrosine Phosphatase 1B (PTP1B) and Transforming Growth Factor β (TGFβ). Biological chemistry 7 32229687
2011 Array comparative genomic hybridization analysis identifies recurrent gain of chromosome 2p25.3 involving the ACP1 and MYCN genes in chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Clinical lymphoma, myeloma & leukemia 7 22035742
2007 Repeated spontaneous abortion. Cooperative effects of ADA and ACP1 genetic polymorphisms. American journal of reproductive immunology (New York, N.Y. : 1989) 6 17565542
2005 Rapid single tube genotyping of ACP1 by FRET based amplification and dual color melting curve analysis. Molecular and cellular probes 6 16226867
2002 Identification of two SNPs in the 5' flanking region of the ACP1 gene and evaluation of disequilibrium among polymorphic sites. Annals of human genetics 6 12418966
2001 ACP1 and human adaptability: association with past malarial morbidity in the Sardinian population. American journal of human biology : the official journal of the Human Biology Council 6 11748814
2009 Type 1 diabetes: evidence of interaction between ACP1 and ADA1 gene polymorphisms. Medical science monitor : international medical journal of experimental and clinical research 5 19789510
2004 The in vivo tyrosine phosphorylation level of yeast immunophilin Fpr3 is influenced by the LMW-PTP Ltp1. Biochemical and biophysical research communications 5 15358193
2024 Mitochondrial acyl carrier protein, Acp1, required for iron-sulfur cluster assembly in mitochondria and cytoplasm in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Mitochondrion 4 39251117
2011 Entamoeba histolytica: cloning, expression and evaluation of the efficacy of a recombinant amebiasis cysteine proteinase gene (ACP1) antigen in minipig. Experimental parasitology 4 22154977
2010 Is there a role of ACP1-ADA1 genetic complex in immune reaction? Association with T1D and with past malarial morbidity. The American journal of the medical sciences 4 20805743
1978 An examination of the age-related patterns of decay of acid phosphatase (ACP1) in human red cells from individuals of different phenotypes. Biochemical genetics 4 728063
2024 Druggable targets of protein tyrosine phosphatase Family, viz. PTP1B, SHP2, Cdc25, and LMW-PTP: Current scenario on medicinal Attributes, and SAR insights. Bioorganic chemistry 3 38237392
2015 The effect of ACP1, ADA6 and PTPN22 genetic polymorphisms on the association between p53 codon 72 polymorphism and endometriosis. Archives of gynecology and obstetrics 3 26216523
2014 Type 1 diabetes mellitus. Comparison between the association with PTPN22 genotype and the association with ACP1-ADA1 joint genotype. Diabetes research and clinical practice 3 25125338
2012 Small amplicons high resolution melting analysis (SA-HRMA) allows successful genotyping of acid phosphatase 1 (ACP1) polymorphisms in the Italian population. Clinica chimica acta; international journal of clinical chemistry 3 23201490
2008 [Genetic polymorphisms of low molecular weight protein tyrosine phosphatase (LMW-PTP): relationship with erythrocyte enzymatic phenotype in patients with Systemic Lupus Erythematosus]. Acta reumatologica portuguesa 3 18604186
2006 Effect of ACP1*C on early life viability. Human biology 3 17216808
2003 Association of the ACP1 genotype with metabolic parameters upon initial diagnosis of type 1 diabetes. Medical science monitor : international medical journal of experimental and clinical research 3 12640337
1990 Evaluation of a nonequilibrium isoelectric focusing (IEF) method for the simultaneous typing of esterase D (EsD), red cell acid phosphatase (AcP1), phosphoglucomutase (PGM1), adenylate kinase (AK), and adenosine deaminase (ADA). Journal of forensic sciences 3 2155993
1989 Human red-cell acid phosphatase (ACP1): a new mutant (ACP1*KUK) detected by isoelectric focusing, kinetics of thermostability and substrate activity. Human heredity 3 2613255
2018 Vibrio cholerae LMWPTP-2 display unique surface charge and grooves around the active site: Indicative of distinctive substrate specificity and scope to design specific inhibitor. Biochimica et biophysica acta. Proteins and proteomics 2 30447286
2006 ACP1 and offspring sex ratio in smoking puerperae: a study at population level. Early human development 2 16973312
2003 Simultaneous detection of ACP1 and GC genotypes using PCR/SSCP. Annals of human genetics 2 12556238
1991 Mapping of silver fox genes: chromosomal localization of the genes for GOT2, AK1, ALDOC, ACP1, ITPA, PGP, and BLVR. Cytogenetics and cell genetics 2 1647290

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