Affinage

XK

Endoplasmic reticulum membrane adapter protein XK · UniProt P51811

Length
444 aa
Mass
50.9 kDa
Annotated
2026-06-11
100 papers in source corpus 14 papers cited in narrative 14 extracted findings
Cross-family judge vs UniProt: Affinage preferred faithfulness: 6/6 claims corpus-supported (100%)

Mechanistic narrative

Synthesis pass · prose summary of the discoveries below

XK is a plasma membrane multi-pass protein that functions as a phospholipid scramblase and serves as a membrane anchor coupling lipid scrambling to the bulk lipid transfer protein VPS13A (PMID:35994651, PMID:35140185). On erythrocytes XK forms a disulfide-bonded complex with the Kell glycoprotein, with the covalent linkage between Kell Cys72 and XK Cys347; this complex assembles in the endoplasmic reticulum before trafficking through the Golgi to the cell surface, though Kell linkage is dispensable for XK surface expression (PMID:9593744, PMID:10556484). In its scramblase role, XK is required for P2X7 receptor-mediated phosphatidylserine exposure, phosphatidylcholine internalization, and cytolysis in T cells (PMID:35140185). A cytosolic loop of XK directly binds the C-terminal PH domain of VPS13A, recruiting VPS13A to ER–plasma membrane contact sites; this interaction is intramolecularly regulated and competes with VPS13A binding to other intracellular membranes (PMID:35994651, PMID:35950506). Disease-linked VPS13A mutations that truncate or alter the PH domain abolish XK binding, and loss of XK depletes VPS13A/chorein from erythrocyte membranes, indicating that XK stabilizes VPS13A at the membrane and that disruption of the shared XK–VPS13A complex underlies both McLeod syndrome and VPS13A disease (PMID:32845802, PMID:35950506, PMID:31086825). XK is also expressed in skeletal muscle type 2 fibers and in CNS neurons with predominantly intracellular localization, where its absence correlates with fiber atrophy (PMID:11562915, PMID:17379193).

Mechanistic history

Synthesis pass · year-by-year structured walk · 10 steps
  1. 1976 Low

    The question of whether the Kx antigen is genetically distinct and linked to disease phenotypes was first addressed by mapping Kx production to an X-linked gene and connecting its loss to the McLeod phenotype.

    Evidence Serological phenotyping of leukocytes and red cells from chronic granulomatous disease patients with genetic analysis

    PMID:1007158

    Open questions at the time
    • Serological phenotyping only, no molecular identity of the Kx-bearing protein
    • No mechanism linking Kx loss to cellular dysfunction
  2. 1988 Medium

    To define the biochemical identity of the Kx antigen, XK was isolated as a ~37 kDa protein absent in McLeod cells and shown to associate with Kell, establishing it as a discrete membrane protein whose loss destabilizes Kell.

    Evidence Immunoprecipitation, SDS-PAGE, chemical cross-linking and Western blot of K0 and McLeod red cells

    PMID:3345289

    Open questions at the time
    • Molecular function of XK not addressed
    • Nature of the Kell-XK association not resolved
  3. 1995 High

    The XK gene product was confirmed at the protein level by immunopurifying a ~37 kDa non-glycosylated protein whose N-terminal sequence matched the predicted gene, tying gene to protein.

    Evidence Immunopurification, SDS-PAGE, Western blot and N-terminal protein sequencing from K0 erythrocytes

    PMID:7737196

    Open questions at the time
    • No functional assay for XK
    • Topology and transport not characterized
  4. 1998 High

    The architecture of the Kell-XK complex was resolved by mapping the covalent disulfide bond to specific cysteines, defining how the two proteins are joined.

    Evidence Site-directed mutagenesis of Kell Cys72 and XK Cys347, co-expression and co-immunoprecipitation in COS-1 cells

    PMID:9593744

    Open questions at the time
    • Functional consequence of the covalent linkage unknown
    • Does not address XK function independent of Kell
  5. 1998 Medium

    Post-translational regulation of XK was probed by demonstrating in vivo phosphorylation by CKII and PKC, indicating signaling inputs onto the protein.

    Evidence Metabolic [32P] labeling and in vitro kinase assays on erythrocyte ghosts

    PMID:9647734

    Open questions at the time
    • Functional role of phosphorylation not established
    • Phosphosites not mapped
  6. 1999 Medium

    The assembly and trafficking of the complex were clarified by showing it forms in the ER and traffics via Golgi, and that XK reaches the surface without Kell, separating XK transport from complex formation.

    Evidence Time-course, endoglycosidase H treatment, fractionation and surface labeling in transfected COS cells

    PMID:10556484

    Open questions at the time
    • Single transfected-cell system
    • Native erythroid trafficking not directly confirmed
  7. 2007 Medium

    The tissue distribution underlying non-erythroid McLeod phenotypes was addressed by localizing XK to skeletal muscle type 2 fibers and CNS neurons, largely intracellularly and independent of Kell.

    Evidence Immunohistochemistry and in situ hybridization in muscle and rodent/human brain

    PMID:11562915 PMID:17379193

    Open questions at the time
    • Function of intracellular XK in muscle and neurons unknown
    • Subcellular compartment not definitively assigned
  8. 2019 Medium

    A new functional partner was identified by showing XK interacts noncovalently with chorein/VPS13A and that XK loss depletes chorein from erythrocyte membranes, linking XK to VPS13A biology.

    Evidence Co-immunoprecipitation and Western blot of McLeod and control erythrocyte membranes

    PMID:31086825

    Open questions at the time
    • Direct vs. indirect interaction not resolved
    • Functional significance for lipid handling not yet shown
  9. 2020 Medium

    The XK-VPS13A relationship was advanced functionally by showing XK relocalizes VPS13A to ER subdomains and that ChAc disease mutations block this, tying the complex to disease.

    Evidence Reciprocal co-IP and VPS13A relocalization microscopy in human cells with disease-mutation analysis

    PMID:32845802

    Open questions at the time
    • Binding interface not mapped
    • Molecular activity of XK still undefined
  10. 2022 High

    XK was established as a phospholipid scramblase and its mechanistic coupling to VPS13A was defined: a cytosolic XK loop binds the VPS13A PH domain to recruit VPS13A to ER-PM contacts, and XK is required for P2X7-driven PtdSer scrambling and cytolysis.

    Evidence CRISPR screening, blue-native PAGE, flow cytometry, AlphaFold modeling, interaction-surface mutagenesis and co-localization in T cells and human cells

    PMID:35140185 PMID:35950506 PMID:35994651

    Open questions at the time
    • Structural mechanism of scrambling not solved at atomic resolution
    • How P2X7 activation triggers XK scramblase activity is not defined
    • Stoichiometry of the XK-VPS13A-Kell assembly unresolved

Open questions

Synthesis pass · forward-looking unresolved questions
  • How XK scramblase activity is mechanistically gated and how the XK-VPS13A lipid transfer axis maintains muscle and neuronal integrity to prevent McLeod-type neurodegeneration remains unresolved.
  • No atomic structure of XK or the XK-VPS13A complex in the corpus
  • Lipid substrate selectivity and directionality not fully defined
  • Mechanism connecting lipid transport defects to type 2 fiber atrophy and neurodegeneration unknown

Mechanism profile

Synthesis pass · controlled-vocabulary classification · explore literature graph →
Molecular activity
GO:0008289 lipid binding 2 GO:0060090 molecular adaptor activity 2 GO:0140096 catalytic activity, acting on a protein 2
Localization
GO:0005783 endoplasmic reticulum 3 GO:0005886 plasma membrane 3
Partners
KELVPS13A
Complex memberships
Kell-XK complexXK-VPS13A complex

Evidence

Reading pass · 14 per-paper findings extracted from the source corpus
Year Finding Method Journal Conf PMIDs
1998 XK protein forms a disulfide-bonded complex with Kell glycoprotein on the red cell surface, with the specific linkage between Kell cysteine 72 and XK cysteine 347, as demonstrated by site-directed mutagenesis of these residues in transfected COS-1 cells. Site-directed mutagenesis, co-expression in transfected COS-1 cells, co-immunoprecipitation The Journal of biological chemistry High 9593744
1995 The XK protein is a ~37 kDa, non-glycosylated red cell membrane protein that is absent in McLeod syndrome patients; it was immunopurified from K0 erythrocytes as a complex with the 93 kDa Kell protein, and its N-terminal sequence matched the predicted XK gene product. Immunopurification, SDS-PAGE, Western blot, N-terminal protein sequencing European journal of biochemistry High 7737196
1988 The Kx antigen (XK protein, ~37 kDa) was isolated from K0 red cells by immunoprecipitation; McLeod red cells have no detectable Kx protein; Kell protein in McLeod red cells is markedly deficient. Cross-linking studies showed no abnormalities in membrane protein inter-relationships in McLeod cells. Immunoprecipitation, SDS-PAGE, chemical cross-linking, Western blot British journal of haematology Medium 3345289
1999 Kell and XK proteins are assembled into their disulfide-bonded complex in the endoplasmic reticulum, and the complex is subsequently transported to the plasma membrane via the Golgi. XK expressed alone (without Kell) is also transported to the cell surface, indicating that Kell-XK linkage is not required for XK surface expression. Time-course studies, endoglycosidase H treatment, cell fractionation, surface labeling in transfected COS cells Biochimica et biophysica acta Medium 10556484
1998 The XK protein is phosphorylated in vivo in human erythrocytes; XK is phosphorylated by Casein Kinase II (CKII) and Protein Kinase C (PKC), but not by Casein Kinase I (CKI) or Protein Kinase A. Metabolic labeling with [32P]-orthophosphate, in vitro kinase assays on ghosts with [γ-32P]ATP, immunochromatographic purification of Kell-Kx complex Biochemical and biophysical research communications Medium 9647734
2001 XK protein is expressed in skeletal muscle, where immunohistochemistry localizes it to type 2 fibers with an intracellular staining pattern likely confined to the sarcoplasmic reticulum, in contrast to the plasma membrane localization of Kell. Absence of XK in a McLeod patient correlates with type 2 fiber atrophy. Immunohistochemistry with affinity-purified anti-XK antibodies on normal and McLeod patient skeletal muscle Muscle & nerve Medium 11562915
2007 In the central nervous system, XK (Kx) protein is expressed in neurons with predominantly intracellular localization, whereas Kell expression is restricted to red blood cells in cerebral vessels. The two proteins are not co-expressed in the CNS, suggesting independent functions there. In situ hybridization, immunohistochemistry in rodent and human brain Brain research Medium 17379193
2006 Two novel XK family members, XPLAC (expressed mainly in placenta and adrenal gland) and XTES (expressed exclusively in primate testis), were cloned. They share ~31–37% amino acid identity with XK, are predicted to have similar 10-transmembrane topology, and contain a conserved 'ced-8 domain'. XPLAC is also on the X chromosome (Xq22.1), while XTES is at 22q11.1. cDNA cloning, sequence analysis, phylogenetic analysis, expression analysis Gene Low 16431037
2020 XK forms a protein complex with VPS13A in human cells, and overexpression of XK relocalizes VPS13A from lipid droplets to subdomains of the endoplasmic reticulum. Two ChAc disease-linked VPS13A missense mutations prevent XK-induced relocalization of VPS13A, indicating that VPS13A-XK complex formation is disrupted by these mutations. Co-immunoprecipitation in human cells, fluorescence microscopy of VPS13A relocalization upon XK overexpression, disease-mutation analysis Molecular biology of the cell Medium 32845802
2022 XK functions as a plasma membrane lipid scramblase, and its cytosolic loop serves as a direct binding site for the PH domain of VPS13A. This VPS13A-XK interaction is required for co-localization of VPS13A with XK at ER-PM contacts, and is regulated by an intramolecular interaction within XK. VPS13A localization at ER-PM contacts via XK is competitive with its binding to intracellular membranes mediating other VPS13A tethering functions. Co-immunoprecipitation, fluorescence co-localization microscopy, AlphaFold structural modeling, mutagenesis of predicted interaction surface, domain-binding assays Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America High 35994651
2022 XK is required for P2X7 receptor-mediated phosphatidylserine (PtdSer) exposure, phosphatidylcholine internalization, and cytolysis in mouse T cells. XK interacts with VPS13A at the membrane (as detected by blue-native PAGE), and null mutations in either XK or VPS13A block P2X7-mediated PtdSer scrambling and cell lysis. XK is present at the plasma membrane and functions as a phospholipid scramblase in T cells. CRISPR/Cas9 screening, blue-native PAGE, flow cytometry for PtdSer exposure, cell lysis assays, genetic rescue experiments in T cell transformants Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America High 35140185
2022 The PH domain at the C-terminal region of VPS13A is required to form a complex with XK scramblase and for co-localization of VPS13A with XK within cells. Mutations disrupting this interaction surface (predicted by AlphaFold) abolish both complex formation and co-localization. VPS13A patient mutations that truncate the PH domain prevent XK binding, suggesting that loss of the VPS13A-XK complex underlies both VPS13A disease and McLeod syndrome. Co-immunoprecipitation, fluorescence co-localization, AlphaFold modeling, domain mutagenesis, patient mutation analysis Journal of cell science High 35950506
2019 XK protein interacts (directly or indirectly) with chorein (VPS13A gene product), as demonstrated by co-immunoprecipitation from cell lysates with both anti-XK and anti-chorein antibodies. Chorein immunoreactivity is markedly reduced in erythrocyte membranes of McLeod syndrome patients lacking XK protein, suggesting XK stabilizes chorein expression at the membrane. This chorein-XK interaction appears to be noncovalent, unlike the covalent Kell-XK complex. Co-immunoprecipitation, Western blot of erythrocyte membrane proteins from McLeod patients and controls Neurology. Genetics Medium 31086825
1976 Kx antigen (XK gene product) is absent from leukocytes in X-linked chronic granulomatous disease (CGD); in a subset of CGD patients (Type II), both leukocytes and red cells lack Kx and show the McLeod phenotype. Normal Kx synthesis is directed by an X-linked gene (X1k, an alias for XK). Three genetic variants (X2k, X3k, X4k) order different permutations of leukocyte vs. red cell Kx antigen production. Serological testing of leukocytes and red cells from CGD patients, genetic analysis Vox sanguinis Low 1007158

Source papers

Stage 0 corpus · 100 papers · ranked by NIH iCite citations
Year Title Journal Citations PMID
2003 Na+ tolerance and Na+ transport in higher plants. Annals of botany 985 12646496
2001 Phosphorylation of Nedd4-2 by Sgk1 regulates epithelial Na(+) channel cell surface expression. The EMBO journal 570 11742982
1999 A single Na(+) channel mutation causing both long-QT and Brugada syndromes. Circulation research 490 10590249
2002 Na(+)/K(+)-ATPase as a signal transducer. European journal of biochemistry 480 12027880
2013 Xk-related protein 8 and CED-8 promote phosphatidylserine exposure in apoptotic cells. Science (New York, N.Y.) 474 23845944
2003 An overview of inhibitors of Na(+)/H(+) exchanger. European journal of medicinal chemistry 369 12832126
2001 Na(+)/H(+) antiporters. Biochimica et biophysica acta 270 11248196
1992 Thrombin is a Na(+)-activated enzyme. Biochemistry 230 1445907
2020 Na+ controls hypoxic signalling by the mitochondrial respiratory chain. Nature 191 32728214
2003 Na(+)+K(+)-ATPase in gills of aquatic crustacea. Comparative biochemistry and physiology. Part A, Molecular & integrative physiology 172 12781821
2002 Evolution of voltage-gated Na(+) channels. The Journal of experimental biology 164 11907047
2002 Concerted action of ENaC, Nedd4-2, and Sgk1 in transepithelial Na(+) transport. American journal of physiology. Renal physiology 156 12167587
1996 4-hydroxynonenal inhibits Na(+)-K(+)-ATPase. Free radical biology & medicine 155 8746442
2014 Exposure of phosphatidylserine by Xk-related protein family members during apoptosis. The Journal of biological chemistry 153 25231987
2009 Structure and function of Na(+)-symporters with inverted repeats. Current opinion in structural biology 151 19631523
2014 The Na(+) transporter, TaHKT1;5-D, limits shoot Na(+) accumulation in bread wheat. The Plant journal : for cell and molecular biology 140 25158883
2012 Sequence, structure and functional diversity of PD-(D/E)XK phosphodiesterase superfamily. Nucleic acids research 135 22638584
1999 Relationship between Na(+),K(+)-ATPase and cell attachment. Journal of cell science 134 10564641
2004 Expression of slc5a8 in kidney and its role in Na(+)-coupled transport of lactate. The Journal of biological chemistry 130 15322102
2012 Na(+),K (+)-ATPase as a docking station: protein-protein complexes of the Na(+),K (+)-ATPase. Cellular and molecular life sciences : CMLS 122 22695678
2018 Na+/K+-pump and neurotransmitter membrane receptors. Invertebrate neuroscience : IN 108 30488358
2014 Regulation of Na(+) fluxes in plants. Frontiers in plant science 107 25278946
1998 Association of XK and Kell blood group proteins. The Journal of biological chemistry 96 9593744
1990 Activation of Na+ and K+ pumping modes of (Na,K)-ATPase by an oscillating electric field. The Journal of biological chemistry 93 2158997
2015 Intracellular Na+ Concentration ([Na+]i) Is Elevated in Diabetic Hearts Due to Enhanced Na+-Glucose Cotransport. Journal of the American Heart Association 90 26316524
2009 Regulation of the Na(+)/H(+) exchanger in the healthy and diseased myocardium. Expert opinion on therapeutic targets 85 19063706
1983 The effects of Na+ and K+ on the conformational transitions of (Na+ + K+)-ATPase. Biochimica et biophysica acta 83 6191777
2000 The Kell blood group system: Kell and XK membrane proteins. Seminars in hematology 77 10791880
2022 A partnership between the lipid scramblase XK and the lipid transfer protein VPS13A at the plasma membrane. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 71 35994651
2001 The Na(+)-dependence of alkaliphily in Bacillus. Biochimica et biophysica acta 71 11248197
1995 Purification and partial characterization of the erythrocyte Kx protein deficient in McLeod patients. European journal of biochemistry 70 7737196
2004 Competitive Na(+) and Rb(+) binding in the minor groove of DNA. Journal of the American Chemical Society 65 15161302
2001 Coupling mechanism of the oxaloacetate decarboxylase Na(+) pump. Biochimica et biophysica acta 60 11248184
2006 Na(+) current in human ventricle: implications for sodium loading and homeostasis. Journal of cardiovascular electrophysiology 59 16686671
2016 The Influence of Na(+), K(+)-ATPase on Glutamate Signaling in Neurodegenerative Diseases and Senescence. Frontiers in physiology 58 27313535
2010 Signaling mechanisms that link salt retention to hypertension: endogenous ouabain, the Na(+) pump, the Na(+)/Ca(2+) exchanger and TRPC proteins. Biochimica et biophysica acta 57 20211726
2002 Ubiquitin-protein ligase WWP2 binds to and downregulates the epithelial Na(+) channel. American journal of physiology. Renal physiology 57 12167593
2016 Elementary immunology: Na+ as a regulator of immunity. Pediatric nephrology (Berlin, Germany) 56 26921211
2001 Na(+)/H(+)exchangers: linking osmotic dysequilibrium to modified cell function. Cellular physiology and biochemistry : international journal of experimental cellular physiology, biochemistry, and pharmacology 56 11275678
1988 Biochemical studies on McLeod phenotype red cells and isolation of Kx antigen. British journal of haematology 53 3345289
2024 Na+/K+-ATPase: More than an Electrogenic Pump. International journal of molecular sciences 52 38892309
2016 Cooperative regulation by G proteins and Na(+) of neuronal GIRK2 K(+) channels. eLife 52 27074662
1988 Inactivation of Rb+ and Na+ occlusion on (Na+,K+)-ATPase by modification of carboxyl groups. The Journal of biological chemistry 52 2848822
2005 Na(+) entry and modulation of Na(+)/Ca(2+) exchange as a key mechanism of TRPC signaling. Pflugers Archiv : European journal of physiology 51 15924237
1995 Na+/H+ and Na+/Ca2+ exchange in regulation of [Na+]i and [Ca2+]i during metabolic inhibition. The American journal of physiology 51 7900878
2019 HIF1A and NFAT5 coordinate Na+-boosted antibacterial defense via enhanced autophagy and autolysosomal targeting. Autophagy 50 30982460
1999 Amiloride and the Na(+)/H(+) exchanger protein: mechanism and significance of inhibition of the Na(+)/H(+) exchanger (review). International journal of molecular medicine 50 10028059
1998 Insect Na(+)/K(+)-ATPase. Journal of insect physiology 50 12769954
2017 Pathophysiology of Intestinal Na+/H+ exchange. Cellular and molecular gastroenterology and hepatology 49 28090568
2006 pH-Regulated Na(+) influx into the mammalian ventricular myocyte: the relative role of Na(+)-H(+) exchange and Na(+)-HCO Co-transport. Journal of cardiovascular electrophysiology 49 16686668
2020 XK is a partner for VPS13A: a molecular link between Chorea-Acanthocytosis and McLeod Syndrome. Molecular biology of the cell 48 32845802
2012 A novel protein kinase involved in Na(+) exclusion revealed from positional cloning. Plant, cell & environment 46 22897323
2021 Early role for a Na+,K+-ATPase (ATP1A3) in brain development. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 44 34161264
2022 Requirement of Xk and Vps13a for the P2X7-mediated phospholipid scrambling and cell lysis in mouse T cells. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 43 35140185
2013 Compensatory regulation of Na+ absorption by Na+/H+ exchanger and Na+-Cl- cotransporter in zebrafish (Danio rerio). Frontiers in zoology 41 23924428
2009 The ins and outs of Na(+) bioenergetics in Acetobacterium woodii. Biochimica et biophysica acta 41 19167341
2017 Na+-NQR (Na+-translocating NADH:ubiquinone oxidoreductase) as a novel target for antibiotics. FEMS microbiology reviews 40 28961953
2014 CaMKII-dependent regulation of cardiac Na(+) homeostasis. Frontiers in pharmacology 40 24653702
2005 Activation of (Na+ + K+)-ATPase. Biochemical and biophysical research communications 39 16263081
2001 Kell and XK immunohistochemistry in McLeod myopathy. Muscle & nerve 39 11562915
2019 Na+,HCO3- cotransporter NBCn1 accelerates breast carcinogenesis. Cancer metastasis reviews 38 30715643
2021 Diseases caused by mutations in the Na+/K+ pump α1 gene ATP1A1. American journal of physiology. Cell physiology 37 34232746
2010 The Na(+)/glucose cotransporters: from genes to therapy. Brazilian journal of medical and biological research = Revista brasileira de pesquisas medicas e biologicas 37 21049241
2002 Regulation of placental transfer: the Na(+)/H(+) exchanger--a review. Placenta 37 11978058
2013 Relationship between intracellular Na+ concentration and reduced Na+ affinity in Na+,K+-ATPase mutants causing neurological disease. The Journal of biological chemistry 36 24356962
2007 The DNA structure responds differently to physiological concentrations of K(+) or Na(+). Journal of molecular biology 35 17395202
1976 Kx antigen, the McLeod phenotype, and chronic granulomatous disease: further studies. Vox sanguinis 35 1007158
2019 Protein Phosphatase 2A Regulates Cardiac Na+ Channels. Circulation research 34 30602331
2001 Catalytic properties of Na(+)-translocating V-ATPase in Enterococcus hirae. Biochimica et biophysica acta 34 11248190
2006 Hypertension, Na+/Ca2+ exchanger, and Na+, K+-ATPase. Kidney international 33 16641927
1997 Electrogenicity of Na(+)-coupled bile acid transporters. The Yale journal of biology and medicine 33 9626753
2022 Interaction between VPS13A and the XK scramblase is important for VPS13A function in humans. Journal of cell science 32 35950506
2011 Thyroperoxidase, thyroglobulin, Na(+)/I(-) symporter, pendrin in thyroid autoimmunity. Frontiers in bioscience (Landmark edition) 31 21196203
1991 Chemiosmotic systems in bioenergetics: H(+)-cycles and Na(+)-cycles. Bioscience reports 31 1668527
1990 Na(+)-dependent, active and Na(+)-independent, facilitated transport of formycin B in mouse spleen lymphocytes. Biochimica et biophysica acta 31 2302407
1987 The Li+-Na+ exchange and Na+-K+-Cl- cotransport systems in essential hypertension. Hypertension (Dallas, Tex. : 1979) 30 2824364
2015 Microfluidic devices for nucleic acid (NA) isolation, isothermal NA amplification, and real-time detection. Methods in molecular biology (Clifton, N.J.) 29 25626529
2003 McLeod phenotype associated with a XK missense mutation without hematologic, neuromuscular, or cerebral involvement. Transfusion 28 12823753
2016 FXYD5: Na(+)/K(+)-ATPase Regulator in Health and Disease. Frontiers in cell and developmental biology 27 27066483
2006 Identification of two new members, XPLAC and XTES, of the XK family. Gene 27 16431037
1999 Kell, Kx and the McLeod syndrome. Bailliere's best practice & research. Clinical haematology 27 10895256
1989 Bacterial Na+ energetics. FEBS letters 27 2544457
2022 Na+ riboswitches regulate genes for diverse physiological processes in bacteria. Nature chemical biology 26 35879547
2019 Na+/Ca2+ exchangers: Unexploited opportunities for cancer therapy? Biochemical pharmacology 25 30826328
2016 Antitumor Effect of KX-01 through Inhibiting Src Family Kinases and Mitosis. Cancer research and treatment 25 27737538
2015 Kell and Kx blood group systems. Immunohematology 25 26308465
2022 Mechanisms of Na+ uptake from freshwater habitats in animals. Frontiers in physiology 24 36388090
2007 The Kell and XK proteins of the Kell blood group are not co-expressed in the central nervous system. Brain research 23 17379193
2021 Dispatched uses Na+ flux to power release of lipid-modified Hedgehog. Nature 22 34707294
2019 Novel pathogenic XK mutations in McLeod syndrome and interaction between XK protein and chorein. Neurology. Genetics 22 31086825
2018 Competition between Li+ and Na+ in sodium transporters and receptors: Which Na+-Binding sites are "therapeutic" Li+ targets? Chemical science 22 29780538
2022 XK-Associated McLeod Syndrome: Nonhematological Manifestations and Relation to VPS13A Disease. Transfusion medicine and hemotherapy : offizielles Organ der Deutschen Gesellschaft fur Transfusionsmedizin und Immunhamatologie 21 35221863
2016 Na+ coordination at the Na2 site of the Na+/I- symporter. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 21 27562170
1999 Intracellular assembly of Kell and XK blood group proteins. Biochimica et biophysica acta 21 10556484
2021 The protein kinase SlCIPK23 boosts K+ and Na+ uptake in tomato plants. Plant, cell & environment 20 34545584
2019 PI3Kα in cardioprotection: Cytoskeleton, late Na+ current, and mechanism of arrhythmias. Channels (Austin, Tex.) 19 31790629
2015 Intracellular Na+ regulates epithelial Na+ channel maturation. The Journal of biological chemistry 19 25767115
2019 The Na+/Ca2+ exchangers in demyelinating diseases. Cell calcium 18 31812115
1998 Kell and Kx, two disulfide-linked proteins of the human erythrocyte membrane are phosphorylated in vivo. Biochemical and biophysical research communications 18 9647734
1996 The electroneutral Na(+)-(K+)-Cl- cotransport family. Kidney international 18 8743468

Missed literature

Know a paper Affinage missed for XK? Flag it for the maintainers and the community.

No submissions yet.