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Showing TICAM1 — TRIF is a alias.

TICAM1

TIR domain-containing adapter molecule 1 · UniProt Q8IUC6

Length
712 aa
Mass
76.4 kDa
Annotated
2026-06-10
32 papers in source corpus 16 papers cited in narrative 16 extracted findings
Cross-family judge vs UniProt: Affinage preferred faithfulness: 7/7 claims corpus-supported (100%)

Mechanistic narrative

Synthesis pass · prose summary of the discoveries below

TICAM-1 (TRIF) is the TIR-domain adaptor that couples endosomal Toll-like receptor sensing of double-stranded RNA and LPS to type I interferon and inflammatory transcription, thereby orchestrating antiviral and antitumor innate immunity (PMID:12539043, PMID:14519765). It is recruited to TLR3 by direct TIR-TIR interaction, while TLR4 signaling reaches TICAM-1 indirectly through the bridging adaptor TICAM-2 (TRAM), whose endosomal localization is essential for TLR4-driven IFN-β (PMID:14519765, PMID:28630139). Signaling is gated at several levels: the N-terminal domain (residues 1–153) folds into an eight-helix, IFIT-like fold that auto-inhibits IFN-β and NF-κB output (PMID:24311583), and full activation requires TRAF2 and TRAF6 binding to distinct N-terminal motifs to catalyze K63-linked ubiquitination of TICAM-1, driving IRF-3 and NF-κB activation (PMID:20047764). Productive signaling proceeds through assembly of a cytoplasmic TICAM-1 signalosome, which depends on 14-3-3-zeta for multimerization and is enhanced by the relocalized nuclear repressor BS69 (PMID:19795416, PMID:27058640); for TLR4, Raftlin-dependent receptor endocytosis is specifically required for the TICAM-1 branch of IFN-β production (PMID:27022195). The pathway is terminated by lysosome-dependent degradation of TICAM-1 that desensitizes TLR3 (PMID:22205631). Genetically, TICAM-1 is required in dendritic cells for poly(I:C)-driven NK-cell activation, CD8α+ DC cross-priming of antitumor CTLs, and host defense against poliovirus (PMID:17190817, PMID:22934250, PMID:21998457). Beyond TLR signaling, TICAM-1 also acts as a negative regulator of IL-17A responses by binding Act1 and competing with the IL-17RA–Act1 interaction (PMID:34819358).

Mechanistic history

Synthesis pass · year-by-year structured walk · 16 steps
  1. 2003 High

    Established that a TIR adaptor distinct from MyD88 links TLR3 to interferon induction, defining the molecular basis of MyD88-independent antiviral signaling.

    Evidence Co-IP and IFN-β promoter reporter assays with poly(I:C) in human cells

    PMID:12539043

    Open questions at the time
    • Does not resolve the downstream kinases or signalosome assembly
    • Overexpression system may not reflect endogenous stoichiometry
  2. 2003 High

    Explained how LPS-TLR4 reaches the same adaptor without direct binding, identifying TICAM-2 as the bridging adaptor that channels TLR4 into TICAM-1-dependent IFN-β.

    Evidence Co-IP plus IFN-β and NF-κB reporter assays

    PMID:14519765

    Open questions at the time
    • Structural basis of the TICAM-2/TICAM-1 interface not resolved here
    • Subcellular compartment of the bridge unaddressed
  3. 2006 Medium

    Demonstrated that TICAM-1 is physiologically required in myeloid DCs for contact-dependent NK activation and antitumor responses, moving the adaptor from cytokine induction to cellular immunity.

    Evidence TICAM-1 knockout mice in B16 melanoma model with adoptive transfer and transwell analysis

    PMID:17190817

    Open questions at the time
    • DC-NK contact signal molecularly undefined
    • Single tumor model
  4. 2010 High

    Identified the ubiquitin-dependent activation step, showing TRAF2 and TRAF6 bind distinct N-terminal motifs and K63-ubiquitinate TICAM-1 to drive IRF-3/NF-κB output.

    Evidence Yeast two-hybrid, alanine-scan mutagenesis, in-cell ubiquitination and IFN-β reporter assays

    PMID:20047764

    Open questions at the time
    • DUBs that reverse the modification unknown
    • Chain topology assignment relies on in-cell assays
  5. 2011 Medium

    Revealed that TICAM-1 signaling is self-limiting via lysosomal degradation, establishing a receptor desensitization mechanism for TLR3.

    Evidence Western blot of protein levels with lysosome/proteasome/caspase inhibitors and siRNA during dsRNA or rhinovirus stimulation

    PMID:22205631

    Open questions at the time
    • Trafficking machinery delivering TICAM-1 to lysosomes unidentified
    • No degradation-resistant mutant tested
  6. 2011 Medium

    Showed TICAM-1 is the dominant adaptor for antiviral protection in vivo, with TLR3-TICAM-1 outweighing the RIG-I/IPS-1 axis in poliovirus defense.

    Evidence TICAM-1 vs IPS-1 knockout in PVR-transgenic mice with IFN measurement

    PMID:21998457

    Open questions at the time
    • Relative contribution may be virus-specific
    • IFN source cells inferred from ex vivo analysis
  7. 2012 Medium

    Connected TICAM-1 to adaptive immunity by showing it is required in CD8α+ DCs for poly(I:C)-driven cross-priming of antigen-specific CTLs.

    Evidence TICAM-1 and IPS-1 knockout mice with tetramer and OT-1 proliferation assays in EG7 tumor model

    PMID:22934250

    Open questions at the time
    • Mechanism linking adaptor signaling to cross-presentation machinery undefined
    • Single antigen model
  8. 2009 Medium

    Identified BS69 as a cytoplasmic cofactor that promotes TICAM-1 signalosome (speckle) formation, beginning to explain how the adaptor oligomerizes for full activation.

    Evidence Yeast two-hybrid, Co-IP, confocal imaging, and siRNA knockdown with reporter assays

    PMID:19795416

    Open questions at the time
    • Mechanism of nuclear-to-cytoplasmic relocation unclear
    • Single lab
  9. 2013 High

    Provided the structural basis for intramolecular regulation, showing the N-terminal IFIT-like helical domain auto-inhibits TICAM-1 signaling.

    Evidence 2.22 Å X-ray crystal structure of residues 1–153 with IFN-β/NF-κB reporter validation

    PMID:24311583

    Open questions at the time
    • Structure of full-length or signalosome state not solved
    • Trigger that relieves auto-inhibition unknown
  10. 2016 Medium

    Established 14-3-3-zeta as a required factor for TICAM-1 multimerization, mechanistically linking signalosome assembly to downstream IRF-3/IκB activation.

    Evidence siRNA knockdown with multimerization, IRF-3 translocation, and cytokine readouts

    PMID:27058640

    Open questions at the time
    • Direct vs indirect binding to TICAM-1 not resolved
    • Single lab
  11. 2016 Medium

    Showed that TLR4 endocytosis via Raftlin is selectively required for the TICAM-1/IFN-β branch but not NF-κB, explaining spatial control of adaptor usage.

    Evidence siRNA, Co-IP with TLR4/clathrin/AP-2, confocal imaging, and IFN-β readouts in human DCs/macrophages

    PMID:27022195

    Open questions at the time
    • Direct TICAM-1 engagement at endosome not shown
    • Human myeloid cells only
  12. 2017 Medium

    Defined the molecular interface and compartment requirement for TLR4 signaling, mapping the TICAM-2 acidic motif that engages TICAM-1 and the endosomal localization needed for IFN.

    Evidence NMR structural analysis and mutagenesis of acidic motifs with IFN-β reporters

    PMID:28630139

    Open questions at the time
    • Limited primary experimental detail
    • Reciprocal TICAM-1 interface residues not mapped here
  13. 2018 Medium

    Delimited the pathway specificity of TICAM-1 by showing it is dispensable for STING-driven IFN and DC maturation, distinguishing TLR3 from cytosolic DNA sensing.

    Evidence TICAM-1 knockout myeloid cells with cytokine mRNA and flow cytometry

    PMID:29627569

    Open questions at the time
    • Negative result; does not exclude minor roles in other cell types
  14. 2018 Low

    Proposed a non-canonical role in directing TLR3-dependent sorting of miR-21 into extracellular vesicles.

    Evidence Ectopic overexpression and siRNA knockdown with EV miRNA quantification

    PMID:29679565

    Open questions at the time
    • Single approach with no sorting mechanism defined
    • Not independently confirmed
  15. 2021 Medium

    Extended TICAM-1 function beyond TLR signaling, showing it negatively regulates IL-17A responses by competing with the IL-17RA–Act1 interaction.

    Evidence Co-IP, TICAM-1 knockout mice, NF-κB/MAPK assays, and in vivo DTH/EAE models

    PMID:34819358

    Open questions at the time
    • Structural basis of TICAM-1/Act1 competition undefined
    • Single lab
  16. 2017 Low

    Linked TICAM-1 to intestinal tumor suppression in a microbiota-dependent manner, correlating its loss with accelerated, c-Myc-driven polyposis.

    Evidence TICAM-1 knockout in Apc Min/+ mice with immunofluorescence, RT-PCR, and survival analysis

    PMID:29041928

    Open questions at the time
    • c-Myc link is correlative
    • dsRNA-producing bacterium not causally tested

Open questions

Synthesis pass · forward-looking unresolved questions
  • How auto-inhibition is relieved and the ubiquitinated, 14-3-3/BS69-assisted signalosome assembles into an active full-length structure remains structurally unresolved.
  • No full-length or oligomeric structure
  • Order and interdependence of ubiquitination, multimerization, and auto-inhibition relief unknown

Mechanism profile

Synthesis pass · controlled-vocabulary classification · explore literature graph →
Molecular activity
GO:0060090 molecular adaptor activity 3 GO:0098772 molecular function regulator activity 2
Localization
GO:0005768 endosome 2 GO:0005829 cytosol 2
Pathway
R-HSA-168256 Immune System 4 R-HSA-162582 Signal Transduction 3
Partners
BS69TICAM2TLR3TRAF2TRAF3IP2TRAF6YWHAZ
Complex memberships
TICAM-1 signalosome

Evidence

Reading pass · 16 per-paper findings extracted from the source corpus
Year Finding Method Journal Conf PMIDs
2003 TICAM-1 physically binds the TIR domain of TLR3 and activates the IFN-β promoter in response to poly(I):poly(C), establishing it as the adaptor mediating TLR3-dependent IFN-β production independently of MyD88 and TIRAP. Co-immunoprecipitation (physical binding), IFN-β promoter reporter assay, overexpression in human cells Nature immunology High 12539043
2003 TICAM-2 physically bridges TLR4 and TICAM-1, allowing LPS-TLR4 signaling to activate IRF-3 and IFN-β through TICAM-1; TICAM-1 does not directly bind TLR4. Co-immunoprecipitation, IFN-β promoter reporter assay, NF-κB reporter assay The Journal of biological chemistry High 14519765
2010 TRAF2 binds the PxQxS motif (aa 333–338) of TICAM-1's N-terminal region; TRAF6 binds a separate site; both TRAF2 and TRAF6 act as E3 ligases to induce K63-linked ubiquitination of TICAM-1, cooperatively driving IFN-β induction and IRF-3/NF-κB activation. Double mutation of both TRAF2/6 binding sites completely abrogated IFN-β induction. Yeast two-hybrid screening, alanine-substitution mutagenesis, Co-immunoprecipitation, IFN-β promoter reporter assay, ubiquitination assay, confocal microscopy Molecular immunology High 20047764
2013 The N-terminal domain of TICAM-1 (residues 1–153) folds into eight antiparallel helices with structural similarity to the IFIT family; this domain suppresses TICAM-1-mediated IFN-β promoter and NF-κB reporter activity, consistent with an auto-inhibitory role. X-ray crystallography (2.22 Å SAD structure), NF-κB and IFN-β promoter reporter assays Acta crystallographica. Section D, Biological crystallography High 24311583
2009 BS69, normally a nuclear transcriptional repressor, binds oligomerized TICAM-1 in the cytoplasm and translocates from the nucleus to the cytoplasm upon dsRNA stimulation; BS69 promotes TICAM-1 signalosome (speckle) formation and is required for full NF-κB/IRF-3 activation and IFN-β induction downstream of TLR3. Yeast two-hybrid, Co-immunoprecipitation, confocal microscopy, knockdown (siRNA), IFN-β/NF-κB reporter assays European journal of immunology Medium 19795416
2016 14-3-3-zeta is required for TLR3-dependent TICAM-1 multimerization (signalosome formation); knockdown of 14-3-3-zeta blocks TICAM-1 multimer formation and reduces type I IFN production, IRF-3 nuclear translocation, and IκB phosphorylation via the TLR3-TICAM-1 pathway. Knockdown (siRNA), TICAM-1 multimerization assay, IRF-3 nuclear translocation assay, IFN and cytokine measurement Molecular immunology Medium 27058640
2016 Raftlin mediates LPS-induced TLR4 internalization into endosomes and is required for TICAM-1-dependent IFN-β production but not NF-κB activation in human monocyte-derived DCs and macrophages; upon LPS stimulation Raftlin translocates from cytoplasm to plasma membrane, co-localizes with TLR4, and transiently binds TLR4 and clathrin via its association with clathrin-adaptor protein-2. Knockdown (siRNA), Co-immunoprecipitation, confocal microscopy, IFN-β reporter assay, ELISA Journal of immunology Medium 27022195
2011 TICAM-1 protein level is down-regulated during TLR3 activation by dsRNA or rhinovirus in a lysosome-dependent, proteasome/caspase-independent manner, dependent on TLR3 but not RIG-I/MDA5/PKR; this down-regulation terminates TLR3-mediated IFN production, constituting a receptor desensitization mechanism. Protein level analysis (Western blot), pharmacological inhibitors (lysosome, proteasome, caspase), siRNA knockdown, virus infection assay American journal of respiratory cell and molecular biology Medium 22205631
2017 NMR structural analysis showed that TICAM-2 interacts with TICAM-1 via an acidic amino acid motif (E87/D88/D89) on TICAM-2; endosomal localization of TICAM-2 (dependent on N-terminal myristoylation and residues D91/E92) is essential for TLR4-mediated type I IFN signaling from the endosome. NMR structural analysis, mutagenesis of acidic motifs, functional reporter assays for IFN-β induction Biochemical Society transactions Medium 28630139
2021 TICAM-1 binds to IL-17R adaptor Act1, competitively inhibiting IL-17RA–Act1 interaction; TICAM-1 knockout enhances IL-17RA/Act1 complex formation and amplifies IL-17A-mediated NF-κB and MAPK activation, leading to increased inflammatory cytokine/chemokine expression; TICAM-1 thus functions as a negative regulator of IL-17A signaling. Co-immunoprecipitation, TICAM-1 knockout mice, NF-κB/MAPK signaling assays, in vivo models (DTH, EAE) Life science alliance Medium 34819358
2006 In TICAM-1-deficient mice, polyI:C-induced NK-mDC contact-dependent antitumor NK activation and IL-12 production are abolished, while IFN production is preserved; TICAM-1 is required in myeloid DCs for DC maturation and NK cell activation leading to tumor regression. TICAM-1 knockout mice, syngeneic tumor implant model (B16 melanoma), adoptive transfer, in vivo transwell analysis Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America Medium 17190817
2012 TICAM-1 signaling in CD8α+ dendritic cells is required for cross-priming of tumor-specific CTLs in response to polyI:C plus soluble antigen; IRF-3/7 are essential but IPS-1 plays only a minor role; TICAM-1-deficient mice fail to retard tumor growth in this model. TICAM-1 and IPS-1 knockout mice, H2Kb-SL8 tetramer assay, OT-1 proliferation assay, syngeneic tumor model (EG7/C57BL/6) Oncoimmunology Medium 22934250
2011 TICAM-1 is the dominant adaptor for TLR3-mediated IFN-β induction and host protection against poliovirus infection; TICAM-1-deficient PVR-transgenic mice are markedly more susceptible to poliovirus than IPS-1-deficient mice, and CD8α+/CD11c+ splenic DCs and macrophages are the primary IFN sources relying on TICAM-1. TICAM-1 and IPS-1 knockout mice in PVR-transgenic background, serum and organ IFN measurement, ex vivo/in vitro cell analysis Journal of immunology Medium 21998457
2018 TICAM-1 expression mediates TLR3-dependent (but not STING-dependent) sorting of miR-21 into extracellular vesicles; ectopic TICAM-1 expression increases EV miR-21 without changing intracellular miR-21, whereas MAVS does not have this effect; siRNA knockdown of TICAM-1 reduces EV miR-21 after TLR3 stimulation. Ectopic overexpression, siRNA knockdown, EV isolation, miRNA quantification Biochemical and biophysical research communications Low 29679565
2018 TICAM-1 is dispensable for STING-mediated IFN-β, IL-6, and CCL5 induction and DC maturation (CD80, CD86, CD40 upregulation) in bone marrow-derived and splenic myeloid cells; TICAM-1 knockout does not impair STING ligand responses in these cell types. TICAM-1 knockout mice, myeloid cell stimulation assays, cytokine mRNA measurement, flow cytometry Biochemical and biophysical research communications Medium 29627569
2017 In Apc Min/+ mice, TICAM-1 knockout leads to accelerated polyposis, shorter survival, and increased c-Myc mRNA and protein in polyps; a Lactobacillus strain producing dsRNA was detected in feces, suggesting TLR3/TICAM-1 signaling by microbiota-derived dsRNA suppresses c-Myc-driven polyposis. TICAM-1 knockout in Apc Min/+ background, immunofluorescence, RT-PCR, survival analysis Journal of biomedical science Low 29041928

Source papers

Stage 0 corpus · 32 papers · ranked by NIH iCite citations
Year Title Journal Citations PMID
2003 TICAM-1, an adaptor molecule that participates in Toll-like receptor 3-mediated interferon-beta induction. Nature immunology 928 12539043
2003 TIR-containing adapter molecule (TICAM)-2, a bridging adapter recruiting to toll-like receptor 4 TICAM-1 that induces interferon-beta. The Journal of biological chemistry 303 14519765
2006 Antitumor NK activation induced by the Toll-like receptor 3-TICAM-1 (TRIF) pathway in myeloid dendritic cells. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 149 17190817
2011 The TLR3/TICAM-1 pathway is mandatory for innate immune responses to poliovirus infection. Journal of immunology (Baltimore, Md. : 1950) 79 21998457
2010 Direct binding of TRAF2 and TRAF6 to TICAM-1/TRIF adaptor participates in activation of the Toll-like receptor 3/4 pathway. Molecular immunology 71 20047764
2012 Cross-priming for antitumor CTL induced by soluble Ag + polyI:C depends on the TICAM-1 pathway in mouse CD11c(+)/CD8α(+) dendritic cells. Oncoimmunology 55 22934250
2009 Functional evolution of the TICAM-1 pathway for extrinsic RNA sensing. Immunological reviews 55 19120474
2016 Raftlin Controls Lipopolysaccharide-Induced TLR4 Internalization and TICAM-1 Signaling in a Cell Type-Specific Manner. Journal of immunology (Baltimore, Md. : 1950) 52 27022195
2005 TICAM-1 and TICAM-2: toll-like receptor adapters that participate in induction of type 1 interferons. The international journal of biochemistry & cell biology 46 15618008
2012 TLR3/TICAM-1 signaling in tumor cell RIP3-dependent necroptosis. Oncoimmunology 45 23162759
2017 Functional interfaces between TICAM-2/TRAM and TICAM-1/TRIF in TLR4 signaling. Biochemical Society transactions 39 28630139
2018 Effects of CRISPR/Cas9 dosage on TICAM1 and RBL gene mutation rate, embryonic development, hatchability and fry survival in channel catfish. Scientific reports 30 30405210
2016 Double-stranded RNA promotes CTL-independent tumor cytolysis mediated by CD11b+Ly6G+ intratumor myeloid cells through the TICAM-1 signaling pathway. Cell death and differentiation 30 27834952
2016 14-3-3-zeta participates in TLR3-mediated TICAM-1 signal-platform formation. Molecular immunology 23 27058640
2011 Negative control of TLR3 signaling by TICAM1 down-regulation. American journal of respiratory cell and molecular biology 21 22205631
2013 The TLR signalling adaptor TRIF/TICAM-1 has an N-terminal helical domain with structural similarity to IFIT proteins. Acta crystallographica. Section D, Biological crystallography 17 24311583
2014 A MAVS/TICAM-1-independent interferon-inducing pathway contributes to regulation of hepatitis B virus replication in the mouse hydrodynamic injection model. Journal of innate immunity 13 25115498
2021 TICAM-1/TRIF associates with Act1 and suppresses IL-17 receptor-mediated inflammatory responses. Life science alliance 12 34819358
2018 Activation of TLR3 and its adaptor TICAM-1 increases miR-21 levels in extracellular vesicles released from human cells. Biochemical and biophysical research communications 10 29679565
2018 TICAM-1 is dispensable in STING-mediated innate immune responses in myeloid immune cells. Biochemical and biophysical research communications 8 29627569
2009 Oligomerized TICAM-1 (TRIF) in the cytoplasm recruits nuclear BS69 to enhance NF-kappaB activation and type I IFN induction. European journal of immunology 8 19795416
2017 The TLR3/TICAM-1 signal constitutively controls spontaneous polyposis through suppression of c-Myc in Apc Min/+ mice. Journal of biomedical science 6 29041928
2024 Suppression of intestinal Ticam1 ameliorated MASH via Akkermansia muciniphila QAA37749.1 mediated betaine transformation. Biochimica et biophysica acta. Molecular basis of disease 5 39536991
2018 [Treg influences the pathogenesis of allergic rhinitis through TICAM-1 pathway]. Lin chuang er bi yan hou tou jing wai ke za zhi = Journal of clinical otorhinolaryngology head and neck surgery 4 30716814
2013 Crystallization and X-ray diffraction analysis of the N-terminal domain of the Toll-like receptor signalling adaptor protein TRIF/TICAM-1. Acta crystallographica. Section F, Structural biology and crystallization communications 4 23832204
2024 Association between polymorphisms in TLR3, TICAM1 and IFNA1 genes and covid-19 severity in Southern Brazil. Expert review of molecular diagnostics 3 38864429
2020 Correlation between TICAM1 gene polymorphisms and community-acquired pneumonia in children. Journal of biochemical and molecular toxicology 2 32243044
2025 Cilostazol attenuates vascular inflammation via the regulation of TICAM1/IRF3 signaling pathway. Biomedicine & pharmacotherapy = Biomedecine & pharmacotherapie 1 40532577
2023 Can TRIF/TICAM-1 Dependent Pathway be Target Pathway in Lumbar Intervertebral Disc Degeneration? Turkish neurosurgery 1 36951033
2026 TICAM1 inhibits angiogenesis and accelerates inflammation in the healing of diabetic wounds via the NF-κB pathway. Tissue & cell 0 41633289
2025 Identification of PGRMC1 as a regulator of the TLR3-TICAM1-IFNβ1 signaling axis in RAW264.7 macrophages. Biochemistry and biophysics reports 0 41378100
2023 [Association of gene polymorphisms of MyD88 and TICAM1 and their interactions with community-acquired pneumonia in children]. Zhongguo dang dai er ke za zhi = Chinese journal of contemporary pediatrics 0 37668025

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