Affinage

TRB

T cell receptor beta chain MC.7.G5 · UniProt P0DTU4

Length
315 aa
Mass
35.5 kDa
Annotated
2026-06-10
100 papers in source corpus 16 papers cited in narrative 16 extracted findings
Cross-family judge vs UniProt: Affinage preferred faithfulness: 7/7 claims corpus-supported (100%)

Mechanistic narrative

Synthesis pass · prose summary of the discoveries below

The TRB (TCRβ) locus is the antigen-receptor gene assembled by developmentally ordered V(D)J recombination, and its activity is governed by dynamic three-dimensional chromatin architecture that controls which gene segments are exposed to the RAG recombinase (PMID:17334367, PMID:25512470). In double-negative thymocytes the locus undergoes reversible long-range contraction that loops distal Vβ segments into proximity with the DβJβCβ recombination center, a configuration that is reversed (decontraction) at the double-positive stage to separate Vβ genes from the recombination center (PMID:17334367). This folding is built on dedicated cis-architectural elements: a CTCF-containing tether that directly draws distal Vβ segments to the recombination center and an adjacent chromatin barrier that shields the tether from spreading active recombination-center chromatin, with CTCF site orientation dictating loop topology and shaping the TCRβ repertoire (PMID:25512470, PMID:28137913). Accessibility of segments to recombination is further opened by SWI-SNF chromatin remodelers recruited to TRB promoters (PMID:17589511) and by RUNX1, which activates the Eβ enhancer, mediates promoter–enhancer looping, and clears nucleosomes across the recombination center (PMID:28637900). Ordering of recombination — DβJβ before Vβ — is enforced by c-Fos, which binds an AP-1 site within the Dβ 23-RSS and interacts directly with RAG to enhance recombinase deposition there (PMID:18500346). Allelic exclusion is initiated stochastically by peripheral nuclear positioning: alleles associated with the nuclear lamina or pericentromeric heterochromatin are segregated from RAG2 and recombine inefficiently, an arrangement enforced by a CTCF-based lamina-associated-domain border (PMID:18536719, PMID:24218622, PMID:30428344). In T-cell malignancy, chromosomal translocations relocate oncogenes under TRB enhancer control, juxtaposing LCK (PMID:1680958, PMID:8049439) or generating TRB::NOTCH1 fusions (PMID:23033986, PMID:39024510) that drive aberrant, recombinase-mediated oncogene expression.

Mechanistic history

Synthesis pass · year-by-year structured walk · 14 steps
  1. 2007 High

    Established that the TRB locus physically reorganizes during development, resolving how spatially distant Vβ segments become available for recombination and linking conformation to allelic exclusion.

    Evidence 3D-FISH and chromosome conformation capture across thymocyte subsets

    PMID:17334367

    Open questions at the time
    • Does not identify the cis-elements or proteins driving contraction
    • Mechanism linking pericentromeric recruitment to recombination suppression not yet molecular
  2. 2007 High

    Identified SWI-SNF remodeling as a required input for opening TRB segments to the recombinase, distinguishing promoter- from enhancer-dependent accessibility control.

    Evidence Dominant-negative SWI-SNF in primary thymocytes with accessibility and recombination assays

    PMID:17589511

    Open questions at the time
    • Specific SWI-SNF subunit composition at TRB not defined
    • Does not connect remodeling to the architectural looping machinery
  3. 2008 High

    Defined how the recombinase is preferentially loaded onto Dβ segments, explaining the DβJβ-before-Vβ ordering of recombination.

    Evidence c-Fos knockout mice, RAG ChIP, cell-based recombination assays, and Co-IP of c-Fos with RAG

    PMID:18500346

    Open questions at the time
    • Structural basis of the c-Fos–RAG interaction unknown
    • Whether AP-1 sites operate at other antigen-receptor loci not addressed here
  4. 2008 High

    Demonstrated that peripheral nuclear positioning is stochastic rather than directed and is causally responsible for initiating allelic exclusion of TRB.

    Evidence 3D-IF-FISH with ectopic enhancer knock-in and recombination-frequency assays

    PMID:18536719

    Open questions at the time
    • Molecular tether anchoring alleles to the lamina not identified
    • How a single allele is chosen for peripheral positioning unresolved
  5. 2013 High

    Provided the mechanistic basis for peripheral suppression by showing RAG2 is depleted at the nuclear periphery, segregating peripheral alleles from the recombinase.

    Evidence 3D-IF-FISH with 53BP1 marking of recent recombination and RAG2 subnuclear mapping

    PMID:24218622

    Open questions at the time
    • Cause of RAG2 exclusion from the periphery not defined
    • Quantitative threshold of RAG2 required for recombination unknown
  6. 2014 High

    Separated the architectural logic of TRB folding into a CTCF tether and a protective chromatin barrier, showing each has a distinct, genetically separable function in repertoire formation.

    Evidence 3C/4C, CTCF and H3K27ac ChIP, and genetic deletion of cis-elements with repertoire analysis

    PMID:25512470

    Open questions at the time
    • Factors establishing the barrier besides CTCF not identified
    • Dynamics of tether engagement during development not tracked
  7. 2017 High

    Showed CTCF interactions and binding-site orientation define recombination-center boundaries and bring Vβ segments into productive proximity, formalizing CTCF as the architect of TRB loops.

    Evidence 3C with ectopic CTCF site insertion and transcription/recombination readouts

    PMID:28137913

    Open questions at the time
    • Interplay between CTCF and cohesin at TRB not examined
    • Whether loop extrusion underlies these contacts not tested
  8. 2017 High

    Established RUNX1 as sufficient to activate the Eβ enhancer, drive promoter–enhancer looping and nucleosome clearance, defining a transcription-factor input to recombination-center activation.

    Evidence RUNX1-only tethering with ChIP-seq, conformation capture, and transcription assays at the endogenous locus

    PMID:28637900

    Open questions at the time
    • Relationship of RUNX1 activity to SWI-SNF recruitment not resolved
    • Why ETS1 is dispensable mechanistically unclear
  9. 2018 High

    Identified a CTCF-based LAD border that compartmentalizes active and lamina-associated chromatin, controlling looping, transcription and recombination of recombination-center-proximal segments.

    Evidence DamID, CRISPR deletion of the LAD border, H3K27ac ChIP-seq, 3D-FISH and recombination assays

    PMID:30428344

    Open questions at the time
    • How the border integrates with the upstream CTCF tether not fully defined
    • Trans-acting factors reading the LAD border unknown
  10. 2006 Medium

    Tested whether MAPK signaling enforces feedback inhibition of Vβ recombination, finding it acts only through DN-to-DP developmental changes rather than autonomously.

    Evidence Raf-CAAX transgenic mice with chromatin accessibility and recombination analyses

    PMID:16709842

    Open questions at the time
    • Downstream effectors connecting MAPK to accessibility not identified
    • Single genetic perturbation in one lab
  11. 2015 Medium

    Revised allelic-exclusion models by showing most Vβ segments remain spatially accessible in DP thymocytes, favoring a transcription-dominant rather than conformation-dominant mechanism.

    Evidence Single-cell 3D-FISH across developmental stages with chromatin and transcription analysis

    PMID:26101321

    Open questions at the time
    • The transcription-dominant mechanism is inferred, not directly demonstrated
    • Cause of DP-intrinsic distal dissociation unknown
  12. 2019 Medium

    Showed that successive inversional Vβ rearrangements occur on a single allele and can bypass feedback inhibition, expanding understanding of how the TCRβ repertoire is generated.

    Evidence Mouse genetic models with flow cytometry, PCR/sequencing of rearrangements and surface TCR analysis

    PMID:31740488

    Open questions at the time
    • Frequency of inversional events at the natural locus not quantified
    • Single lab, defined-allele models
  13. 1994 Medium

    Demonstrated that TRB regulatory elements drive oncogene expression in T-ALL via recombinase-mediated translocation, mechanistically linking aberrant V(D)J activity to leukemogenesis.

    Evidence Breakpoint sequence analysis revealing a heptamer-nonamer/12-bp spacer and RNase protection for LCK transcripts (extends the 1991 t(1;7)/LCK cloning)

    PMID:1680958 PMID:8049439

    Open questions at the time
    • Direct demonstration that the TRB enhancer drives LCK in vivo not shown
    • Limited to a small number of cases/cell lines
  14. 2024 Medium

    Established the prevalence and prognostic impact of TRB::NOTCH1 fusions, confirming TRB-enhancer hijacking of a truncated constitutively-active NOTCH1 as a recurrent T-LBL-specific lesion.

    Evidence Genomic capture sequencing and multiplex PCR in 192 T-LBL and 167 T-ALL patients with breakpoint mapping (extends the 2012 single-case description)

    PMID:23033986 PMID:39024510

    Open questions at the time
    • Functional confirmation of ligand-independent NOTCH1 activation by the fusion not performed
    • Why fusion is restricted to T-LBL versus T-ALL unexplained

Open questions

Synthesis pass · forward-looking unresolved questions
  • How the multiple architectural and trans-acting inputs (CTCF tether, LAD border, SWI-SNF, RUNX1, peripheral positioning) are integrated and temporally coordinated to enforce monoallelic recombination remains unresolved.
  • No unified model connecting nuclear positioning, loop architecture, and recombinase loading
  • Mechanism selecting one allele for productive recombination still undefined

Mechanism profile

Synthesis pass · controlled-vocabulary classification · explore literature graph →
Molecular activity
GO:0003677 DNA binding 3
Localization
GO:0000228 nuclear chromosome 3 GO:0005634 nucleus 3 GO:0005635 nuclear envelope 2
Pathway
R-HSA-1643685 Disease 4 R-HSA-1266738 Developmental Biology 3 R-HSA-168256 Immune System 3 R-HSA-4839726 Chromatin organization 3
Partners
CTCFFOSRAGRUNX1SWI-SNF

Evidence

Reading pass · 16 per-paper findings extracted from the source corpus
Year Finding Method Journal Conf PMIDs
2007 The Tcrb locus undergoes reversible long-range chromatin contraction by looping in double-negative thymocytes to juxtapose distal Vβ gene segments with the DJCβ domain, facilitating V(D)J recombination. Decontraction in double-positive thymocytes separates Vβ genes from the DJCβ domain. In most double-negative cells, one Tcrb allele is recruited to pericentromeric heterochromatin, contributing to allelic exclusion. 3D fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH), chromosome conformation capture, nuclear positioning assays in thymocyte subsets Nature immunology High 17334367
2008 Germline Tcrb alleles associate stochastically and at high frequency with the nuclear lamina or pericentromeric heterochromatin in developing thymocytes, and these associations inhibit Vβ-to-DβJβ recombination before β-selection. Introduction of an ectopic enhancer into Tcrb reduced such interactions and impaired allelic exclusion, establishing that stochastic (not directed) peripheral positioning underlies initiation of Tcrb allelic exclusion. 3D immunofluorescence in situ hybridization, ectopic enhancer knock-in, recombination frequency assays Nature immunology High 18536719
2007 SWI-SNF chromatin-remodeling complexes are recruited to promoters of the Tcrb locus and are required for initiating Tcrb gene segment assembly. Loss of SWI-SNF function in thymocytes inactivated recombinase targets at the endogenous Tcrb locus, and SWI-SNF recruitment compensated for the accessibility-control function of a Tcrb promoter but not an enhancer. Dominant-negative SWI-SNF expression in thymocytes, chromatin accessibility assays, reporter recombination assays, endogenous locus analysis Nature immunology High 17589511
2008 The Dβ 23-base pair recombination signal sequence contains an AP-1 transcription factor-binding site. The AP-1 component c-Fos binds this site, interacts directly with the RAG recombinase, and enhances RAG deposition to Dβ 23-RSSs, thereby conferring priority of DJβ over Vβ recombination. Loss of c-Fos decreased Tcrb recombination efficiency and disrupted recombination ordering in vivo. Cell-based recombination assays, ChIP for RAG deposition, c-Fos knockout mice, co-immunoprecipitation of c-Fos with RAG recombinase Nature immunology High 18500346
2014 Tissue-specific folding of the Tcrb locus relies on two distinct architectural elements upstream of the recombination center (RC): (1) a CTCF-containing element that directly tethers distal Vβ gene segments to the RC, independent of enhancer function and RAG recombinase; and (2) a chromatin barrier element that protects the CTCF tether from hyperactive RC chromatin. Deletion of the barrier caused spread of active RC chromatin upstream, forcing the CTCF tether to adopt barrier function, disrupting long-range contacts and altering TCRβ repertoires. Chromosome conformation capture (3C/4C), CTCF ChIP, genetic deletion of cis-elements, TCRβ repertoire analysis, H3K27ac ChIP The Journal of experimental medicine High 25512470
2013 V(D)J recombination at the Tcrb locus is suppressed at the nuclear periphery in double-negative thymocytes. Tcrb alleles recombine asynchronously, and peripheral alleles are underrepresented among recently recombined alleles. RAG2 abundance is reduced at the nuclear periphery, suggesting that peripheral positioning suppresses recombination by segregating Tcrb alleles from RAG proteins. 3D immunofluorescence in situ hybridization, 53BP1 staining to mark recent recombination events, RAG2 subnuclear distribution analysis Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America High 24218622
2018 A lamina-associated domain (LAD) border composed of CTCF-binding elements at the Tcrb locus segregates active non-LAD from inactive LAD chromatin regions. Deletion of the LAD border caused enhancer-dependent spread of H3K27 acetylation into LAD chromatin, disrupted nuclear lamina association, increased chromatin looping to the recombination center, and increased transcription and recombination of recombination center-proximal gene segments. DamID profiling of lamina interactions, CRISPR deletion of LAD border, ChIP-seq (H3K27ac), 3D-FISH, recombination and transcription assays Cell reports High 30428344
2017 CTCF-mediated chromatin interactions at the murine TCRβ locus define the boundaries of the enhancer Eβ-regulated recombination center and facilitate spatial proximity of TCRβ variable (V) gene segments to the recombination center. Ectopic CTCF binding in the RC region altered chromatin loop organization, interfered with RC establishment, and dramatically reduced transcription and VDJ recombination. CTCF-binding site orientations influence chromatin loop organization supporting VDJ recombination. Chromosome conformation capture (3C), ectopic CTCF binding site insertion, transcription and recombination assays, thymocyte-specific analysis Molecular and cellular biology High 28137913
2017 RUNX1 alone is sufficient to activate the endogenous mouse Tcrb enhancer Eβ and its neighboring 25 kb region independently of coincidental ETS1 binding. RUNX1 mediates long-range promoter-Eβ looping, nucleosome clearance, and robust transcription throughout the Tcrb recombination center spanning both DβJβ clusters. A RUNX1 domain (negative regulatory domain for DNA binding) can compensate for loss of ETS1 binding at adjacent sites. RUNX1-only tethering constructs, ChIP-seq (nucleosome occupancy, H3K27ac), chromosome conformation capture, transcription assays at endogenous Tcrb locus Journal of immunology High 28637900
2015 In double-positive (DP) thymocytes, only the most distal portion of the Trbv cluster separates spatially from DβJβ segments; most Trbvs remain spatially available for rearrangement. Dissociation of distal Trbvs is independent of robust proliferation or changes in transcription, chromatin, or architectural factors, and occurs on alleles with functional VβDβJβ joins, indicating it is DP-intrinsic. This revises allelic exclusion models toward a transcription-dominant rather than conformation-dominant formulation. 3D FISH at single-cell resolution across thymocyte developmental stages, chromatin and transcription analysis, developmental stage-specific comparisons Journal of immunology Medium 26101321
2006 MAPK pathway activation (via constitutively active Raf1/Raf-CAAX transgene) in double-positive thymocytes is associated with normal down-regulation of Vβ segment accessibility and normal feedback inhibition of Vβ-to-DJβ rearrangement, indicating that MAPK signaling contributes to feedback inhibition of Tcrb recombination through developmental changes linked to DN-to-DP differentiation, but MAPK activation alone cannot impose feedback in DN thymocytes. Raf-CAAX transgenic mice, chromatin accessibility assays at Vβ segments, recombination frequency analysis in DN and DP thymocyte compartments Journal of immunology Medium 16709842
1991 Chromosomal translocations t(1;7)(p34;q34) in T-ALL juxtapose the LCK gene (chromosome 1p34) upstream of the TCRB locus (chromosome 7q34). Two independent cases showed breakage within the LCK locus, with one breakpoint 2 kb upstream of the LCK upstream promoter and the second between the two alternative LCK promoters. The translocations result in markedly elevated LCK mRNA levels relative to normal thymus, implicating TCRB regulatory elements in driving aberrant LCK expression. Phage library screening, molecular cloning of translocation breakpoints, chromosomal walking, Northern blot analysis of LCK expression The Journal of experimental medicine Medium 1680958
1994 Sequence analysis of the t(1;7)(p34;q34) translocation breakpoints in T-ALL cell line HSB-2 revealed a heptamer-nonamer recognition sequence with a 12-bp spacer near the 1p34/LCK breakpoint, implicating the V(D)J recombinase in formation of the translocation. The translocation fused the TCRB constant region and transcriptional enhancer with the LCK type I transcription unit on der(1), driving aberrant LCK expression. Sequence analysis of both translocation breakpoint junctions, RNase protection assay for LCK transcript types, molecular cloning Blood Medium 8049439
2012 A TRB@/NOTCH1 fusion gene is formed by t(7;9)(q34;q34) in T-cell lymphoblastic lymphoma, connecting the 5' end of TRB@ J1-5 to NOTCH1 exon 25 in a head-to-head configuration on der(9). This places a truncated NOTCH1 (deleting most of the extracellular domain) under control of TRB@ enhancer elements, potentially causing ligand-independent constitutive NOTCH1 pathway activation. G-banding karyotyping, spectral karyotyping, genomic PCR across breakpoints, reverse transcription-PCR for fusion transcripts European journal of haematology Medium 23033986
2024 TRB::NOTCH1 fusion genes were detected in 6.3% of pediatric T-cell lymphoblastic lymphoma (T-LBL) cases but in none of 167 T-ALL cases. The fusion places a truncated NOTCH1 (with its dimerization, regulatory, and signal transduction domains intact) under control of strong TRB enhancer elements. TRB::NOTCH1 fusion is associated with significantly higher relapse rate in T-LBL (67% vs 17% in fusion-negative patients). Multiplex PCR, genomic capture high-throughput sequencing in 192 T-LBL and 167 T-ALL patients; breakpoint mapping in TRB (J2-7) and NOTCH1 (exons 24-27) Blood Medium 39024510
2019 Two successive inversional Vβ rearrangements can occur on a single Tcrb allele and contribute to the TCRβ repertoire. Upstream Vβs recombine by inversion to the DJCβ2 cluster on alleles carrying a preassembled Trbv31-DJCβ1 gene; when this gene is in-frame, Trbv5 evades TCRβ-signaled feedback inhibition and recombines by inversion to the DJCβ2 cluster, producing αβ T cells expressing assembled Trbv5-DJCβ2 genes. Mouse genetic models with defined Tcrb alleles, flow cytometry for T cell subset analysis, PCR and sequencing of rearrangements, TCR surface expression analysis Journal of immunology Medium 31740488

Source papers

Stage 0 corpus · 100 papers · ranked by NIH iCite citations
Year Title Journal Citations PMID
2004 PGC-1 promotes insulin resistance in liver through PPAR-alpha-dependent induction of TRB-3. Nature medicine 480 15107844
2002 tcrB, a gene conferring transferable copper resistance in Enterococcus faecium: occurrence, transferability, and linkage to macrolide and glycopeptide resistance. Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy 159 11959576
2007 Reversible contraction by looping of the Tcra and Tcrb loci in rearranging thymocytes. Nature immunology 120 17334367
2007 Identification and characterization of a new conjugation/type IVA secretion system (trb/tra) of Legionella pneumophila Corby localized on two mobile genomic islands. International journal of medical microbiology : IJMM 101 17888731
2006 Copper resistance in Enterococcus faecium, mediated by the tcrB gene, is selected by supplementation of pig feed with copper sulfate. Applied and environmental microbiology 91 16957194
1991 Chromosomal translocations joining LCK and TCRB loci in human T cell leukemia. The Journal of experimental medicine 83 1680958
1996 Mitogens, superantigens, and nominal antigens elicit distinctive patterns of TCRB CDR3 diversity. Human immunology 60 8824572
1992 Linkage of Thomsen disease to the T-cell-receptor beta (TCRB) locus on chromosome 7q35. American journal of human genetics 57 1386711
2008 Initiation of allelic exclusion by stochastic interaction of Tcrb alleles with repressive nuclear compartments. Nature immunology 56 18536719
2013 Occurrence of the transferable copper resistance gene tcrB among fecal enterococci of U.S. feedlot cattle fed copper-supplemented diets. Applied and environmental microbiology 53 23666328
2011 Selection of fecal enterococci exhibiting tcrB-mediated copper resistance in pigs fed diets supplemented with copper. Applied and environmental microbiology 53 21705534
2007 Essential function for SWI-SNF chromatin-remodeling complexes in the promoter-directed assembly of Tcrb genes. Nature immunology 52 17589511
1998 Genetic and sequence analysis of the pTiC58 trb locus, encoding a mating-pair formation system related to members of the type IV secretion family. Journal of bacteriology 50 9829924
2001 Sequence variation and linkage disequilibrium in the human T-cell receptor beta (TCRB) locus. American journal of human genetics 48 11438886
1991 Co-segregation of a gene encoding a deletion ligand for Tcrb-V3+ T cells with Mtv-3. Immunogenetics 48 1655644
2008 Regulation of Tcrb recombination ordering by c-Fos-dependent RAG deposition. Nature immunology 47 18500346
2014 Lineage-specific compaction of Tcrb requires a chromatin barrier to protect the function of a long-range tethering element. The Journal of experimental medicine 45 25512470
1991 The genetic basis of negative selection of Tcrb-V11+ T cells. Immunogenetics 45 2010217
1999 Detection of T cell receptor beta (TCRB) gene rearrangement patterns in T cell malignancies by Southern blot analysis. Leukemia 44 10360387
1999 Essential components of the Ti plasmid trb system, a type IV macromolecular transporter. Journal of bacteriology 44 10438776
1987 Molecular analysis of TCRB and ABL in a t(7;9)-containing cell line (SUP-T3) from a human T-cell leukemia. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 44 3025859
2004 TCRB gene rearrangements in childhood and adult precursor-B-ALL: frequency, applicability as MRD-PCR target, and stability between diagnosis and relapse. Leukemia 42 15470492
2002 A molecular marker for thymocyte-positive selection: selection of CD4 single-positive thymocytes with shorter TCRB CDR3 during T cell development. Journal of immunology (Baltimore, Md. : 1950) 42 11937532
2015 Identification of characteristic TRB V usage in HBV-associated HCC by using differential expression profiling analysis. Oncoimmunology 41 26405574
1992 Positive selection of Tcrb-V10b+ T cells. Immunogenetics 39 1530842
2004 Validation of BIOMED-2 multiplex PCR tubes for detection of TCRB gene rearrangements in T-cell malignancies. Leukemia 37 15284865
2009 Genomic analysis reveals extensive gene duplication within the bovine TRB locus. BMC genomics 35 19393068
1997 The absolute number of trans-rearrangements between the TCRG and TCRB loci is predictive of lymphoma risk: a severe combined immune deficiency (SCID) murine model. Cancer research 35 9331104
1994 A genetically determined insertion/deletion related polymorphism in human T cell receptor beta chain (TCRB) includes functional variable gene segments. The Journal of experimental medicine 35 7931073
1997 Characterization of the TCRB chain repertoire in the New World monkey Callithrix jacchus. Journal of immunology (Baltimore, Md. : 1950) 33 9013960
2018 A Lamina-Associated Domain Border Governs Nuclear Lamina Interactions, Transcription, and Recombination of the Tcrb Locus. Cell reports 32 30428344
2005 The tcrB gene is part of the tcrYAZB operon conferring copper resistance in Enterococcus faecium and Enterococcus faecalis. Microbiology (Reading, England) 32 16151212
2015 Regulation of Tcrb Gene Assembly by Genetic, Epigenetic, and Topological Mechanisms. Advances in immunology 31 26477369
2010 Combined use of PCR-based TCRG and TCRB clonality tests on paraffin-embedded skin tissue in the differential diagnosis of mycosis fungoides and inflammatory dermatoses. The Journal of molecular diagnostics : JMD 30 20203005
2012 New insight into the genomic structure of dog T cell receptor beta (TRB) locus inferred from expression analysis. Developmental and comparative immunology 29 22465586
2010 Occurrence of tcrB, a transferable copper resistance gene, in fecal enterococci of swine. Foodborne pathogens and disease 27 20500052
2004 A profound alteration of blood TCRB repertoire allows prediction of cerebral malaria. Journal of immunology (Baltimore, Md. : 1950) 27 15383590
1994 Molecular analysis of the T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia-associated t(1;7)(p34;q34) that fuses LCK and TCRB. Blood 27 8049439
2009 Analysis of the rat Iddm14 diabetes susceptibility locus in multiple rat strains: identification of a susceptibility haplotype in the Tcrb-V locus. Mammalian genome : official journal of the International Mammalian Genome Society 25 19205800
2007 Organization, structure and evolution of 41kb of genomic DNA spanning the D-J-C region of the sheep TRB locus. Molecular immunology 25 17673294
2004 Development of TCRB CDR3 length repertoire of human T lymphocytes. International immunology 24 14978016
2020 IMGT® Biocuration and Comparative Study of the T Cell Receptor Beta Locus of Veterinary Species Based on Homo sapiens TRB. Frontiers in immunology 23 32431713
2013 Peripheral subnuclear positioning suppresses Tcrb recombination and segregates Tcrb alleles from RAG2. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 23 24218622
2000 Analyses of TCRB rearrangements substantiate a profound deficit in recombination signal sequence joining in SCID foals: implications for the role of DNA-dependent protein kinase in V(D)J recombination. Journal of immunology (Baltimore, Md. : 1950) 23 10640757
2009 A NUP98-HOXD13 fusion gene impairs differentiation of B and T lymphocytes and leads to expansion of thymocytes with partial TCRB gene rearrangement. Journal of immunology (Baltimore, Md. : 1950) 22 19841179
1996 Comparative sequence analysis of the human T cell receptor TCRA and TCRB CDR3 regions. Human immunology 22 8824571
1992 Tcrb-V3+ T-cell deletion and a new mouse mammary tumor provirus, Mtv-44. Immunogenetics 22 1319398
2019 The plant Pontin and Reptin homologues, RuvBL1 and RuvBL2a, colocalize with TERT and TRB proteins in vivo, and participate in telomerase biogenesis. The Plant journal : for cell and molecular biology 21 30834599
2014 Genomic characteristics of the T cell receptor (TRB) locus in the rabbit (Oryctolagus cuniculus) revealed by comparative and phylogenetic analyses. Immunogenetics 20 24500788
1998 Novel structural difference between nopaline- and octopine-type trbJ genes: construction of genetic and physical map and sequencing of trb/traI and rep gene clusters of a new Ti plasmid pTi-SAKURA. Biochimica et biophysica acta 20 9524202
1996 The structure, rearrangement, and ontogenic expression of DB and JB gene segments of the Mexican axolotl T-cell antigen receptor beta chain (TCRB). Immunogenetics 20 8753858
1992 Positive and negative selection of Tcrb-V6+ T cells. Immunogenetics 20 1322363
2007 The clonal composition of human CD4+CD25+Foxp3+ cells determined by a comprehensive DNA-based multiplex PCR for TCRB gene rearrangements. Journal of immunological methods 19 17316678
2004 Retrovirus-mediated gene transfer in human primary T lymphocytes induces an activation- and transduction/selection-dependent TCR-B variable chain repertoire skewing of gene-modified cells. Stem cells and development 19 15068695
2001 Biomonitoring of pJP4-carrying Pseudomonas chlororaphis with Trb protein-specific antisera. Environmental microbiology 19 11846762
1994 Control of the rat T cell response to retroviral and bacterial superantigens by class II MHC products and Tcrb-V8.2 alleles. Journal of immunology (Baltimore, Md. : 1950) 19 8157953
2020 Paired Rheumatoid Arthritis Synovial Biopsies From Small and Large Joints Show Similar Global Transcriptomic Patterns With Enrichment of Private Specificity TCRB and TCR Signaling Pathways. Frontiers in immunology 18 33329580
2018 Overview of the Germline and Expressed Repertoires of the TRB Genes in Sus scrofa. Frontiers in immunology 18 30455691
2010 Epigenetic control of Tcrb gene rearrangement. Seminars in immunology 18 20829066
2014 Lack of common TCRA and TCRB clonotypes in CD8(+)/TCRαβ(+) T-cell large granular lymphocyte leukemia: a review on the role of antigenic selection in the immunopathogenesis of CD8(+) T-LGL. Blood cancer journal 17 24413066
2023 Completing the TRB family: newly characterized members show ancient evolutionary origins and distinct localization, yet similar interactions. Plant molecular biology 16 37118559
2020 The expansion of the TRB and TRG genes in domestic goats (Capra hircus) is characteristic of the ruminant species. BMC genomics 16 32912163
2017 The occurrence of three D-J-C clusters within the dromedary TRB locus highlights a shared evolution in Tylopoda, Ruminantia and Suina. Developmental and comparative immunology 16 28577760
2017 Conjugative Plasmid Transfer in Xylella fastidiosa Is Dependent on tra and trb Operon Functions. Journal of bacteriology 16 28808128
2016 High throughput sequencing reveals the diversity of TRB-CDR3 repertoire in patients with psoriasis vulgaris. International immunopharmacology 16 27743555
2015 Effects of In-Feed Copper, Chlortetracycline, and Tylosin on the Prevalence of Transferable Copper Resistance Gene, tcrB, Among Fecal Enterococci of Weaned Piglets. Foodborne pathogens and disease 16 26258261
1994 Neuritogenic Lewis rat T cells use Tcrb chains that include a new Tcrb-V8 family member. Immunogenetics 15 7521858
1997 TCRB clonotypes are present in CD4+ T cell populations prepared directly from rheumatoid synovium. Human immunology 14 9328785
1996 TCRB junctional regions from HLA-B27-restricted T cells and HLA-B27 binding peptides display conserved hydropathy profiles in the absence of primary sequence homology. International immunology 14 8943577
2019 Profiling the TRB and IGH repertoire of patients with H5N6 Avian Influenza Virus Infection by high-throughput sequencing. Scientific reports 13 31092835
2018 TRB-J1 usage, in combination with the HLA-A*01:01 allele, represents an apparent survival advantage for uterine corpus endometrial carcinoma: Comparisons with microscopic assessments of lymphocyte infiltrates. International journal of immunogenetics 13 30474304
2017 Chromatin Domain Organization of the TCRb Locus and Its Perturbation by Ectopic CTCF Binding. Molecular and cellular biology 13 28137913
2016 High-Throughput Sequencing Reveals Immunological Characteristics of the TRB-/IgH-CDR3 Region of Umbilical Cord Blood. The Journal of pediatrics 13 27373756
2001 Establishment of a Tcrb and Trp53 genes deficient mouse strain as an animal model for spontaneous colorectal cancer. Experimental animals 13 11326422
2019 Comparative Analysis of the TRB Locus in the Camelus Genus. Frontiers in genetics 12 31231418
2015 Domain-Specific and Stage-Intrinsic Changes in Tcrb Conformation during Thymocyte Development. Journal of immunology (Baltimore, Md. : 1950) 12 26101321
2010 Clonal expanded TRA and TRB subfamily T cells in peripheral blood from patients with diffuse large B-cell lymphoma. Hematology (Amsterdam, Netherlands) 12 20423568
1990 Polymorphism of Tcrb and Tcrg genes in Biozzi mice: segregation analysis of a new Tcrg haplotype with antibody responsiveness. Immunogenetics 12 1973682
1990 Chromosomal in situ hybridization of a Hodgkin's disease-derived cell line (L540) using DNA probes for TCRA, TCRB, MET, and rRNA. Human genetics 12 2323775
2019 Cmtm7 knockout inhibits B-1a cell development at the transitional (TrB-1a) stage. International immunology 11 31081901
2017 Activation of Mouse Tcrb: Uncoupling RUNX1 Function from Its Cooperative Binding with ETS1. Journal of immunology (Baltimore, Md. : 1950) 11 28637900
2019 Two Successive Inversional Vβ Rearrangements on a Single Tcrb Allele Can Contribute to the TCRβ Repertoire. Journal of immunology (Baltimore, Md. : 1950) 10 31740488
2018 Next-generation amplicon TRB locus sequencing can overcome limitations of flow-cytometric Vβ expression analysis and confirms clonality in all T-cell prolymphocytic leukemia cases. Cytometry. Part A : the journal of the International Society for Analytical Cytology 10 30414304
2012 A novel TRB@/NOTCH1 fusion gene in T-cell lymphoblastic lymphoma with t(7;9)(q34;q34). European journal of haematology 10 23033986
1992 Tcrb-V3+ T-cell deletion and a mouse mammary tumor provirus, Mtv-27. Immunogenetics 10 1322864
1992 Detection of canine homologs of human MYC, BCL2, IGH, and TCRB genes by Southern blot analysis. Cancer genetics and cytogenetics 9 1387833
2021 The T Cell Receptor (TRB) Locus in Tursiops truncatus: From Sequence to Structure of the Alpha/Beta Heterodimer in the Human/Dolphin Comparison. Genes 8 33919966
2020 Profiling the pattern of human TRB/IGH-CDR3 repertoire in liver transplantation patients via high-throughput sequencing analysis. Scandinavian journal of immunology 8 32458431
2017 Data characterizing the genomic structure of the T cell receptor (TRB) locus in Camelus dromedarius. Data in brief 8 28856181
2016 Methodologic Considerations in the Application of Next-Generation Sequencing of Human TRB Repertoires for Clinical Use. The Journal of molecular diagnostics : JMD 8 27815002
1997 Dominant TCRB-V-J chain usage and clonal expansion of sarcoma-reactive CD4+ HLA-DR-restricted T cells suggest a limited set of immunodominant sarcoma antigens. International journal of cancer 8 9247281
2021 TRB sequences targeting ORF1a/b are associated with disease severity in hospitalized COVID-19 patients. Journal of leukocyte biology 7 33847407
2021 Age-related changes in the TRB and IGH repertoires in healthy adult males and females. Immunology letters 7 34666136
2024 Pediatric T-cell lymphoblastic lymphomas but not leukemias harbor TRB::NOTCH1 fusions with unfavorable outcome. Blood 6 39024510
2015 Detection and Tracking of NY-ESO-1-Specific CD8+ T Cells by High-Throughput T Cell Receptor β (TCRB) Gene Rearrangements Sequencing in a Peptide-Vaccinated Patient. PloS one 6 26291626
2006 A role for MAPK in feedback inhibition of Tcrb recombination. Journal of immunology (Baltimore, Md. : 1950) 6 16709842
1995 Germline transcription and expression of Tcrb-V8 genes in peripheral mouse lymphoid tissues. Immunogenetics 6 7590963
1990 Non-HLA genetic factors and insulin dependent diabetes mellitus in the Japanese: TCRA, TCRB and TCRG, INS, THY1, CD3D and ETS1. Disease markers 6 1982251
2025 Squamate reptiles may have compensated for the lack of γδTCR with a duplication of the TRB locus. Frontiers in immunology 5 39850903
2012 Genetic and epigenetic regulation of Tcrb gene assembly. Current topics in microbiology and immunology 5 21688096

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