Affinage

TGFB2

Transforming growth factor beta-2 proprotein · UniProt P61812

Length
414 aa
Mass
47.7 kDa
Annotated
2026-06-10
71 papers in source corpus 23 papers cited in narrative 23 extracted findings
Cross-family judge vs UniProt: Affinage preferred faithfulness: 6/6 claims corpus-supported (100%)

Mechanistic narrative

Synthesis pass · prose summary of the discoveries below

TGFB2 encodes a secreted TGF-β ligand that signals through TGF-β receptors to activate SMAD2/3 phosphorylation, controlling smooth-muscle-cell differentiation, extracellular-matrix homeostasis, epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition, and cell-proliferation arrest [PMID:bio_10.1101_2025.10.01.679917, PMID:36128893]. In the aorta, TGFB2 haploinsufficiency causes thoracic aortic root aneurysm, and affected tissue paradoxically shows increased canonical and non-canonical TGF-β signaling and elevated TGF-β2 protein, consistent with an initial drop in cellular ligand triggering a secondary compensatory upregulation (PMID:22772368, PMID:22772371). SMC-specific loss of TGFB2 reproduces this phenotype: it suppresses SMAD2/3 phosphorylation, activates non-canonical p38 and ERK1/2 MAPK signaling, drives SMC de-differentiation, and disorganizes the ECM [PMID:bio_10.1101_2025.10.01.679917]. TGFB2 acts in a distinctly isoform-specific manner during SMC differentiation, requiring TGFBR3 (betaglycan) as receptor, such that exogenous TGFB2 cannot rescue differentiation in the absence of TGFBR3 (PMID:40139558). Conversely, gain-of-function mutations in the latency-associated peptide straitjacket subdomain of pro-TGF-β2 reduce ligand inactivation and increase TGF-β2/SMAD signaling, causing Camurati-Engelmann disease type II with enhanced ossification (PMID:39014191). Beyond development and vascular biology, TGFB2 mediates oocyte-driven cumulus expansion via TGFBR1/TGFBR2-SMAD2/3 (PMID:36128893), enforces a profibrotic state in systemic-sclerosis fibroblasts through autocrine signaling (PMID:31217334), and can act through non-canonical RHOA to arrest proliferation in squamous carcinoma (PMID:30232004). TGFB2 expression is tightly controlled by transcription factors (ΔNp63α repression, HOXA10, NFATc1) and by epigenetic and RNA-level mechanisms including enhancer activation, m6A modification, and histone H3K18 lactylation (PMID:30232004, PMID:33563300, PMID:31217334, PMID:38914663, PMID:41376590).

Mechanistic history

Synthesis pass · year-by-year structured walk · 9 steps
  1. 2012 High

    Established that TGFB2 dosage is critical for aortic integrity and revealed the counterintuitive principle that loss-of-function ligand mutations elevate tissue TGF-β signaling.

    Evidence Tgfb2+/- mouse models plus human linkage/exome sequencing with aortic tissue immunostaining and signaling western blots

    PMID:22772368 PMID:22772371

    Open questions at the time
    • Molecular basis of the compensatory upregulation not defined
    • Cell type driving the paradoxical signaling increase not resolved at this stage
  2. 2018 High

    Placed TGFB2 downstream of a transcriptional repressor and defined a non-canonical effector branch, showing TGFB2 induction activates RHOA to enforce proliferation arrest.

    Evidence CRISPR screen, ΔNp63α knockdown, ectopic TGFB2 expression, neutralizing antibody, and RHOA activity assays in squamous carcinoma cells

    PMID:30232004

    Open questions at the time
    • Receptor mediating RHOA activation not identified
    • Generalizability beyond SCC unknown
  3. 2019 High

    Demonstrated cis-regulatory control of TGFB2 expression by enhancer elements, linking a GWAS variant and an epigenetically maintained enhancer to autocrine profibrotic signaling.

    Evidence 3C/chromatin conformation capture, CRISPR/Cas9 enhancer deletion in lung fibroblasts, ATAC-seq, CRISPRi, and NF-κB/BRD4 inhibition in patient skin explants

    PMID:31217334 PMID:31343404

    Open questions at the time
    • Trans factors binding the enhancer only partially defined
    • Whether enhancer regulation operates in vascular tissue not tested
  4. 2016 Medium

    Showed TGFB2 has isoform-specific developmental functions, with RUNX1-dependent TGFB2 (not TGFB1) signaling driving motility and EMT during mesendodermal differentiation.

    Evidence RUNX1 siRNA depletion in hESCs with isoform-specific rescue by exogenous TGFB2 versus TGFB1

    PMID:27720906

    Open questions at the time
    • Mechanism of isoform specificity at the receptor level not addressed
    • Direct RUNX1 binding to TGFB2 locus not shown here
  5. 2022 Medium

    Defined a physiological paracrine role for oocyte-secreted TGFB2 acting through canonical receptors to drive cumulus expansion.

    Evidence Oocytectomized complex culture with exogenous TGFB2, SD208 inhibitor, and Tgfbr2 conditional knockout in granulosa cells

    PMID:36128893

    Open questions at the time
    • Relative contribution versus other oocyte factors not quantified
    • SMAD-target genes for expansion not fully enumerated
  6. 2024 Medium

    Connected LAP structural integrity to ligand bioavailability, showing straitjacket-subdomain mutations reduce latency and increase signaling to cause Camurati-Engelmann disease type II.

    Evidence Exome sequencing, structural simulations of mutant LAPs, SMAD signaling assay, and osteogenic differentiation of CED2 patient iPS cells

    PMID:39014191

    Open questions at the time
    • In vivo skeletal phenotype not modeled genetically
    • Quantitative activation kinetics of mutant LAP not measured
  7. 2025 Medium

    Resolved the receptor identity for TGFB2 in SMC differentiation, establishing TGFBR3 dependence that distinguishes TGFB2 from other isoforms.

    Evidence hiPSC-derived SMC differentiation, CRISPR/Cas9 and siRNA, 3D tissue rings, and TGFBR3KO epistasis blocking exogenous-TGFB2 rescue

    PMID:40139558

    Open questions at the time
    • How TGFBR3 couples TGFB2 to canonical SMAD output not detailed
    • Relevance to the aneurysm paradox not directly tested
  8. 2025 Medium

    Provided cell-autonomous genetic confirmation that SMC-derived TGFB2 maintains aortic SMC identity and ECM, with loss shifting signaling toward non-canonical MAPK.

    Evidence SMC-specific tamoxifen-inducible Tgfb2 knockout mice with histomorphometry and SMAD2/3, p38, ERK1/2 western blots (preprint)

    PMID:bio_10.1101_2025.10.01.679917

    Open questions at the time
    • Preprint not yet peer-reviewed
    • Causal ordering of SMAD loss versus MAPK gain not dissected
  9. 2025 Medium

    Extended TGFB2 transcriptional regulation to metabolic-epigenetic inputs, linking H3K18 lactylation at the promoter to pathological cardiac hypertrophy.

    Evidence CUT&TAG, ChIP-qPCR, nascent RNA-seq, AAV-shRNA knockdown/overexpression, and PI3K/AKT inhibition in a transverse aortic constriction mouse model

    PMID:41376590

    Open questions at the time
    • Definitive transferase responsible for promoter lactylation not isolated
    • Reconciliation with protective vascular roles of TGFB2 unaddressed

Open questions

Synthesis pass · forward-looking unresolved questions
  • How a single ligand integrates receptor choice (TGFBR1/2 versus TGFBR3), canonical SMAD versus non-canonical RHOA/MAPK branches, and tissue-specific dosage sensitivity to yield context-dependent outcomes remains unresolved.
  • No unified model linking the aortic loss-of-function paradox to the CED2 gain-of-function mechanism
  • Determinants of canonical versus non-canonical branch selection unknown
  • Structural basis of TGFBR3-dependent isoform specificity uncharacterized

Mechanism profile

Synthesis pass · controlled-vocabulary classification · explore literature graph →
Molecular activity
GO:0048018 receptor ligand activity 3 GO:0060089 molecular transducer activity 2
Localization
GO:0005576 extracellular region 3
Pathway
R-HSA-162582 Signal Transduction 3 R-HSA-1643685 Disease 3 R-HSA-1266738 Developmental Biology 2 R-HSA-1474244 Extracellular matrix organization 1
Partners
TGFBR1TGFBR2TGFBR3

Evidence

Reading pass · 23 per-paper findings extracted from the source corpus
Year Finding Method Journal Conf PMIDs
2012 Heterozygous loss-of-function mutations or deletions in TGFB2 cause aortic root aneurysm in Tgfb2+/- mice with biochemical evidence of increased canonical and noncanonical TGF-β signaling, indicating that TGFB2 haploinsufficiency paradoxically upregulates TGF-β signaling in aortic tissue. Genetic mouse model (Tgfb2+/- haploinsufficient mice), western blotting for signaling markers, compound mutant mice with Fbn1(C1039G/+) Nature genetics High 22772368 22772371
2012 TGFB2 haploinsufficiency (frameshift and nonsense mutations causing loss of function) predisposes to thoracic aortic aneurysm and dissection; paradoxically, aortic tissue from affected individuals shows increased TGF-β2 expression and immunostaining, suggesting an initial decrease in cellular TGF-β2 leads to a secondary compensatory increase. Genome-wide linkage analysis, whole-exome sequencing, Sanger sequencing, immunostaining of aortic tissue from affected individuals Nature genetics High 22772371
2018 ΔNp63α transcriptionally represses TGFB2 expression; upon ΔNp63α depletion, TGFB2 is upregulated, which activates RHOA and induces cell cycle arrest in squamous cell carcinomas. Ectopic TGFB2 activates RHOA and impairs SCC proliferation, and TGFB2 neutralization restores cell proliferation during ΔNp63α depletion. Genome-wide CRISPR screen, RHOA activity assays, transcriptome analysis, ΔNp63α knockdown, ectopic TGFB2 expression, TGFB2 neutralizing antibody Cell reports High 30232004
2019 Constitutive activation of a TGFB2 enhancer, maintained through epigenetic memory (H3K27ac), drives autocrine TGFβ2 signaling and enforces a profibrotic synthetic state in SSc fibroblasts. NF-κB and BRD4 inhibition suppresses TGFB2 enhancer activity and reverses dermal fibrosis in patient skin explants. Chromatin accessibility profiling (ATAC-seq), transcriptome profiling, targeted epigenetic editing (CRISPRi), NF-κB and BRD4 inhibition, patient skin explants Science translational medicine High 31217334
2016 RUNX1 depletion in hESCs specifically compromises TGFB2 (but not TGFB1) signaling, impairing cell motility and epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition during mesendodermal differentiation. Reintroduction of TGFB2 (not TGFB1) rescues both decreased motility and deregulated epithelial marker expression caused by RUNX1 loss. RUNX1 depletion by siRNA, transcriptome profiling, cell motility assays, rescue experiments with exogenous TGFB2 and TGFB1 Stem cell reports Medium 27720906
2021 HOXA10 binds to the TGFB2 promoter (shown by ChIP-qPCR), promotes TGFB2 transcription and secretion, thereby triggering TGFβ/Smad signaling with nuclear Smad2/3 accumulation, which in turn upregulates METTL3 expression and promotes EMT in gastric cancer cells. CoIP demonstrated Smad proteins mediate METTL3 expression. ChIP-qPCR, dual-luciferase reporter assay, CoIP, western blot, colorimetric m6A assay, in vivo lung metastasis rescue models Journal of experimental & clinical cancer research Medium 33563300
2024 METTL14-mediated N6-methyladenosine (m6A) modification post-transcriptionally stabilizes TGFB2 mRNA; TGFB2 then upregulates SREBF1 and downstream lipogenic enzymes via PI3K-AKT signaling to promote lipid accumulation and gemcitabine resistance in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma. RNA-seq on gemcitabine-resistant PDAC cells, bioinformatic analysis, m6A modification assays, TGFB2 silencing, lipidomic profiling, PI3K/AKT pathway inhibition, PDX mouse model Oncogene Medium 38914663
2024 Heterozygous mutations in the straitjacket subdomain of the latency-associated peptide (LAP) of pro-TGF-β2 cause Camurati-Engelmann disease type II by disrupting LAP conformation, reducing TGF-β2 inactivation, and increasing TGF-β2/SMAD signaling activity. iPS-cell-derived osteogenic differentiation from a CED2 patient showed significantly enhanced ossification. Exome sequencing, structural simulations of mutant LAPs, TGF-β2/SMAD signaling activity assay, in vitro osteogenic differentiation from CED2 patient-derived iPS cells Journal of human genetics Medium 39014191
2025 TGFB2 signals through TGFBR3 (betaglycan) for SMC differentiation in a manner distinct from other TGFβ isoforms. TGFB2 haploinsufficiency (TGFB2KO/+) impairs differentiation of second heart field-derived SMCs, and TGFBR3KO/KO prevents molecular rescue of TGFB2KO/+ by exogenous TGFB2 supplementation, demonstrating TGFBR3 dependence in TGFB2-mediated SMC differentiation. hiPSC-derived SMC differentiation, CRISPR/Cas9 gene editing, siRNA experiments, 3D SMC tissue ring constructs, human aortic tissue analysis Stem cells translational medicine Medium 40139558
2025 Histone H3K18 lactylation at the TGFB2 promoter (mediated by P300 and GCN5 as candidate transferases) upregulates TGFB2 expression in pressure-overloaded hearts; cardiac-specific Tgfb2 knockdown reversed the prohypertrophic effects, while Tgfb2 overexpression promoted cardiomyocyte hypertrophy via PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling. CUT&TAG, ChIP-qPCR, coimmunoprecipitation (for transferases), nascent RNA-seq, AAV-shRNA knockdown, lentiviral overexpression, pharmacological PI3K/AKT inhibition, mouse transverse aortic constriction model Circulation research Medium 41376590
2023 NFATc1 regulates TGFB2 transcription in trabecular meshwork (TM) cells in a cell-cycle-dependent manner: dexamethasone-induced TGFB2 mRNA upregulation occurs in proliferating but not quiescent TM cells, and is inhibited by NFATc1 inhibitors (cyclosporine A or 11R-VIVIT). NFATc1 inhibition (cyclosporine A, 11R-VIVIT), cell cycle arrest by contact inhibition or serum starvation, RT-qPCR, Ki-67/p21 cell cycle markers Cells Medium 36766846
2019 A ~100 bp enhancer region downstream of TGFB2 (containing variant rs1690789) contacts the TGFB2 promoter in human lung fibroblasts as shown by chromatin conformation capture; CRISPR/Cas9 deletion of this region decreased TGFB2 expression, establishing a regulatory mechanism linking a GWAS variant to TGFB2 expression in fibroblasts. GWAS, chromatin conformation capture (3C), CRISPR/Cas9 targeted deletion in primary human lung fibroblasts, eQTL analysis eLife Medium 31343404
2022 TGFB2 secreted by oocytes induces cumulus expansion through TGFBR1/TGFBR2-SMAD2/3 signaling in cumulus cells; TGFB2 increased expression of expansion-related genes in oocytectomized complexes in the presence of EGF, and this effect was blocked by TGF-β signaling inhibitor SD208 or by Tgfbr2 depletion in granulosa cells. Oocytectomized (OOX) complex culture, exogenous TGFB2 supplementation, SD208 inhibitor treatment, Tgfbr2-specific conditional knockout mice (Zp3-Cre and conditional Cre in granulosa cells), RT-qPCR Molecular reproduction and development Medium 36128893
2010 TGF-β2 confers amoeboid-like motility on Theileria-infected leukocytes through a transcription-independent mechanism involving cytoskeletal remodeling via Rho kinase (ROCK) activation; exogenous TGF-β2 rescued invasiveness of attenuated vaccine lines, and TGF-β2 levels correlated with increased actin dynamics in lamellipodia and podosomal structures. Exogenous TGF-β2 rescue experiments, fluorescence microscopy, time-lapse video microscopy for actin dynamics, ROCK pathway analysis PLoS pathogens Medium 21124992
2021 β-cell miR-21 directly targets and represses Tgfb2 and Smad2 mRNAs (confirmed by pulldown and luciferase assays), leading to reduced β-cell identity markers and glucose-stimulated insulin secretion in both in vitro and in vivo zebrafish and mouse models. RT-PCR, immunoblot, pulldown assay, luciferase assay, transgenic zebrafish and mouse models of β-cell-specific pre-miR-21 overexpression Molecular metabolism Medium 34246804
2025 SMC-specific Tgfb2 conditional knockout in mice causes rapidly progressive thoracic aortic aneurysms with dissection and rupture. Loss of SMC-derived TGFβ2 suppresses canonical SMAD2/3 phosphorylation, activates non-canonical MAPK (p38 and ERK1/2) signaling, and causes SMC de-differentiation (reduced Acta2, Myh11) with ECM disorganization (elastic fiber fragmentation, increased collagen/proteoglycans). Tamoxifen-inducible SMC-specific Cre (Myh11CreERT2), ROSA lineage reporter, histological/morphometric analyses, western blotting for SMAD2/3, p38, ERK1/2, gene expression profiling bioRxivpreprint Medium bio_10.1101_2025.10.01.679917
1997 TGF-β2 secreted by glioma cells decreases TNF-induced VCAM-1 expression on glioma cells and brain-derived endothelial cells; glioma supernatant alone reproduced this effect on CNS endothelial cells in co-culture. Co-culture of A-172 glioma cells with CNS endothelial cells, VCAM-1 expression assay, glioma supernatant experiments Journal of neuroimmunology Low 9058771
2025 FTO demethylates m6A modifications on TGFB2 mRNA in human BMSCs, increasing TGFB2 expression and promoting osteogenic differentiation; TGFB2 knockdown inhibited osteogenic differentiation downstream of FTO. m6A-seq, FTO knockdown by shRNA, TGFB2 knockdown, osteogenic differentiation assays Oral diseases Low 40127138
2025 TIPE activates the P38 MAPK signaling pathway in colorectal cancer cells, leading to increased TGFB2 expression and secretion, which then acts on extracellular macrophages to induce M2 polarization, creating a feedback loop enhancing CRC malignant behavior. TIPE overexpression/knockdown, western blot for P38 MAPK, TGFB2 ELISA, macrophage polarization assays, animal experiments Journal of leukocyte biology Low 40391468
2025 RUNX1 promotes cervical cancer cell proliferation by upregulating TGFB2 expression, which activates the MAPK pathway; TGFB2 inhibition impaired MAPK pathway activation and reversed the proliferative effects of RUNX1 overexpression. RUNX1 overexpression/knockdown, TGFB2 inhibition, MAPK pathway western blot, cell cycle and proliferation assays Scientific reports Low 39747496
2025 TGFB2 knockdown in H9c2 cells subjected to oxygen-glucose deprivation promoted viability and inhibited apoptosis, reducing cleaved Caspase-3/Caspase-3 and Bax protein levels while increasing Bcl-2, implicating TGFB2 in cardiomyocyte apoptosis signaling in ischemia. TGFB2 knockdown, CCK-8 assay, flow cytometry for apoptosis, western blot for caspase-3, Bax, Bcl-2 Cardiovascular toxicology Low 40080329
2023 TCF12 directly binds the TGFB2 promoter and activates TGFB2 transcription (established by ChIP and dual-luciferase reporter assay), promoting melanoma cell proliferation and metastasis downstream. RNA-seq, qPCR, immunoblotting, ChIP, dual-luciferase reporter assay, subcutaneous tumor formation assay Cancers Low 37760480
2025 STAT2 and SMAD3 are upstream transcription factors for TGFB2 in chicken granulosa cells: DNA pull-down and mass spectrometry identified STAT2 binding to the TGFB2 promoter, and SCENIC single-cell network analysis confirmed this regulatory interaction; the JAK/STAT-TGFB2-SMAD3 axis mediates granulosa cell degeneration during follicular atresia. DNA pull-down assay, mass spectrometry, SCENIC analysis of single-cell RNA sequencing data, ChIP validation Poultry science Low 40902342

Source papers

Stage 0 corpus · 71 papers · ranked by NIH iCite citations
Year Title Journal Citations PMID
2012 Loss-of-function mutations in TGFB2 cause a syndromic presentation of thoracic aortic aneurysm. Nature genetics 362 22772368
2012 TGFB2 mutations cause familial thoracic aortic aneurysms and dissections associated with mild systemic features of Marfan syndrome. Nature genetics 295 22772371
2018 A mutation update on the LDS-associated genes TGFB2/3 and SMAD2/3. Human mutation 135 29392890
2015 A new microRNA signal pathway regulated by long noncoding RNA TGFB2-OT1 in autophagy and inflammation of vascular endothelial cells. Autophagy 134 26565952
1997 Studies of the candidate genes TGFB2, MSX1, TGFA, and TGFB3 in the etiology of cleft lip and palate in the Philippines. The Cleft palate-craniofacial journal : official publication of the American Cleft Palate-Craniofacial Association 115 9003904
2021 HOXA10 mediates epithelial-mesenchymal transition to promote gastric cancer metastasis partly via modulation of TGFB2/Smad/METTL3 signaling axis. Journal of experimental & clinical cancer research : CR 110 33563300
2010 TGF-b2 induction regulates invasiveness of Theileria-transformed leukocytes and disease susceptibility. PLoS pathogens 60 21124992
2019 Epigenetic activation and memory at a TGFB2 enhancer in systemic sclerosis. Science translational medicine 54 31217334
2015 miR-599 Inhibits Vascular Smooth Muscle Cells Proliferation and Migration by Targeting TGFB2. PloS one 47 26551255
2022 TGFB2-AS1 inhibits triple-negative breast cancer progression via interaction with SMARCA4 and regulating its targets TGFB2 and SOX2. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 46 36126099
2018 ΔNp63α Suppresses TGFB2 Expression and RHOA Activity to Drive Cell Proliferation in Squamous Cell Carcinomas. Cell reports 43 30232004
2021 Cadmium promotes apoptosis and inflammation via the circ08409/miR-133a/TGFB2 axis in bovine mammary epithelial cells and mouse mammary gland. Ecotoxicology and environmental safety 34 34237642
2021 miR‑454‑3p inhibits non‑small cell lung cancer cell proliferation and metastasis by targeting TGFB2. Oncology reports 30 33760169
2020 MicroRNA-148a-3p alleviates high glucose-induced diabetic retinopathy by targeting TGFB2 and FGF2. Acta diabetologica 30 32661705
2019 The TGFB2-AS1 lncRNA Regulates TGF-β Signaling by Modulating Corepressor Activity. Cell reports 30 31533040
2020 TGFB2 serves as a link between epithelial-mesenchymal transition and tumor mutation burden in gastric cancer. International immunopharmacology 27 32388013
2014 Further delineation of Loeys-Dietz syndrome type 4 in a family with mild vascular involvement and a TGFB2 splicing mutation. BMC medical genetics 27 25163805
2024 N6-methyladenosine modified TGFB2 triggers lipid metabolism reprogramming to confer pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma gemcitabine resistance. Oncogene 26 38914663
2019 Identification of an emphysema-associated genetic variant near TGFB2 with regulatory effects in lung fibroblasts. eLife 26 31343404
2015 Tumor suppressive microRNA-200a inhibits renal cell carcinoma development by directly targeting TGFB2. Tumour biology : the journal of the International Society for Oncodevelopmental Biology and Medicine 25 25813153
2021 The lncRNA DLGAP1-AS1/miR-149-5p/TGFB2 axis contributes to colorectal cancer progression and 5-FU resistance by regulating smad2 pathway. Molecular therapy oncolytics 23 33816780
2016 Transient RUNX1 Expression during Early Mesendodermal Differentiation of hESCs Promotes Epithelial to Mesenchymal Transition through TGFB2 Signaling. Stem cell reports 23 27720906
2013 Differential expression of GDF9, TGFB1, TGFB2 and TGFB3 in porcine oocytes isolated from follicles of different size before and after culture in vitro. Acta veterinaria Hungarica 22 23439295
2007 Investigation of TGFB2 as a candidate gene in multiple sclerosis and Parkinson's disease. Journal of neurology 22 17431704
1993 Linkage localization of TGFB2 and the human homeobox gene HLX1 to chromosome 1q. Genomics 21 8095486
2014 Whole exome sequencing for the identification of a new mutation in TGFB2 involved in a familial case of non-syndromic aortic disease. Clinica chimica acta; international journal of clinical chemistry 20 25046559
2014 Loeys-Dietz syndrome type 4, caused by chromothripsis, involving the TGFB2 gene. Gene 16 24440784
2021 β-Cell pre-mir-21 induces dysfunction and loss of cellular identity by targeting transforming growth factor beta 2 (Tgfb2) and Smad family member 2 (Smad2) mRNAs. Molecular metabolism 15 34246804
2021 Association of CASC18/miR-20a-3p/TGFB2 ceRNA axis with occult lymph node metastasis in tongue squamous cell carcinoma. Molecular medicine (Cambridge, Mass.) 15 34362313
1993 Linkage of Van der Woude syndrome (VWS) to REN and exclusion of the candidate gene TGFB2 from the disease locus in a large pedigree. Human genetics 15 8454288
2014 Association of single nucleotide polymorphism of GHSR and TGFB2 genes with growth and body composition traits in sire and dam lines of a broiler chicken. Animal biotechnology 14 24299181
2011 A novel 62-bp indel mutation in the promoter region of transforming growth factor-beta 2 (TGFB2) gene is associated with body weight in chickens. Animal genetics 14 20477792
1997 TGF-B2 and soluble p55 TNFR modulate VCAM-1 expression in glioma cells and brain derived endothelial cells. Journal of neuroimmunology 14 9058771
2013 A 1-bp duplication in TGFB2 in three family members with a syndromic form of thoracic aortic aneurysm. European journal of human genetics : EJHG 13 24193348
2021 miR-301a-5p Regulates TGFB2 during Chicken Spermatogenesis. Genes 11 34828300
2025 TGFBR3 dependent mechanism of TGFB2 in smooth muscle cell differentiation and implications for TGFB2-related aortic aneurysm. Stem cells translational medicine 9 40139558
2017 Region-specific differential corneal and scleral mRNA expressions of MMP2, TIMP2, and TGFB2 in highly myopic-astigmatic chicks. Scientific reports 9 28900109
2023 LncRNA TGFB2-OT1 Promotes Progression and Angiogenesis in Hepatocellular Carcinoma by Dephosphorylating β-Catenin. Journal of hepatocellular carcinoma 7 36941998
2022 Oocyte-secreted factor TGFB2 enables mouse cumulus cell expansion in vitro. Molecular reproduction and development 7 36128893
2019 Down-regulation expression of TGFB2-AS1 inhibits the proliferation, migration, invasion and induces apoptosis in HepG2 cells. Genes & genomics 7 31066006
2023 Hsa_circ_0001326 inhibited the proliferation, migration, and invasion of trophoblast cells via miR-145-5p/TGFB2 axis. American journal of reproductive immunology (New York, N.Y. : 1989) 6 36670490
2023 TCF12 Activates TGFB2 Expression to Promote the Malignant Progression of Melanoma. Cancers 6 37760480
2021 Up-regulation of TGFBI and TGFB2 in the plasma of gestational diabetes mellitus patients and its clinical significance. Irish journal of medical science 6 34792732
2023 NFATc1 Regulation of Dexamethasone-Induced TGFB2 Expression Is Cell Cycle Dependent in Trabecular Meshwork Cells. Cells 5 36766846
2023 The hsa_circ_0004805/hsa_miR-149-5p/TGFB2 axis plays critical roles in the pathophysiology of diabetic retinopathy in vitro and in vivo. Molecular and cellular endocrinology 5 37567360
2021 Differential Diagnosis between Marfan Syndrome and Loeys-Dietz Syndrome Type 4: A Novel Chromosomal Deletion Covering TGFB2. Genes 5 34680857
2019 Significant Association and Increased Risk of Primary Open Angle Glaucoma with TGFB2 Rs991967 Gene Polymorphism in North Eastern Iranian Patients. Reports of biochemistry & molecular biology 5 30805402
2025 RUNX1 promotes proliferation of cervical cancer through TGFB2-MAPK pathway. Scientific reports 4 39747496
2025 Histone Lactylation Promotes Pressure Overload-Induced Cardiac Hypertrophy and Heart Failure by Regulating TGFB2 Expression. Circulation research 4 41376590
2024 Heterozygous mutations in the straitjacket region of the latency-associated peptide domain of TGFB2 cause Camurati-Engelmann disease type II. Journal of human genetics 4 39014191
2021 Association of Myopia and Genetic Variants of TGFB2-AS1 and TGFBR1 in the TGF-β Signaling Pathway: A Longitudinal Study in Chinese School-Aged Children. Frontiers in cell and developmental biology 4 33996791
2020 LncRNA TGFB2-AS1 regulates lung adenocarcinoma progression via act as a sponge for miR-340-5p to target EDNRB expression. American journal of translational research 4 32774737
2024 Congenital microcoria deletion in mouse links Sox21 dysregulation to disease and suggests a role for TGFB2 in glaucoma and myopia. American journal of human genetics 3 39293448
2022 Loeys-Dietz syndrome caused by 1q41 deletion including TGFB2 is associated with a neurodevelopmental phenotype. American journal of medical genetics. Part A 3 35426477
2016 TGFB2 and BCL2L11 methylation in male laryngeal cancer patients. Oncology letters 3 27698889
1997 The antibody-neutralisation of PDGF, CSF-1, TGFb2,3, EGF and EGF-receptor in utero in pre-implantation mice. Upsala journal of medical sciences 3 9269043
2024 Dysregulation of the circRNA_0087207/miR-548c-3p/PLSR1-TGFB2 axis in Leber hereditary optic neuropathy in vitro. Journal of the Chinese Medical Association : JCMA 2 38305450
2025 Knockdown of TGFB2 Attenuates Ischemic Heart Failure by Inhibiting Apoptosis. Cardiovascular toxicology 1 40080329
2025 TIPE regulates TGFB2 expression and induces extracellular M2 polarization in CRC. Journal of leukocyte biology 1 40391468
2025 TGFB2/IGFBP5 activated by transcription factors STAT2 and SMAD3 initiate granulosa cell degeneration and cause follicular atresia in chickens. Poultry science 1 40902342
2020 Corneal thinning and cornea guttata in patients with mutations in TGFB2. Canadian journal of ophthalmology. Journal canadien d'ophtalmologie 1 32307099
2016 A missense TGFB2 variant p.(Arg320Cys) causes a paradoxical and striking increase in aortic TGFB1/2 expression. European journal of human genetics : EJHG 1 27782106
2026 A TGFB2/TNF-induced in vitro model of proliferative vitreoretinopathy (PVR) using ARPE-19 cells confirms nicotinamide as an inhibitor of EMT and VEGFA secretion. PloS one 0 41529022
2026 Leukemia-derived exosomes induce immunosuppression of dendritic cell function via TGFB2-MRPL58 axis. Hematology (Amsterdam, Netherlands) 0 41559906
2026 Transcriptional repression of TGFB2-AS1 by GATA6 drives triple-negative breast cancer metastasis. Cellular oncology (Dordrecht, Netherlands) 0 41920409
2026 Long non-coding RNA TGFB2-OT1 as a diagnostic biomarker and ceRNA regulator in rheumatoid arthritis. Frontiers in genetics 0 41923885
2026 Doxorubicin-induced apoptosis and mitochondrial fission are promoted by LncRNA TGFB2-AS1 through BMP7/Smad signaling. Toxicology and applied pharmacology 0 42031322
2026 Case report: Loeys-Dietz syndrome (TGFB2). European heart journal. Case reports 0 42125524
2025 FTO Promotes Osteogenic Differentiation of Human BMSCs via Demethylation of TGFB2 m6A Modifications. Oral diseases 0 40127138
2025 Reduced level of BMI1 inhibits trophoblast proliferation and migration via the epigenetic enhancement of CSTA and TGFB2 in spontaneous abortion. Placenta 0 40738046
2025 A Novel Mutation of TGFB2 Gene Responsible of Loeys-Dietz 4 Syndrome. International medical case reports journal 0 41170304

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