Affinage

TEN1

CST complex subunit TEN1 · UniProt Q86WV5

Length
123 aa
Mass
13.9 kDa
Annotated
2026-06-10
34 papers in source corpus 23 papers cited in narrative 24 extracted findings
Cross-family judge vs UniProt: Affinage preferred faithfulness: 7/7 claims corpus-supported (100%)

Mechanistic narrative

Synthesis pass · prose summary of the discoveries below

TEN1 is the smallest subunit of the conserved CST (CTC1/Cdc13–STN1–TEN1) complex, an RPA-like single-stranded DNA-binding heterotrimer that protects chromosome ends and supports DNA replication (PMID:19854130, PMID:30026550). Comprising a single OB fold, TEN1 packs against the OB domain of STN1 in an architecture closely resembling the RPA2–RPA3 subcomplex, and this interface is required for TEN1's telomere localization and for the telomere-protective function of CST (PMID:20008938, PMID:23826127). At telomeres, TEN1 is specifically required for C-strand fill-in synthesis: depletion causes telomere fragility, telomere loss, and progressive shortening, while overhang elongation and telomerase regulation are spared, distinguishing TEN1 from CTC1/STN1 whose loss permits G-overhang overextension (PMID:24025336, PMID:30026550). TEN1 stabilizes CTC1-STN1 binding to ssDNA so that Pol α-primase can be engaged for lagging-strand completion, and STN1/TEN1 directly contact and stimulate the primase complex to couple priming with C-strand synthesis (PMID:30026550, PMID:25503194). Beyond telomeres, CST including TEN1 promotes genome-wide replication restart after fork stalling (PMID:24025336) and suppresses DNA end resection by EXO1 and BLM-DNA2 to govern double-strand break repair pathway choice, with CST resection-deficient mutants rendering BRCA1-deficient cells resistant to PARP inhibitors (PMID:40403056). In yeast, Ten1 additionally modulates RNA Pol II transcription through physical association with the elongation factor Spt5 (PMID:31006804). In vivo, Ten1 knockout mice display telomere attrition, aplastic anemia, cerebellar hypoplasia, and p53/p21 activation, phenocopying dyskeratosis congenita (PMID:40215293).

Mechanistic history

Synthesis pass · year-by-year structured walk · 18 steps
  1. 2001 High

    Established that Ten1 is a bona fide telomere protection factor by showing it forms a trimeric complex with Stn1 and Cdc13 whose disruption causes ssDNA accumulation and checkpoint arrest, answering whether Ten1 has a dedicated end-capping role.

    Evidence Two-hybrid, genetic epistasis, and temperature-sensitive mutant analysis in budding yeast

    PMID:11230140

    Open questions at the time
    • Did not define the structural basis of complex assembly
    • Mammalian relevance untested
  2. 2007 High

    Showed Stn1-Ten1 form a Pot1-independent complex at fission yeast telomeres, indicating CST is a conserved end-protection module separable from the shelterin Pot1 pathway.

    Evidence Co-IP, telomere localization assays, and structural prediction in S. pombe

    PMID:17715303

    Open questions at the time
    • No structural confirmation of OB folds
    • Relationship to Pol α not addressed
  3. 2009 High

    Defined the mammalian CST complex as an RPA-like sequence-independent ssDNA-binding heterotrimer protecting telomeres independently of Pot1, and crystallography established that Stn1-Ten1 mimics the RPA2-RPA3 OB-fold interface required for Ten1 telomere localization.

    Evidence Co-IP, ssDNA binding, knockdown with FISH in human cells, and X-ray crystallography of Candida/S. pombe Stn1N-Ten1 plus mutagenesis

    PMID:19752213 PMID:19854130 PMID:20008938

    Open questions at the time
    • Did not resolve TEN1-specific versus STN1-specific contributions
    • Mechanism of C-strand fill-in not yet defined
  4. 2010 High

    Mapped the direct Stn1-Ten1 interface via allele-specific suppression, confirming the RPA2-RPA3-analogous contact is genetically essential for complex integrity.

    Evidence Rpa2-OB chimera analysis, mutagenesis, and allele-specific suppression genetics in S. cerevisiae

    PMID:20157006

    Open questions at the time
    • Interface defined genetically without human structural validation at the time
  5. 2011 High

    Demonstrated that CST acts specifically at the priming step on ssDNA templates rather than as a general replication factor, linking the complex to Pol α-primase function.

    Evidence Immunodepletion from Xenopus egg extracts with in vitro replication and rescue on pre-primed templates

    PMID:22086929

    Open questions at the time
    • TEN1-specific contribution within xCST not isolated
    • Direct primase contacts not mapped
  6. 2013 High

    Resolved the human Stn1-Ten1 crystal structure and showed via dimerization-defective mutants that the telomeric function of human CST is TEN1-dependent, while assigning C-strand fill-in and replication restart roles to TEN1 in human cells.

    Evidence X-ray crystallography, ssDNA binding, mutant cell expression, telomere FISH, and BrdU replication restart assays in human cells

    PMID:23826127 PMID:24025336

    Open questions at the time
    • Mechanism by which TEN1 stabilizes ssDNA binding not biochemically dissected
    • Pol α engagement step not directly observed
  7. 2013 High

    Established Cdk1-dependent phosphorylation of Stn1 as a cell-cycle timer that stabilizes CST at telomeres and balances telomerase versus CST recruitment.

    Evidence In vitro kinase assays, in vivo phosphosite mapping, and telomere ChIP in budding yeast

    PMID:24164896

    Open questions at the time
    • TEN1 phosphoregulation not addressed
    • Conservation in mammals untested
  8. 2014 High

    Reconstituted CST stimulation of primase-Pol α activity in vitro, showing CST augments primase activity and primase-to-polymerase switching, providing the biochemical basis for C-strand synthesis.

    Evidence In vitro primase-polymerase assays with purified Candida glabrata complexes and domain mutagenesis

    PMID:25503194

    Open questions at the time
    • Stn1 alone sufficed in assay, leaving TEN1's mechanistic contribution to stimulation unresolved
  9. 2014 High

    Dissected subunit-specific functions by CRISPR knockout, defining TEN1 as essential for C-strand synthesis (loss causes shortening) while overhang regulation maps to CTC1-STN1, and showing TEN1 stabilizes ssDNA binding to enable Pol α engagement.

    Evidence CRISPR knockout of individual subunits, G-overhang and telomere length analysis, and ssDNA binding assays in human colon cancer cells; plus Cdc13-independent CST function shown by NMD/DDR bypass genetics in yeast

    PMID:24835988 PMID:30026550

    Open questions at the time
    • Structural mechanism of TEN1-mediated ssDNA stabilization not resolved
    • Cdc13-independence shown only in yeast
  10. 2018 High

    Placed Stn1-Ten1 recruitment downstream of shelterin via a SUMO-interacting motif in Stn1 that binds SUMOylated Tpz1, coupling CST to telomere replication and telomerase restriction in fission yeast.

    Evidence SIM mutagenesis, co-IP, ChIP, and telomere length analysis in S. pombe

    PMID:29774234

    Open questions at the time
    • TEN1's direct role in the SUMO-dependent recruitment not separated from Stn1
    • Mammalian recruitment mechanism distinct
  11. 2017 Medium

    Extended CST function to alternative lengthening of telomeres, showing the complex supports ALT telomere maintenance and suppresses telomeric recombination.

    Evidence siRNA knockdown, immunofluorescence co-localization in APBs, telomere FISH, and C-circle assays in ALT cancer cells

    PMID:28366536

    Open questions at the time
    • No TEN1-specific mechanistic dissection from STN1/CTC1
    • Single lab
  12. 2019 Medium

    Uncovered a non-telomeric role for Ten1/CST in transcription by showing physical association with the Spt5 elongation factor and regulation of RNA Pol II occupancy in yeast.

    Evidence Genetic interaction analysis, RNA Pol II and Spt5 ChIP, and co-IP in S. cerevisiae

    PMID:31006804

    Open questions at the time
    • Mechanism of Spt5 regulation undefined
    • Conservation to mammals untested
    • Single lab
  13. 2019 Medium

    Refined shelterin-dependent recruitment by showing a Tpz1 SWSSS motif acts redundantly with SUMOylation to promote Stn1-Ten1 telomere binding that protects against telomere fusions.

    Evidence Mutagenesis of SWSSS motif and Lys242, co-IP, and telomere ChIP in fission yeast

    PMID:31396577

    Open questions at the time
    • TEN1 contribution to the interaction not isolated
  14. 2020 Medium

    Quantified subunit-specific stringency by showing Stn1/Ten1 loss has a more severe survivor defect than Cdc13 loss in single-chromosome yeast, refining the hierarchy of CST capping functions.

    Evidence Gene deletion in single-linear-chromosome yeast with survivor frequency and Rad52/Yku epistasis

    PMID:32755541

    Open questions at the time
    • Molecular basis of differential stringency unresolved
    • Specialized strain context
  15. 2023 Medium

    Established the pathway order at telomeres, placing Stn1-Ten1 (and Pol α-primase) recruitment downstream of Pot1-Tpz1 for lagging-strand synthesis, and assigned ST a specific role in subtelomeric fragile-region replication.

    Evidence Temperature-sensitive mutants, ChIP, overexpression rescue, and genome-wide replication profiling with shelterin/HR epistasis in fission yeast

    PMID:37243596 PMID:37953281

    Open questions at the time
    • TEN1-specific role within ST not dissected
    • Mammalian fragile-region parallels untested
  16. 2024 Medium

    Linked CST checkpoint signaling to cell-cycle arrest by showing CST dysfunction activates both spindle and DNA damage G2/M checkpoints and interacts genetically with SUMO ligase, topoisomerase, and septins.

    Evidence Suppressor genetics and checkpoint mutant epistasis in budding yeast

    PMID:39404369

    Open questions at the time
    • Mechanistic link between CST and spindle checkpoint unclear
    • TEN1-specific role not isolated
  17. 2025 High

    Defined a genome protection role beyond telomeres by showing CST suppresses DNA end resection via EXO1 and BLM-DNA2 to control repair pathway choice, with resection-deficient CST mutants conferring PARP inhibitor resistance in BRCA1-deficient cells.

    Evidence CST DNA-binding and BLM-EXO1 interaction mutants, end resection assays, PARP inhibitor sensitivity, and BRCA1-BARD1 epistasis

    PMID:40403056

    Open questions at the time
    • TEN1-specific contribution to resection suppression not separated from CTC1/STN1
    • Structural basis of nuclease inhibition incomplete
  18. 2025 High

    Provided in vivo mammalian validation by showing Ten1 knockout mice develop telomere attrition, aplastic anemia, cerebellar hypoplasia, and p53/p21 activation, establishing TEN1 loss as a cause of dyskeratosis congenita-like disease.

    Evidence CRISPR-Cas9 knockout mouse with telomere length, histology, apoptosis/proliferation flow cytometry, and p53/p21 immunostaining

    PMID:40215293

    Open questions at the time
    • Human TEN1 disease mutations not directly tested
    • Tissue-specific mechanisms of stem cell depletion incomplete

Open questions

Synthesis pass · forward-looking unresolved questions
  • How TEN1 specifically, as opposed to STN1/CTC1, stabilizes ssDNA binding and engages Pol α-primase at the structural level, and whether its non-telomeric transcription and resection roles operate through distinct interfaces, remain open.
  • No high-resolution mammalian CST-DNA-primase structure isolating TEN1 function in peer-reviewed corpus
  • TEN1-specific separation-of-function alleles for transcription and resection not defined

Mechanism profile

Synthesis pass · controlled-vocabulary classification · explore literature graph →
Molecular activity
GO:0003677 DNA binding 4 GO:0005198 structural molecule activity 3 GO:0098772 molecular function regulator activity 3
Localization
GO:0000228 nuclear chromosome 4 GO:0005634 nucleus 2
Pathway
R-HSA-69306 DNA Replication 4 R-HSA-1640170 Cell Cycle 2 R-HSA-73894 DNA Repair 1
Partners
CDC13CTC1POT1SPT5STN1
Complex memberships
CST (CTC1/Cdc13-STN1-TEN1)

Evidence

Reading pass · 24 per-paper findings extracted from the source corpus
Year Finding Method Journal Conf PMIDs
2001 Yeast Ten1 physically associates with both Stn1 and Cdc13, forming a trimeric complex at telomeres. A binding defect between Stn1-13 and Ten1 was responsible for the long telomere phenotype of stn1-13 cells. Temperature-sensitive ten1 mutants accumulated single-stranded DNA at telomeric regions and arrested at G2/M via activation of the Rad9-dependent DNA damage checkpoint, establishing Ten1's role in telomere end protection and length regulation. Two-hybrid interaction, genetic epistasis, temperature-sensitive mutant analysis, checkpoint activation assays The EMBO journal High 11230140
2007 Fission yeast (S. pombe) Stn1 and Ten1 are orthologs that are essential for chromosome end protection. Stn1 and Ten1 associate with each other but not with Pot1, indicating they form a separate complex from Pot1 at fission yeast telomeres. Both proteins localize at telomeres in a manner correlating with the length of the ssDNA overhang, and structural profiling detects OB-fold domains in both. Co-immunoprecipitation, telomere localization assays, bioinformatics structural prediction, genetic analysis of null mutants Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America High 17715303
2009 Mammalian TEN1, together with CTC1 and STN1, forms an RPA-like CST complex that binds single-stranded DNA with high affinity in a sequence-independent manner. The complex associates with a fraction of telomeres consistently throughout the cell cycle including in quiescent cells and Pot1-knockdown cells. STN1 knockdown increased single-stranded G-strand telomeric DNA abundance, establishing the CST complex role in protecting telomeres independently of the Pot1 pathway. Co-immunoprecipitation, ssDNA binding assays, knockdown (siRNA), fluorescence in situ hybridization Molecular cell High 19854130
2009 Crystal structure of Candida tropicalis Stn1N complexed with Ten1 demonstrates an Rpa2N-Rpa3-like complex, where OB folds of the two components pack against each other through interactions between two C-terminal helices. The C-terminal domain of S. cerevisiae Stn1 comprises two WH motifs analogous to Rpa2. The fission yeast S. pombe Stn1N-Ten1 complex exhibits virtually identical architecture. Mutations disrupting the Stn1-Ten1 interaction induce telomere uncapping and abolish telomere localization of Ten1. X-ray crystallography, mutational analysis, telomere localization assays Genes & development High 20008938
2009 Temperature-sensitive ten1 mutants in S. cerevisiae display elongated telomeres at permissive temperature and accumulate extensive telomeric single-stranded DNA at non-permissive conditions. Cdk1 activity is required to generate these single-stranded regions, and deleting EXO1 nuclease partially suppresses ten1-ts growth defects. Despite Cdc13 remaining bound at telomeres in ten1-ts cells, telomere end protection is lost, establishing that Cdc13 relies on Ten1 to execute its essential capping function. Ten1 also promotes de novo telomere addition. Temperature-sensitive mutant analysis, genetic epistasis (cdk1, exo1 deletion), chromatin immunoprecipitation, fluorescence microscopy of Rad52-YFP foci Genetics High 19752213
2010 A predicted alpha-helix in the N-terminal OB domain of S. cerevisiae Stn1 is required for interaction with Ten1, analogous to the Rpa2-Rpa3 interface in RPA. Mutations in a hydrophobic surface of the Stn1 alpha-helix eliminated Stn1-Ten1 association. Allele-specific suppression of stn1-L164D by ten1-D138Y restored the Stn1-Ten1 interaction, defining a direct Stn1-Ten1 interface. Rpa2-OB(Stn1) chimera analysis, site-directed mutagenesis, allele-specific suppression genetics, co-immunoprecipitation Genetics High 20157006
2011 Xenopus laevis CST (xCST), including xTen1, forms an ssDNA-binding complex with moderate preference for G-rich sequences. Immunodepletion of xStn1 from egg extracts did not affect chromosomal DNA replication from sperm nuclei but specifically compromised DNA synthesis on ssDNA templates; this defect was rescued by pre-primed ssDNA templates, establishing that xCST is involved in the priming step on ssDNA template rather than being a general replication factor. Immunodepletion from Xenopus egg extracts, in vitro DNA replication assays on ssDNA templates, ssDNA binding assays The Journal of biological chemistry High 22086929
2013 Crystal structure of the human Stn1-Ten1 (hStn1-Ten1) complex reveals that hStn1 consists of an OB domain and tandem C-terminal wHTH motifs, while hTen1 consists of a single OB fold. Contacts between OB domains mediate complex formation strikingly similar to RPA. The hStn1-Ten1 complex exhibits non-specific ssDNA binding activity primarily dependent on hStn1. Cells expressing hStn1 mutants defective for dimerization with hTen1 display elongated telomeres and telomere uncapping defects, demonstrating that the telomeric function of hCST is hTen1-dependent. X-ray crystallography, ssDNA binding assays, cell-based mutant expression, telomere length analysis, telomere FISH PloS one High 23826127
2013 Human TEN1 depletion causes increased multitelomere FISH signals (indicative of telomere duplex replication defects) and telomere loss without increased deprotection, recombination, or T-circle release. TEN1 depletion delays G-overhang shortening in late S/G2 but does not affect overhang elongation in mid-S phase, indicating a role in C-strand fill-in but not telomerase regulation. TEN1 depletion also reduces genome-wide replication restart after fork stalling, similar to STN1 depletion. siRNA knockdown, telomere FISH, BrdU incorporation assay for replication restart, G-overhang analysis The Journal of biological chemistry High 24025336
2013 In budding yeast, Cdk1 phosphorylates Stn1 at Thr223 and Ser250 both in vitro and in vivo. These phosphorylation events are essential for the stability of CST (Cdc13-Stn1-Ten1) complexes at telomeres. By controlling the timing of Cdc13 and Stn1 phosphorylations during the cell cycle, Cdk1 regulates the temporal recruitment of telomerase complexes versus CST complexes to telomeres to facilitate telomere maintenance. In vitro kinase assays, in vivo phosphorylation mapping, telomere chromatin immunoprecipitation, cell cycle synchronization Molecular and cellular biology High 24164896
2014 The CDC13-STN1-TEN1 (CST) complex from Candida glabrata stimulates primase-Pol α (PP) activity by augmenting primase activity and primase-to-polymerase switching, simultaneously shortening the RNA primer and lengthening the DNA product. CST does not enhance isolated DNA polymerase activity alone. The Stn1 subunit alone is sufficient for PP stimulation. Both the N-terminal OB fold and C-terminal winged-helix domains of Stn1 bind the Pol12 subunit of PP and stimulate PP activity. In vitro primase-polymerase activity assays with purified complexes, domain deletion/mutagenesis, binding assays Nature communications High 25503194
2014 In S. cerevisiae, the requirement for Cdc13 (but not for Stn1 or Ten1) can be bypassed when both the DNA damage response and nonsense-mediated mRNA decay (NMD) pathways are inactivated. Disabling NMD alters stoichiometry of CST components at telomeres and permits Stn1 to bind telomeres in the absence of Cdc13, supporting a model that Stn1 and Ten1 can function in a Cdc13-independent manner. Genetic epistasis, telomere chromatin immunoprecipitation, double mutant bypass analysis Cell reports Medium 24835988
2017 The human CST complex (CTC1-STN1-TEN1) forms a functional complex that localizes in ALT-associated PML bodies (APBs) in ALT cancer cells. CST suppression in ALT cells induces telomere fragility, elevates telomeric DNA recombination, diminishes C-circles and t-circles abundance, and causes multinucleation, establishing a role for CST including TEN1 in ALT telomere maintenance. siRNA knockdown, immunofluorescence co-localization, telomere FISH, C-circle assay, flow cytometry Experimental cell research Medium 28366536
2018 In fission yeast, the Stn1-Ten1 complex restricts telomerase action via a SUMO-interacting motif (SIM) in the C-terminal part of Stn1. The SIM mediates interaction with SUMOylated Tpz1 (TPP1 ortholog). Point mutations in the SIM (Stn1-226) lead to telomere elongation, impair Stn1-Ten1 recruitment to telomeres, and enhance telomerase binding. Stn1-Ten1 also promotes DNA synthesis at telomeres to limit ssDNA accumulation and functions in replication of telomeric and subtelomeric regions in a Taz1-independent manner. Mutagenesis (SIM mutations), co-immunoprecipitation, ChIP, telomere length analysis, genetic analysis of replication mutants Science advances High 29774234
2018 In human colon cancer cells, CTC1-STN1 (without TEN1) is sufficient to limit telomerase action and prevent G-overhang overextension; CTC1-/- cells exhibit overhang elongation whereas TEN1-/- cells do not. However, TEN1 is essential for C-strand synthesis, and TEN1-/- cells exhibit progressive telomere shortening. DNA binding analysis indicates that CTC1-STN1 retains ssDNA affinity but TEN1 stabilizes this binding, enabling proper engagement of Pol α for C-strand synthesis. CRISPR knockout of individual subunits, G-overhang analysis, telomere length measurements, ssDNA binding assays Nature communications High 30026550
2019 In S. cerevisiae, Ten1 (as part of the CST complex) regulates RNA polymerase II transcription. Genetic interactions between TEN1 and transcription regulators were found, and molecular assays showed Ten1 regulates the occupancies of RNA Pol II and the Spt5 elongation factor within transcribed genes. Ten1, Cdc13, and Stn1 all physically associate with Spt5, identifying Spt5 as the target of CST in transcription regulation. CST also physically associates with Hmo1. Genetic interaction analysis, ChIP (RNA Pol II and Spt5 occupancy), co-immunoprecipitation with Spt5 Nucleic acids research Medium 31006804
2019 In fission yeast, a conserved SWSSS motif in Tpz1 (adjacent to Lys242 SUMOylation site) works redundantly with Lys242 SUMOylation to promote Stn1-Ten1 binding at telomere and sub-telomere regions. This binding protects against SSA-dependent telomere fusions and prevents telomerase accumulation at telomeres. Mutagenesis of SWSSS motif and Lys242, co-immunoprecipitation, telomere ChIP, telomere southern blot Communications biology Medium 31396577
2020 In single-linear-chromosome yeast (SY14), deletion of TEN1 (or STN1) leads to a ~29-fold lower frequency of survivors compared to CDC13 deletion, demonstrating that Ten1 and Stn1 have a more stringent requirement than Cdc13 in preventing telomere fusion. CDC13 deletion leads to Rad52-dependent intrachromosome end-to-end fusions, while Stn1/Ten1 loss does not produce fusion at the same frequency. Gene deletion in single-linear-chromosome yeast, survivor frequency analysis, genetic epistasis with Rad52 and Yku eLife Medium 32755541
2023 In fission yeast, Pot1 promotes telomere DNA replication by recruiting the Stn1-Ten1 complex (and Pol α-primase) to telomeres via Tpz1. In pot1-1 temperature-sensitive mutants, Stn1 recruitment to telomeres is reduced and ssDNA accumulates; overexpression of Stn1 rescues telomere loss and cell viability, placing Ten1/Stn1 downstream of Pot1-Tpz1 in the lagging-strand synthesis pathway. Temperature-sensitive mutant analysis, ChIP, overexpression rescue, telomere Southern blot Nucleic acids research Medium 37953281
2023 In fission yeast, the Stn1-Ten1 (ST) complex does not affect genome-wide replication but is specifically required for efficient replication of the subtelomeric STE3-2 fragile region. The ST complex binds STE3-2 and its replication function depends on association with shelterin proteins Pot1-Tpz1-Poz1 but is independent of Taz1. When ST function is compromised, a homologous recombination-based fork restart mechanism is required for STE3-2 stability. Genome-wide replication profiling, ChIP, genetic epistasis with HR factors and shelterin subunits Cell reports Medium 37243596
2024 Dysfunction of the telomeric Cdc13-Stn1-Ten1 complex simultaneously activates both the G2/M spindle checkpoints (Mad2-mediated and Bub2-mediated) and the G2/M DNA damage checkpoint (Mec1-mediated). SIZ1 (SUMO E3 ligase) and TOP2 were isolated as extragenic suppressors of CST temperature-sensitive mutants. Strong negative genetic interactions were identified between CST mutants and septins. Suppressor genetics, genetic epistasis with checkpoint mutants (mad2, bub2, mec1), temperature-sensitive mutant isolation Cells Medium 39404369
2025 The CTC1-STN1-TEN1 complex suppresses DNA end resection by EXO1 and the BLM-DNA2 helicase-nuclease complex via distinct mechanisms, controlling DSB repair pathway choice. BRCA1-BARD1 alleviates the CST-imposed EXO1 blockade but has little effect on BLM-DNA2 restriction. CST mutants impaired for DNA binding or BLM-EXO1 interaction exhibit a hyper-resection phenotype and render BRCA1-deficient cells resistant to PARP inhibitors. CST mutant analysis (DNA binding and BLM-EXO1 interaction deficient mutants), end resection assays, PARP inhibitor sensitivity assays, genetic epistasis with BRCA1-BARD1 Science (New York, N.Y.) High 40403056
2025 In a Ten1 homozygous knockout mouse model (CRISPR-Cas9 exon 3 deletion), loss of Ten1 causes telomere attrition, short lifespan, skin hyperpigmentation, aplastic anemia, and cerebellar hypoplasia. Molecular analyses revealed reduced proliferating cells, increased apoptosis, stem cell depletion, and activation of the p53/p21 signaling pathway, establishing that Ten1 deficiency in vivo causes telomere shortening and phenotypes resembling dyskeratosis congenita. CRISPR-Cas9 knockout mouse model, telomere length measurement, histology, flow cytometry (apoptosis, proliferation), immunostaining for p53/p21 Science advances High 40215293
2024 Using cryo-EM structures of the human CST-Pol α/primase-DNA complex as guides, structural elements in yeast (C. glabrata) CST subunits Stn1 and Ten1 that contact Pri1 and Pri2 (primase subunits) were identified and mutated. These mutations abrogated CST stimulatory activity on Pol α/primase in vitro, demonstrating that physical contacts between Ten1/Stn1 and the primase complex are functionally required for C-strand synthesis. Cryo-EM structure-guided mutagenesis, in vitro Pol α/primase stimulation assays, in vivo telomere analysis in C. glabrata bioRxivpreprint Medium

Source papers

Stage 0 corpus · 34 papers · ranked by NIH iCite citations
Year Title Journal Citations PMID
2009 RPA-like mammalian Ctc1-Stn1-Ten1 complex binds to single-stranded DNA and protects telomeres independently of the Pot1 pathway. Molecular cell 286 19854130
2001 Ten1 functions in telomere end protection and length regulation in association with Stn1 and Cdc13. The EMBO journal 213 11230140
2009 Stn1-Ten1 is an Rpa2-Rpa3-like complex at telomeres. Genes & development 112 20008938
2007 Protection of telomeres by a conserved Stn1-Ten1 complex. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 91 17715303
2014 The CDC13-STN1-TEN1 complex stimulates Pol α activity by promoting RNA priming and primase-to-polymerase switch. Nature communications 70 25503194
2013 Structure of the human telomeric Stn1-Ten1 capping complex. PloS one 67 23826127
2013 Human TEN1 maintains telomere integrity and functions in genome-wide replication restart. The Journal of biological chemistry 66 24025336
2005 ten-1, an essential gene for germ cell development, epidermal morphogenesis, gonad migration, and neuronal pathfinding in Caenorhabditis elegans. Developmental biology 59 15936327
2018 CTC1-STN1 terminates telomerase while STN1-TEN1 enables C-strand synthesis during telomere replication in colon cancer cells. Nature communications 58 30026550
2011 Xenopus laevis Ctc1-Stn1-Ten1 (xCST) protein complex is involved in priming DNA synthesis on single-stranded DNA template in Xenopus egg extract. The Journal of biological chemistry 57 22086929
2008 Caenorhabditis elegans teneurin, ten-1, is required for gonadal and pharyngeal basement membrane integrity and acts redundantly with integrin ina-1 and dystroglycan dgn-1. Molecular biology of the cell 44 18632986
2017 The human CTC1/STN1/TEN1 complex regulates telomere maintenance in ALT cancer cells. Experimental cell research 34 28366536
2013 Cdk1 regulates the temporal recruitment of telomerase and Cdc13-Stn1-Ten1 complex for telomere replication. Molecular and cellular biology 30 24164896
2010 C. elegans ten-1 is synthetic lethal with mutations in cytoskeleton regulators, and enhances many axon guidance defective mutants. BMC developmental biology 26 20497576
2009 TEN1 is essential for CDC13-mediated telomere capping. Genetics 25 19752213
2019 Structural and functional impact of non-synonymous SNPs in the CST complex subunit TEN1: structural genomics approach. Bioscience reports 20 31028137
2018 The fission yeast Stn1-Ten1 complex limits telomerase activity via its SUMO-interacting motif and promotes telomeres replication. Science advances 18 29774234
2011 Genetic interaction between Caenorhabditis elegans teneurin ten-1 and prolyl 4-hydroxylase phy-1 and their function in collagen IV-mediated basement membrane integrity during late elongation of the embryo. Molecular biology of the cell 16 21795395
2022 Pan-Cancer Analyses Identify the CTC1-STN1-TEN1 Complex as a Protective Factor and Predictive Biomarker for Immune Checkpoint Blockade in Cancer. Frontiers in genetics 13 35368664
2014 Interplay between nonsense-mediated mRNA decay and DNA damage response pathways reveals that Stn1 and Ten1 are the key CST telomere-cap components. Cell reports 13 24835988
2010 Structure prediction-driven genetics in Saccharomyces cerevisiae identifies an interface between the t-RPA proteins Stn1 and Ten1. Genetics 12 20157006
2022 Pan-cancer analysis reveals that CTC1-STN1-TEN1 (CST) complex may have a key position in oncology. Cancer genetics 11 35134616
2025 CTC1-STN1-TEN1 controls DNA break repair pathway choice via DNA end resection blockade. Science (New York, N.Y.) 10 40403056
2020 Cdc13 is predominant over Stn1 and Ten1 in preventing chromosome end fusions. eLife 9 32755541
2019 The telomeric Cdc13-Stn1-Ten1 complex regulates RNA polymerase II transcription. Nucleic acids research 9 31006804
2023 Stn1-Ten1 and Taz1 independently promote replication of subtelomeric fragile sequences in fission yeast. Cell reports 6 37243596
2023 Pot1 promotes telomere DNA replication via the Stn1-Ten1 complex in fission yeast. Nucleic acids research 6 37953281
2025 Loss of Ten1 in mice induces telomere shortening and models human dyskeratosis congenita. Science advances 3 40215293
2019 Tpz1TPP1 prevents telomerase activation and protects telomeres by modulating the Stn1-Ten1 complex in fission yeast. Communications biology 3 31396577
2025 KRAS-induced STN1 (OBFC1) promotes proper CTC1-STN1-TEN1 complex-independent DNA double-strand break repair and cell cycle checkpoint maintenance in pancreatic cancer. Nucleic acids research 2 41036624
2015 Polygenic expression of teratozoospermia and normal fertility in B10.MOL-TEN1 mouse strain. Congenital anomalies 2 25559406
2024 Dysfunction of Telomeric Cdc13-Stn1-Ten1 Simultaneously Activates DNA Damage and Spindle Checkpoints. Cells 1 39404369
2025 The stn1-sz2 Mutant Provides New Insight into the Impacts of Telomeric Cdc13-Stn1-Ten1 Dysfunction on Cell Cycle Progression. Cells 0 40497960
2000 Fine mapping of thymus enlargement gene 1 (Ten1) in BUF/Mna rats. Pathology international 0 10792781

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