Affinage

TEF

Thyrotroph embryonic factor · UniProt Q10587

Length
303 aa
Mass
33.2 kDa
Annotated
2026-04-28
100 papers in source corpus 33 papers cited in narrative 33 extracted findings

Mechanistic narrative

Synthesis pass · prose summary of the discoveries below

TEF (thyrotroph embryonic factor) is a PAR basic-leucine-zipper (bZIP) transcription factor that heterodimerizes with the related circadian regulators DBP and HLF, binds the consensus sequence 5'-GTTACGTAAT-3', and contains a discrete ~40 amino acid transcriptional activation domain (THAD) essential for its activity (PMID:1916262, PMID:8639829). TEF activates tissue-selective promoters including TSH-beta in the embryonic pituitary and telokin in smooth muscle, and together with DBP and HLF controls expression of xenobiotic detoxification enzymes (cytochrome P450s, carboxylesterases, CAR) and cardiovascular functions including aldosterone synthesis; triple knockout of all three PAR bZIP factors causes xenobiotic hypersensitivity, epilepsy, cardiac hypertrophy, and premature death in mice (PMID:16814730, PMID:20686175, PMID:14702338). In hematopoietic progenitor cells, TEF confers protection from apoptosis upon cytokine withdrawal by downregulating the common beta chain of cytokine receptors (PMID:15665112). A TCF3/TEF gene fusion has been identified in a pediatric B-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia case (PMID:31575852).

Mechanistic history

Synthesis pass · year-by-year structured walk · 7 steps
  1. 1991 High

    Identification of TEF as a novel PAR bZIP transcription factor in the embryonic pituitary resolved the molecular nature of the factor activating TSH-beta and established its capacity to heterodimerize with DBP and to trans-activate via a domain outside the bZIP region.

    Evidence cDNA cloning, DNA-binding assays, heterodimerization experiments, and reporter assays in transfected cells

    PMID:1916262

    Open questions at the time
    • The precise activation domain boundaries were not yet mapped
    • Endogenous target genes beyond TSH-beta were unknown
    • In vivo physiological role of TEF was uncharacterized
  2. 1996 High

    Mapping of a discrete ~40 amino acid transcriptional activation domain (THAD) shared by TEF and HLF, and demonstration that TEF and DBP have distinct promoter preferences despite identical DNA-binding specificity, revealed that TEF's transcriptional output depends on promoter context rather than simple DNA recognition.

    Evidence GAL4 chimera deletion mapping in mammalian cells and yeast; chimeric TEF-DBP protein reporter assays showing promoter-selective activation

    PMID:8617210 PMID:8639829

    Open questions at the time
    • Structural basis for context-dependent promoter preference was not determined
    • Co-factors mediating promoter selectivity were not identified
  3. 2004 High

    Discovery that TEF activates the telokin promoter in a calcium-dependent manner in smooth muscle cells, with two tissue-specific isoforms (TEFalpha and TEFbeta), extended TEF's functional repertoire beyond the pituitary to smooth muscle gene regulation.

    Evidence Southwestern screen, gel shift, reporter assays, adenoviral overexpression, and RNase protection in smooth muscle cells

    PMID:14702338

    Open questions at the time
    • Mechanism linking calcium signaling to TEF activity was not resolved
    • Relative contributions of TEFalpha vs TEFbeta isoforms to smooth muscle physiology were unclear
  4. 2005 Medium

    Demonstration that TEF protects hematopoietic progenitor cells from apoptosis by downregulating the cytokine receptor common beta chain established a role for TEF in cell survival decisions outside epithelial or muscle lineages.

    Evidence Retroviral transduction of TEF into IL-3-dependent FL5.12 cells with apoptosis and flow cytometry readout

    PMID:15665112

    Open questions at the time
    • Whether TEF directly binds the betac promoter was not shown
    • Relevance to normal hematopoiesis in vivo was not tested
    • Mechanism of anti-apoptotic action beyond betac downregulation was unknown
  5. 2006 High

    Triple knockout of all three PAR bZIP factors (Dbp/Tef/Hlf) revealed their collective, partially redundant control of hepatic and renal xenobiotic detoxification programs and established that loss causes systemic toxicity, epilepsy, and premature death.

    Evidence Triple knockout mouse model with transcriptomic profiling and xenobiotic challenge experiments

    PMID:16814730

    Open questions at the time
    • Individual contribution of TEF vs DBP vs HLF to each detoxification gene was not dissected
    • Whether TEF single knockout produces a phenotype was not reported
  6. 2010 Medium

    The same PAR bZIP triple knockout mice displayed cardiac hypertrophy, left ventricular dysfunction, hypotension, and reduced aldosterone, establishing TEF (with DBP and HLF) as a circadian regulator of cardiovascular homeostasis.

    Evidence Echocardiography, blood pressure telemetry, and hormone assays in Dbp/Tef/Hlf triple knockout mice

    PMID:20686175

    Open questions at the time
    • Direct TEF target genes mediating cardiac and aldosterone phenotypes were not identified
    • Individual contribution of TEF to the cardiovascular phenotype was not resolved
    • Whether circadian oscillation of TEF is required for the phenotype was not tested
  7. 2019 Low

    Identification of a TCF3/TEF gene fusion in a pediatric B-ALL case suggested TEF can participate in oncogenic translocations in hematopoietic malignancies, though the fusion's functional consequences were not characterized.

    Evidence Mate-pair next-generation sequencing and FISH confirmation in a single patient

    PMID:31575852

    Open questions at the time
    • Single case without functional characterization of the fusion protein
    • Whether the fusion drives leukemogenesis or is a passenger event is unknown
    • No recurrence data from additional patient cohorts

Open questions

Synthesis pass · forward-looking unresolved questions
  • The individual contribution of TEF (independent of DBP and HLF) to circadian physiology, xenobiotic detoxification, and cardiovascular function remains unresolved, as does the structural basis of THAD-mediated transcriptional activation and the identity of TEF-specific co-activators in different tissues.
  • No TEF single-knockout phenotype has been reported
  • No crystal or cryo-EM structure of TEF or the THAD activation domain exists
  • Genome-wide direct target identification (ChIP-seq) for TEF has not been performed

Mechanism profile

Synthesis pass · controlled-vocabulary classification · explore literature graph →
Molecular activity
GO:0140110 transcription regulator activity 6 GO:0003677 DNA binding 4
Localization
GO:0005634 nucleus 3
Pathway
R-HSA-74160 Gene expression (Transcription) 5 R-HSA-9909396 Circadian clock 2 R-HSA-1643685 Disease 1
Partners
DBPHLF

Evidence

Reading pass · 33 per-paper findings extracted from the source corpus
Year Finding Method Journal Conf PMIDs
1988 TEF-1 (TEAD1) was purified from HeLa cells and shown to specifically bind two sequence-unrelated motifs (GT-IIC and Sph) of the SV40 enhancer, with cooperative binding occurring on templates containing tandem but not inverted or spaced repeats of its cognate motifs, correlating with enhancer activity in vivo. Protein purification, DNA-binding assays, in vivo enhancer activity assays Cell High 2843293
1991 Cloned TEF-1 binds the SV40 GT-IIC and Sph enhansons with sequence specificity; TEF-1 initiates translation exclusively at an AUU codon in vivo; TEF-1 does not activate these enhansons in lymphoid MPC11 cells but represses endogenous HeLa TEF-1 activity via squelching, indicating that TEF-1 trans-activation requires a highly limiting, possibly cell-specific, titratable transcriptional intermediary factor. cDNA cloning, in vivo and in vitro transcription assays, GAL4 chimera squelching experiments Cell High 1851669
1991 TEF (thyrotroph embryonic factor, PAR bZIP) was identified as a novel bZIP transcription factor expressed in the embryonic anterior pituitary; TEF binds and trans-activates the TSH-beta promoter; TEF forms heterodimers with DBP; a cluster of basic amino acids unique to TEF and DBP is necessary for proper DNA-binding site specificity; a major trans-activation domain resides outside the bZIP homology region. cDNA cloning, DNA-binding assays, trans-activation reporter assays, heterodimerization experiments Genes & development High 1916262
1992 M-CAT binding factor (MCBF), which governs cardiac troponin T gene promoter activity, is biochemically indistinguishable from TEF-1: it shares identical binding-site specificity, fractionation behavior, apparent molecular weight, and antigenic reactivity with TEF-1 antibodies, establishing MCBF as a TEF-1 family member mediating muscle-specific transcription. Mutational analysis of M-CAT motif, DNA-agarose fractionation, antibody cross-reactivity, mobility shift assays The Journal of biological chemistry High 1324927
1992 TEF-1 is the major factor binding a 37-nt HPV-16 enhancer element in keratinocytes; both TEF-1 and a limiting, cell-specific TEF-1 co-activator are required for HPV-16 E6/E7 oncogene transcription; TEF-1 binding in vivo is necessary for P97 promoter activity; squelching by excess TEF-1 or GAL4-TEF-1 chimeras confirms dependence on a limiting co-activator. Sequence-specific DNA affinity purification, antibody identification, in vivo and in vitro transcription, squelching assays The EMBO journal High 1318197
1994 TEF-1 cloned from chick heart exists as multiple muscle-enriched isoforms (TEF-1A and novel TEF-1B); both bind M-CAT elements with high affinity; the C-terminal region of TEF-1B (containing a 13-amino acid exon) can activate transcription when fused to a heterologous DNA-binding domain, while the same domain of TEF-1A cannot, indicating isoform-specific transcriptional activation roles. cDNA cloning, gel mobility shift assays, chimeric activator trans-activation assays The Journal of biological chemistry High 8106348
1994 TEF-1 binds M-CAT sites in the skeletal alpha-actin promoter in cardiac cells and cooperates with SRF at SRE1 to activate transcription; either isolated SRE1 or TEF-1 binding sites can function as TGF-beta response elements; induction of the SkA promoter by TGF-beta requires both SRF and TEF-1 acting in concert. Mutational analysis of skeletal alpha-actin promoter, EMSA, transient transfection in ventricular myocytes The Journal of biological chemistry High 8206998
1995 TEF-1 transrepression of the hCS promoter in BeWo choriocarcinoma cells is mechanistically mediated by direct interaction between the TEF-1 proline-rich domain and TBP (TATA-binding protein): GST-TEF-1 retains in vitro-generated TBP; TEF-1 inhibits TBP binding to the TATA motif; co-expression of TBP relieves TEF-1-mediated repression in vivo. GST pull-down, EMSA supershift, co-transfection, antisense oligonucleotide depletion The Journal of biological chemistry High 8621623
1995 A novel negatively acting factor from HeLa/BJA-B cell extracts selectively represses TEF-1-mediated transcriptional activation (but not VP16-mediated activation) by interfering with TBP-associated coactivators; repression is alleviated by addition of immunopurified TFIID. Chromatographic fractionation of nuclear extracts, reconstituted in vitro transcription assay The Journal of biological chemistry Medium 7876100
1995 The TEF-1 gene has a TATA-less promoter with multiple transcription start sites around an initiator element (Inr); cell-type-specific expression is directed by a 137-bp minimal promoter containing Sp1 and ATF-1 binding sites; the Inr is required for the major start site; the proximal Sp1 site and the Inr interact to fix transcription start site usage. Promoter deletion analysis, in vitro and in vivo transcription, mutagenesis, EMSA The Journal of biological chemistry High 7642633
1996 TEF (PAR bZIP) and DBP bind the same DNA sequences in vitro but exhibit different promoter preferences in cells: TEF activates the albumin promoter more potently than DBP, while only DBP efficiently activates the cholesterol 7alpha-hydroxylase promoter; a TEF-DBP chimera carrying N-terminal TEF sequences with the DBP DNA-binding/dimerization domain activates the C7alphaH promoter as strongly as wild-type DBP, indicating that promoter environment rather than DNA-binding affinity determines promoter preference. In vitro DNA binding, co-transfection reporter assays, chimeric protein analysis The EMBO journal High 8617210
1996 TEF-1-related proteins (RTEF-1A, 57, 54, and 52 kDa) are phosphorylated and bind M-CAT DNA; the 54-kDa phosphorylated form (RTEF-1A) is a component of a muscle-enriched M-CAT transcription complex that is up-regulated upon skeletal muscle cell differentiation, as demonstrated by proteolytic digestion mapping and high-resolution mobility shift assays. Western blot, proteolytic digestion mapping, phosphorylation analysis, gel mobility shift assays The Journal of biological chemistry Medium 8626521
1996 TEF (human homolog of HLF/VBP) binds the consensus DNA sequence 5'-GTTACGTAAT-3' (identical to the HLF site); a discrete ~40 amino acid transcriptional activation domain (TAD) shared by TEF and HLF (THAD) was mapped using GAL4 chimeric proteins; deletion of THAD completely abolishes transcriptional activity of TEF and HLF in mammalian cells and yeast. Binding site selection assay, GAL4 chimera trans-activation, deletion mapping in mammalian cells and yeast Blood High 8639829
1996 SV40 large T antigen (TAg) binds the TEA domain of TEF-1 (the same DNA-binding domain shared with Drosophila Scalloped and S. cerevisiae TEC1); this interaction inhibits TEF-1 DNA binding and activates transcription in vitro from a subset of late start sites; TEF-1 thus functions as a repressor of SV40 late transcription. In vitro binding assays, in vitro transcription, TEA domain mutagenesis analysis Journal of virology High 8551581
1997 Human TEF-5 is preferentially expressed in placenta and binds cooperatively to tandemly repeated GT-IIC-like elements in the human chorionic somatomammotropin-B (hCS-B) gene enhancer; a single-base mutation in the corresponding element of the hCS-A enhancer (which is inactive) disrupts TEF-5 binding; the placental factor CSEF-1 is a proteolytic degradation product of TEF factors whose binding is disrupted by anti-TEA domain antibodies. cDNA cloning, RT-PCR, EMSA, cooperative binding assays, antibody supershift The Journal of biological chemistry Medium 9148898
1999 The human protein TONDU (TDU), which contains a short domain homologous to the Vestigial (Vg) domain required for Scalloped interaction, specifically interacts with a conserved domain present in all mammalian TEF factors; expression of TONDU in Drosophila can substitute for Vestigial in wing formation. Two-hybrid interaction, in vivo rescue of Drosophila vestigial mutants Development High 10518497
2001 TEAD-2/TEF-4 purified from mouse cells is associated with a novel TEAD-binding domain at the amino terminus of YAP65; YAP65 interacts specifically with the carboxyl terminus of all four TEAD/TEF proteins; both the YAP-TEAD interaction and sequence-specific DNA binding by TEAD are required for transcriptional activation; excess YAP65 accumulates in the cytoplasm as a complex with 14-3-3; YAP65 thus provides the transcriptional activation domain for TEAD/TEF transcription factors and its availability is limited by 14-3-3-mediated cytoplasmic sequestration. Protein purification, co-immunoprecipitation, co-transfection reporter assays, cytoplasmic/nuclear fractionation Genes & development High 11358867
2001 Pur alpha, Pur beta, and MSY1 single-stranded DNA-binding proteins suppress a cryptic MCAT enhancer by competing for TEF-1 binding to a polypurine-polypyrimidine cis-element in the smooth muscle alpha-actin promoter; Pur alpha, Pur beta, and MSY1 also interact weakly with double-stranded DNA and with TEF-1 itself; mutations that selectively impair single-stranded DNA binding by these factors release the MCAT enhancer from repression. DNA binding studies (EMSA), mutagenesis, transfection reporter assays The Journal of biological chemistry Medium 11751932
2002 TEF-1 interacts with the MADS domain of MEF2 transcription factors through additional activation domain sequences; this interaction was demonstrated by co-immunoprecipitation and GST pull-down in vitro and mammalian two-hybrid in vivo; the physiological significance was demonstrated by co-activation of MEF2-dependent muscle-specific promoters on co-transfection. Co-immunoprecipitation, GST pull-down, mammalian two-hybrid, transient transfection Biochemical and biophysical research communications Medium 12061776
2002 Mammalian Vgl-2 (vestigial-like 2) interacts with TEF-1 and with MEF2; Vgl-2 protein translocates from the cytoplasm to the nucleus during skeletal muscle differentiation; Vgl-2 co-activates MEF2-dependent promoters through the MEF2 element; overexpression of Vgl-2 in MyoD-transfected 10T1/2 cells markedly increases myosin heavy chain expression. Mammalian two-hybrid, GST pull-down, subcellular fractionation, transient transfection, immunofluorescence The Journal of biological chemistry High 12376544
2002 DTEF-1 (TEF-5/ETFR-1) is phosphorylated in vivo in neonatal rat cardiac myocytes; alpha1-adrenergic stimulation increases MCAT binding activity of DTEF-1 while phosphatase treatment decreases it, indicating that phosphorylation positively regulates DTEF-1 MCAT binding; DTEF-1 augments the alpha1-adrenergic response of the skeletal muscle alpha-actin gene. Orthophosphate labeling, immunoprecipitation, EMSA, phosphatase treatment, reporter assays The Journal of biological chemistry Medium 11986313
2003 Nuclear calcium and MAPK negatively regulate TEAD/TEF transcription factor activity in CHO cells: chelation of nuclear (but not cytosolic) Ca2+ increased TEAD activity two-fold; inhibition of MAPK also increased TEAD activity; cAMP decreased TEAD activity; protein kinase C had no effect. RT-PCR, selective nuclear/cytosolic calcium chelation, kinase inhibitor assays, TEAD reporter assays Biochemical and biophysical research communications Medium 12565854
2004 TEF (thyrotroph embryonic factor, PAR bZIP) binds to an AT-rich region within the telokin promoter core and specifically activates telokin gene expression in smooth muscle cells in a calcium-dependent manner, without affecting other smooth muscle promoters (SM22alpha, smooth muscle alpha-actin, smooth muscle myosin heavy chain); two isoforms (TEFalpha and TEFbeta) arising from alternative promoter usage are expressed in smooth muscle tissues. Southwestern screen, gel mobility shift assay, reporter gene assays, adenoviral overexpression, RNase protection assay The Journal of biological chemistry High 14702338
2005 TEF (PAR bZIP) expressed in FL5.12 IL-3-dependent hematopoietic cells protects against apoptosis upon IL-3 withdrawal and down-regulates expression of the common beta (betac) chain of cytokine receptors, causing G0/G1 accumulation without apoptosis; this indicates TEF regulates hematopoietic cell survival and proliferation by controlling betac chain expression. Retroviral transduction, apoptosis assays, flow cytometry, gene expression analysis Blood Medium 15665112
2005 TAZ (transcriptional co-activator with PDZ-binding motif) interacts with TEF-1 and all four TEF-1 family members via GST pull-down, co-immunoprecipitation, and modified mammalian two-hybrid assays; TAZ interacts with TEF-1 bound to MCAT DNA; TAZ interacts more efficiently with TEF-1 than RTEF-1; exogenous TAZ activates MCAT-dependent reporter promoters through endogenous TEF-1. GST pull-down, co-immunoprecipitation, mammalian two-hybrid, EMSA, reporter assays The Biochemical journal High 15628970
2006 PAR bZIP proteins DBP, TEF, and HLF control expression of many liver and kidney enzymes and regulators involved in xenobiotic detoxification (cytochrome P450 enzymes, carboxylesterases, CAR); mice devoid of all three PAR bZip proteins are hypersensitive to xenobiotic compounds; morbidity includes epilepsy proneness, accelerated aging, and premature death. Triple knockout mouse model, transcriptome comparison, xenobiotic toxicity assays Cell metabolism High 16814730
2006 TEF-1 and C/EBPbeta are the two transcription factors most enriched in promoters of p38alpha MAPK-regulated genes in cardiomyocytes; p38alpha regulates TEF-1 transcriptional activity involved in inhibition of COL1A1 (type I collagen alpha1) transcription in the absence of environmental stress. Transcriptome profiling, promoter motif analysis, p38alpha knockout cardiomyocytes, reporter assays The Biochemical journal Medium 16492136
2006 The TEA domain (TEAD) of TEF-1 adopts a three-helix bundle with a homeodomain fold; the L1 loop is essential for cooperative loading of TEAD molecules onto tandemly duplicated M-CAT sites; microarray chip-based binding assays reveal that known binding sites of the full-length TEF-1 protein are only a subset of DNA elements recognized by TEAD. NMR solution structure, structure-function mutagenesis, microarray-based DNA-binding assay Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America High 17085591
2008 Drosophila Scalloped (Sd), the TEAD/TEF family ortholog, is the DNA-binding partner that mediates transcriptional output of the Hippo pathway; Sd binds directly to Yorkie (Yki, YAP ortholog) and recruits it to the diap1 HRE enhancer; a Yki missense mutation abrogating Sd binding inactivates Yki in vivo; sd is required for yki-induced tissue overgrowth; the Sd/Yki interaction is conserved in mammalian homologs. Epistasis genetics, direct binding assays, in vivo rescue, chromatin assays, mammalian conservation assay Developmental cell High 18258486
2008 Scalloped (Sd) and Yorkie (Yki) form a transcriptional complex inhibited by Hippo signaling; Sd promotes Yki nuclear localization, while Hippo signaling retains Yki in the cytoplasm by phosphorylating Yki at S168; Sd overexpression enhances, while Sd inactivation suppresses, tissue overgrowth caused by Yki overexpression or tumor suppressor mutations; Sd recruits Yki to the diap1 enhancer. Genetic epistasis, loss-of-function, gain-of-function, phosphorylation analysis, chromatin recruitment assay Developmental cell High 18258485
2010 PAR bZIP triple knockout mice (Dbp/Tef/Hlf -/-) develop cardiac hypertrophy, left ventricular dysfunction, low blood pressure, and abnormally low aldosterone levels, demonstrating that TEF (together with DBP and HLF) regulates circadian control of cardiovascular functions including aldosterone synthesis. Triple knockout mouse model, cardiac function measurements, blood pressure monitoring, hormone assays American journal of physiology. Regulatory, integrative and comparative physiology Medium 20686175
2013 Genetic knockdown of TEF or YAP in hypothalamic neurons stimulates enkephalin (ENK) expression; prenatal high-fat diet increases inactive TEF protein levels and decreases YAP in hypothalamus; TEF co-localizes with ENK in hypothalamic neurons, and HFD reduces density of TEF/ENK co-labeled neurons, suggesting TEF regulates neuropeptide gene expression and ENK neuron differentiation. Genetic knockdown, immunofluorescence co-localization, protein expression analysis, prenatal dietary manipulation PloS one Medium 24147051
2019 A novel TCF3/TEF gene fusion was identified in a pediatric B-ALL/LBL case by mate-pair sequencing, demonstrating that TEF can serve as a translocation partner in acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Next-generation sequencing (mate-pair sequencing), FISH Blood cancer journal Low 31575852

Source papers

Stage 0 corpus · 100 papers · ranked by NIH iCite citations
Year Title Journal Citations PMID
2001 TEAD/TEF transcription factors utilize the activation domain of YAP65, a Src/Yes-associated protein localized in the cytoplasm. Genes & development 607 11358867
2008 The TEAD/TEF family protein Scalloped mediates transcriptional output of the Hippo growth-regulatory pathway. Developmental cell 564 18258486
2008 The TEAD/TEF family of transcription factor Scalloped mediates Hippo signaling in organ size control. Developmental cell 541 18258485
2006 The circadian PAR-domain basic leucine zipper transcription factors DBP, TEF, and HLF modulate basal and inducible xenobiotic detoxification. Cell metabolism 400 16814730
1991 Cloning, expression, and transcriptional properties of the human enhancer factor TEF-1. Cell 382 1851669
1988 The HeLa cell protein TEF-1 binds specifically and cooperatively to two SV40 enhancer motifs of unrelated sequence. Cell 279 2843293
1991 TEF, a transcription factor expressed specifically in the anterior pituitary during embryogenesis, defines a new class of leucine zipper proteins. Genes & development 228 1916262
1996 Isolation and characterization of the cDNA encoding BKLF/TEF-2, a major CACCC-box-binding protein in erythroid cells and selected other cells. Molecular and cellular biology 201 8657145
2005 The transcriptional co-activator TAZ interacts differentially with transcriptional enhancer factor-1 (TEF-1) family members. The Biochemical journal 180 15628970
1992 Transcriptional enhancer factor (TEF)-1 and its cell-specific co-activator activate human papillomavirus-16 E6 and E7 oncogene transcription in keratinocytes and cervical carcinoma cells. The EMBO journal 168 1318197
1991 The enhancer of human papillomavirus type 16: binding sites for the ubiquitous transcription factors oct-1, NFA, TEF-2, NF1, and AP-1 participate in epithelial cell-specific transcription. Journal of virology 148 1656080
1992 M-CAT binding factor is related to the SV40 enhancer binding factor, TEF-1. The Journal of biological chemistry 141 1324927
2002 Mammalian vestigial-like 2, a cofactor of TEF-1 and MEF2 transcription factors that promotes skeletal muscle differentiation. The Journal of biological chemistry 139 12376544
1994 Transforming growth factor-beta response elements of the skeletal alpha-actin gene. Combinatorial action of serum response factor, YY1, and the SV40 enhancer-binding protein, TEF-1. The Journal of biological chemistry 136 8206998
1996 The two PAR leucine zipper proteins, TEF and DBP, display similar circadian and tissue-specific expression, but have different target promoter preferences. The EMBO journal 125 8617210
1999 TONDU (TDU), a novel human protein related to the product of vestigial (vg) gene of Drosophila melanogaster interacts with vertebrate TEF factors and substitutes for Vg function in wing formation. Development (Cambridge, England) 119 10518497
2006 Insights into transcription enhancer factor 1 (TEF-1) activity from the solution structure of the TEA domain. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 117 17085591
1994 Muscle-enriched TEF-1 isoforms bind M-CAT elements from muscle-specific promoters and differentially activate transcription. The Journal of biological chemistry 99 8106348
2014 Genome and transcriptome sequencing identifies breeding targets in the orphan crop tef (Eragrostis tef). BMC genomics 89 25007843
2012 Teff (Eragrostis tef) as a raw material for malting, brewing and manufacturing of gluten-free foods and beverages: a review. Journal of food science and technology 84 26396284
2007 MCAT elements and the TEF-1 family of transcription factors in muscle development and disease. Arteriosclerosis, thrombosis, and vascular biology 79 17962623
1996 SRF and TEF-1 control of chicken skeletal alpha-actin gene during slow-muscle hypertrophy. The American journal of physiology 76 8764144
2020 BaF2TeF2(OH)2: A UV Nonlinear Optical Fluorotellurite Material Designed by Band-Gap Engineering. Journal of the American Chemical Society 72 32096982
2017 Chemical composition and food uses of teff (Eragrostis tef). Food chemistry 69 28873585
1997 Human TEF-5 is preferentially expressed in placenta and binds to multiple functional elements of the human chorionic somatomammotropin-B gene enhancer. The Journal of biological chemistry 61 9148898
2014 TEF-7A, a transcript elongation factor gene, influences yield-related traits in bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). Journal of experimental botany 60 25056774
1998 Differential expression of the TEF family of transcription factors in the murine placenta and during differentiation of primary human trophoblasts in vitro. Developmental dynamics : an official publication of the American Association of Anatomists 60 9671946
1996 The role of transcription enhancer factor-1 (TEF-1) related proteins in the formation of M-CAT binding complexes in muscle and non-muscle tissues. The Journal of biological chemistry 57 8626521
2013 Cry1 and Tef gene polymorphisms are associated with major depressive disorder in the Chinese population. Journal of affective disorders 56 24581835
2010 Cardiac hypertrophy, low blood pressure, and low aldosterone levels in mice devoid of the three circadian PAR bZip transcription factors DBP, HLF, and TEF. American journal of physiology. Regulatory, integrative and comparative physiology 56 20686175
2002 TEF-1 and MEF2 transcription factors interact to regulate muscle-specific promoters. Biochemical and biophysical research communications 56 12061776
1994 Sequence and promoter analysis of the highly expressed TEF gene of the filamentous fungus Ashbya gossypii. Molecular & general genetics : MGG 56 8107673
1993 Comparative potencies of Aroclors 1232, 1242, 1248, 1254, and 1260 in male Wistar rats--assessment of the toxic equivalency factor (TEF) approach for polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs). Fundamental and applied toxicology : official journal of the Society of Toxicology 52 8314461
2003 The origin and evolution of Eragrostis tef (Poaceae) and related polyploids: evidence from nuclear waxy and plastid rps16. American journal of botany 51 21659086
2001 Cryptic MCAT enhancer regulation in fibroblasts and smooth muscle cells. Suppression of TEF-1 mediated activation by the single-stranded DNA-binding proteins, Pur alpha, Pur beta, and MSY1. The Journal of biological chemistry 48 11751932
1996 DTEF-1, a novel member of the transcription enhancer factor-1 (TEF-1) multigene family. The Journal of biological chemistry 47 8626520
2014 Impact of variety type and particle size distribution on starch enzymatic hydrolysis and functional properties of tef flours. Carbohydrate polymers 43 25439894
2000 Evaluation of numerical analyses of RAPD and API 50 CH patterns to differentiate Lactobacillus plantarum, Lact. fermentum, Lact. rhamnosus, Lact. sake, Lact. parabuchneri, Lact. gallinarum, Lact. casei, Weissella minor and related taxa isolated from kocho and tef. Journal of applied microbiology 43 11123470
1999 A novel element and a TEF-2-like element activate the major histocompatibility complex class II transactivator in B-lymphocytes. The Journal of biological chemistry 43 10542275
2000 Cooperative binding of TEF-1 to repeated GGAATG-related consensus elements with restricted spatial separation and orientation. DNA and cell biology 40 10975468
1995 Cloning and characterization of a TEF gene for elongation factor 1 alpha from the yeast Arxula adeninivorans. Current genetics 40 8590482
1997 Estimating relative potency for receptor-mediated toxicity: reevaluating the toxicity equivalence factor (TEF) model. Regulatory toxicology and pharmacology : RTP 39 9056502
1996 Interaction between T antigen and TEA domain of the factor TEF-1 derepresses simian virus 40 late promoter in vitro: identification of T-antigen domains important for transcription control. Journal of virology 39 8551581
1995 A TATA-less promoter containing binding sites for ubiquitous transcription factors mediates cell type-specific regulation of the gene for transcription enhancer factor-1 (TEF-1). The Journal of biological chemistry 39 7642633
2015 Genetic diversity in tef [Eragrostis tef (Zucc.) Trotter]. Frontiers in plant science 38 25859251
2016 Novel quercetin derivative TEF induces ER stress and mitochondria-mediated apoptosis in human colon cancer HCT-116 cells. Biomedicine & pharmacotherapy = Biomedecine & pharmacotherapie 35 27721177
2006 TEF-1 and C/EBPbeta are major p38alpha MAPK-regulated transcription factors in proliferating cardiomyocytes. The Biochemical journal 35 16492136
1996 TEF-1 transrepression in BeWo cells is mediated through interactions with the TATA-binding protein, TBP. The Journal of biological chemistry 35 8621623
1997 The human transcription enhancer factor-1, TEF-1, can substitute for Drosophila scalloped during wingblade development. The Journal of biological chemistry 34 9099715
1996 The proto-oncogene HLF and the related basic leucine zipper protein TEF display highly similar DNA-binding and transcriptional regulatory properties. Blood 32 8639829
1996 Identification of a murine TEF-1-related gene expressed after mitogenic stimulation of quiescent fibroblasts and during myogenic differentiation. The Journal of biological chemistry 32 8662936
1995 Involvement of a protein distinct from transcription enhancer factor-1 (TEF-1) in mediating human chorionic somatomammotropin gene enhancer function through the GT-IIC enhanson in choriocarcinoma and COS cells. The Journal of biological chemistry 32 7775450
1994 Chromosomal localization and cDNA cloning of the human DBP and TEF genes. Genomics 32 7835883
2012 High-throughput discovery of mutations in tef semi-dwarfing genes by next-generation sequencing analysis. Genetics 31 22904035
1991 trans activation of the simian virus 40 late promoter by large T antigen requires binding sites for the cellular transcription factor TEF-1. Journal of virology 28 1658359
2005 TEF, an antiapoptotic bZIP transcription factor related to the oncogenic E2A-HLF chimera, inhibits cell growth by down-regulating expression of the common beta chain of cytokine receptors. Blood 26 15665112
1993 The Drosophila homolog of the human transcription factor TEF-1, scalloped, is essential for normal taste behavior. Journal of neurogenetics 26 8126597
2022 CRISPR/Cas9-mediated tetra-allelic mutation of the 'Green Revolution' SEMIDWARF-1 (SD-1) gene confers lodging resistance in tef (Eragrostis tef). Plant biotechnology journal 25 35560779
1999 Human placental TEF-5 transactivates the human chorionic somatomammotropin gene enhancer. Molecular endocrinology (Baltimore, Md.) 25 10379887
2011 Chemical and biological study of the seeds of Eragrostis tef (Zucc.) Trotter. Natural product research 24 21867458
2003 Inhibition of the TEF/TEAD transcription factor activity by nuclear calcium and distinct kinase pathways. Biochemical and biophysical research communications 24 12565854
2002 Mouse DTEF-1 (ETFR-1, TEF-5) is a transcriptional activator in alpha 1-adrenergic agonist-stimulated cardiac myocytes. The Journal of biological chemistry 23 11986313
1997 The Role of the TEF Transcription Factors in Cardiogenesis and Other Developmental Processes. Trends in cardiovascular medicine 23 21235884
2008 Tef in the diet of celiac patients in The Netherlands. Scandinavian journal of gastroenterology 22 18266174
2014 Semi-dwarfism and lodging tolerance in tef (Eragrostis tef) is linked to a mutation in the α-Tubulin 1 gene. Journal of experimental botany 21 25399019
2003 Inter simple sequence repeat (ISSR) analysis of genetic diversity in tef [Eragrostis tef (Zucc.) Trotter]. Hereditas 20 15061798
2001 tef: a mutation that causes telomere fusion and severe genome rearrangements in Drosophila melanogaster. Chromosoma 20 11398972
2008 Feed intake, digestibility, body weight and carcass parameters of Afar rams fed tef (Eragrostis tef) straw supplemented with graded levels of concentrate mix. Tropical animal health and production 19 18777140
2000 Tumor cell splice variants of the transcription factor TEF-1 induced by SV40 T-antigen transformation. Biochimica et biophysica acta 19 11118619
2004 Activation of the smooth muscle-specific telokin gene by thyrotroph embryonic factor (TEF). The Journal of biological chemistry 18 14702338
2000 Novel human TEF-1 isoforms exhibit altered DNA binding and functional properties. Biochemistry 18 10727247
2019 Characterization of TCF3 rearrangements in pediatric B-lymphoblastic leukemia/lymphoma by mate-pair sequencing (MPseq) identifies complex genomic rearrangements and a novel TCF3/TEF gene fusion. Blood cancer journal 17 31575852
2018 Waterlogging affects plant morphology and the expression of key genes in tef (Eragrostis tef). Plant direct 17 31245721
2017 Tef: The Rising Ancient Cereal: What do we know about its Nutritional and Health Benefits? Plant foods for human nutrition (Dordrecht, Netherlands) 17 29098639
2012 Tef polymorphism is associated with sleep disturbances in patients with Parkinson's disease. Sleep medicine 17 22257907
2001 Cloning and characterization of the mouse alpha1C/A-adrenergic receptor gene and analysis of an alpha1C promoter in cardiac myocytes: role of an MCAT element that binds transcriptional enhancer factor-1 (TEF-1). Molecular pharmacology 17 11306707
1994 A TEF-1 binding motif that interacts with a placental protein is important for the transcriptional activity of the hCS-B enhancer. DNA and cell biology 17 7945936
2017 A Proteomic Approach to Investigate the Drought Response in the Orphan Crop Eragrostis tef. Proteomes 16 29140297
2007 Differential expression of two TEF-1 (TEAD) genes during Xenopus laevis development and in response to inducing factors. The International journal of developmental biology 16 17939122
2006 Expressed sequence tag analysis in tef (Eragrostis tef (Zucc) Trotter). Genome 15 16699556
2003 Basal and alpha1-adrenergic-induced activity of minimal rat betaMHC promoters in cardiac myocytes requires multiple TEF-1 but not NFAT binding sites. Journal of molecular and cellular cardiology 15 12738228
2001 The DBP transcriptional activation domain is highly homologous to that of HLF and TEF and is not responsible for the tissue type-specific transcriptional activity of DBP. Gene 15 11223263
2011 Cantharellus texensis sp. nov. from Texas, a southern lookalike of C. cinnabarinus revealed by tef-1 sequence data. Mycologia 14 21558500
2006 A genetic linkage map for tef [Eragrostis tef (Zucc.) Trotter]. TAG. Theoretical and applied genetics. Theoretische und angewandte Genetik 14 16900349
1995 Characterization of a HeLa cell factor which negatively regulates transcriptional activation in vitro by transcriptional enhancer factor-1 (TEF-1). The Journal of biological chemistry 14 7876100
2013 Prenatal exposure to dietary fat induces changes in the transcriptional factors, TEF and YAP, which may stimulate differentiation of peptide neurons in rat hypothalamus. PloS one 13 24147051
1995 Cloning, nucleotide sequence, and expression of tef-1, the gene encoding translation elongation factor 1 alpha (EF-1 alpha) of Neurospora crassa. Idengaku zasshi 13 7605676
2019 Variations in Amino Acid and Protein Profiles in White versus Brown Teff (Eragrostis Tef) Seeds, and Effect of Extraction Methods on Protein Yields. Foods (Basel, Switzerland) 12 31212581
2016 Identification and characterization of abundant repetitive sequences in Eragrostis tef cv. Enatite genome. BMC plant biology 12 26833063
2016 Nutritional and Sensory Evaluation of Injera Prepared from tef and Eragrostis curvula (Schrad.) Nees. Flours with Sorghum Blends. Frontiers in plant science 12 27489554
1997 Human chorionic somatomammotropin enhancer function is mediated by cooperative binding of TEF-1 and CSEF-1 to multiple, low-affinity binding sites. Molecular endocrinology (Baltimore, Md.) 12 9259314
1995 A TEF-1-independent mechanism for activation of the simian virus 40 (SV40) late promoter by mutant SV40 large T antigens. Journal of virology 12 7745697
2018 Identification of miRNAs linked with the drought response of tef [Eragrostis tef (Zucc.) Trotter]. Journal of plant physiology 11 29656008
2014 Structural characterization of arabinoxylans from two African plant species Eragrostis nindensis and Eragrostis tef using various mass spectrometric methods. Rapid communications in mass spectrometry : RCM 11 24623695
2007 QTL mapping of agronomic traits in tef [Eragrostis tef (Zucc) Trotter]. BMC plant biology 11 17565675
2007 Vestigial-like-2b (VITO-1b) and Tead-3a (Tef-5a) expression in zebrafish skeletal muscle, brain and notochord. Gene expression patterns : GEP 11 17916448
1998 Cloning and characterization of two isoforms of the zebrafish thyrotroph embryonic factor (tef alpha and tefbeta). Biochimica et biophysica acta 11 9434145
2020 Comparative analyses of 32 complete plastomes of Tef (Eragrostis tef ) accessions from Ethiopia: phylogenetic relationships and mutational hotspots. PeerJ 10 32596045
2018 Isolation and Molecular Identification of Lactic Acid Bacteria Using 16s rRNA Genes from Fermented Teff (Eragrostis tef (Zucc.)) Dough. International journal of food science 10 30155476
2020 Silicon Enhances Biomass and Grain Yield in an Ancient Crop Tef [Eragrostis tef (Zucc.) Trotter]. Frontiers in plant science 9 33329679