Affinage

TAGLN

Transgelin · UniProt Q01995

Length
201 aa
Mass
22.6 kDa
Annotated
2026-06-10
62 papers in source corpus 20 papers cited in narrative 20 extracted findings
Cross-family judge vs UniProt: Affinage preferred faithfulness: 7/7 claims corpus-supported (100%)

Mechanistic narrative

Synthesis pass · prose summary of the discoveries below

TAGLN (SM22/transgelin) is an actin-binding and actin-bundling cytoskeletal protein that integrates mechanical, metabolic, and inflammatory signals to control cell shape, motility, and invasion (PMID:11053353, PMID:22257561, PMID:39781462). It binds F-actin through multiple regions in its C-terminal domain (residues ~151-201, including a 154-KKAQEHKR-161 site and residues 170-186) and colocalizes with actin filaments, whereas C-terminally truncated protein fails to associate (PMID:11053353, PMID:21162287); phosphorylation at Ser-181 by protein kinase C, and phosphorylation by Rho kinase (ROCK), reduces actin binding and redistributes the protein from the cytoskeleton to the cytoplasm, thereby tuning smooth muscle tone (PMID:11053353, PMID:10939458, PMID:25617350). Loss of TAGLN destabilizes the actin cytoskeleton, compromises stress fibers, increases motility, and permits podosome formation and matrix invasion, while re-expression suppresses invasion (PMID:22257561, PMID:21183509). Through its N-terminal calponin homology domain, TAGLN represses MMP-9 expression by attenuating ERK/MAPK and AP-1 (c-Fos)-dependent transcription (PMID:16835221), and SM22 deficiency in vascular smooth muscle elevates ROS that drive NF-κB2 activation, proinflammatory gene induction, and chondrogenic conversion after arterial injury (PMID:20224039, PMID:21183509). TAGLN protein levels are set by multiple regulatory inputs: TRAF6-catalyzed mono-ubiquitination at K89/K108 targets it for proteasomal degradation and de-represses NF-κB and Myc signaling (PMID:33771884); ALKBH5-mediated m6A demethylation stabilizes TAGLN mRNA (PMID:33961858); and NRF2 directly transactivates TAGLN through an ARE in its promoter (PMID:41029755). In disease contexts TAGLN functions as a mechanosensor responding to matrix stiffness via RhoA/ROCK, drives a mechano-metabolic fibrotic axis that upregulates the glucose transporter SLC2A3 to fuel glycolysis, and acts in stromal and tumor cells to promote migration, EMT, and metastasis (PMID:34538264, PMID:39781462, PMID:23510049, PMID:33116628). Conserved orthologs in budding and fission yeast bundle and crosslink actin and localize to actin patches and the contractile ring, underscoring an ancient role in actin organization (PMID:18400761, PMID:16256112).

Mechanistic history

Synthesis pass · year-by-year structured walk · 13 steps
  1. 1987 Medium

    Establishing the primary structure and physical state of SM22α was the foundation for all later mechanistic work; the question was simply what this abundant smooth-muscle protein is.

    Evidence Edman sequencing, sedimentation equilibrium, and CD spectroscopy of chicken gizzard SM22α

    PMID:3571244

    Open questions at the time
    • No binding partner or function assigned at this stage
    • No homology to known proteins identified at the time
  2. 1994 Medium

    Whether SM22 has a cytoskeletal function was answered by showing it directly binds F-actin with measurable stoichiometry and affinity and associates with membranes in a Ca2+-sensitive manner.

    Evidence Protein purification and F-actin cosedimentation with quantified binding constant, plus membrane fractionation under Ca2+/EGTA

    PMID:8117285

    Open questions at the time
    • Actin-binding region not mapped
    • Functional consequence of binding not defined
    • Physiological role of Ca2+-sensitive membrane association unclear
  3. 2000 High

    These studies localized the actin-binding determinants to the C-terminal domain and identified PKC phosphorylation of Ser-181 as a switch that releases SM22 from the cytoskeleton, defining how its localization is regulated.

    Evidence Site-directed mutagenesis with in vitro cosedimentation, PKC kinase assay, and immunofluorescence of transfected myocytes; in vivo PKC activation with subcellular localization

    PMID:10939458 PMID:11053353

    Open questions at the time
    • Physiological signal triggering PKC phosphorylation in vivo not defined
    • Whether other kinases regulate binding not addressed
  4. 2005 Medium

    Ortholog work tested whether actin regulation is a conserved property; the fission yeast Stg1 crosslinks F-actin and influences cytokinesis, generalizing the actin-organizing role beyond vertebrate smooth muscle.

    Evidence In vitro F-actin crosslinking, localization, and overexpression phenotype in S. pombe

    PMID:16256112

    Open questions at the time
    • Only overexpression studied, no loss-of-function mutagenesis
    • Direct relevance to mammalian TAGLN function inferred from homology
  5. 2006 High

    Beyond a structural actin role, this work established TAGLN as a transcriptional/signaling regulator, showing its calponin homology domain represses MMP-9 by dampening ERK/MAPK and AP-1 activity.

    Evidence Overexpression, siRNA, MMP-9 promoter mutagenesis, AP-1 reporter, constitutively active MEK, and SM22-null mouse immunohistochemistry

    PMID:16835221

    Open questions at the time
    • Mechanism linking cytoplasmic actin-binding protein to ERK/AP-1 suppression not resolved
    • Direct versus indirect effect on the pathway unclear
  6. 2008 High

    The budding yeast ortholog Scp1 clarified the biochemical mode of action, showing two actin-binding domains permit bundling without dimerization and a redundant role with fimbrin in endocytic patch dynamics.

    Evidence Live imaging of GFP mutants, in vitro bundling assays, site-directed mutagenesis, and scp1Δ/sac6Δ genetic epistasis

    PMID:18400761

    Open questions at the time
    • Mammalian TAGLN bundling stoichiometry not directly compared
    • Endocytic role in mammalian cells not established
  7. 2010 High

    Knockout studies linked SM22 loss to inflammatory and phenotypic conversion of VSMCs, defining a ROS–NF-κB2 axis and chondrogenic transdifferentiation after vascular injury.

    Evidence Sm22 knockout mouse carotid denudation, primary VSMC culture, knockdown, ROS scavengers, and gene/marker expression analysis

    PMID:20224039 PMID:21183509

    Open questions at the time
    • How cytoskeletal disruption mechanistically elevates ROS not fully resolved
    • Direct target of SM22 in the NADPH oxidase/NF-κB pathway not identified
  8. 2012 Medium

    Reciprocal gain- and loss-of-function in fibroblasts and prostate cancer cells established TAGLN as a suppressor of motility, podosome formation, and matrix invasion through actin organization.

    Evidence siRNA in REF52 fibroblasts and re-expression in PC3 cells with actin, podosome, invasion, and ROS assays

    PMID:22257561

    Open questions at the time
    • Molecular link between actin organization and podosome suppression not defined
    • ROS reduction under starvation mechanistically unexplained
  9. 2013 Medium

    TAGLN was found to act non-cell-autonomously, with stromal CAF expression promoting metastasis upstream of MMP-2, expanding its role to the tumor microenvironment.

    Evidence siRNA knockdown in gastric carcinoma CAFs, MMP-2 readouts, migration/invasion assays, and in vivo metastasis model

    PMID:23510049

    Open questions at the time
    • Whether TAGLN regulates MMP-2 transcriptionally or via cytoskeleton unclear
    • Context dependence versus its MMP-9 suppressive role unresolved
  10. 2015 Medium

    This work identified ROCK, rather than PKC, as the kinase regulating SM22-actin binding in specific smooth muscle and tied SM22 phosphorylation to basal tone.

    Evidence pFLAG-SM22 transfection, siRNA, ROCK (Y-27632) and PKC (Gö6850) inhibitors, phospho-SM22 westerns, SMC length, and binding assays

    PMID:25617350

    Open questions at the time
    • Reconciliation with earlier PKC/Ser-181 model not addressed
    • Phosphosite targeted by ROCK not mapped
  11. 2020 Medium

    Identification of a TAGLN-HMGA2 complex showed TAGLN can act in TGF-β-driven EMT, with nuclear translocation linking it to a pro-invasive transcriptional program.

    Evidence Co-immunoprecipitation, siRNA, HMGA2 overexpression rescue, EMT marker westerns, and in vivo tumor model

    PMID:33116628

    Open questions at the time
    • Single Co-IP without reciprocal structural validation of the interaction
    • Functional role of nuclear TAGLN not mechanistically defined
  12. 2021 High

    A cluster of studies defined the regulatory inputs and outputs that set TAGLN levels and signaling: TRAF6 ubiquitination/degradation, m6A control by ALKBH5, mechanosensing via RhoA/ROCK, and negative regulation of angiogenesis.

    Evidence In vitro ubiquitination with E2-E3 screening and K89/K108 mutagenesis; MeRIP-qPCR and luciferase; AFM/stiffness hydrogels with RhoA/ROCK readouts; ESC reporter and TAGLN/TAGLN2/TAGLN3 CRISPR knockout in HUVECs

    PMID:33771884 PMID:33961858 PMID:34338296 PMID:34538264

    Open questions at the time
    • How ubiquitination-coupled degradation integrates with kinase regulation unknown
    • Mechanism by which TAGLN feeds back on Src and RhoA/ROCK incompletely described
    • Redundancy with TAGLN2/TAGLN3 in non-angiogenic contexts unexplored
  13. 2025 Medium

    The most recent work placed TAGLN at the center of a mechano-metabolic fibrotic axis and as a direct NRF2 target, connecting matrix stiffness, RhoA/ROCK2, SLC2A3-driven glycolysis, and antioxidant transcriptional control.

    Evidence RNA-seq, RhoA/ROCK2 inhibition, knockdown, bleomycin fibrosis model; dual luciferase and ChIP for NRF2 ARE binding with EMT rescue assays

    PMID:39781462 PMID:41029755

    Open questions at the time
    • How TAGLN activates RhoA/ROCK2 mechanistically not defined
    • Whether NRF2-driven TAGLN connects to its antioxidant/ROS roles in VSMCs unresolved

Open questions

Synthesis pass · forward-looking unresolved questions
  • A unifying mechanism for how a single C-terminal actin-binding protein switches between cytoskeletal, transcriptional, and signaling outputs remains undefined.
  • No structural model explaining context-dependent nuclear versus cytoskeletal function
  • Direct molecular link from actin binding to ERK/AP-1, NF-κB, and RhoA/ROCK signaling not established
  • Integration of competing PKC and ROCK phosphorylation regulation unresolved

Mechanism profile

Synthesis pass · controlled-vocabulary classification · explore literature graph →
Molecular activity
GO:0008092 cytoskeletal protein binding 5 GO:0098772 molecular function regulator activity 3
Localization
GO:0005856 cytoskeleton 3 GO:0005634 nucleus 1 GO:0005829 cytosol 1 GO:0005886 plasma membrane 1
Pathway
R-HSA-162582 Signal Transduction 4 R-HSA-1643685 Disease 4 R-HSA-8953897 Cellular responses to stimuli 3
Partners
ACTBHMGA2TRAF6UBE2A

Evidence

Reading pass · 20 per-paper findings extracted from the source corpus
Year Finding Method Journal Conf PMIDs
2000 SM22/TAGLN binds actin through multiple regions in its C-terminal domain (residues ~151-201), including a putative actin-binding site (154-KKAQEHKR-161) and residues 170-186. Phosphorylation of Ser-181 by protein kinase C greatly decreases actin binding. A Ser181Asp phosphomimetic mutation also reduced actin binding. Full-length SM22 colocalizes with actin filaments in transfected airway myocytes, while C-terminally truncated SM22-(1-151) does not. Site-directed mutagenesis, in vitro cosedimentation assay, PKC phosphorylation assay, immunofluorescence of transfected cells Journal of applied physiology High 11053353
2000 SM22/TAGLN is a substrate of protein kinase C (PKC) in vitro. Upon PKC activation in vivo, SM22 dissociates from the actin cytoskeleton and redistributes diffusely in the cytoplasm, indicating that PKC-mediated phosphorylation controls the intracellular localization of SM22. In vitro PKC kinase assay on tissue lysate fractions, 2D-gel electrophoresis, mass spectrometry, and in vivo PKC activation with subcellular localization assessment Electrophoresis Medium 10939458
2006 SM22/TAGLN represses MMP-9 expression by attenuating ERK/MAPK activation and reducing AP-1 (c-Fos)-dependent transactivation at the proximal MMP-9 promoter. The N-terminal calponin homology domain of SM22 is required for this repressive activity. SM22 overexpression decreased MMP-9 mRNA/protein and reduced in vitro invasion; siRNA knockdown elevated MMP-9; SM22-null mouse uterus showed strong MMP-9 immunoreactivity. Expression cloning, siRNA knockdown, MMP-9 promoter deletion and mutagenesis, AP-1 reporter assay, nuclear extract c-Fos binding assay, constitutively active MEK construct, SM22-null mouse immunohistochemistry The Journal of biological chemistry High 16835221
2010 SM22 deficiency in vascular smooth muscle cells increases reactive oxygen species (ROS) production (via both mitochondrial and NADPH oxidase contributions linked to p47phox activation), which activates NF-κB2 (p52 pathway) and upregulates proinflammatory genes (Vcam1, Icam1, Cx3cl1, Ccl2, Ptgs2). This was demonstrated in Sm22 knockout mice after carotid denudation injury, in primary Sm22-/- VSMCs, and in PAC1 cells after Sm22 knockdown; ROS scavengers blocked NF-κB activation and proinflammatory gene induction. Sm22 knockout mouse carotid denudation model, primary VSMC culture, siRNA knockdown, ROS scavenger experiments, NF-κB activation assays, qRT-PCR, Western blot Circulation research High 20224039
2010 SM22 deficiency alters VSMC actin cytoskeleton (compromised stress fiber formation, increased actin dynamics) and promotes chondrogenic conversion after arterial injury, evidenced by upregulation of SOX9, type II collagen, aggrecan, BMP2, and osteopontin, with concomitant suppression of myocardin and VSMC markers. Enhanced ROS production and NF-κB pathway activation mediate SOX9 upregulation in SM22-deficient VSMCs. Sm22 knockout mouse carotid denudation model, primary Sm22-/- VSMC culture, VSMC line Sm22 knockdown, actin dynamics assays, gene expression analysis, immunofluorescence Cardiovascular research High 21183509
2008 The yeast SM22 homologue Scp1 contains two actin-binding domains that allow it to both bind and bundle actin without dimerization. Scp1 localizes to cortical actin patches during endocytosis. Key residues in the actin interface are required for patch localization. Loss of Scp1 impairs patch movement away from the plasma membrane; double deletion of scp1 and fimbrin/sac6 dramatically increases patch lifetime, establishing a redundant role for actin-bundling proteins in endocytosis. Live cell imaging of GFP-tagged mutants, in vitro actin-bundling assays, genetic epistasis (scp1Δ, sac6Δ, double mutant), site-directed mutagenesis of actin-binding domains The Journal of biological chemistry High 18400761
2005 Fission yeast Stg1, a SM22/transgelin-like protein, crosslinks F-actin in vitro and localizes to actin patches. Overexpression of Stg1 suppresses contractile ring formation and causes abnormal F-actin aggregates, implicating it in cytokinesis control through actin cytoskeleton regulation. Biochemical F-actin crosslinking assay, microscopic localization, overexpression phenotype analysis in S. pombe FEBS letters Medium 16256112
1994 A bovine aorta SM22 homolog (25-kDa protein, corresponding to WS3-10) directly binds F-actin at a molar ratio of 1:6 actin monomers with a binding constant of 7.0 × 10^5 M^-1, and associates with the membrane fraction in a Ca2+-sensitive manner (membrane association promoted by Ca2+, dissociated by EGTA). Protein purification, F-actin cosedimentation/binding assay, membrane fractionation with Ca2+/EGTA treatment, partial sequence analysis Biochemical and biophysical research communications Medium 8117285
2015 SM22 phosphorylation by Rho kinase (ROCK), but not by PKC, negatively regulates SM22-actin binding in smooth muscle cells. Higher phospho-SM22 levels and decreased SM22-actin binding were found in internal anal sphincter (IAS) vs. rectal smooth muscle (RSM) cells. SM22 overexpression caused concentration-dependent relaxation of IAS SMCs greater than RSM SMCs; SM22 siRNA caused contraction in both. This links Rho kinase-mediated SM22 phosphorylation to basal smooth muscle tone regulation. pFLAG-SM22 transfection, SM22 siRNA, SMC length measurement, phospho-SM22 western blot, ROCK inhibitor Y-27632 and PKC inhibitor Gö-6850 treatment, SM22-actin binding assay American journal of physiology. Gastrointestinal and liver physiology Medium 25617350
2013 TAGLN upregulation in cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) from gastric carcinoma promotes cancer cell migration and invasion in vitro and in vivo. TAGLN knockdown via siRNA in CAFs significantly reduced MMP-2 expression and decreased tumor metastatic capacity, placing TAGLN upstream of MMP-2 in a stromal pro-metastatic pathway. siRNA knockdown in CAFs, qRT-PCR, Western blot for MMP-2, transwell migration/invasion assay, in vivo metastasis model BMC cell biology Medium 23510049
2012 Depletion of SM22/TAGLN in REF52 fibroblasts disrupts actin organization, increases cell motility, and enables spontaneous podosome formation with increased Matrigel invasion capacity. Conversely, re-expression of SM22 in SM22-negative PC3 prostate cancer cells reduces Matrigel invasion. SM22-depleted cells also show reduced reactive oxygen species levels under serum starvation stress. SM22 siRNA knockdown in REF52 fibroblasts, SM22 re-expression in PC3 cells, actin organization assays, podosome scoring, Matrigel invasion assay, ROS measurement under stress BMC cell biology Medium 22257561
2021 TRAF6 (an E3 ubiquitin ligase) catalyzes mono-ubiquitination of TAGLN at K89 or K108 residues (with E2 UBE2A/E2A), targeting it for proteasomal degradation. This TRAF6-mediated ubiquitination and degradation of TAGLN leads to activation of NF-κB and Myc signaling pathways. Ablation of TAGLN in prostate cancer cells promoted cell proliferation and suppressed migration. In vitro ubiquitination assay screening >20 E2-E3 pairs, site-directed mutagenesis of ubiquitination sites (K89/K108), proteasome inhibitor treatment, TRAF6 overexpression/knockdown, NF-κB and Myc pathway activation assays Molecular cancer research High 33771884
2021 TAGLN is expressed in vascular endothelial cells (ECs), where its expression is activated during EC elongation downstream of VEGF-A signaling and PI3K-Akt/mTORC1 pathway inhibition. Genetic disruption of TAGLN (and paralogs TAGLN2, TAGLN3) augmented angiogenic behaviors of HUVECs, identifying TAGLN as a negative regulator of EC elongation and angiogenesis. Mouse ESC Tagln promoter-driven fluorescence reporter, VEGF-A treatment, PI3K-Akt/mTORC1 inhibition, HUVEC angiogenesis model, TAGLN/TAGLN2/TAGLN3 CRISPR knockout, immunofluorescence in mouse embryo ECs Journal of cell science Medium 34338296
2021 TAGLN acts as a mechanosensitive protein in ovarian cancer cells that responds to extracellular matrix stiffness, forms a regulation loop with Src kinase activation, and mediates stiffness-regulated tumor progression through the RhoA/ROCK pathway. Atomic force microscopy (AFM) for stiffness measurement, collagen-coated polyacrylamide hydrogel system for stiffness modulation, transwell assay, immunofluorescence, western blot for RhoA/ROCK pathway, in vivo tumor model Journal of experimental & clinical cancer research Medium 34538264
2021 ALKBH5, an m6A RNA demethylase, binds to m6A sites in TAGLN mRNA and reduces its m6A methylation level, thereby inhibiting TAGLN mRNA degradation and increasing TAGLN protein expression. Elevated TAGLN then inhibits enteric neural crest cell proliferation and migration, contributing to Hirschsprung's disease pathogenesis. MeRIP-qPCR for m6A site identification, dual-luciferase reporter, ALKBH5 overexpression/knockdown, cell proliferation and migration assays, zebrafish ALKBH5 overexpression model Life sciences Medium 33961858
2020 TAGLN physically interacts with HMGA2 (by co-immunoprecipitation), and this complex mediates TGF-β-induced colorectal cancer cell migration and invasion. TGF-β promotes TAGLN protein expression and nuclear translocation. TAGLN knockdown reverses TGF-β-induced EMT (rescues E-cadherin loss, reduces vimentin, fibronectin, MMP9, MMP2); HMGA2 overexpression restores these effects when TAGLN is inhibited, both in vitro and in vivo. Co-immunoprecipitation, siRNA knockdown, HMGA2 overexpression, EMT marker western blot (E-cadherin, vimentin, fibronectin), MMP2/MMP9 assay, in vivo tumor model OncoTargets and therapy Medium 33116628
2007 The C-terminal domain of SM22α interacts with F-actin. SM22α colocalizes with F-actin during VSMC re-differentiation (serum withdrawal/restimulation). GST pulldown and co-immunoprecipitation confirmed that SM22α interacts with F-actin via its C-terminal domains to participate in cytoskeleton reorganization. GST pulldown assay, co-immunoprecipitation, immunofluorescence, F-actin/G-actin fractionation by western blot, prokaryotic expression of GST-SM22α Chinese journal of applied physiology Medium 21162287
2025 TAGLN promotes skin fibrosis through a mechano-metabolic axis: TAGLN activates the RhoA/ROCK2 pathway, which in turn upregulates the glucose transporter SLC2A3, thereby promoting glycolysis and enhancing fibroblast motility, contraction, and collagen secretion. Downregulation of TAGLN inhibited fibroblast invasion, migration, contraction, and collagen secretion in vitro, and reduced fibrosis in a bleomycin mouse model. Transwell assay, wound healing assay, collagen gel contraction assay, immunofluorescence, RNA-seq, RhoA/ROCK2 pathway inhibition, TAGLN knockdown, bleomycin mouse model International journal of biological sciences Medium 39781462
2025 NRF2 directly transcriptionally activates TAGLN expression by binding a functional antioxidant response element (ARE) in the TAGLN promoter, as confirmed by dual luciferase and ChIP assays. TAGLN overexpression promotes ovarian cancer cell migration and EMT (increased N-cadherin, decreased E-cadherin); TAGLN siRNA knockdown in NRF2-overexpressing cells reverses these effects, placing TAGLN downstream of NRF2 in a pro-migratory EMT pathway. Dual luciferase reporter assay, chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP), TAGLN overexpression, siRNA knockdown, wound-healing assay, Transwell assay, EMT marker western blot Journal of ovarian research Medium 41029755
1987 SM22α from chicken gizzard smooth muscle is a 197-residue single polypeptide chain (Mr ~21,978) that exists as a monomer at physiological ionic strengths and is a moderately asymmetric globular protein. Its complete amino acid sequence was determined; no significant homology to previously known proteins was found at the time of publication. Automated and manual Edman degradation sequencing, sedimentation equilibrium, CD spectroscopy, Stokes radius determination The Journal of biological chemistry Medium 3571244

Source papers

Stage 0 corpus · 62 papers · ranked by NIH iCite citations
Year Title Journal Citations PMID
1996 SM22 alpha, a marker of adult smooth muscle, is expressed in multiple myogenic lineages during embryogenesis. Circulation research 372 8575061
1995 Structure and expression of a smooth muscle cell-specific gene, SM22 alpha. The Journal of biological chemistry 233 7768949
2000 Mutagenesis analysis of human SM22: characterization of actin binding. Journal of applied physiology (Bethesda, Md. : 1985) 105 11053353
2006 Expression cloning identifies transgelin (SM22) as a novel repressor of 92-kDa type IV collagenase (MMP-9) expression. The Journal of biological chemistry 101 16835221
1987 Isolation and characterization of an abundant and novel 22-kDa protein (SM22) from chicken gizzard smooth muscle. The Journal of biological chemistry 99 3818630
1987 An abundant and novel protein of 22 kDa (SM22) is widely distributed in smooth muscles. Purification from bovine aorta. The Biochemical journal 98 3446186
2010 Disruption of SM22 promotes inflammation after artery injury via nuclear factor kappaB activation. Circulation research 89 20224039
1998 Expression and cytogenetic localization of the human SM22 gene (TAGLN). Genomics 78 9615232
2021 TAGLN mediated stiffness-regulated ovarian cancer progression via RhoA/ROCK pathway. Journal of experimental & clinical cancer research : CR 74 34538264
1993 cDNA cloning and mRNA expression of calponin and SM22 in rat aorta smooth muscle cells. Gene 74 8359698
1999 Smooth muscle-specific SM22 protein is expressed in the adventitial cells of balloon-injured rabbit carotid artery. Arteriosclerosis, thrombosis, and vascular biology 70 10364069
2021 The canonical smooth muscle cell marker TAGLN is present in endothelial cells and is involved in angiogenesis. Journal of cell science 55 34338296
2013 Stromal fibroblasts in the microenvironment of gastric carcinomas promote tumor metastasis via upregulating TAGLN expression. BMC cell biology 53 23510049
2012 Depletion of the actin bundling protein SM22/transgelin increases actin dynamics and enhances the tumourigenic phenotypes of cells. BMC cell biology 50 22257561
2006 A critical developmental role for tgfbr2 in myogenic cell lineages is revealed in mice expressing SM22-Cre, not SMMHC-Cre. Journal of molecular and cellular cardiology 49 16887142
1987 Amino acid sequence of chicken gizzard smooth muscle SM22 alpha. The Journal of biological chemistry 46 3571244
2015 Cardiomyopathy and Worsened Ischemic Heart Failure in SM22-α Cre-Mediated Neuropilin-1 Null Mice: Dysregulation of PGC1α and Mitochondrial Homeostasis. Arteriosclerosis, thrombosis, and vascular biology 45 25882068
2014 The downregulation of miR-144 is associated with the growth and invasion of osteosarcoma cells through the regulation of TAGLN expression. International journal of molecular medicine 44 25318625
1995 Cloning and analysis of the promoter region of the rat SM22 alpha gene. The Biochemical journal 40 7575400
2008 Interactions between the yeast SM22 homologue Scp1 and actin demonstrate the importance of actin bundling in endocytosis. The Journal of biological chemistry 37 18400761
2010 Arterial injury promotes medial chondrogenesis in Sm22 knockout mice. Cardiovascular research 36 21183509
2009 Expression of the actin-associated protein transgelin (SM22) is decreased in prostate cancer. Cell and tissue research 35 20012321
2012 TAGLN suppresses proliferation and invasion, and induces apoptosis of colorectal carcinoma cells. Tumour biology : the journal of the International Society for Oncodevelopmental Biology and Medicine 31 23138394
2011 TAGLN expression is deregulated in endometriosis and may be involved in cell invasion, migration, and differentiation. Fertility and sterility 31 21763649
1994 Purification, characterization, and partial sequence analysis of a new 25-kDa actin-binding protein from bovine aorta: a SM22 homolog. Biochemical and biophysical research communications 29 8117285
2003 Regulation of SM22 alpha expression by arginine vasopressin and PDGF-BB in vascular smooth muscle cells. American journal of physiology. Heart and circulatory physiology 28 12829429
2010 Loss of SM22 is a characteristic signature of colon carcinogenesis and its restoration suppresses colon tumorigenicity in vivo and in vitro. Cancer 27 20336793
1999 Differential expression of SM22 isoforms in myofibroblasts and smooth muscle cells from rabbit bladder. Journal of muscle research and cell motility 26 10412085
2006 Sm22.6 antigen is an inhibitor to human thrombin. Molecular and biochemical parasitology 25 16499980
1998 Paralogous sm22alpha (Tagln) genes map to mouse chromosomes 1 and 9: further evidence for a paralogous relationship. Genomics 25 9693045
2018 SM22 a Plasma Biomarker for Human Transmural Intestinal Ischemia. Annals of surgery 23 28525410
2003 Human SM22 alpha BAC encompasses regulatory sequences for expression in vascular and visceral smooth muscles at fetal and adult stages. American journal of physiology. Heart and circulatory physiology 21 12521938
2014 The glomerular parietal epithelial cell's responses are influenced by SM22 alpha levels. BMC nephrology 17 25376243
2021 m6A demethylase ALKBH5 suppresses proliferation and migration of enteric neural crest cells by regulating TAGLN in Hirschsprung's disease. Life sciences 16 33961858
1991 Gene cloning and nucleotide sequence of SM22 alpha from the chicken gizzard smooth muscle. Biochemistry international 16 1872880
2021 TAGLN Is Downregulated by TRAF6-Mediated Proteasomal Degradation in Prostate Cancer Cells. Molecular cancer research : MCR 15 33771884
2020 TAGLN and High-mobility Group AT-Hook 2 (HMGA2) Complex Regulates TGF-β-induced Colorectal Cancer Metastasis. OncoTargets and therapy 15 33116628
2020 Functional loss of TAGLN inhibits tumor growth and increases chemosensitivity of non-small cell lung cancer. Biochemical and biophysical research communications 14 32819569
2014 TAGLN expression is upregulated in NF1-associated malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumors by hypomethylation in its promoter and subpromoter regions. Oncology reports 14 25109740
2005 Stg 1 is a novel SM22/transgelin-like actin-modulating protein in fission yeast. FEBS letters 13 16256112
2000 Identification of the smooth muscle-specific protein, sm22, as a novel protein kinase C substrate using two-dimensional gel electrophoresis and mass spectrometry. Electrophoresis 13 10939458
1996 Expression of senescence-induced protein WS3-10 in vivo and in vitro. Experimental gerontology 12 8706785
2022 Comparative proteomics identify HSP90A, STIP1 and TAGLN-2 in serum extracellular vesicles as potential circulating biomarkers for human adenomyosis. Experimental and therapeutic medicine 11 35495589
2022 RNA-sequencing of human aortic valves identifies that miR-629-3p and TAGLN miRNA-mRNA pair involving in calcified aortic valve disease. Journal of physiology and biochemistry 11 35776288
2018 Abrogation of TGF-beta signalling in TAGLN expressing cells recapitulates Pentalogy of Cantrell in the mouse. Scientific reports 11 29483576
2024 Involvement of TGFBI-TAGLN axis in cancer stem cell property of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma. Scientific reports 10 38514830
2022 Colonic healing requires Wnt produced by epithelium as well as Tagln+ and Acta2+ stromal cells. Development (Cambridge, England) 10 34910127
2013 Reduced expression of SM22 is correlated with low autophagy activity in human colorectal cancer. Pathology, research and practice 10 23538046
2012 Single-walled carbon nanotubes promote rat vascular adventitial fibroblasts to transform into myofibroblasts by SM22-α expression. International journal of nanomedicine 10 22904629
2023 CHRDL1, NEFH, TAGLN and SYNM as novel diagnostic biomarkers of benign prostatic hyperplasia and prostate cancer. Cancer biomarkers : section A of Disease markers 8 37781794
1996 Presence of Ca(2+)-sensitive and -insensitive SM22 alpha isoproteins in bovine aorta. Biochemical and biophysical research communications 8 8954110
2023 LZTS3/TAGLN Suppresses Cancer Progression in Human Colorectal Adenocarcinoma Through Regulating Cell Proliferation, Migration, and Actin Cytoskeleton. Archives of medical research 7 37806182
2015 Role of SM22 in the differential regulation of phasic vs. tonic smooth muscle. American journal of physiology. Gastrointestinal and liver physiology 7 25617350
2006 Development of a cell-isolation method for human prostatic smooth muscle cells based on cell type-specific activation of the SM22 gene promoter. BJU international 7 17034489
2025 Comprehensive analysis of the critical role of the epithelial mesenchymal transition subtype - TAGLN-positive fibroblasts in colorectal cancer progression and immunosuppression. Cell & bioscience 5 40413514
2025 TAGLN-RhoA/ROCK2-SLC2A3-mediated Mechano-metabolic Axis Promotes Skin Fibrosis. International journal of biological sciences 4 39781462
2010 [A study of the single nucleotide polymorphism in seven genes (GHR, IGFBP3, IGFR1, IRS1, FMN1, ANXA2, TaGLN) in ethnic Russians and in patients with prostate cancer]. Molekuliarnaia genetika, mikrobiologiia i virusologiia 4 20540360
2006 [The role of SM22 alpha in cytoskeleton organization and vascular remodeling]. Sheng li ke xue jin zhan [Progress in physiology] 4 17009727
2025 NRF2 promotes the migration of ovarian cancer cell lines by targeting TAGLN mediated epithelial-mesenchymal transition. Journal of ovarian research 1 41029755
2024 Exosomal microRNA let-7c-5p enhances cell malignant characteristics by inhibiting TAGLN in oral cancer. Oncology research 0 39308508
2010 [Construction of pGL3-SM22-SCAP (D443N) eukaryotic expression vector and its expression in CHO cells]. Sheng wu gong cheng xue bao = Chinese journal of biotechnology 0 20353101
2007 [Recombinant C-terminal fragment of SM22 induces cytoskeleton reorganization]. Zhongguo ying yong sheng li xue za zhi = Zhongguo yingyong shenglixue zazhi = Chinese journal of applied physiology 0 21162287

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