STX2
Syntaxin-2 · UniProt P32856
- Length
- 288 aa
- Mass
- 33.3 kDa
- Annotated
- 2026-06-13
100 papers in source corpus
Mechanistic narrative
Synthesis pass · prose summary of the discoveries below
No mechanistic discoveries found in literature.
Mechanism profile
Synthesis pass · controlled-vocabulary classification · explore literature graph →
No controlled-vocabulary terms were assigned to this entry.
Source papers
Stage 0 corpus · 100 papers · ranked by NIH iCite citations
| Year | Title | Journal | Citations | PMID |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2004 | Structure of shiga toxin type 2 (Stx2) from Escherichia coli O157:H7. | The Journal of biological chemistry | 218 | 15075327 |
| 1998 | Non-O157:H7 Stx2-producing Escherichia coli strains associated with sporadic cases of hemolytic-uremic syndrome in adults. | Journal of clinical microbiology | 119 | 9620420 |
| 2004 | Diversity of stx2 converting bacteriophages induced from Shiga-toxin-producing Escherichia coli strains isolated from cattle. | Microbiology (Reading, England) | 105 | 15347754 |
| 2003 | Detection of bacteria carrying the stx2 gene by in situ loop-mediated isothermal amplification. | Applied and environmental microbiology | 97 | 12902306 |
| 2004 | Interaction of Shiga toxin from Escherichia coli with human intestinal epithelial cell lines and explants: Stx2 induces epithelial damage in organ culture. | Cellular microbiology | 88 | 14764112 |
| 2003 | Strong association between shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli O157 and virulence genes stx2 and eae as possible explanation for predominance of serogroup O157 in patients with haemolytic uraemic syndrome. | European journal of clinical microbiology & infectious diseases : official publication of the European Society of Clinical Microbiology | 74 | 14614596 |
| 2008 | Differential expression of stx2 variants in Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli belonging to seropathotypes A and C. | Microbiology (Reading, England) | 73 | 18174136 |
| 2001 | Stx2 subtyping of Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli isolated from cattle in France: detection of a new Stx2 subtype and correlation with additional virulence factors. | Journal of clinical microbiology | 72 | 11526129 |
| 1999 | Induction of cytokines in a human colon epithelial cell line by Shiga toxin 1 (Stx1) and Stx2 but not by non-toxic mutant Stx1 which lacks N-glycosidase activity. | FEBS letters | 69 | 9929007 |
| 2003 | Multiplex real-time PCR method to identify Shiga toxin genes stx1 and stx2 and Escherichia coli O157:H7/H- serotype. | Applied and environmental microbiology | 67 | 14532101 |
| 2008 | Mouse model of hemolytic-uremic syndrome caused by endotoxin-free Shiga toxin 2 (Stx2) and protection from lethal outcome by anti-Stx2 antibody. | Infection and immunity | 62 | 18694970 |
| 2002 | Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli infection and antibodies against Stx2 and Stx1 in household contacts of children with enteropathic hemolytic-uremic syndrome. | Journal of clinical microbiology | 58 | 11980959 |
| 2007 | Insertion site occupancy by stx2 bacteriophages depends on the locus availability of the host strain chromosome. | Journal of bacteriology | 57 | 17644594 |
| 2007 | Prevalence of Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli stx1, stx2, eaeA, and rfbE genes and survival of E. coli O157:H7 in manure from organic and low-input conventional dairy farms. | Applied and environmental microbiology | 55 | 17277204 |
| 2001 | Neutralization of Shiga toxins Stx1, Stx2c, and Stx2e by recombinant bacteria expressing mimics of globotriose and globotetraose. | Infection and immunity | 52 | 11179385 |
| 2010 | Human isolates of Aeromonas possess Shiga toxin genes (stx1 and stx2) highly similar to the most virulent gene variants of Escherichia coli. | Clinical microbiology and infection : the official publication of the European Society of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases | 42 | 20219084 |
| 2002 | Experimental induction of equine protozoan myeloencephalitis (EPM) in the horse: effect of Sarcocystis neurona sporocyst inoculation dose on the development of clinical neurologic disease. | The Journal of parasitology | 40 | 12537112 |
| 1999 | Sequence analysis of Stx2-converting phage VT2-Sa shows a great divergence in early regulation and replication regions. | DNA research : an international journal for rapid publication of reports on genes and genomes | 39 | 10492170 |
| 2004 | Prevalence of the stx2 gene in coliform populations from aquatic environments. | Applied and environmental microbiology | 38 | 15184154 |
| 2000 | Inducible stx2 phages are lysogenized in the enteroaggregative and other phenotypic Escherichia coli O86:HNM isolated from patients. | FEMS microbiology letters | 37 | 11004392 |
| 2017 | Population structure of Escherichia coli O26 : H11 with recent and repeated stx2 acquisition in multiple lineages. | Microbial genomics | 36 | 29208163 |
| 2006 | Genetic characterization of Escherichia coli O157: H7/- strains carrying the stx2 gene but not producing Shiga toxin 2. | Microbiology and immunology | 36 | 16490932 |
| 2009 | Enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli trivalent recombinant vaccine containing EspA, intimin and Stx2 induces strong humoral immune response and confers protection in mice. | Microbes and infection | 35 | 19427397 |
| 2014 | The presence of the pAA plasmid in the German O104:H4 Shiga toxin type 2a (Stx2a)-producing enteroaggregative Escherichia coli strain promotes the translocation of Stx2a across an epithelial cell monolayer. | The Journal of infectious diseases | 34 | 25038258 |
| 2011 | Shiga toxin (Stx)1B and Stx2B induce von Willebrand factor secretion from human umbilical vein endothelial cells through different signaling pathways. | Blood | 34 | 21816831 |
| 2009 | Monoclonal antibody 11E10, which neutralizes shiga toxin type 2 (Stx2), recognizes three regions on the Stx2 A subunit, blocks the enzymatic action of the toxin in vitro, and alters the overall cellular distribution of the toxin. | Infection and immunity | 34 | 19433543 |
| 2013 | Oral intoxication of mice with Shiga toxin type 2a (Stx2a) and protection by anti-Stx2a monoclonal antibody 11E10. | Infection and immunity | 33 | 24379294 |
| 2012 | Spread of a distinct Stx2-encoding phage prototype among Escherichia coli O104:H4 strains from outbreaks in Germany, Norway, and Georgia. | Journal of virology | 33 | 22811533 |
| 2009 | Shiga toxin Stx2 is heat-stable and not inactivated by pasteurization. | International journal of food microbiology | 33 | 19875188 |
| 2012 | Carriage of stx2a differentiates clinical and bovine-biased strains of Escherichia coli O157. | PloS one | 32 | 23240045 |
| 2011 | Subcutaneous and intranasal immunization with Stx2B-Tir-Stx1B-Zot reduces colonization and shedding of Escherichia coli O157:H7 in mice. | Vaccine | 32 | 21338683 |
| 2014 | New high-affinity monoclonal antibodies against Shiga toxin 1 facilitate the detection of hybrid Stx1/Stx2 in vivo. | PloS one | 31 | 24914553 |
| 2008 | Genotypic and phenotypic diversity among induced, stx2-carrying bacteriophages from environmental Escherichia coli strains. | Applied and environmental microbiology | 31 | 19011056 |
| 2003 | Genome analysis of a novel Shiga toxin 1 (Stx1)-converting phage which is closely related to Stx2-converting phages but not to other Stx1-converting phages. | Journal of bacteriology | 30 | 12813092 |
| 2012 | High temperature in combination with UV irradiation enhances horizontal transfer of stx2 gene from E. coli O157:H7 to non-pathogenic E. coli. | PloS one | 28 | 22347461 |
| 2009 | Immunogenicity of a novel Stx2B-Stx1B fusion protein in a mice model of Enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli O157:H7 infection. | Vaccine | 28 | 19428832 |
| 2015 | Development and characterization of recombinant antibody fragments that recognize and neutralize in vitro Stx2 toxin from Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli. | PloS one | 26 | 25790467 |
| 2013 | Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli strains from cattle as a source of the Stx2a bacteriophages present in enteroaggregative Escherichia coli O104:H4 strains. | International journal of medical microbiology : IJMM | 26 | 24012149 |
| 2015 | A Four-Plex Real-Time PCR Assay, Based on rfbE, stx1, stx2, and eae Genes, for the Detection and Quantification of Shiga Toxin-Producing Escherichia coli O157 in Cattle Feces. | Foodborne pathogens and disease | 25 | 26317538 |
| 2013 | t-SNARE Syntaxin2 (STX2) is implicated in intracellular transport of sulfoglycolipids during meiotic prophase in mouse spermatogenesis. | Biology of reproduction | 25 | 23595907 |
| 2005 | Detection of Shiga toxin genes stx1, stx2, and the +93 uidA mutation of E. coli O157:H7/H-using SYBR Green I in a real-time multiplex PCR. | Molecular and cellular probes | 25 | 16271448 |
| 2018 | Structural Basis for the Specific Neutralization of Stx2a with a Camelid Single Domain Antibody Fragment. | Toxins | 24 | 29494518 |
| 2018 | STX2 promotes colorectal cancer metastasis through a positive feedback loop that activates the NF-κB pathway. | Cell death & disease | 24 | 29855462 |
| 2014 | Protection of mice against Shiga toxin 2 (Stx2)-associated damage by maternal immunization with a Brucella lumazine synthase-Stx2 B subunit chimera. | Infection and immunity | 24 | 24421050 |
| 2006 | Binding of adenine to Stx2, the protein toxin from Escherichia coli O157:H7. | Acta crystallographica. Section F, Structural biology and crystallization communications | 24 | 16820678 |
| 2015 | Synthetic Studies on Centromere-Associated Protein-E (CENP-E) Inhibitors: 2. Application of Electrostatic Potential Map (EPM) and Structure-Based Modeling to Imidazo[1,2-a]pyridine Derivatives as Anti-Tumor Agents. | Journal of medicinal chemistry | 22 | 26372373 |
| 2009 | Risk factors for the occurrence of Escherichia coli virulence genes eae, stx1 and stx2 in wild bird populations. | Epidemiology and infection | 22 | 19327201 |
| 2021 | STX2 Promotes Trophoblast Growth, Migration, and Invasion Through Activation of the PI3K-AKT Pathway in Preeclampsia. | Frontiers in cell and developmental biology | 20 | 34295885 |
| 2013 | Role of TNF-α in the mechanisms responsible for preterm delivery induced by Stx2 in rats. | British journal of pharmacology | 20 | 23043728 |
| 2009 | Phylogroups, virulence determinants and antimicrobial resistance in stx(2) gene-carrying Escherichia coli isolated from aquatic environments. | Research in microbiology | 20 | 19723578 |
| 2014 | Enhanced virulence of the Escherichia coli O157:H7 spinach-associated outbreak strain in two animal models is associated with higher levels of Stx2 production after induction with ciprofloxacin. | Infection and immunity | 19 | 25225244 |
| 2012 | Evolution of the Stx2-encoding prophage in persistent bovine Escherichia coli O157:H7 strains. | Applied and environmental microbiology | 19 | 23275514 |
| 2017 | The Mobilome; A Major Contributor to Escherichia coli stx2-Positive O26:H11 Strains Intra-Serotype Diversity. | Frontiers in microbiology | 18 | 28932209 |
| 2011 | A sensitive and simple plaque formation method for the Stx2 phage of Escherichia coli O157:H7, which does not form plaques in the standard plating procedure. | Plasmid | 18 | 22186359 |
| 2003 | Detection, enumeration and isolation of strains carrying the stx2 gene from urban sewage. | Water science and technology : a journal of the International Association on Water Pollution Research | 18 | 12639014 |
| 2016 | Expression of Shiga toxin 2 (Stx2) in highly virulent Stx-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) carrying different anti-terminator (q) genes. | Microbial pathogenesis | 17 | 27208749 |
| 2012 | H1-histamine receptors in the amygdala are involved in emotional memory but do not mediate anxiety-related behaviors in mice submitted to EPM testing. | Brain research bulletin | 16 | 22772356 |
| 2010 | Detection of Escherichia coli O157 and Escherichia coli O157:H7 by the immunomagnetic separation technique and stx1 and stx2 genes by multiplex PCR in slaughtered cattle in Samsun Province, Turkey. | Journal of veterinary science | 16 | 21113101 |
| 2008 | Production and characterization of rabbit polyclonal sera against Shiga toxins Stx1 and Stx2 for detection of Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli. | Microbiology and immunology | 16 | 18822082 |
| 2018 | STX2 is a causative gene for nonobstructive azoospermia. | Human mutation | 15 | 29570232 |
| 2008 | A new ENU-induced mutant mouse with defective spermatogenesis caused by a nonsense mutation of the syntaxin 2/epimorphin (Stx2/Epim) gene. | The Journal of reproduction and development | 15 | 18277055 |
| 2013 | Promoter sequence of Shiga toxin 2 (Stx2) is recognized in vivo, leading to production of biologically active Stx2. | mBio | 14 | 24085779 |
| 2003 | Epidemiology of Sarcocystis neurona infections in domestic cats (Felis domesticus) and its association with equine protozoal myeloencephalitis (EPM) case farms and feral cats from a mobile spay and neuter clinic. | Veterinary parasitology | 14 | 14637026 |
| 1987 | A common epithelial cell surface antigen (EPM-1) on gastrointestinal tumors and in human sera. | Cancer research | 14 | 3594445 |
| 2019 | Recombinant HcpA-EspA-Tir-Stx2B chimeric protein induces immunity against attachment and toxicity of Escherichia coli O157:H7. | Microbial pathogenesis | 13 | 30731187 |
| 2018 | Non-pathogenic Escherichia coli Enhance Stx2a Production of E. coli O157:H7 Through Both bamA-Dependent and Independent Mechanisms. | Frontiers in microbiology | 13 | 29973923 |
| 2016 | Immunogenic properties of trivalent recombinant protein composed of B-subunits of LT, STX-2, and CT toxins. | Microbes and infection | 13 | 26970204 |
| 2008 | Subtype analysis of stx1, stx2 and eae genes in Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) and typical and atypical enteropathogenic E. coli (EPEC) from lambs in India. | Veterinary journal (London, England : 1997) | 13 | 18768338 |
| 2018 | Nano-multilamellar lipid vesicles (NMVs) enhance protective antibody responses against Shiga toxin (Stx2a) produced by enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli strains (EHEC). | Brazilian journal of microbiology : [publication of the Brazilian Society for Microbiology] | 12 | 30637647 |
| 2017 | H-NS Mutation-Mediated CRISPR-Cas Activation Inhibits Phage Release and Toxin Production of Escherichia coli Stx2 Phage Lysogen. | Frontiers in microbiology | 12 | 28458663 |
| 2008 | Isolation and characterization of the Shiga toxin gene (stx)-bearing Escherichia coli O157 and non-O157 from retail meats in Shandong Province, China, and characterization of the O157-derived stx2 phages. | Journal of food protection | 12 | 18468023 |
| 2003 | Role of Shiga toxin 2 (Stx2)-binding protein, human serum amyloid P component (HuSAP), in Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli infections: assumption from in vitro and in vivo study using HuSAP and anti-Stx2 humanized monoclonal antibody TMA-15. | Biochemical and biophysical research communications | 12 | 12767937 |
| 2018 | ArgO145, a Stx2a prophage of a bovine O145:H- STEC strain, is closely related to phages of virulent human strains. | Infection, genetics and evolution : journal of molecular epidemiology and evolutionary genetics in infectious diseases | 10 | 29476813 |
| 2011 | Assessment of transduction of Escherichia coli Stx2-encoding phage in dairy process conditions. | International journal of food microbiology | 10 | 22197444 |
| 2009 | Antimicrobial resistance and virulence factors stx1, stx2, and eae in generic Escherichia coli isolates from calves in western Canadian cow-calf herds. | Microbial drug resistance (Larchmont, N.Y.) | 10 | 19216645 |
| 2002 | Identification of Escherichia coli O157:H7 by multiplex PCR with primers specific to the hlyA, eaeA, stx1, stx2, fliC and rfb genes. | Journal of the Formosan Medical Association = Taiwan yi zhi | 10 | 12645196 |
| 2020 | Development and Evaluation of a Novel VHH-Based Immunocapture Assay for High-Sensitivity Detection of Shiga Toxin Type 2 (Stx2) in Stool Samples. | Journal of clinical microbiology | 9 | 31826960 |
| 1990 | Expression of epithelial antigens Exo-1 and EPM-1 in human epidermal keratinocyte maturation and benign and malignant neoplasia. | Cancer research | 9 | 2253212 |
| 2021 | In silico analysis of STX2a-PE15-P4A8 chimeric protein as a novel immunotoxin for cancer therapy. | In silico pharmacology | 8 | 33643767 |
| 2020 | STX2 drives colorectal cancer proliferation via upregulation of EXOSC4. | Life sciences | 8 | 33075373 |
| 2017 | PMicroRNA-124a regulates LPS-induced septic cardiac dysfunction by targeting STX2. | Biotechnology letters | 8 | 28560580 |
| 1994 | Linkage analysis of idiopathic generalised epilepsy in families of probands with Juvenile Myoclonic Epilepsy and marker loci in the region of EPM 1 on chromosome 21 q: Unverricht-Lundborg disease and JME are not allelic variants. | Neuropediatrics | 8 | 8208346 |
| 2016 | Immunization with BLS-Stx2B chimera totally protects dams from early pregnancy loss induced by Shiga toxin type 2 (Stx2) and confers anti-Stx2 immunity to the offspring. | Vaccine | 7 | 27527816 |
| 2015 | New Stx2e Monoclonal Antibodies for Immunological Detection and Distinction of Stx2 Subtypes. | PloS one | 7 | 26192407 |
| 2015 | Draft Genome Sequences of Human-Pathogenic Escherichia coli O26:H11 Strains Carrying the stx2 Gene Only and Circulating in France. | Genome announcements | 7 | 26227606 |
| 2014 | Humoral immune response to Shiga Toxin 2 (Stx2) among Brazilian urban children with hemolytic uremic syndrome and healthy controls. | BMC infectious diseases | 7 | 24919599 |
| 2011 | Intranasal immunisation with Stx2B-Tir-Stx1B-Zot protein leads to decreased shedding in goats after challenge with Escherichia coli O157:H7. | The Veterinary record | 7 | 22186381 |
| 2009 | Improved production of holotoxin Stx2 with biological activities by using a single-promoter vector and an auto-induction expression system. | Protein expression and purification | 7 | 19450690 |
| 2014 | Microwave Heating Inactivates Shiga Toxin (Stx2) in Reconstituted Fat-Free Milk and Adversely Affects the Nutritional Value of Cell Culture Medium. | Journal of agricultural and food chemistry | 6 | 24669932 |
| 2010 | Characterization of stx2 tubular response in a rat experimental model of hemolytic uremic syndrome. | American journal of nephrology | 6 | 20733289 |
| 2024 | Discovery and design of an aptamer that inhibits Shiga toxin type 2 activity by blocking Stx2 B subunit-Gb3 interaction. | International journal of biological macromolecules | 5 | 39089540 |
| 2015 | Natural killer T (NKT) cells accelerate Shiga toxin type 2 (Stx2) pathology in mice. | Frontiers in microbiology | 5 | 25904903 |
| 2010 | Rapid detection of virulence stx2 gene of Enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli using two-step ultra-rapid real-time PCR. | Biotechnology letters | 5 | 20364295 |
| 2009 | Antibody responses elicited in mice immunized with Bacillus subtilis vaccine strains expressing Stx2B subunit of enterohaemorragic Escherichia coli O157:H7. | Brazilian journal of microbiology : [publication of the Brazilian Society for Microbiology] | 5 | 24031368 |
| 2023 | Shiga Toxin (Stx) Type 1a and Stx2a Translocate through a Three-Layer Intestinal Model. | Toxins | 4 | 36977098 |
| 2022 | Isolation of a multidrug-resistant Escherichia coli pathotype Stx2:Cnf1:Cnf2:Eae as a potential cause of hemorrhagic diarrhea and secondary septicemia in a dog. | Journal of veterinary diagnostic investigation : official publication of the American Association of Veterinary Laboratory Diagnosticians, Inc | 4 | 35075964 |
| 2021 | The Deleterious Effects of Shiga Toxin Type 2 Are Neutralized In Vitro by FabF8:Stx2 Recombinant Monoclonal Antibody. | Toxins | 4 | 34822608 |
| 2019 | Endocytosis, Cytotoxicity, and Translocation of Shiga Toxin-2 Are Stimulated by Infection of Human Intestinal (HCT-8) Monolayers With an Hypervirulent E. coli O157:H7 Lacking stx2 Gene. | Frontiers in cellular and infection microbiology | 4 | 31824869 |
| 2015 | Shiga toxin type-2 (Stx2) induces glutamate release via phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K) pathway in murine neurons. | Frontiers in molecular neuroscience | 4 | 26236186 |
| 2008 | Detection and frequency of Stx2 gene in Escherichia coli O157 and O157:H7 strains isolated from sheep carcasses in Shiraz-Iran. | Pakistan journal of biological sciences : PJBS | 4 | 18819545 |
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