Affinage

STAB2

Stabilin-2 · UniProt Q8WWQ8

Length
2551 aa
Mass
277.0 kDa
Annotated
2026-06-10
100 papers in source corpus 17 papers cited in narrative 17 extracted findings
Cross-family judge vs UniProt: Affinage preferred faithfulness: 6/6 claims corpus-supported (100%)

Mechanistic narrative

Synthesis pass · prose summary of the discoveries below

STAB2 (Stabilin-2/HARE) is a transmembrane scavenger-clearance receptor of liver, splenic, and lymph node sinusoidal endothelial cells that mediates clathrin-coated-pit endocytosis and lysosomal degradation of circulating glycosaminoglycans and other polyanionic ligands (PMID:10952975, PMID:12645574, PMID:12061795). It is the physiological hepatic clearance receptor for hyaluronan, demonstrated by antibody blockade of HA clearance in perfused liver, and binds HA with nanomolar affinity while recognizing a broader ligand set including chondroitin sulfates, dermatan sulfate, advanced glycation end products, acetylated LDL, and both unfractionated and low-molecular-weight heparin through distinct, partially overlapping binding sites (PMID:12473645, PMID:12645574, PMID:12933790, PMID:18434317, PMID:18499864, PMID:19359419). The full-length 315-kDa receptor is proteolytically processed to a 190-kDa C-terminal isoform that retains all ligand-binding activity, and a Link domain is required for HA and chondroitin sulfate binding (PMID:17145755, PMID:18499864). Internalization is driven by a cytoplasmic domain whose three functionally redundant endocytic motifs (YSYFRI, FQHF, NPLY) target the receptor to dynamin- and clathrin-dependent coated pits, with different motif subsets preferentially routing HA versus heparin uptake (PMID:18539600, PMID:25883656). Beyond clearance, an N-glycan at the Link domain N2280 site is specifically required for HA-induced ERK1/2 and NF-κB signaling but dispensable for endocytosis itself, separating the receptor's ligand-scavenging and signaling functions (PMID:20466649, PMID:24942734). Rare loss-of-function STAB2 variants that reduce surface expression are associated with elevated von Willebrand factor and increased venous thromboembolism risk (PMID:32457982).

Mechanistic history

Synthesis pass · year-by-year structured walk · 17 steps
  1. 2000 High

    Establishing the molecular identity of the hepatic hyaluronan clearance receptor answered which sinusoidal endothelial protein removes circulating HA.

    Evidence Monoclonal antibodies, 125I-HA binding/endocytosis inhibition, and immunofluorescence in rat liver sinusoidal endothelial cells

    PMID:10952975

    Open questions at the time
    • Did not define the receptor primary sequence or ligand-binding domains
    • Other potential ligands not yet tested
  2. 2002 High

    Demonstrating that HARE is distinct from CD44 and ICAM-1 ruled out the leading candidate HA receptors and confirmed it as the dominant endocytic HA receptor in liver endothelium.

    Evidence Confocal microscopy, antibody-blocking HA uptake assays, and ELISA with purified HARE in rat liver LECs

    PMID:12061795

    Open questions at the time
    • Did not establish the molecular relationship to FEEL receptors
    • Signaling roles not addressed
  3. 2002 High

    Identifying FEEL-2/STAB2 as an endocytic AGE receptor extended its ligand repertoire beyond HA to scavenger-receptor-type polyanionic cargo.

    Evidence 125I-AGE-BSA binding, endocytosis, and competition assays in CHO cells overexpressing FEEL-2

    PMID:12473645

    Open questions at the time
    • Binding site relationship to the HA site not mapped here
    • In vivo AGE clearance role not tested
  4. 2003 High

    Antibody blockade in intact perfused liver established HARE as the physiological receptor responsible for hepatic HA clearance, not merely a binder.

    Evidence Ligand blot, ex vivo recirculating 125I-HA liver perfusion, and blocking mAb experiments

    PMID:12645574

    Open questions at the time
    • Did not address contribution of other organs
    • Quantitative receptor kinetics not derived from intact organ
  5. 2003 High

    Reconstitution of the recombinant 175-kDa receptor showed it suffices for HA endocytosis, recycling, and lysosomal degradation and defined its GAG specificity.

    Evidence Stable SK-Hep-1 transfectants, 125I-HA endocytosis, Kd measurement, and GAG competition at 4°C and 37°C

    PMID:12933790

    Open questions at the time
    • Temperature-dependent conformational basis of GAG specificity not structurally defined
    • Full-length receptor processing not addressed
  6. 2004 High

    Characterization of the human 190-kDa isoform established conserved HA endocytic kinetics and surface/recycling behavior across species.

    Evidence Stable Flp-In 293 lines, 125I-HA endocytosis/degradation, Kd, and surface fraction/recycling measurements

    PMID:15208308

    Open questions at the time
    • Relationship of 190-kDa isoform to full-length precursor not yet defined
    • Signaling output not assessed
  7. 2006 High

    Showing the 315-kDa precursor is proteolytically processed to the 190-kDa isoform, mirroring native tissue, defined the receptor's biogenesis and that both forms are endocytically active.

    Evidence Stable full-length Flp-In 293 lines, processing analysis, 125I-HA endocytosis, and ectodomain binding assays

    PMID:17145755

    Open questions at the time
    • Protease responsible for cleavage not identified
    • Functional consequence of the precursor/product ratio unknown
  8. 2008 High

    Systematic mutagenesis of the cytoplasmic domain identified three redundant endocytic motifs that drive coated-pit targeting, defining the internalization machinery.

    Evidence Stable cell lines with cytoplasmic motif deletion/point mutants and 125I-HA endocytosis assays

    PMID:18539600

    Open questions at the time
    • Adaptor proteins binding each motif not identified
    • Structural basis of motif redundancy unknown
  9. 2008 High

    Mapping ligand binding sites showed distinct yet partially overlapping sites and required the Link domain for HA/CS binding, explaining multi-ligand scavenging.

    Evidence Competitive endocytosis and ELISA-like assays with purified ectodomain and radiolabeled/biotinylated GAGs

    PMID:18499864

    Open questions at the time
    • Atomic-resolution structure of binding sites not determined
    • Stoichiometry of simultaneous heparin/HA binding not quantified
  10. 2008 High

    Identifying STAB2 as a systemic heparin clearance receptor extended its physiological role to anticoagulant pharmacokinetics.

    Evidence Stable Flp-In 293 lines, 125I-heparin binding/endocytosis, hyperosmolar clathrin-pathway inhibition, and ectodomain Kd

    PMID:18434317

    Open questions at the time
    • In vivo contribution to heparin clearance not directly quantified
    • Lysosomal heparin processing pathway not detailed
  11. 2009 High

    Demonstrating differential clearance of UFH versus LMWH by STAB2 provided a receptor-level explanation for their differing circulating half-lives.

    Evidence Anti-HARE blocking in rat liver SECs and recombinant 293 cells, Kd measurement, and cross-competition assays

    PMID:19359419

    Open questions at the time
    • Direct in vivo demonstration in STAB2-deficient animals absent
    • Structural determinant of UFH/LMWH affinity difference unknown
  12. 2010 High

    Identifying the N2280 Link-domain N-glycan as required for soluble HA binding but not membrane endocytosis dissociated glycan-dependent affinity from cellular uptake.

    Evidence N2280A mutagenesis, ELISA/pull-down/SPR binding, 125I-HA endocytosis, and glycoproteomic mass spectrometry

    PMID:20466649

    Open questions at the time
    • Why endocytosis tolerates loss of glycan-dependent affinity unexplained
    • Roles of glycans at other sites not resolved
  13. 2014 High

    Showing the N2280 glycan is selectively required for HA-induced ERK1/2 and NF-κB signaling separated the receptor's signaling from its scavenging function and made it ligand-specific.

    Evidence HARE(N2280A) stable lines with 125I-ligand endocytosis, ERK1/2 phosphorylation, NF-κB reporter, and IκB-α degradation assays

    PMID:24942734

    Open questions at the time
    • Downstream signaling adaptors and the transmembrane signaling mechanism not identified
    • Physiological consequence of HA-induced signaling in vivo unknown
  14. 2014 Medium

    Detection of tissue-specific splice variants raised the possibility of receptor diversity across hematopoietic and lymphoid tissues.

    Evidence RT-PCR, sequencing, cloning, and stable expression of three splice variants

    PMID:25446080

    Open questions at the time
    • Functional differences among splice variants not characterized
    • Tissue-specific physiological roles untested
  15. 2015 High

    Dissecting motif usage for HA versus heparin showed distinct motif subsets route different ligands, with M3/NPLY sufficient for both, refining the endocytic logic.

    Evidence Single-motif deletion/only variants with 125I-HA and 125I-heparin endocytosis, dynamin-dependence, and hyperosmolarity inhibition

    PMID:25883656

    Open questions at the time
    • Molecular basis for ligand-dependent motif selectivity unknown
    • Adaptor recruitment to each motif not mapped
  16. 2018 Medium

    Establishing stab2 as essential for sinusoidal endothelial uptake of anionic nanoparticles in vivo extended its scavenging role and connected it to nanoparticle clearance.

    Evidence Zebrafish caudal vein model with stab2 genetic manipulation and dextran sulfate competition

    PMID:29320626

    Open questions at the time
    • Single model organism study
    • Direct binding of nanoparticles to STAB2 not demonstrated
  17. 2020 Medium

    Linking rare loss-of-function STAB2 variants to elevated von Willebrand factor and venous thromboembolism connected receptor function to a coagulation phenotype.

    Evidence Whole-exome sequencing of VTE cases/controls, cell-based surface expression of variants, and VWF measurement in an independent cohort

    PMID:32457982

    Open questions at the time
    • Mechanism linking reduced STAB2 to VWF elevation inferred not directly tested
    • Whether STAB2 directly clears VWF not demonstrated

Open questions

Synthesis pass · forward-looking unresolved questions
  • How STAB2 transduces ligand binding into intracellular ERK1/2 and NF-κB signaling, and the structural basis of its multi-ligand binding sites, remain unresolved.
  • No identified signaling adaptor or transmembrane coupling mechanism
  • No atomic-resolution structure of ligand-binding domains
  • Direct in vivo demonstration of physiological VWF/coagulant clearance lacking

Mechanism profile

Synthesis pass · controlled-vocabulary classification · explore literature graph →
Molecular activity
GO:0038024 cargo receptor activity 6 GO:0008289 lipid binding 1 GO:0060089 molecular transducer activity 1
Localization
GO:0005886 plasma membrane 3 GO:0005764 lysosome 2 GO:0031410 cytoplasmic vesicle 2
Pathway
R-HSA-5653656 Vesicle-mediated transport 5 R-HSA-168256 Immune System 2 R-HSA-162582 Signal Transduction 1

Evidence

Reading pass · 17 per-paper findings extracted from the source corpus
Year Finding Method Journal Conf PMIDs
2000 HARE (STAB2) was identified as the hyaluronan receptor for endocytosis in rat liver sinusoidal endothelial cells (LECs), present as 175-kDa and 300-kDa isoforms. Monoclonal antibodies against the 175-kDa protein cross-react with the 300-kDa species; two mAbs inhibit 125I-HA binding and endocytosis at 37°C. Immunofluorescence localized HARE to liver sinusoids, venous sinuses of splenic red pulp, and medullary sinuses of lymph nodes. Monoclonal antibody generation, 125I-HA binding/endocytosis inhibition assays, indirect immunofluorescence, Western blot The Journal of biological chemistry High 10952975
2002 FEEL-1 and FEEL-2 (STAB2) are endocytic receptors for advanced glycation end products (AGEs). CHO cells overexpressing FEEL-2 showed high-affinity specific binding of 125I-AGE-BSA (Kd ~1.68 µg/ml) and mediated its uptake and degradation at 37°C. Binding was inhibited by Ac-LDL and polyanionic scavenger receptor-A inhibitors (fucoidan, polyinosinic acids, dextran sulfate) but not by native LDL, oxidized LDL, or HDL. 125I-AGE-BSA binding and endocytosis assays in CHO cells overexpressing FEEL-2, competition assays with scavenger receptor ligands The Journal of biological chemistry High 12473645
2003 A blocking monoclonal antibody (mAb-174) against HARE (STAB2) almost completely inhibited 125I-HA binding to both 175-kDa and 300-kDa HARE isoforms in ligand blot assays and blocked HA clearance and metabolism by perfused excised rat livers ex vivo, demonstrating that HARE is the physiological receptor responsible for hepatic HA clearance. Ligand blot assay, ex vivo liver perfusion with recirculating 125I-HA, monoclonal antibody blocking experiments, immunohistochemistry The Journal of biological chemistry High 12645574
2003 Recombinant rat 175-kDa HARE (STAB2 small isoform) expressed in SK-Hep-1 cells mediates specific 125I-HA endocytosis, receptor recycling, and lysosomal HA degradation. The Kd for HA binding was 4.1 nM with 160,000–220,000 binding sites per cell. The 175-kDa rHARE binds HA, dermatan sulfate, and chondroitin sulfates A, C, D, and E but not chondroitin, heparin, heparan sulfate, or keratan sulfate. GAG recognition other than HA was temperature-dependent, suggesting conformational changes alter specificity. Stable transfection in SK-Hep-1 cells, 125I-HA endocytosis assays, Kd measurement, glycosaminoglycan competition assays at 4°C and 37°C The Journal of biological chemistry High 12933790
2004 The human 190-kDa HARE isoform (STAB2), expressed independently in Flp-In 293 cells, mediates rapid, continuous 125I-HA endocytosis and degradation with a Kd of ~7 nM and ~118,000 HA binding sites per cell. ~30–50% of total receptors are on the cell surface with a recycling time of ~8.5 min. The 190-kDa hHARE binds HA and chondroitin better than dermatan sulfate and CS types, but does not bind heparin, heparan sulfate, or keratan sulfate. Stable Flp-In 293 cell lines, 125I-HA endocytosis and degradation assays, Kd measurement, glycosaminoglycan competition assays The Journal of biological chemistry High 15208308
2006 The full-length 315-kDa HARE isoform (STAB2), when stably expressed in Flp-In 293 cells, is proteolytically processed to generate the 190-kDa isoform in a ~3–4:1 ratio, mirroring processing in human spleen sinusoidal endothelial cells. Both isoforms mediate 125I-HA endocytosis and degradation. The 315-HARE ectodomain binds HA with high affinity and CS-C, CS-D, CS-E with lower affinity. The majority of each HARE isoform is intracellular, within the endocytic system, consistent with active endocytic recycling. Stable Flp-In 293 cell lines, 125I-HA endocytosis assays, ectodomain binding assays, proteolytic processing analysis, competition assays with CS types The Journal of biological chemistry High 17145755
2008 HARE (STAB2) is a systemic clearance receptor for heparin. The 190- and 315-kDa HARE isoforms specifically bind heparin (Kd ~17 nM and ~23 nM for purified ectodomains, respectively). Cells expressing HARE internalize 125I-streptavidin-biotin-heparin via clathrin-coated pit pathway (internalization inhibited >70% by hyperosmolar conditions), with a recycling time of ~12 min. Internalized heparin is delivered to lysosomes. Stable Flp-In 293 cell lines, 125I-heparin binding and endocytosis assays, purified soluble HARE ectodomains, hyperosmolarity inhibition, fluorescence microscopy The Journal of biological chemistry High 18434317
2008 The cytoplasmic domain of HARE (STAB2) contains four endocytic motifs (YSYFRI, FQHF, NPLY, DPF) targeting coated pit-mediated internalization. Deletion of YSYFRI, FQHF, or NPLY decreased 125I-HA endocytosis by ~49%, ~39%, and ~56%, respectively. Deletion of DPF had no effect. Deletion of all four motifs decreased endocytosis by ~95%. Y2519A mutation in NPLY alone retained 85–90% wild-type endocytosis, but in a triple-motif deletant reduced activity to ~7%. Three motifs (YSYFRI, FQHF, NPLY) provide redundancy for coated pit targeting. Stable cell lines expressing HARE cytoplasmic domain deletion mutants and point mutants, 125I-HA endocytosis assays, HA degradation assays The Journal of biological chemistry High 18539600
2008 HARE (STAB2) binding sites for different ligands are distinct and partially overlapping. HA and chondroitin sulfates A, C, D bind to overlapping sites distinct from heparin, AcLDL, dermatan sulfate, and CS-E binding sites. Heparin and HA bind simultaneously to HARE (mutually inclusive binding). Heparin binding was competed by DS, CS-E, AcLDL, and dextran sulfate but not by other CS types or HA. The Link domain was required for HARE binding to HA, CS-A, CS-C, and CS-D. Competitive endocytosis assays in 315- and 190-HARE stable cell lines, ELISA-like assays with purified 190-HARE ectodomain, biotinylated GAGs, radiolabeled ligands Glycobiology High 18499864
2009 Both unfractionated heparin (UFH, Kd ~0.06 µM) and low-molecular-weight heparin (LMWH, Kd ~10 µM) are cleared by HARE/Stabilin-2. Anti-HARE antibodies specifically block uptake of LMWH and UFH by isolated rat liver sinusoidal endothelial cells and by human 293 cells expressing recombinant hHARE. UFH and LMWH cross-compete for the same binding sites. The differential affinity (UFH > LMWH) likely explains the longer in vivo circulating half-life of LMWH. Anti-HARE antibody blocking assays in rat liver SECs and recombinant hHARE 293 cells, Kd measurement, cross-competition assays, ELISA-like assays with purified 190-hHARE ectodomain American journal of physiology. Gastrointestinal and liver physiology High 19359419
2010 N-glycans at the Link domain N2280 site of human 190-HARE (STAB2) are required for HA binding to the purified ectodomain (N2280A mutation abolishes HA binding in ELISA, pull-down, and SPR assays showing Kd=5.2 nM for wild-type) but are NOT required for cellular HA endocytosis by membrane-bound HARE. Glycoproteomic analysis identified diverse glycan structures at 10 of 17 N-glycosylation consensus sites, with the most diversity at N2280. Site-directed mutagenesis (N2280A), stable Flp-In 293 cell lines, 125I-HA endocytosis assays, ELISA-like binding assays, surface plasmon resonance, glycoproteomic mass spectrometry Glycobiology High 20466649
2014 A Link domain N-glycan (at N2280) in HARE (STAB2) is specifically required for HA-mediated ERK1/2 and NF-κB signaling. HARE(N2280A) cells internalize HA, heparin, AcLDL, and dermatan sulfate normally, but HA endocytosis by HARE(N2280A) fails to activate ERK1/2 or NF-κB-mediated gene expression. Heparin, AcLDL, and DS still activate NF-κB normally in HARE(N2280A) cells. HA-mediated ERK1/2 activation was HA size-dependent. Stable cell lines expressing HARE(N2280A), 125I-ligand endocytosis assays, ERK1/2 phosphorylation assays, dual-luciferase NF-κB reporter assays, IκB-α degradation assays The Journal of biological chemistry High 24942734
2014 HARE (STAB2) is expressed as tissue-specific splice variants in bone marrow, lymph node, and spleen. Five splice variants were detected by RT-PCR and sequencing. Three variants were cloned into mammalian expression vectors and stable cell lines were created, confirming protein expression. RT-PCR with primers spanning splice junctions, agarose gel purification, sequencing, cloning into mammalian expression vectors, stable cell line creation Biochemical and biophysical research communications Medium 25446080
2015 HARE (STAB2) endocytosis of HA and heparin is targeted by different subsets of its three functional endocytic motifs. For heparin endocytosis, deletion of M1 (YSYFRI), M3 (NPLY), or M4 (DPF) decreased uptake; M3 was most active. A HARE cytoplasmic domain variant containing only M3 internalized both HA and heparin, whereas variants with only M2 or M4 did not internalize either ligand. Internalization was dynamin-dependent and inhibited by hyperosmolarity, confirming clathrin-mediated endocytosis. Stable cell lines expressing HARE cytoplasmic domain single-motif deletion or single-motif-only variants, 125I-HA and 125I-heparin endocytosis assays, hyperosmolarity inhibition, dynamin-dependence assays International journal of cell biology High 25883656
2018 Stabilin-2 (stab2) in zebrafish liver sinusoidal endothelial cells is required for uptake of anionic nanoparticles. Using the zebrafish caudal vein model, stab2 was identified as essential for SEC-mediated nanoparticle uptake. Nanoparticle-SEC interactions were blocked by dextran sulfate, a competitive inhibitor of stab2 and other scavenger receptors. Zebrafish (Danio rerio) caudal vein model, nanoparticle uptake assays, stab2 knockdown/genetic manipulation, dextran sulfate competition ACS nano Medium 29320626
2020 Rare damaging variants in STAB2 are associated with venous thromboembolism (VTE). VTE-associated variants of STAB2 showed reduced surface expression compared to reference STAB2 in cell culture. Individuals with rare STAB2 variants had higher von Willebrand factor levels, suggesting haploinsufficiency of stabilin-2 may increase VTE risk through elevated levels of procoagulants including von Willebrand factor and factor VIII. Whole-exome sequencing (393 VTE cases, 6114 controls), cell culture surface expression assays for VTE-associated STAB2 variants, von Willebrand factor measurement in independent cohort Blood Medium 32457982
2002 HARE (STAB2) is not CD44 or ICAM-1 (CD54). Confocal fluorescence microscopy showed CD44 and ICAM-1 have cellular distributions distinct from and essentially non-overlapping with HARE in liver sinusoidal endothelial cells. An anti-HARE antibody inhibited >98% of HA uptake by cultured LECs, while antibodies against ICAM-1 or CD44 had no effect. No cross-reactivity was detected between purified HARE and CD44 or ICAM-1 antibodies by ELISA. Confocal fluorescence microscopy, antibody-blocking HA accumulation assay in rat liver LECs, ELISA with purified HARE Biochemical and biophysical research communications High 12061795

Source papers

Stage 0 corpus · 100 papers · ranked by NIH iCite citations
Year Title Journal Citations PMID
2000 Identification of the hyaluronan receptor for endocytosis (HARE). The Journal of biological chemistry 216 10952975
2009 The sensitive hare: sublethal effects of predator stress on reproduction in snowshoe hares. The Journal of animal ecology 202 19426257
2009 Fell-Muir Lecture: Proteoglycans and more--from molecules to biology. International journal of experimental pathology 198 19958398
2018 Directing Nanoparticle Biodistribution through Evasion and Exploitation of Stab2-Dependent Nanoparticle Uptake. ACS nano 183 29320626
2002 FEEL-1 and FEEL-2 are endocytic receptors for advanced glycation end products. The Journal of biological chemistry 151 12473645
2006 Expression, processing, and glycosaminoglycan binding activity of the recombinant human 315-kDa hyaluronic acid receptor for endocytosis (HARE). The Journal of biological chemistry 109 17145755
2008 The human hyaluronan receptor for endocytosis (HARE/Stabilin-2) is a systemic clearance receptor for heparin. The Journal of biological chemistry 100 18434317
1977 Three unique viral RNA species of snowshoe hare and La Crosse bunyaviruses. Journal of virology 100 559104
1991 Diagnosis of viral haemorrhagic disease of rabbits and the European brown hare syndrome. Revue scientifique et technique (International Office of Epizootics) 96 1662098
2015 Fell-Muir Lecture: Heparan sulphate and the art of cell regulation: a polymer chain conducts the protein orchestra. International journal of experimental pathology 87 26173450
1982 The complete sequence and coding content of snowshoe hare bunyavirus small (S) viral RNA species. Nucleic acids research 85 7050911
2014 Fell-Muir Lecture: Syndecans: from peripheral coreceptors to mainstream regulators of cell behaviour. International journal of experimental pathology 81 25546317
2012 The HARE-HTH and associated domains: novel modules in the coordination of epigenetic DNA and protein modifications. Cell cycle (Georgetown, Tex.) 79 22186017
1994 European brown hare syndrome virus: relationship to rabbit hemorrhagic disease virus and other caliciviruses. Journal of virology 78 7518531
2005 Cloning, characterization and expression of escapin, a broadly antimicrobial FAD-containing L-amino acid oxidase from ink of the sea hare Aplysia californica. The Journal of experimental biology 76 16155232
1997 Phylogenetic analysis of rabbit haemorrhagic disease and European brown hare syndrome viruses by comparison of sequences from the capsid protein gene. Archives of virology 75 9170495
2003 A blocking antibody to the hyaluronan receptor for endocytosis (HARE) inhibits hyaluronan clearance by perfused liver. The Journal of biological chemistry 74 12645574
1988 Organization of the middle RNA segment of snowshoe hare Bunyavirus. Virology 71 2974218
1985 Analyses of the mRNA transcription processes of snowshoe hare bunyavirus S and M RNA species. Journal of virology 71 4020962
2004 Endocytic function, glycosaminoglycan specificity, and antibody sensitivity of the recombinant human 190-kDa hyaluronan receptor for endocytosis (HARE). The Journal of biological chemistry 70 15208308
2008 The ligand-binding profile of HARE: hyaluronan and chondroitin sulfates A, C, and D bind to overlapping sites distinct from the sites for heparin, acetylated low-density lipoprotein, dermatan sulfate, and CS-E. Glycobiology 69 18499864
2015 Targeting the IGF-1R: The Tale of the Tortoise and the Hare. Frontiers in endocrinology 64 25964779
2012 Fell-Muir Lecture: chondroitin sulphate glycosaminoglycans: fun for some and confusion for others. International journal of experimental pathology 63 22264297
2008 The cytoplasmic domain of the hyaluronan receptor for endocytosis (HARE) contains multiple endocytic motifs targeting coated pit-mediated internalization. The Journal of biological chemistry 63 18539600
2021 Adeno-Associated Viruses (AAV) and Host Immunity - A Race Between the Hare and the Hedgehog. Frontiers in immunology 59 34777364
2017 Fell Muir Lecture: Collagen fibril formation in vitro and in vivo. International journal of experimental pathology 58 28508516
1983 Comparison of the sequences and coding of La Crosse and snowshoe hare bunyavirus S RNA species. Journal of virology 57 6834480
2007 Pericosines, antitumour metabolites from the sea hare-derived fungus Periconia byssoides. Structures and biological activities. Organic & biomolecular chemistry 55 18043803
1977 Formation of recombinants between snowshoe hare and La Crosse bunyaviruses. Journal of virology 55 592468
2020 The HARE chip for efficient time-resolved serial synchrotron crystallography. Journal of synchrotron radiation 52 32153274
1992 Non-random reassortment between the tripartite RNA genomes of La Crosse and snowshoe hare viruses. The Journal of general virology 49 1402816
1979 Genome complexities of the three mRNA species of snowshoe hare bunyavirus and in vitro translation of S mRNA to viral N polypeptide. Journal of virology 49 513192
1999 Species distinction and evolutionary relationships of the Italian hare (Lepus corsicanus) as described by mitochondrial DNA sequencing. Molecular ecology 46 10620225
1991 Epidemiology and diagnosis of the European brown hare syndrome in Scandinavian countries: a review. Revue scientifique et technique (International Office of Epizootics) 46 1760585
2015 The tortoise or the hare? Impacts of within-host dynamics on transmission success of arthropod-borne viruses. Philosophical transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological sciences 45 26150665
2020 Whole-exome sequencing identifies rare variants in STAB2 associated with venous thromboembolic disease. Blood 44 32457982
2003 Characterization of the recombinant rat 175-kDa hyaluronan receptor for endocytosis (HARE). The Journal of biological chemistry 44 12933790
1997 The occurrence of mountain hare mitochondrial DNA in wild brown hares. Molecular ecology 44 9161014
1996 European brown hare syndrome virus: molecular cloning and sequencing of the genome. The Journal of general virology 42 8760416
2019 Genetic Characterization of a Recombinant Myxoma Virus in the Iberian Hare (Lepus granatensis). Viruses 41 31181645
2020 Sea Hare Hydrolysate-Induced Reduction of Human Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer Cell Growth through Regulation of Macrophage Polarization and Non-Apoptotic Regulated Cell Death Pathways. Cancers 39 32204484
1987 Purification and characterization of aplysianin E, an antitumor factor from sea hare eggs. Cancer research 38 3664472
2020 Role of the Hyaluronan Receptor, Stabilin-2/HARE, in Health and Disease. International journal of molecular sciences 37 32429122
2012 Fell-Muir lecture: Connective tissue growth factor (CCN2) -- a pernicious and pleiotropic player in the development of kidney fibrosis. International journal of experimental pathology 36 23110747
2009 Rat and human HARE/stabilin-2 are clearance receptors for high- and low-molecular-weight heparins. American journal of physiology. Gastrointestinal and liver physiology 33 19359419
2019 Myxoma virus jumps species to the Iberian hare. Transboundary and emerging diseases 28 31322320
2018 Exciton Transport in Singlet Fission Materials: A New Hare and Tortoise Story. The journal of physical chemistry letters 28 30358404
1979 Recombination between snowhoe hare and La Crosse bunyaviruses. Journal of virology 28 513193
2018 Identification of circular single-stranded DNA viruses in faecal samples of Canada lynx (Lynx canadensis), moose (Alces alces) and snowshoe hare (Lepus americanus) inhabiting the Colorado San Juan Mountains. Infection, genetics and evolution : journal of molecular epidemiology and evolutionary genetics in infectious diseases 26 29879480
2017 The transcriptional landscape of seasonal coat colour moult in the snowshoe hare. Molecular ecology 26 28500774
2014 The hidden history of the snowshoe hare, Lepus americanus: extensive mitochondrial DNA introgression inferred from multilocus genetic variation. Molecular ecology 26 25113393
2008 Evolutionary history of an MHC gene in two leporid species: characterisation of Mhc-DQA in the European brown hare and comparison with the European rabbit. Immunogenetics 26 19104797
1991 Acute hepatosis in the European brown hare (Lepus europaeus) in Italy. Journal of wildlife diseases 25 1661785
2005 Photobacterium aplysiae sp. nov., a lipolytic marine bacterium isolated from eggs of the sea hare Aplysia kurodai. International journal of systematic and evolutionary microbiology 23 16280485
2002 Molecular phylogeny of Japanese Leporidae, the Amami rabbit Pentalagus furnessi, the Japanese hare Lepus brachyurus, and the mountain hare Lepus timidus, inferred from mitochondrial DNA sequences. Genes & genetic systems 23 12087193
2019 The discovery of three new hare lagoviruses reveals unexplored viral diversity in this genus. Virus evolution 22 30997155
2019 Ligand Binding and Signaling of HARE/Stabilin-2. Biomolecules 22 31336723
2019 Discovery of the Liver Hyaluronan Receptor for Endocytosis (HARE) and Its Progressive Emergence as the Multi-Ligand Scavenger Receptor Stabilin-2. Biomolecules 22 31500161
2006 Packaging of chemicals in the defensive secretory glands of the sea hare Aplysia californica. The Journal of experimental biology 22 16354780
2006 Plasmid-mediated muscle-targeted gene therapy for circulating therapeutic protein replacement: a tale of the tortoise and the hare? Current gene therapy 21 16475948
2020 Multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children rose and fell with the first wave of the COVID-19 pandemic in France. Acta paediatrica (Oslo, Norway : 1992) 20 33190340
2014 Conservation implications of the evolutionary history and genetic diversity hotspots of the snowshoe hare. Molecular ecology 20 24814937
2014 A hyaluronan receptor for endocytosis (HARE) link domain N-glycan is required for extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) and nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) signaling in response to the uptake of hyaluronan but not heparin, dermatan sulfate, or acetylated low density lipoprotein (LDL). The Journal of biological chemistry 20 24942734
2010 The tortoise and the hare: slowly evolving T-cell responses take hastily evolving KIR. Immunology 20 20722764
1997 Structural, antigenic and immunogenic relationships between European brown hare syndrome virus and rabbit haemorrhagic disease virus. The Journal of general virology 20 9367366
2018 Widespread introgression of mountain hare genes into Fennoscandian brown hare populations. PloS one 19 29370301
2017 Range expansion underlies historical introgressive hybridization in the Iberian hare. Scientific reports 19 28120863
2011 Interspecific X-chromosome and mitochondrial DNA introgression in the Iberian hare: selection or allele surfing? Evolution; international journal of organic evolution 19 21729051
2011 Identification of a mutation associated with fatal Foal Immunodeficiency Syndrome in the Fell and Dales pony. PLoS genetics 19 21750681
2002 The hyaluronan receptor for endocytosis (HARE) is not CD44 or CD54 (ICAM-1). Biochemical and biophysical research communications 19 12061795
1979 In vivo transcription and protein synthesis capabilities of bunyaviruses: wild-type snowshoe hare virus and its temperature-sensitive group I, group II, and group I/II mutants. Journal of virology 19 480477
2020 Convergent evolution of seasonal camouflage in response to reduced snow cover across the snowshoe hare range. Evolution; international journal of organic evolution 18 32282064
2020 Systemic Glycosaminoglycan Clearance by HARE/Stabilin-2 Activates Intracellular Signaling. Cells 17 33126404
2011 Chasing the hare - evaluating the phylogenetic utility of a nuclear single copy gene region at and below species level within the species rich group Peperomia (Piperaceae). BMC evolutionary biology 17 22151585
1995 Typing of LaCrosse, snowshoe hare, and Tahyna viruses by analyses of single-strand conformation polymorphisms of the small RNA segments. Journal of clinical microbiology 17 8586697
1989 Purification and characterization of an antibacterial and antineoplastic protein secretion of a sea hare, Aplysia juliana. Toxicon : official journal of the International Society on Toxinology 17 2697958
2019 Gut microbiota of the European Brown Hare (Lepus europaeus). Scientific reports 16 30804494
2020 Detection of recombinant Hare Myxoma Virus in wild rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus algirus). Viruses 15 33028004
2013 Is there a difference between hare syphilis and rabbit syphilis? Cross infection experiments between rabbits and hares. Veterinary microbiology 15 23473645
2010 N-Glycans on the link domain of human HARE/Stabilin-2 are needed for hyaluronan binding to purified ecto-domain, but not for cellular endocytosis of hyaluronan. Glycobiology 15 20466649
2010 Ticks infesting the endangered Italian hare (Lepus corsicanus) and their habitat in an ecological park in southern Italy. Experimental & applied acarology 15 20711803
2003 Histological and immunohistological investigation of the lymphoid tissue in normal and mycobacteria-affected specimens of the Rufous Hare-wallaby (Lagorchestes hirsutus). Journal of anatomy 15 12713272
2000 Purification of a novel antibacterial and haemagglutinating protein from the purple gland of the sea hare, Aplysia dactylomela rang, 1828. Toxicon : official journal of the International Society on Toxinology 15 10758276
2019 Ocean acidification affects acid-base physiology and behaviour in a model invertebrate, the California sea hare (Aplysia californica). Royal Society open science 14 31824711
2012 Pseudogenization of the MCP-2/CCL8 chemokine gene in European rabbit (genus Oryctolagus), but not in species of Cottontail rabbit (Sylvilagus) and Hare (Lepus). BMC genetics 14 22894773
2010 Fell-Muir Lecture: Metalloproteinases: from demolition squad to master regulators. International journal of experimental pathology 14 20666850
2005 Immunoglobulin and peripheral B-lymphocyte concentrations in Fell pony foal syndrome. Equine veterinary journal 14 15651734
1983 Isolation and characterization of uteroglobin from the lung of the hare (Lepus capensis). Archives of biochemistry and biophysics 14 6639070
2021 A simple vapor-diffusion method enables protein crystallization inside the HARE serial crystallography chip. Acta crystallographica. Section D, Structural biology 13 34076595
2019 Distribution of aquaporins and sodium transporters in the gastrointestinal tract of a desert hare, Lepus yarkandensis. Scientific reports 13 31719660
2014 Tissue-specific splice variants of HARE/Stabilin-2 are expressed in bone marrow, lymph node, and spleen. Biochemical and biophysical research communications 13 25446080
2009 Conservation of the egg-laying hormone neuropeptide and attractin pheromone in the spotted sea hare, Aplysia dactylomela. Peptides 13 19854229
2021 First detected case of rabbit Haemorrhagic disease virus 2 (RHDV2) in the Irish hare (Lepus timidus hibernicus). Irish veterinary journal 12 34537065
1982 Serum creatine kinase and isoenzyme responses of veteran class fell runners. European journal of applied physiology and occupational physiology 12 7200877
2024 Review and new insights into the catalytic structural domains of the Fe(ll) and 2-Oxoglutarate families. International journal of biological macromolecules 11 39153678
2024 Mitochondrial Dysfunction in Cardiac Disease: The Fort Fell. Biomolecules 11 39766241
2020 Widespread occurrence of the non-pathogenic hare calicivirus (HaCV Lagovirus GII.2) in captive-reared and free-living wild hares in Europe. Transboundary and emerging diseases 11 32603021
2015 HARE-Mediated Endocytosis of Hyaluronan and Heparin Is Targeted by Different Subsets of Three Endocytic Motifs. International journal of cell biology 11 25883656
2003 Hematology and serum chemistry values of the European brown hare. Veterinary clinical pathology 11 14655104
2002 Cytotoxic cyplasin of the sea hare, Aaplysia punctata, cDNA cloning, and expression of bioactive recombinants in insect cells. Neoplasia (New York, N.Y.) 11 11922391

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