Affinage

SSNA1

Microtubule nucleation factor SSNA1 · UniProt O43805

Length
119 aa
Mass
13.6 kDa
Annotated
2026-04-28
52 papers in source corpus 14 papers cited in narrative 14 extracted findings

Mechanistic narrative

Synthesis pass · prose summary of the discoveries below

SSNA1 (NA14) is a small coiled-coil protein that self-assembles into fibrillar structures and functions as a microtubule-associated damage sensor, stabilizer, and centriolar scaffold component essential for cytokinesis, cilia assembly, and neuronal morphogenesis. SSNA1 forms anti-parallel coiled-coil fibrils through C-terminal triple-stranded junctions that create microtubule-interaction hubs; it cooperatively binds the microtubule lattice, preferentially accumulates at damage sites, slows catastrophe, promotes rescue, and protects microtubules from spastin-mediated severing (PMID:34970964, PMID:40804232). SSNA1 localizes to the distal lumen of centrioles downstream of C2CD3/SAS-1 in a hierarchical targeting pathway, where it participates in a luminal ring scaffold and is required for CP110 removal during ciliogenesis (PMID:41124206, PMID:25390646). Through its physical interaction with the microtubule-severing ATPase spastin, SSNA1 acts as a spatial adaptor at centrosomes and along neuronal microtubules, and its loss causes multipolar spindles, cytokinesis failure, and impaired axon branching (PMID:15269182, PMID:25390646, PMID:40804232).

Mechanistic history

Synthesis pass · year-by-year structured walk · 10 steps
  1. 1998 High

    Identification of SSNA1 (NA14) as a novel 14 kDa coiled-coil nuclear autoantigen established the gene's existence and its predicted capacity for self-association through heptad repeats.

    Evidence cDNA library screening with autoimmune serum, immunoprecipitation, confocal immunofluorescence in HeLa and 3T3 cells

    PMID:9430706

    Open questions at the time
    • Nuclear punctate localization later contested by KO-validated antibody studies
    • No functional role established
    • Binding partners unknown
  2. 2003 High

    Cross-species localization to basal bodies, centrosomes, and flagella, combined with antisense knockdown producing multinucleate cells, established that SSNA1/DIP13 is a microtubule-associated protein required for proper cell division.

    Evidence Immunofluorescence and antisense knockdown in Chlamydomonas, cross-reactivity with human NA14 at centrosomes and sperm basal bodies

    PMID:12640030

    Open questions at the time
    • Mechanism of cell division failure unknown
    • Direct microtubule binding not demonstrated biochemically
    • Mammalian loss-of-function not yet performed
  3. 2004 High

    Discovery that SSNA1 physically interacts with the microtubule-severing enzyme spastin and that their binding domain overlaps with spastin's microtubule-interaction region revealed SSNA1 as a spatial regulator of spastin activity at centrosomes.

    Evidence Co-immunoprecipitation, subcellular fractionation, immunofluorescence, domain deletion analysis in dividing cells and motoneurons

    PMID:15269182

    Open questions at the time
    • Whether SSNA1 activates or inhibits spastin severing not determined
    • In vitro reconstitution of SSNA1-spastin interaction absent
    • Relevance to hereditary spastic paraplegia not tested
  4. 2011 Medium

    NMR and biophysical characterization defined SSNA1's parallel coiled-coil architecture and identified Leu83/Leu93 as critical residues for spastin and microtubule interactions, providing the first structural framework for understanding SSNA1 oligomerization and partner binding.

    Evidence Circular dichroism, NMR spectroscopy, site-directed mutagenesis, urea/thermal denaturation of purified human NA14

    PMID:22008182

    Open questions at the time
    • No high-resolution atomic structure obtained
    • Functional validation of Leu83/Leu93 mutations in cells not performed
    • Parallel coiled-coil assignment later revised to anti-parallel by cryo-EM
  5. 2014 High

    Endogenous localization to centrioles and functional studies demonstrating that SSNA1 knockdown impairs cytokinesis while overexpression promotes axon branching established SSNA1 as a centrosomal adaptor with dual roles in cell division and neuronal morphogenesis.

    Evidence Stable shRNA knockdown in HeLa, immunofluorescence of endogenous protein, neuronal overexpression in rat cortical cultures, time-lapse imaging

    PMID:25390646

    Open questions at the time
    • Mechanism linking centriolar SSNA1 to cytokinesis not defined
    • Axon branching phenotype based on overexpression only
    • Relationship to spastin in neurons not directly tested
  6. 2021 High

    In vitro reconstitution revealed that SSNA1 directly modulates all parameters of microtubule dynamic instability, preferentially accumulates at lattice damage sites, and protects microtubules from spastin severing, establishing SSNA1 as a bona fide microtubule stabilizer and damage sensor.

    Evidence Purified protein reconstitution with TIRF microscopy, quantitative dynamic instability analysis, spastin severing assays

    PMID:34970964

    Open questions at the time
    • Physiological relevance of damage sensing in cells not demonstrated
    • Whether damage-site binding is the primary in vivo function unclear
    • Structural basis for lattice recognition unknown
  7. 2024 High

    Cryo-EM structure at 4.55 Å resolution revealed that SSNA1 forms anti-parallel coiled-coils with C-terminal triple-stranded junctions that serve as microtubule-binding hubs, and genetic analysis showed that self-assembly is essential for embryonic viability and spindle bipolarity.

    Evidence Cryo-EM of C. elegans SSNA-1 fibrils, genetic knockout and self-assembly mutants, embryonic viability and spindle imaging in C. elegans

    PMID:40804232

    Open questions at the time
    • Human SSNA1 structure not yet determined
    • How triple-stranded junctions engage the microtubule lattice at atomic resolution unknown
    • In vivo fibril formation in mammalian cells not confirmed
  8. 2025 High

    Genetic epistasis and super-resolution microscopy established that SSNA1 localizes downstream of SAS-1/C2CD3 at centrioles and the transition zone, placing SSNA1 within a hierarchical centriole integrity and ciliogenesis pathway.

    Evidence Null allele epistasis, U-Ex-STED super-resolution, heterologous human cell recruitment assay in C. elegans

    PMID:41124206

    Open questions at the time
    • Direct physical interaction between SSNA1 and C2CD3 not biochemically demonstrated
    • Role of SSNA1 at the transition zone not mechanistically defined
    • Whether the C2CD3-SSNA1 axis is conserved in mammals requires further testing
  9. 2025 Medium

    SSNA1 was shown to increase microtubule rigidity, block lattice self-repair by preventing tubulin incorporation at damage sites, and selectively recognize unrepaired damage, refining the model of SSNA1 as a mechanical reinforcer that competes with lattice turnover.

    Evidence In vitro reconstitution with kinesin gliding assays, microfluidic force application, tubulin incorporation assays (preprint)

    PMID:41648615

    Open questions at the time
    • Preprint; not yet peer-reviewed
    • Physiological consequence of blocked self-repair in cells untested
    • Whether rigidity increase requires fibril formation or monomeric binding not resolved
  10. 2025 Medium

    KO-validated antibody and expansion microscopy localized SSNA1 to a 9-fold symmetric ring in the distal centriolar lumen and identified a C2CD3-SSNA1-LRRCC1 targeting hierarchy required for CP110 removal and ciliogenesis, while challenging previous reports of nuclear and midbody localization.

    Evidence SSNA1 KO cells, KO-validated antibody, super-resolution/expansion microscopy, co-pelleting assays, CP110 removal analysis (preprint)

    PMID:bio_10.1101_2025.04.28.648957

    Open questions at the time
    • Preprint; not yet peer-reviewed
    • Contradiction with in vitro microtubule binding data from peer-reviewed studies remains unresolved
    • Role of SSNA1 oligomerization versus monomeric form in centriolar lumen function not fully dissected

Open questions

Synthesis pass · forward-looking unresolved questions
  • Key unresolved questions include: what is the atomic-resolution structure of mammalian SSNA1 on microtubules, how does SSNA1 coordinate spastin severing versus damage protection in vivo, and what is the precise mechanism by which centriolar SSNA1 facilitates CP110 removal during ciliogenesis.
  • No structure of SSNA1 bound to microtubules at atomic resolution
  • In vivo function of damage sensing not established
  • Molecular mechanism of CP110 removal by SSNA1 unknown

Mechanism profile

Synthesis pass · controlled-vocabulary classification · explore literature graph →
Molecular activity
GO:0008092 cytoskeletal protein binding 4 GO:0005198 structural molecule activity 2 GO:0060090 molecular adaptor activity 2
Localization
GO:0005815 microtubule organizing center 5 GO:0005856 cytoskeleton 2
Pathway
R-HSA-1640170 Cell Cycle 3 R-HSA-1852241 Organelle biogenesis and maintenance 2
Partners
C2CD3CP110GPR175LRRCC1SPAST
Complex memberships
distal centriolar lumen ring (C2CD3/SFI1/centrin-2/CEP135/SSNA1)

Evidence

Reading pass · 14 per-paper findings extracted from the source corpus
Year Finding Method Journal Conf PMIDs
1998 NA14 (SSNA1) is a nuclear autoantigen of 14 kDa containing an acidic N-terminal domain (aa 6-80) with heptad repeats characteristic of dimeric coiled-coil alpha-helices, and an alkaline C-terminal domain (aa 81-119). It localizes to numerous punctate structures scattered throughout the nucleus of HeLa and 3T3 cells. cDNA library screening with autoimmune serum, immunoprecipitation, recombinant protein expression, confocal immunofluorescence microscopy of transiently transfected cells The Journal of biological chemistry High 9430706
2003 The Chlamydomonas orthologue DIP13 and human NA14 localize to microtubule structures including basal bodies, flagellar axonemes, and cytoplasmic microtubules; anti-DIP13 antibody cross-reacts with human NA14 at centrosomes and basal bodies of human sperm. Antisense knockdown of DIP13 in Chlamydomonas produces multinucleate, multiflagellate cells, implicating DIP13/NA14 in proper cell division. Antibody generation, immunofluorescence microscopy, antisense knockdown in Chlamydomonas Journal of cell science High 12640030
2004 Spastin physically interacts with the centrosomal protein NA14 (SSNA1), co-fractionates with the centrosomal marker gamma-tubulin, and is enriched at the spindle pole, central spindle, midbody, distal axon, and branching points. Deletion of the spastin region required for NA14 binding disrupts spastin's interaction with microtubules, suggesting NA14 targets spastin activity to the centrosome. Co-immunoprecipitation, subcellular fractionation, immunofluorescence microscopy in dividing cells and immortalized motoneurons, domain deletion analysis Human molecular genetics High 15269182
2008 NA14 binds to the C-terminal region of the orphan receptor TPRA40/GPR175, identified by yeast two-hybrid and confirmed by GST pull-down and co-immunoprecipitation. NA14 mediates functional plasma membrane transport of TPRA40; an N-terminal deletion mutant of NA14 that cannot bind microtubules but retains TPRA40 binding inhibits TPRA40 translocation to the plasma membrane, impairing TPRA40's regulation of cell division in mouse embryos. Yeast two-hybrid screening, GST pull-down, co-immunoprecipitation, live-cell imaging, mouse embryo microinjection Journal of cellular physiology Medium 18459117
2011 Human NA14 forms a parallel coiled-coil structure spanning residues 14-104 that mediates self-association; N- and C-termini lack preferred structure. Leu83 and Leu93 are proposed to mediate interactions among NA14, spastin, and microtubules. NA14 tends to oligomerize and form fibrils in solution. Circular dichroism, NMR spectroscopy, site-directed mutagenesis, urea/thermal denaturation Protein engineering, design & selection : PEDS Medium 22008182
2012 The Trypanosoma brucei SSNA1 orthologue TbDIP13 self-assembles into fibril-like structures both in vitro and in vivo, partially co-localizes with acetylated alpha-tubulin, and deletion has little effect on parasite growth—suggesting possible functional redundancy. Comparative proteomics identified potential interacting partners. Electron microscopy of fibril structures, immunofluorescence co-localization with acetylated alpha-tubulin, gene deletion, comparative proteomics PloS one Low 22363749
2014 Endogenous NA14 (SSNA1) localizes specifically to centrioles in HeLa cells and rat cortical neurons. Stable NA14 knockdown dramatically impairs cytokinesis. Overexpression of NA14 in neurons significantly increases axon outgrowth, branching, and neuronal differentiation. NA14 is proposed to act as an adaptor regulating spastin localization to centrosomes. Stable shRNA knockdown in HeLa cells, immunofluorescence of endogenous proteins, neuronal overexpression in rat cortical primary cultures, time-lapse imaging of cell division PloS one High 25390646
2016 The SSNA1/DIP13 homologue in Toxoplasma gondii localizes to the conoid of the apical complex in mature and dividing cells, and to the basal complex during cell division. The protein self-associates into higher-order structures both in vitro and in vivo, and overexpression impairs parasite division. Immunofluorescence with parasite-specific markers, in vitro self-assembly assays, overexpression phenotypic analysis Scientific reports Medium 27324377
2021 Human SSNA1 directly modulates all parameters of microtubule dynamic instability in vitro: it slows growth, shrinkage, and catastrophe rates, and promotes rescue. SSNA1 forms stretches along growing microtubule ends, binds cooperatively to the lattice, becomes enriched at microtubule damage sites (both naturally occurring and induced by spastin severing), and protects microtubules against spastin-mediated severing. In vitro reconstitution with purified proteins, TIRF microscopy, dynamic instability analysis, spastin severing assays eLife High 34970964
2024 The cryo-EM structure of C. elegans SSNA-1 at 4.55 Å resolution reveals that SSNA1 forms an anti-parallel coiled-coil, with self-assembly driven by 16 C-terminal residue overhangs that dock on adjacent coiled-coils to form a triple-stranded helical junction. The microtubule-binding region maps to within this triple-stranded junction, indicating that self-assembly creates hubs for effective microtubule interaction. Deletion of SSNA-1 in C. elegans reduces embryonic viability and causes multipolar spindles; impairing self-assembly has a comparable effect on embryonic viability to knockout. Cryo-EM structure determination, genetic knockout and self-assembly mutants in C. elegans, embryonic viability assays, spindle imaging Nature communications High 40804232
2025 SAS-1 (C2CD3 homologue) is essential for SSNA-1 localization to centrioles during oogenesis and to the transition zone during ciliogenesis in C. elegans. In a heterologous human cell assay, SAS-1 recruits SSNA-1 to microtubules. Molecular epistasis with null alleles establishes that SSNA-1 is positioned downstream of SAS-1 in the centriole integrity pathway, and SSNA-1 localizes adjacent to the SAS-1 C-terminus within centriole architecture. Null allele generation, U-Ex-STED super-resolution microscopy, molecular epistasis experiments, heterologous human cell recruitment assay PLoS genetics High 41124206
2025 SSNA1 increases microtubule rigidity and resistance to breakage under force (kinesin-driven gliding and microfluidic flow assays). SSNA1 localization to damage sites prevents incorporation of new tubulin dimers, thereby inhibiting microtubule lattice self-repair. SSNA1 does not recognize damage sites that have been repaired by tubulin incorporation. In vitro reconstitution, TIRF microscopy, kinesin gliding assays, microfluidic force application, tubulin incorporation assays with purified proteins bioRxivpreprint Medium 41648615
2025 Using KO-validated antibodies and super-resolution/expansion microscopy, SSNA1 is shown to localize to the distal lumen of centrioles in a ring-like 9-fold symmetric configuration, separate from centriolar microtubules, and not in the nucleus, midbody, or ciliary axoneme as previously reported. SSNA1 KO impairs ciliogenesis by failing to facilitate CP110 removal. A C2CD3-SSNA1-LRRCC1 hierarchical targeting axis was identified in the distal lumen. Tag-free SSNA1 and microtubule co-pelleting assays indicate SSNA1 does not bind microtubules in vitro under these conditions. KO-validated antibody, super-resolution microscopy with expansion microscopy (ExM), SSNA1 KO and oligomerization-deficient mutants, CP110 removal assays, microtubule co-pelleting, interactor screening bioRxivpreprint Medium bio_10.1101_2025.04.28.648957
2025 C2CD3 organizes the distal centriolar lumen and physically interacts with MNR to recruit the DISCO complex; its depletion destabilizes a luminal ring network composed of C2CD3/SFI1/centrin-2/CEP135/NA14 (SSNA1), placing SSNA1 as a component of the distal luminal ring scaffold downstream of C2CD3. Ultrastructure Expansion Microscopy (U-ExM), iterative U-ExM, in situ cryo-electron tomography, protein interaction assays, depletion experiments bioRxivpreprint Medium bio_10.1101_2025.06.17.660204

Source papers

Stage 0 corpus · 52 papers · ranked by NIH iCite citations
Year Title Journal Citations PMID
2001 Murine notch homologs (N1-4) undergo presenilin-dependent proteolysis. The Journal of biological chemistry 147 11518718
2004 Spastin interacts with the centrosomal protein NA14, and is enriched in the spindle pole, the midbody and the distal axon. Human molecular genetics 108 15269182
2004 High butanol production by Clostridium saccharoperbutylacetonicum N1-4 in fed-batch culture with pH-Stat continuous butyric acid and glucose feeding method. Journal of bioscience and bioengineering 82 16233703
2014 The toll-like receptor family protein RP105/MD1 complex is involved in the immunoregulatory effect of exopolysaccharides from Lactobacillus plantarum N14. Molecular immunology 63 25466614
2017 Genome Editing in Clostridium saccharoperbutylacetonicum N1-4 with the CRISPR-Cas9 System. Applied and environmental microbiology 51 28258147
2003 Chlamydomonas DIP13 and human NA14: a new class of proteins associated with microtubule structures is involved in cell division. Journal of cell science 51 12640030
2007 Characterization of the sol operon in butanol-hyperproducing Clostridium saccharoperbutylacetonicum strain N1-4 and its degeneration mechanism. Bioscience, biotechnology, and biochemistry 37 17213660
2008 Metabolic engineering for solvent productivity by downregulation of the hydrogenase gene cluster hupCBA in Clostridium saccharoperbutylacetonicum strain N1-4. Applied microbiology and biotechnology 35 18188555
1999 Extractive acetone-butanol-ethanol fermentation using methylated crude palm oil as extractant in batch culture of Clostridium saccharoperbutylacetonicum N1-4 (ATCC 13564). Journal of bioscience and bioengineering 35 16232480
1990 Effect of N1,N14-bis(ethyl)homospermine on the growth of U-87 MG and SF-126 human brain tumor cells. Cancer research 31 2334909
1998 NA14 is a novel nuclear autoantigen with a coiled-coil domain. The Journal of biological chemistry 30 9430706
2019 Inhibitory Effect of Volatiles Emitted From Alcaligenes faecalis N1-4 on Aspergillus flavus and Aflatoxins in Storage. Frontiers in microbiology 26 31293550
2018 Enhancement of sucrose metabolism in Clostridium saccharoperbutylacetonicum N1-4 through metabolic engineering for improved acetone-butanol-ethanol (ABE) fermentation. Bioresource technology 25 30245312
2016 An evolutionarily conserved SSNA1/DIP13 homologue is a component of both basal and apical complexes of Toxoplasma gondii. Scientific reports 25 27324377
1991 Effect on N1,N14-bis-(ethyl)-homospermine (BE-4-4-4) on the growth of U-251 MG and SF-188 human brain tumor cells. International journal of cancer 25 1860734
2014 Spastin-interacting protein NA14/SSNA1 functions in cytokinesis and axon development. PloS one 24 25390646
2021 SSNA1 stabilizes dynamic microtubules and detects microtubule damage. eLife 21 34970964
2017 Enhancement of solvent production by overexpressing key genes of the acetone-butanol-ethanol fermentation pathway in Clostridium saccharoperbutylacetonicum N1-4. Bioresource technology 17 28898840
2016 Development of a High-Efficiency Transformation Method and Implementation of Rational Metabolic Engineering for the Industrial Butanol Hyperproducer Clostridium saccharoperbutylacetonicum Strain N1-4. Applied and environmental microbiology 17 27836845
2009 Autoantibody to NA14 is an independent marker primarily for Sjogren's syndrome. Frontiers in bioscience (Landmark edition) 17 19273306
2013 Genome Sequence of the Butanol Hyperproducer Clostridium saccharoperbutylacetonicum N1-4. Genome announcements 16 23516201
2008 TPRA40/GPR175 regulates early mouse embryogenesis through functional membrane transport by Sjögren's syndrome-associated protein NA14. Journal of cellular physiology 15 18459117
2012 The orthologue of Sjögren's syndrome nuclear autoantigen 1 (SSNA1) in Trypanosoma brucei is an immunogenic self-assembling molecule. PloS one 13 22363749
1998 Genetic analysis of extended life span in Drosophila melanogaster. II. Replication of the backcross test and molecular characterization of the N14 locus. Genetica 13 9949700
2023 Production of acetone, butanol, and ethanol by electro-fermentation with Clostridium saccharoperbutylacetonicum N1-4. Bioelectrochemistry (Amsterdam, Netherlands) 12 36940584
2011 Characterization of the structure and self-recognition of the human centrosomal protein NA14: implications for stability and function. Protein engineering, design & selection : PEDS 11 22008182
2020 Investigation of secondary metabolism in the industrial butanol hyper-producer Clostridium saccharoperbutylacetonicum N1-4. Journal of industrial microbiology & biotechnology 9 32103460
2022 Design, Synthesis, and Biological Evaluation of N14-Amino Acid-Substituted Tetrandrine Derivatives as Potential Antitumor Agents against Human Colorectal Cancer. Molecules (Basel, Switzerland) 8 35807286
2016 A re-evaluation of anti-NA-14 antibodies in patients with primary Sjögren's syndrome: Significant role of interferon-γ in the production of autoantibodies against NA-14. Autoimmunity 8 27328271
2013 A novel process for direct production of acetone-butanol-ethanol from native starches using granular starch hydrolyzing enzyme by Clostridium saccharoperbutylacetonicum N1-4. Applied biochemistry and biotechnology 7 24272773
2012 Decreased hydrogen production leads to selective butanol production in co-cultures of Clostridium thermocellum and Clostridium saccharoperbutylacetonicum strain N1-4. Journal of bioscience and bioengineering 7 22999358
2021 Effect of Dietary Supplementation of Immunobiotic Lactiplantibacillusplantarum N14 Fermented Rakkyo (Allium chinense) Pickled Juice on the Immunocompetence and Production Performance of Pigs. Animals : an open access journal from MDPI 6 33803393
2017 HM2-phage resistant solventogenic Clostridium saccharoperbutylacetonicum N1-4 shows increased exopolysaccharide production. FEMS microbiology letters 6 28961718
2024 Structural insights into SSNA1 self-assembly and its microtubule binding for centriole maintenance. bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology 5 39803484
2023 SSNA1 Promotes Hepatocellular Carcinoma Metastasis Via STAT3/EMT Induction. Anticancer research 5 37500134
2021 Identification and Investigation of Autolysin Genes in Clostridium saccharoperbutylacetonicum Strain N1-4 for Enhanced Biobutanol Production. Applied and environmental microbiology 5 33514516
2020 Genome sequence analysis of the temperate bacteriophage TBP2 of the solvent producer Clostridium saccharoperbutylacetonicum N1-4 (HMT, ATCC 27021). FEMS microbiology letters 5 32614389
2016 Autoantibodies against lamin C, NA14 and CK15 in primary vasculitides or autoimmune diseases with secondary vasculitis. Clinical and experimental rheumatology 5 27214601
2025 Structural insights into SSNA1 self-assembly and its microtubule binding for centriole maintenance. Nature communications 4 40804232
2025 C. elegans SAS-1 ensures centriole integrity and ciliary function, and operates with SSNA-1. PLoS genetics 4 41124206
1994 Radiopotentiation of human brain tumor cells by the spermine analog N1,N14-bis(ethyl)homospermine. International journal of radiation oncology, biology, physics 4 8083073
2025 Discovery of a Novel Antimicrobial Peptide from Paenibacillus sp. Na14 with Potent Activity Against Gram-Negative Bacteria and Genomic Insights into Its Biosynthetic Pathway. Antibiotics (Basel, Switzerland) 3 40867999
2022 Polycationic Surfaces Promote Whole-Cell Immobilization and Induce Microgranulation of Clostridium saccharoperbutylacetonicum N1-4 for Enhanced Biobutanol Production. ACS applied materials & interfaces 3 36282625
2017 Adenine Addition Restores Cell Viability and Butanol Production in Clostridium saccharoperbutylacetonicum N1-4 (ATCC 13564) Cultivated at 37°C. Applied and environmental microbiology 3 28130303
2023 Effect of spo0A, sigE, sigG, and sigK disruption on butanol production and spore formation in Clostridium saccharoperbutylacetonicum strain N1-4 (ATCC13564). Journal of bioscience and bioengineering 2 37487916
2000 [Cloning and infectivity analysis of the cDNAs of tobacco mosaic virus (tomato strain) and its attenuated virus(N14) genomes]. Sheng wu gong cheng xue bao = Chinese journal of biotechnology 2 10976328
1993 [Virological studies on the usefulness of anti-HCV ELISA assay using recombinant N-14 fusion protein in various liver diseases]. Fukuoka igaku zasshi = Hukuoka acta medica 1 7686126
2026 SSNA1 mechanically reinforces the damaged microtubule lattice. bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology 0 41648615
2024 Development of a novel N14-substituted antitumor evodiamine derivative with inhibiting heat shock protein 70 in non-small cell lung cancer. Scientific reports 0 39455626
1994 [Changes in C100-3, and N14 antibodies in patients with chronic hepatitis C treated with interferon]. Rinsho byori. The Japanese journal of clinical pathology 0 7511184
1994 Hepatitis C virus RNA and anti-N14 antibody levels during interferon alpha therapy for chronic hepatitis C. Internal medicine (Tokyo, Japan) 0 7530068
1992 [Clinical significance of N-14 antibody (ELISA) in diagnosis of non-A, non-B liver disease]. Fukuoka igaku zasshi = Hukuoka acta medica 0 1318860